Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Example 3.1: Determine the Fourier series coefficients of the signal

x(t) = 2 + sin(ω0 t + π/3) + cos(2ω0 t + π/4).
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Example 3.1: Determine the Fourier series coefficients of the signal

x(t) = 2 + sin(ω0 t + π/3) + cos(2ω0 t + π/4).

The fundamental angular frequency of x(t) is ω0 . The DC component of

x(t) is 2. The AC component of x(t) is sin(ω0 t + π/3) + cos(2ω0 t + π/4).
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Example 3.1: Determine the Fourier series coefficients of the signal

x(t) = 2 + sin(ω0 t + π/3) + cos(2ω0 t + π/4).

The fundamental angular frequency of x(t) is ω0 . The DC component of

x(t) is 2. The AC component of x(t) is sin(ω0 t + π/3) + cos(2ω0 t + π/4).

On expanding x(t) using the sin(A + B) and cos(A + B) formulas,

Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Example 3.1: Determine the Fourier series coefficients of the signal

x(t) = 2 + sin(ω0 t + π/3) + cos(2ω0 t + π/4).

The fundamental angular frequency of x(t) is ω0 . The DC component of

x(t) is 2. The AC component of x(t) is sin(ω0 t + π/3) + cos(2ω0 t + π/4).

On expanding x(t) using the sin(A + B) and cos(A + B) formulas,

x(t) = 2 + sin(ω0 t + π/3) + cos(2ω0 t + π/4)

Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Example 3.1: Determine the Fourier series coefficients of the signal

x(t) = 2 + sin(ω0 t + π/3) + cos(2ω0 t + π/4).

The fundamental angular frequency of x(t) is ω0 . The DC component of

x(t) is 2. The AC component of x(t) is sin(ω0 t + π/3) + cos(2ω0 t + π/4).

On expanding x(t) using the sin(A + B) and cos(A + B) formulas,

x(t) = 2 + sin(ω0 t + π/3) + cos(2ω0 t + π/4)

= 2 + sin(ω0 t) cos(π/3) + cos(ω0 t) sin(π/3)
+ cos(2ω0 t) cos(π/4) − sin(2ω0 t) sin(π/4)
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Example 3.1: Determine the Fourier series coefficients of the signal

x(t) = 2 + sin(ω0 t + π/3) + cos(2ω0 t + π/4).

The fundamental angular frequency of x(t) is ω0 . The DC component of

x(t) is 2. The AC component of x(t) is sin(ω0 t + π/3) + cos(2ω0 t + π/4).

On expanding x(t) using the sin(A + B) and cos(A + B) formulas,

x(t) = 2 + sin(ω0 t + π/3) + cos(2ω0 t + π/4)

= 2 + sin(ω0 t) cos(π/3) + cos(ω0 t) sin(π/3)
+ cos(2ω0 t) cos(π/4) − sin(2ω0 t) sin(π/4)
√
1 3 1 1
= 2 + sin(ω0 t) + cos(ω0 t) + √ cos(2ω0 t) − √ sin(2ω0 t)
2 2 2 2
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

By comparing the expression of x(t) with the standard trigonometric

Fourier Series expansion,

x(t) = a0 + a1 cos(ω0 t) + b1 sin(ω0 t) + a2 cos(2ω0 t) + b2 sin(2ω0 t) + ...,

the Fourier series coefficients are obtained as follows:

Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

By comparing the expression of x(t) with the standard trigonometric

Fourier Series expansion,

x(t) = a0 + a1 cos(ω0 t) + b1 sin(ω0 t) + a2 cos(2ω0 t) + b2 sin(2ω0 t) + ...,

the Fourier series coefficients are obtained as follows:

a0 = 2
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

By comparing the expression of x(t) with the standard trigonometric

Fourier Series expansion,

x(t) = a0 + a1 cos(ω0 t) + b1 sin(ω0 t) + a2 cos(2ω0 t) + b2 sin(2ω0 t) + ...,

the Fourier series coefficients are obtained as follows:

a0 = 2
√
3 1
a1 = & b1 =
2 2
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

By comparing the expression of x(t) with the standard trigonometric

Fourier Series expansion,

x(t) = a0 + a1 cos(ω0 t) + b1 sin(ω0 t) + a2 cos(2ω0 t) + b2 sin(2ω0 t) + ...,

the Fourier series coefficients are obtained as follows:

a0 = 2
√
3 1
a1 = & b1 =
2 2
1 1
a2 = √ & b2 = − √
2 2
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

By comparing the expression of x(t) with the standard trigonometric

Fourier Series expansion,

x(t) = a0 + a1 cos(ω0 t) + b1 sin(ω0 t) + a2 cos(2ω0 t) + b2 sin(2ω0 t) + ...,

the Fourier series coefficients are obtained as follows:

a0 = 2
√
3 1
a1 = & b1 =
2 2
1 1
a2 = √ & b2 = − √
2 2
an = bn = 0, for n > 2.
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Example 3.2: Determine the Fourier series of the rectangular pulse train
waveform shown below, using trigonometric form.

Figure 1: Waveform f (t) in Example 3.2

Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Answer to example 3.2: For the waveform f (t) shown in figure 1,

Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Answer to example 3.2: For the waveform f (t) shown in figure 1,

2π
Period: T0 = 2. Therefore, Fundamental angular frequency: ω0 = = π.
T0
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Answer to example 3.2: For the waveform f (t) shown in figure 1,

2π
Period: T0 = 2. Therefore, Fundamental angular frequency: ω0 = = π.
T0
Z
1
Coefficient: a0 = f (t)dt
T0 T0
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Answer to example 3.2: For the waveform f (t) shown in figure 1,

2π
Period: T0 = 2. Therefore, Fundamental angular frequency: ω0 = = π.
T0
Z
1
Coefficient: a0 = f (t)dt
T0 T0
1 2
Z
= f (t)dt
2 0
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Answer to example 3.2: For the waveform f (t) shown in figure 1,

2π
Period: T0 = 2. Therefore, Fundamental angular frequency: ω0 = = π.
T0
Z
1
Coefficient: a0 = f (t)dt
T0 T0
1 2
Z
= f (t)dt
2 0
Z 1 Z 2 
1
= 1 dt + 0 dt
2 0 1
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Answer to example 3.2: For the waveform f (t) shown in figure 1,

2π
Period: T0 = 2. Therefore, Fundamental angular frequency: ω0 = = π.
T0
Z
1
Coefficient: a0 = f (t)dt
T0 T0
1 2
Z
= f (t)dt
2 0
Z 1 Z 2 
1
= 1 dt + 0 dt
2 0
 1
1
= (1 − 0) + 0
2
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Answer to example 3.2: For the waveform f (t) shown in figure 1,

2π
Period: T0 = 2. Therefore, Fundamental angular frequency: ω0 = = π.
T0
Z
1
Coefficient: a0 = f (t)dt
T0 T0
1 2
Z
= f (t)dt
2 0
Z 1 Z 2 
1
= 1 dt + 0 dt
2 0
 1
1
= (1 − 0) + 0
2
1
a0 = .
2
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Z
2
Coefficients: an = f (t) cos(nω0 t)dt
T0 T0
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Z
2
Coefficients: an = f (t) cos(nω0 t)dt
T0 T0
Z 2
2
= × f (t) cos(nπt)dt
2 0
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Z
2
Coefficients: an = f (t) cos(nω0 t)dt
T0 T0
Z 2
2
= × f (t) cos(nπt)dt
2 0
Z 1 Z 2 
=1× cos(nπt) dt + 0 dt
0 1
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Z
2
Coefficients: an = f (t) cos(nω0 t)dt
T0 T0
Z 2
2
= × f (t) cos(nπt)dt
2 0
Z 1 Z 2 
=1× cos(nπt) dt + 0 dt
0 1
Z 1
= cos(nπt) dt
0
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Z
2
Coefficients: an = f (t) cos(nω0 t)dt
T0 T0
Z 2
2
= × f (t) cos(nπt)dt
2 0
Z 1 Z 2 
=1× cos(nπt) dt + 0 dt
0 1
Z 1
= cos(nπt) dt
0
 1
sin(nπt)
=
nπ 0
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Z
2
Coefficients: an = f (t) cos(nω0 t)dt
T0 T0
Z 2
2
= × f (t) cos(nπt)dt
2 0
Z 1 Z 2 
=1× cos(nπt) dt + 0 dt
0 1
Z 1
= cos(nπt) dt
0
sin(nπt) 1
 
=
nπ 0
 
sin(nπ1) sin(nπ0)
= −
nπ nπ
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Z
2
Coefficients: an = f (t) cos(nω0 t)dt
T0 T0
Z 2
2
= × f (t) cos(nπt)dt
2 0
Z 1 Z 2 
=1× cos(nπt) dt + 0 dt
0 1
Z 1
= cos(nπt) dt
0
sin(nπt) 1
 
=
nπ 0
 
sin(nπ1) sin(nπ0)
= −
nπ nπ
an = 0. Since sin(nπ) = sin(0) = 0.
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Z
2
Coefficients: bn = f (t) sin(nω0 t)dt
T0 T0
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Z
2
Coefficients: bn = f (t) sin(nω0 t)dt
T0 T0
Z 2
2
= × f (t) sin(nπt)dt
2 0
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Z
2
Coefficients: bn = f (t) sin(nω0 t)dt
T0 T0
Z 2
2
= × f (t) sin(nπt)dt
2 0
Z 1 Z 2 
=1× sin(nπt) dt + 0 dt
0 1
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Z
2
Coefficients: bn = f (t) sin(nω0 t)dt
T0 T0
Z 2
2
= × f (t) sin(nπt)dt
2 0
Z 1 Z 2 
=1× sin(nπt) dt + 0 dt
0 1
Z 1  1
cos(nπt)
= sin(nπt) dt = −
0 nπ 0
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Z
2
Coefficients: bn = f (t) sin(nω0 t)dt
T0 T0
Z 2
2
= × f (t) sin(nπt)dt
2 0
Z 1 Z 2 
=1× sin(nπt) dt + 0 dt
0 1
Z 1  1
cos(nπt)
= sin(nπt) dt = −
nπ
0  0
cos(nπ1) cos(nπ0)
= − +
nπ nπ
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Z
2
Coefficients: bn = f (t) sin(nω0 t)dt
T0 T0
Z 2
2
= × f (t) sin(nπt)dt
2 0
Z 1 Z 2 
=1× sin(nπt) dt + 0 dt
0 1
1
cos(nπt) 1
Z  
= sin(nπt) dt = −
0 nπ 0
 
cos(nπ1) cos(nπ0)
= − +
nπ nπ
 
1
bn = 1 − (−1)n . Since cos(nπ) = (−1)n & cos(0) = 1.
nπ
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals
Therefore, (
2
bn = nπ , when n is odd
0, when n is even
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals
Therefore, (
2
bn = nπ , when n is odd
0, when n is even
The trigonometric Fourier series expansion for f (t) is as follows:
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals
Therefore, (
2
bn = nπ , when n is odd
0, when n is even
The trigonometric Fourier series expansion for f (t) is as follows:
∞ 
X 
f (t) = a0 + an cos(nω0 t) + bn sin(nω0 t)
n=1
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals
Therefore, (
2
bn = nπ , when n is odd
0, when n is even
The trigonometric Fourier series expansion for f (t) is as follows:
∞ 
X 
f (t) = a0 + an cos(nω0 t) + bn sin(nω0 t)
n=1
∞    
1 X 1 n
= + 0 × cos(nπt) + 1 − (−1) × sin(nπt)
2 nπ
n=1
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals
Therefore, (
2
bn = nπ , when n is odd
0, when n is even
The trigonometric Fourier series expansion for f (t) is as follows:
∞ 
X 
f (t) = a0 + an cos(nω0 t) + bn sin(nω0 t)
n=1
∞    
1 X 1 n
= + 0 × cos(nπt) + 1 − (−1) × sin(nπt)
2 nπ
n=1
∞    
1 1X 1 n
= + 1 − (−1) × sin(nπt)
2 π n
n=1
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals
Therefore, (
2
bn = nπ , when n is odd
0, when n is even
The trigonometric Fourier series expansion for f (t) is as follows:
∞ 
X 
f (t) = a0 + an cos(nω0 t) + bn sin(nω0 t)
n=1
∞    
1 X 1 n
= + 0 × cos(nπt) + 1 − (−1) × sin(nπt)
2 nπ
n=1
∞    
1 1X 1 n
= + 1 − (−1) × sin(nπt)
2 π n
n=1
∞  
1 2 X 1
f (t) = + sin(nπt)
2 π n
n=1,odd
Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Gibbs Phenomenon: Consider the FS expansion of f (t) in Example 3.2.

Figure 2 shows its approximated square waveforms for n = 11.

Figure 2: Fourier series approximation of f (t) for n = 11 (one period plot)

Module 3: Fourier Analysis of Continuous-time Signals

Gibbs Phenomenon: Consider the FS expansion of f (t) in Example 3.2.

Figure 2 shows its approximated square waveforms for n = 11.

Figure 2: Fourier series approximation of f (t) for n = 11 (one period plot)

Even for a high value of n, there persists a small overshoot (i.e. a small
amplitude jump). This overshoot at discontinuity is called Gibbs
Phenomenon. The overshoot occurs due to the fact that there is no
uniform convergence at a point of discontinuity.