Flexible Learning A.Y.

2020-2021
DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

MODULE 9: 8 hrs. LIGHT AND OPTICS

Course Instructor Mary Ann T. Pandan, PhD EnE

FM
Messenger
Mary Ann Pandan
Contact Details Email Ad [email protected]
Phone
No./s
+639176247923
Consultation Hours MWF TTH 11:00AM – 12:00PM

Part I: TARGETED COURSE OUTCOMES

1. Distinguish between the variables and constants used in Physics concepts and
principles.

Learning Objectives
(1) Describe the different spectrum of light using colors.
(2) Compare and contrast mirrors and lenses.
(3) Analyze and describe how images are formed by mirrors and lenses.
(4) Solve problems related to mirrors and lenses.

Part II: ASSESSMENT/S

Learning Evidence
LE1: Problem Set
These are activities to measure student learning in a given module. This includes the
entry of worksheets and other classroom activities.
LE2: Quiz
This is a summative assessment of the topics learned from this module.
Rubric/Evaluation Tool Tool for LE1 & LE2:
CRITERIA TARGET (5 PTS) ACCEPTABLE (4 PTS) MARGINAL (3 PTS) UNACCEPTABLE (0 PTS)
Includes a complete Includes an acceptable Includes a marginal No sketch or articulates
ARTICULATES sketch of all the pertinent sketch of some data sketch of a few data unacceptable number
data given in the problem. given in the problem. given in the problem. of data points.
Acceptable Marginal
Thorough understanding understanding understanding Unacceptable understanding
of the concepts and of the concepts and of the concepts and of the concepts and
equations associated with equations associated equations associated equations associated with
the known and unknown with the unknown with the unknown the unknown variable.
ANALYZE & ASSESS variables. variable. variable.
Thoroughly identifies all Acceptably identifies all Marginally identifies Cannot identify all parameters
parameters that are parameters that are all parameters that are that are needed to solve for
needed to solve for
needed to solve for the needed to solve for the the the unknown variable.
unknown variable. unknown variable. unknown variable.
Can thoroughly identify Can acceptably identify Can marginally identify Cannot acceptably identify
each dimension of
each dimension of each dimension of each dimension of measurement
measurement measurement
measurement addressed addressed addressed addressed in the problem.
ASCERTAIN in the problem. in the problem. in the problem.
SOLUTION
Can thoroughly solve the Can acceptably solve Can marginally solve Cannot acceptably solve
equation
equation (mathematical or equation (mathematical (mathematical equation (mathematical
science) with appropriate or science) with or science) with or science) with
units. appropriate units. appropriate units. appropriate units.

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DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

Part III: TEACHING-LEARNING ACTIVITIES (TLA)

The following are review materials needed to be read first before accomplishing the tasks
required from the student.

I. Definitions

LIGHT
• an electromagnetic wave (waves that travel through empty space with definite
speed, equal to the speed of light; produced by accelerating electric charges)
• form of electromagnetic radiation similar to radiant heat, radio waves, and X rays
• consists of extremely fast oscillations of an electromagnetic field in a particular
range of frequencies that can be detected by the human eye

Light Absorption and Emission

• When a photon, or packet of light energy, is absorbed by an atom, the atom
gains the energy of the photon, and one of the atom’s electrons may jump to a
higher energy level. The atom is then said to be excited. When an electron of an
excited atom falls to a lower energy level, the atom may emit the electron’s
excess energy in the form of a photon.

Speed of Light

- most probable speed of light

based on the cesium clock
c = 3 x 108 m/s

Examples of Light:
Incandescent Light
• white light, such as that produced by an incandescent bulb, is composed of many
colours of light—each with a different wavelength—and spreads out in all
directions.

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DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE GUIDE USING OBTL DESIGN v1

Laser light
• consists of a single colour (a single wavelength) and moves in one direction with
the peaks and troughs of its waves in lock step.

II. Nature of Light

A. Reflection – phenomenon of light and other wave motions in which the light or other
wave motion is returned after impinging on a surface, or the boundary between two
media

LAW OF REFLECTION:
The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
𝜃𝑖 = 𝜃𝑟

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B. Refraction – bending of waves that occurs when a wavefront passes obliquely from
one medium to another
 the phenomenon is most familiar with light waves
 when light passes from a less dense medium (for example, air) to a denser one
(for example, glass), it is refracted towards the normal (an imaginary line
perpendicular to the surface)

MIRAGE - appear because differences in air temperature cause light rays from an
object to take different paths to a viewer’s eye. Warm air near the ground bends
light, so when the light reaches the viewer’s eye, the ray seems to point into the
ground. This produces a second image that looks like a reflection of the object.

FATA MORGANA - a mirage in which a double image of an object is seen in the air
above it

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LAW OF REFRACTION:

Angles of Refraction
The left-hand figure shows the typical situation for a ray of light emerging from a denser
to a rarer medium; the ray is deflected away from the normal, but in practice there is
always a weak reflected ray present also. As the angle of incidence increases (i
increases), the refracted ray moves closer to the surface (r increases), and becomes
weaker, while the reflected ray within the glass becomes stronger until the situation
shown if the middle figure is reached Here, when the angle of refraction is 90°, there is
only a residual refracted ray grazing along the surface, and most of the light is internally
reflected. The angle of incidence for an angle of refraction of 90° is called the critical
angle, c. The right-hand figure shows the situation for an angle of incidence greater than
the critical angle; here the ray is totally internally reflected as it is clearly impossible for
any light to escape from inside the glass. The critical angle for a ray of light emerging
from glass into air is approximately 42°.

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C. Interference – effect that occurs when two or more waves overlap or intersect

D. Polarization - the plane in which the oscillations of a light wave take place
 light is a transverse wave consisting of oscillating electric and magnetic fields at
right angles to each other and the direction of travel
 the fact that the fields are at right angles to the direction of travel is what makes
the wave transverse

E. Scattering - process by which sunlight has been absorbed and then re-radiated in a
variety of directions

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F. Dispersion - the separation of waves of different frequency as they pass through

a material
 is caused by the fact that the speed of a wave depends on its frequency (and
therefore its wavelength)
 for example, light waves of different wavelengths travel at different apparent
speeds in glass and so are refracted to different extents

RAINBOW - arch of light exhibiting the

spectrum colours in their order, caused by
drops of water falling through the air. It is
seen usually in the sky opposite to the Sun
at the close of a shower and also in the
spray of waterfalls. In the brightest or
primary bow, often the only one seen, the
colours are arranged with the red outside.
Above the perfect bow is a secondary bow,
in which the colours are arranged in
reverse order; this bow is dimmer, because
of a double reflection within the drops.

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COLOR - physical phenomenon of light or vision associated with the various

wavelengths in the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum

Additive Color Mixing Subtractive Primary Colors

MIRRORS - optical device, commonly made of glass, with a smooth, polished surface
that forms images by the reflection of rays of light
For mirrors,
• the incoming and outgoing sides are always on the same side
• virtual image is formed opposite the object
• real image is formed at the same side as the object

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PLANE MIRRORS - Image formed is always virtual, erect, reversed and has the same
size as the object.

Sign Rules for the Mirror Equation:

1. sign rule for the object distance: when the object is on the same side of the
reflecting or refracting surface as the incoming light, the object distance is
positive; otherwise, negative
2. sign rule for the image distance: when the image is on the same side of the
reflecting or refracting surface as the outgoing light, the image distance is
positive; otherwise, negative
3. sign rule for the radius of curvature: when the center of curvature is on the same
side as the outgoing light, the radius of curvature is positive; otherwise, negative

CONVEX AND CONCAVE MIRRORS

Graphical Method for Mirrors:

1. A ray parallel to the axis, after reflection, passes through the focal point F of a
concave mirror or appears to come from the (virtual) focal point of a convex
mirror.
2. A ray through (or proceeding toward) the focal point F is reflected parallel to the
axis.
3. A ray along the radius through or away from the center of curvature C intersects
the surface normally and is reflected back along its original path.
4. A ray to the vertex V is reflected forming equal angles with the optic axis

LENS - in optical systems, glass or other transparent substance so shaped that it will
refract the light from any object, and form a real or virtual image of the object
 virtual image is formed when the image is found at the same side as the object
 real image is formed when the image is found at the opposite side of the object

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1. CONVEX LENS -also known as a positive lens or converging lens

 lens has a thick center and thinner edges
 light passing through a convex lens is bent inward, or made to converge
 this causes an image of the object to form on a screen on the opposite side of
the lens

2. CONCAVE LENS -also known as a negative lens or diverging lens

 the lens is curved inward; it is shaped like two dishes placed back-to-back
 light passing through a concave lens bends outward, or diverges
 unlike convex lenses, which produce real images, concave lenses produce only
virtual images

Graphical Method for Lens:

1. A ray parallel to the axis, after refraction by the lens, passes through the second
focus F’ of a converging lens or appears to come from the second focus of a
diverging lens.
2. A ray through the center of the lens is not appreciably deviated because at the
center of the lens the two surfaces are parallel and close together.
3. A ray through (or proceeding toward) the first focus F emerges parallel to the axis.

Aberrations of the Eye

 MYOPIA – shortsighted; corrective lens is a diverging lens because it diverges
the incident parallel rays before they reach the cornea
 HYPEROPIA – farsighted; corrective lens is a converging one so that it forms a
virtual image of the object at or beyond the retina near point

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