Laboratory Work No.

Instruments for Measurement of Electrical Quantities

and Ohm’s Law
INTRUDUCTION

Electrical instruments are any instrument which is used to measure electrical quantities
like current, voltage, electrical power, electrical energy, power factor, frequency etc. Electrical
measuring instruments play a huge role in a variety of things such as agriculture, weather,
automobile industry, health care centers and many more, in the modern society. Since they have
good potential to provide accurate results, we can perform our role with great reliance.
Similarly, when we want to verify the readings, we may require to calibrate electrical measuring
instrument to match the readings of a particular standard, like electrical technicians require
electrical measurement equipment to check the electrical activity and to detect the presence of
voltage or current. By using this instrument we can measure electrical parameters. Electrical
measurements are depended upon either current or voltage while measuring the frequency we
will be measuring the frequency of a current signal or a voltage signal.

The objective of this experiment is to  be able recognize the current as the rate at which
charge flows past at points, to identify the units for electric current, and perform simple
computations regarding electric current and also to be able to identify the conditions which are
necessary for an electric current to be established within a circuit and recognize that the current
is the same everywhere within the circuit and be able to identify the definition of voltage, the
units of voltage, and relate voltage to the electric potential difference between two points on a
circuit  the definition of resistance, the units of resistance, and the factors effecting the amount
of resistance in a circuit be able to solve simple computational problems which relate the
voltage, resistance and current for a simple circuit at the same time with this experiment we can
broaden our knowledge in the field of electronics engineering.

WIRING DIAGRAM
Figure 1.1 Sample Simulation of Run 1A

Figure 1.2 Sample Simulation of Run 1B

 Figure 1.3 Sample Simulation of Run 2b

DATA COMPUTATION

TABLE 1.1

Position Setting Voltage Current Resistance

Trial of Potentiometer (V) (mA) (kΩ)
1 20% 60V 30mA 2 kΩ
2 40% 72V 18mA 4 kΩ
3 60% 77.14V 12.86mA 5.99 or 6
kΩ
4 80% 80V 10mA 8 kΩ
5 100% 81.81V 8.18mA 10.00 kΩ

TABLE 1.2
 Voltage Current Resistance Power
Tria Loading Resistor Connection (V) (mA) (kΩ) (mW)
l
1 S1 Closed; Four resistors in 90 9.377 9.60kΩ 843.93mW
series mA
2 S2 Closed; Three resistors in 90 12.503 7.20kΩ 1125.27mW
series mA
3 S3 Closed; Two resistors in 90 18.753 4.80kΩ 1687.77
series mA mW
4 S4 Closed; One resistor 90 37.503 2.40kΩ 3375.27
mA mW
5 S4 & S5 Closed; One resistor in 90 50.002
1.80kΩ 4500.18
parallel with three in series mA mW
6 S4 & S6 Closed; One resistor in 90 56.252
1.60kΩ 5062.68
parallel with two in series mA mW
7 S4 & S7 Closed; Two resistors 90 75.003
1.20kΩ 6750.27
in parallel mA mW
8 S4, S7 & S1 Closed; Two 90 93.752
0.96kΩ 8437.68
resistors in parallel in parallel mA mW
with 2 resistors in series
9 S4, S7 & S2 Closed; Three 90 112.50 0.8kΩ 10125 mW
resistors in parallel mA
10 S4, S7, S2 & S5 Closed; Four 90 150 mA 0.6kΩ 13500 mW
resistors in parallel
Measured Value of Resistance of One Resistor:2.39 kΩ

TABLE 1.3

Voltage Current Power

Trial (volts) (mA) (mW)
1 2 3.3334 6.67 mW
2 4 6.6668 26.67 mW
3 6 10 60 mW
4 8 13.334 106.67 mW
5 10 16.667 166.67 mW

EXERCISES AND COMPUTATIONS

Exercise 1:  For Run 1A and 1B, using the measured values of current and voltage in Table 1.1
and 1.3, compute the value of the resistance of the load in kΩ using the formula  R = V / I.
Table 1.1
Table 1.2
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2
R=V/I R=V/I
R =V/I
R=60/30 R =V/I
R=72/18
R=90/9.377
R=2 kΩ R=90/12.503
R=4 kΩ
R=9.60kΩ R=7.20kΩ

TRIAL 3 TRIAL 4
TRIAL 3 TRIAL 4
R=V/I R=V/I
R =V/I
R=77.14/12.86 R =V/I
R=80/10
R=90/18.753
R=5.99 kΩ R=90/37.503
R=8 kΩ
R=4.80kΩ R=2.40kΩ

TRIAL 5
TRIAL 5 TRIAL 6
R=V/I
R =V/I
R=81.81/8.18 R=V/I
R=90/50.002
R=10 kΩ R=90/56.252
R=1.80kΩ R=1.60kΩ

TRIAL 7 TRIAL 8

R=V/I R=V/I
R=90/75.003 R=90/93.752
R=1.20kΩ R=0.96kΩ

TRIAL 9 TRIAL 10

R=V/I R=V/I
R=90/112.50 R=90/150
R=0.8kΩ R=0.6kΩ
Exercise 2: With Table 1.2 completely filled up. Show a graph comparing the value of
resistance against the loading resistor connection. Use the loading resistor connection as the
abscissa and the resistance values as the ordinate.

The resistance of table 1.2

12

10

Series 3
Exercise 3: For Run 1B and Run 2b, compute for the power dissipated in the resistor in mW
using the
Table 1.2formula P = V x I watts.

TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2

P=VxI P=VxI
P=90x9.377 P=90x12.503
P=843.93mW P=1125.27mW

TRIAL 3 TRIAL 4

P=V/I P=VxI
P=90x18.753 P=90x37.503
P=1687.77mW P=3375.27 mW

TRIAL 5 TRIAL 6

P=VxI P=VxI
P=90x50.002 P=90/56.252
P=4500.18mW P=5062.68mW

TRIAL 7 TRIAL 8

P=VxI P=VxI
P=90x75.003 P=90x93.752
P=6750.27mW P=8437.68 mW

TRIAL 9 TRIAL 10

P=VxI P=VxI
P=90x112.50 P=90x150
P=10125 mW P=13500 mW
Table 1.3

TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2

P=VxI P=VxI
P=2x3.3334 P=4x6.6668
P=6.67 mW P=26.67 mW

TRIAL 3 TRIAL 4

P=VxI P=VxI
P=6x10 P=8x13.334
P=60w P=106.67 mW

TRIAL 5

P=VxI
P=10x16.667
P=166.67 mW
Exercise 4: Using the data from Table 1.2, plot a curve between resistance and current with the
resistance as the abscissa and the current as the ordinate.
Exercise 5: Using the data from Table 1.3, plot a curve between voltage and current with the
voltage as the abscissa and the current as the ordinate.

VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

18

16

14

12

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
 The current has a formula of (V/R) and for the Power it has a formula of (VxR)
1. State the general rule in connecting conventional ammeters and voltmeters in a circuit.

An ideal voltmeter has infinite amount of resistance. So, if connected in series no current

will pass through the circuit at all and any electrical components connected won't work. Thus, it
must be connected in parallel to measure the potential difference between any two points on the
circuit, with almost negligible amount of current passing through the voltmeter itself. While the
ideal ammeter has almost negligible resistance. As a result, it must be connected in series so that
as much current can pass through it as possible. If it is connected in parallel, the circuit will be
shorted and no current will pass through any electrical components connected in the circuit.

2. What will happen to the voltmeter and to the circuit if the conventional voltmeter is
accidentally connected in series with the load?

The voltmeter has a high resistance. When a high resistance voltmeter is connected in
series it will not have any current to flow through the circuit. Therefore, a voltmeter connected
in series acts more like a resistor and not as a voltmeter.

3. Why do voltmeters have immensely high resistance?

Voltmeter has high resistance because it measures the voltage difference between two
different points, but it should not change the amount of current going through the element
between those two points. So, it should have high resistance.

4. Why do ammeters have very low resistance?

An ammeter is a device used to measure the amount of current flowing in a circuit. The
resistance of an ideal ammeter should be zero. This would decrease the amount of current
flowing through the circuit. Hence, in order to avoid the change of current flowing in a circuit.

5. Calculate the amount of current that will flow through a resistor of 10 kΩ resistance if the
potential difference across it is 10 volts. How much power is dissipated in the resistor?

I =V / R
I =10/ 10
I =1 mA

P=VxI
P=10 x 1
P=10 mW
The current that will flow through resistor is 1 mA only and for the power that dissipated in the resistor has a 10 mW

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

TABLE 1.1
 Position Setting Voltage Current Resistance
Trial of Potentiometer (V) (mA) (kΩ)
1 20% 60V 30 2
2 40% 72V 18 4
3 60% 77.14V 12.86 5.99 or 6
4 80% 80V 10 8
5 100% 81.81V 8.18 10.00
Table 1.1 shows the result of each trial and it is consists of five trials, the first
trial 1 consist of 20%, trial 2 is 40%, trial 3 is 60%, trial 4 is 80%, and lastly the trial 5
consist of 100%, and for the voltage and current it varies to the percent potentiometer,
after recording of each trial the voltage is divided by in current to get the resistance (
R=V / I ) and we get for the first trial is 2 kilo-ohms, for trial 2 have 4 kilo-ohms, trial 3
have 5.99 kilo-ohms, trial 4 for 80% have 8 kilo-ohms, lastly for trial 5 have 10 kilo-
ohms.

TABLE 1.2
Voltage Current Resistance Power
Tria Loading Resistor Connection (V) (mA) (kΩ) (mW)
l
1 S1 Closed; Four resistors in series 90 9.377 9.60 843.93
2 S2 Closed; Three resistors in series 90 12.503 7.20 1125.27
3 S3 Closed; Two resistors in series 90 18.753 4.80 1687.77
4 S4 Closed; One resistor 90 37.503 2.40 3375.27
5 S4 & S5 Closed; One resistor in 90 50.002 1.80 4500.18
parallel with three in series
6 S4 & S6 Closed; One resistor in 90 56.252 1.60 5062.68
parallel with two in series
7 S4 & S7 Closed; Two resistors in 90 75.003 1.20 6750.27
parallel
8 S4, S7 & S1 Closed; Two resistors in 90 93.752 0.96 8437.68
parallel in parallel with 2 resistors in
series
9 S4, S7 & S2 Closed; Three resistors in 90 112.50 0.8 10125
parallel
10 S4, S7, S2 & S5 Closed; Four 90 150 0.6 13500
resistors in parallel
Measured Value of Resistance of One Resistor :2.39 kΩ
Table 1.2 shows the test result of the experiment that consists of ten trials, each trial it has different loading
resistor connection and have variables which are voltage, current, resistance, and power. The voltage becomes
dependent because its value does not change at all trials while the current is independent because it varies for each
trial and the resistance can be measure by using the formula of R=V / I and for the Power can be measure by
multiplying the voltage and the current P=VxI , and as you can see on the table 1.2 when the current get increases
the resistance of it get decreases

TABLE 1.3
 Voltage Current Power
Trial (volts) (mA) (mW)
1 2 3.3334 6.67
2 4 6.6668 26.67
3 6 10 60
4 8 13.334 106.67
5 10 16.667 166.67
The table 1.3 is the just like on the table 1.3 but consisting of
five trials that have and have different fixed value of voltage in each trial
and current is being recorded to measure the power, it has a formula of
P=VxI , the V is for voltage and the I is for current, therefore on first
trial it has a fixed voltage of 2V and has a current of 3.3334 to measure it
follow the formula of power so that on first trial has 6.67 mW and the
trial 2 have a measured value of 26.67 mW, for trial 3 have measured
value of 60 mW, for trial 4 have a measured value of 106.67 mW, and
lastly trial 5 have a measured value of 166.67 mW

FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

The primary objective of this research was to identify the units for electric current,
voltage, power, resistant by measuring simple computations regarding with these variables as the
result it decreases the resistance when the current increases or vice versa, it also need instruments
like voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter, potentiometer, and etc. to measure the electrical quantities.
While ammeters work to measure electrical current by measuring the current through a set of coils
with a very low resistance and inductive reactance, the ammeter connected in series. The unit of
voltage is coulomb, the unit of current is ampere, the unit of resistance is ohms and the unit of
power is watts. Based on this experiment the variables that are using in this experiment is voltage,
current, resistance and power.

REFERENCE
https://automationforum.co/electrical-instruments-and-classification-of-electrical-measuring-instruments/

https://beingelectricalengineer.blogspot.com/2018/06/introduction-to-electrical-instruments.html

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-physics/chapter/voltmeters-and-ammeters/

https://electricalbaba.com/what-happens-if-ammeter-connected-in-parallel-and-voltmeter-connected-in-series/

http://machineryequipmentonline.com/hvac-machinery/basic-electricityelectrical-quantities-and-ohms-law/