Socket

Communication Devices socket device

destination device source destination IP + Port
Device IP + Port socket
Destination or Client Source or Server
IP : 192.169.1.100 IP : 192.168.1.1
Port : 6571 Port : 21
Destination or Client Source or Server
IP : 192.169.1.100 IP : 192.168.1.1
Port : 6571 Port : 23
Destination or Client Source or Serv
IP : 192.169.1.100 IP : 192.168.1.2
Port : 6571 Port : 23
Destination or Client Source or Server
IP : 192.169.1.100 IP : 192.168.1.20
Port : 80 Port : 23
socket IP port Port IP
connection network
computer port netstat
command server
service port protocol, Port Socket
TCP/IP
Subnetting
TCP/IP (Transport Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol)
TCP/IP protocol Internet
Intranet
Internet Internet
Intranet
server workstation TCP/IP setup Intranet
Internet

ARPAnet
TCP/IP Internet
TCP/IP Internet
Intranet hardware software
platforms TCP/IP

Ethernet (Media Access Control) Address

Ethernet network card hardware address media access
control (MAC) address
48bits Hexadecimal address
 OUI(Organizationally Unique Identifier) IEEE
card
hard coded NIC
1F:10:FF:FF:AE:95
IP Address
computer
IP address management IP address 32-bit 8-bit
dot dotted decimal quad decimal
8-bits individual byte octet
1 254 0 255
0 network address 255 broadcast address
88 8 8
2 .2 .2 .2
232 = 4.5 billion minimun range 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 maximum range 255 . 255 . 255. 255
Internet IP address InterNIC(Internet Network
Information Center)
InterNIC ISP(Internet Service Provider)
fully qualified address Intranet
Internet InterNIC

Classifications
IP address Internet
class IP address
(first octet)

TCP/IP classes
Range of IP Address Class of IP Address
0 to 127 A
128 to 191 B
192 to 223 C
224 to 239 D
240 to 255 E

assign IP 203 Class (C)

Private Network Address

Class of IP Address IP Address
A 10.0.0.0
B 172.16.0.0
C 192.168.0.0
Local Loopback 127.0.0.1 Local Host
 IP Address Internet route 127.0.0.1
Internet routing IP
local loop back network function
network interface card (NIC) address
127.X.X.1 local loop back IP

Class A Network Octets

Network host/node Class A IP Address First octet
Network octets hosts Networks 126
Network hosts 16,581,375
Class A Networks General Elctric IBM Hewlett Packard Apple DEC Xerox
Columbia University MIT

Class B Network
Class B IP Address octet Network octets
hosts Networks 16002 Network hosts
65025 Class B Networks Microsoft Exxon

Class C Network Class C

IP Address octets Network octet hosts
Networks 1,999,996 Network hosts
254 Class C Networks
Class D special multicasting address networks
address 268 million
Class E experiments
IP address IP version 4 IP version (6)
IP version (6) 2128
IP address (1) billion
InterNIC
Class Bit Allocation
A 0 Network Host
7 bits 24 bits
B 1 0 Network Host
14 bits 16 bits
C 1 1 0 Network Host
21 bits 8 bits
D 1 1 1 0 Multicasting Address
28 bits
E 1 1 1 1 Experimental
28 bits
Loopback 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Unused
Subnetting
Network Network
IP
address Physical media
Network Traffic performance
Network
IP address subnet mask 4 octets address Octets
Network host/node default subnet mask
Off bits host address

Class IP Address Default SubNet mask Subnet Mask Bit Pattern

11111111 00000000
A N.n.n.n 255 . 0 . 0 . 0
00000000 00000000
11111111 11111111
B N.N.n.n 255 . 255 . 0 . 0
00000000 00000000
11111111 11111111
C N.N.N.n 255 . 255 . 255 . 0
11111111 00000000

IP block subnet host address bits network address bits

subnetwork
network address host address bits
network host

default subnet subnet mask

Class C Internet qualify
network address subnet subnet
mask 192.168.0.X IP block
255.255.255.0 default subnet mask
Network address
255 . 255 . 255 . 0
11111111 . 11111111 . 11111111 . 00000000
N N N n
node "0" Network network
node 2-bit network
"0"-bit 2-bit node 8-bit
2-bit 6-bit
11111111.11111111.11111111.110000
N N N n
 node 00, 01, 10, 11 address
network node 00000000 111111
node "0" "1"
6
theory Theory 2 =64
node 1 to 62 Subnet mask
255.255.255.192
Network Number Router Address Broadcast Address
00 -- x.y.z.0 x.y.z.1 x.y.z.63
01 -- x.y.z.64 x.y.z.65 x.y.z.127
10 -- x.y.z.128 x.y.z.129 x.y.z.191
11 -- x.y.z.192 x.y.z.193 x.y.z.255
Class C network subnets subnet mask 255.255. 255.224
subnet address

Network Number Router Address Broadcast Address

000 -- x.y.z.0 x.y.z.1 x.y.z.31
001 -- x.y.z.32 x.y.z.33 x.y.z.63
010 -- x.y.z.64 x.y.z.65 x.y.z.95
011 -- x.y.z.96 x.y.z.97 x.y.z.127
100 -- x.y.z.128 x.y.z.129 x.y.z.159
101 – x.y.z.160 x.y.z.161 x.y.z.191
110 – x.y.z.192 x.y.z.193 x.y.z..223
111 – x.y.z.224 x.y.z.225 x.y.z.255

Classless Internetwork Domain Routing(CIDR)

InterNIC Class A B C address
"Slash x" method CIDR (cider) X network
address bits
InterNIC Network type Approximate Number of
Subnet Mask
(CIDR) IP Address
Slash 8 255.0.0.0 16,000,000
Slash 12 255.240.0.0 1,000,000
Slash 16 255.255.0.0 65,536
Slash 20 255.255.240.0 4,096
Slash 21 255.255.248.0 2,048
Slash 22 255.255.252.0 1,024
Slash 23 255.255.254.0 512
Slash 24 255.255.255.0 256
Slash 25 255.255.255.128 128
 Slash 26 255.255.255.192 64
Slash 27 255.255.255.224 32
Slash 28 255.255.255.240 16
Slash 29 255.255.255.248 8
Slash 30 255.255.255.254 4
Anding Method
192.168.0.5 address network
network address bits subnet mask bits
192 . 168 . 0 . 5
11000000.10101000.00000000.00000101
255 . 255 . 255 . 192
11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
--------------------------------------------------
11000000.10101000.00000000.00000000
192.168.0.0 (00) network
TCP/IP and the OSI Model
OSI Model layer
TCP/IP layer

OSI Model higher layer Application layer data base e

mail terminal emulation programs Presentation layer data
formatted presented converted encoded Session layer
Performing
security logging administrative functions Transport layer
message protocols
Network layer data routing protocol
destination node
Data Link layer node data data
blocks Physical layer
transmission medium Interface hardware

TCP/IP layer layer Application Layer

FTP Telnet Transport
layer data packet TCP protocol
Internet layer packet IP
information Network Interface layer Physical
layer interface Physical layer
transmission medium Interface hardware

Using the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

ARP function TCP/IP address Physical address MAC(media
access control) address broadcast
server default Gateway IP
frequently access ARP table Address list
ARP Table IP access
ARP Table Dynamic entry
Static entry Dynamic Entry Request IP
address MAC address ARP Table
Static Entry Dynamic Entry
ARP utility Manually
ARP Utility Server base Network

ARP Command Prompt ARP command

ARP utility switch
descriptions ARP Command Stan alone Computer
Client DHCP server
server tool Local ARP Table TCP/IP address MAC
Address duplicate resolved ARP
Command Switch
Displays and modifies the IP-to-Physical address translation
tables used by
address resolution protocol (ARP).
ARP -s inet_addr eth_addr [if_addr]
ARP -d inet_addr [if_addr]
ARP -a [inet_addr] [-N if_addr]
-a Displays current ARP entries by
interrogating the current protocol data.
If inet_addr is specified, the IP and
Physical addresses for only the specified
computer are displayed. If more than one
network interface uses ARP, entries for
each ARP table are displayed.
-g Same as -a.
inet_addr Specifies an internet address.
-N if_addr Displays the ARP entries for the network
interface specified by if_addr.
-d Deletes the host specified by inet_addr.
inet_addr may be wildcarded with * to
delete all hosts.
-s Adds the host and associates the Internet
address inet_addr with the Physical address
eth_addr. The Physical address is given as
6 hexadecimal bytes separated by hyphens.
The entry is permanent.
eth_addr Specifies a physical address.
if_addr If present, this specifies the Internet
address of the interface whose address
translation table should be modified. If
not present, the first applicable interface
will be used.
Example:
> arp -s 157.55.85.212 00-aa-00-62-c6-09 .... Adds a
static entry.
> arp -a .... Displays the arp table.

Networking Windows Platform

Network Operator Network Operation
Troubleshooting Platforms
Network Operator
System Administrator / Network
Administrator Network