Communication Systems

Fall 2021

1
Course Instructor

Dr. Saleem Aslam

Snr. Associate Professor
Electrical Engineering
Bahria University, Islamabad

2
Teaching Expertise
1 2
National University of Computer & Bahria University ,Islamabad
Emerging Sciences, Islamabad
 Service Period: 6 Years
 Service Period: 4 Years
 Undergraduate Courses (4)
 Undergraduate Courses (5) Communication Systems
Digital Signal Processing
Computer Logic Design Digital Communication
Wireless and Mobile Communication
Circuit Analysis II
Digital Signal Processing  Graduate Courses (5)
Analog Communication Advanced Digital Signal Processing(EEN-725)
Data Communication and Advanced Digital Communication Systems (EEN-712)
Networking Communication Network Arc. & Protocol (EET-762)
Advanced Topics in Wireless and Networking (ESC-716)
 Graduate Courses (1) Network Management (ESS-525)
Wireless and Mobile Communication(EET-555)
Advanced Digital Signal Communication Technologies for IoTs (EET-736)
Processing  Proposed Graduate Courses (2)
7 New Courses

3
Short Courses & Trainings (SCT)
SCT Student/Faculty/Industry

 Network Simulator (NS-2) (Korean + Pakistan) 2012,

2013
 Future Communication Systems (BUIC) 2016
 Future Wireless Communication & Networking (IE&I)
2019
 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis (SCM) 2019
 Advanced Signal Processing Techniques (IE&I) 2020
 5G Networks and Their Implementation in Pakistan
(CMO) 2020
 Waveform Analysis Techniques (IE&I), April 2021

4
Management Expertise
1 2
Cluster-Head(Domain Expert) : Communication &
Head of Electrical Engineering
Networking
Department
 Service Period: 1 Year  Service Period: 6 Years
 Department Highlights
Faculty Strength: 40 (10 PhDs)  Key Responsibilities
Students: 700+(UG+PG (MS+PhD) Discuss Review and Update Course Outlines
Programs(3) Vet Mid Term and Final Term Exam Papers
 BEE Monitor how teacher teaching in the class
 MS EE Evaluate Faculty in the appraisal form
 PhD EE Guide HoD in DBOS for FBOS
9 Hardware Labs Guide HoD in DRC for FRC
 Report to Dean and Directors
 Got Successful Accreditation  Outcome based Education(OBE)
from PEC and HEC Pakistan for Lead the OBE team for Washington Accord
BS and MS/PhD Programs accreditation
 Got Best Performance Award for
year 2016~2017 from Bahria
University Management. 5
Research Experience
1
Highlights
 1 year as Postdoc
 3 Years as Research Assistant
 Leading Research Group
Controls and Communications RG
Cluster of Digital Logistics at Smart
5G/
Integrated Logistic (SIL) Research
center MEC
IoTs/
 Research Grants from Korea (2) Cognitive
Fog Radio/RF
Year 2016/year 2017 Computing Energy
 IF Journals: 19, Conferences(19) Harvesting
 1 Patent Research
 Five Invited Talks Supply Areas
 Best Paper Awards chain
 Organizer of IEEE CCODE’17 managem LiFi
 Chair the Communication Track in ent/Engg.
IEEECCODE’19
D2D
6
Invited Talks

7
Textbook & Other Resources
BP Lathi, “Modern Analog and Digital Communication
Systems”, (Latest Edition)

• Recommended Resources

1. R. E. Ziemer & W. H. Tranter, Principles of Communications, 5th Ed

Wiley.
2. A. B. Carlson, Communication Systems, 4th Ed, McGraw-Hill.
3. J. G. Proakis and M. Salehi, Communication Systems Engineering,
2nd Ed Prentice-Hall.
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iOdG4Atc2sY
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cx5aNwnZYDc
4
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7cnVRfptVWM
Course Syllabus
◮ Modern communications systems
◮ Signal processing in 2πf , instead of ω as in 102A
◮ Finding your way around the RF spectrum
◮ Analog Systems
◮ Amplitude modulation (AM, SSB, QAM)
◮ Pulse modulation (PAM, PWM, PPM)
◮ Angle modulation (FM, PM, PSK, and FSK)
◮ Digital systems
◮ Sampling and Quantization
◮ Pulse code modulation (PCM)
◮ Digital modulation (PAM, ASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK, and QAM)
◮ Line Coding and ISI

◮ SNR and performance

Early Communication Systems
◮ Telegraph
◮ 1830, Joseph Henry
◮ 1832, Pavel Schilling
◮ 1837, Samuel B. Morse, Morse code
◮ 1844, What Hath God Wrought
◮ Telephone
◮ 1876, Alexander G. Bell (“Watson come here; I need you.”)
◮ 1888, Strowger stepper switch
◮ 1915, US transcontinental service (requires amplifiers)
◮ Wireless telegraphy
◮ 1895, Jagadish Chandra Bose builds radio transmitter
◮ 1896, Marconi patents radio telegraphy
◮ 1901, Marconi, first transatlantic transmission
◮ Radio
◮ 1906, Reginald Fessendend, first broadcast
◮ 1920, first commercial AM radio station (Montreal XWA → CINW)
Communication Systems Then
Communication Systems Now
Communication Systems Today

◮ Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) for voice, fax, modem

◮ Radio and TV broadcasting
◮ Citizens’ band radio; ham short-wave radio
◮ Computer networks (LANs, WANs, and the Internet)
◮ Satellite systems (pagers, voice/data, movie broadcasts)
◮ Cable television (CATV) for video and data
◮ Cellular phones
◮ Bluetooth
◮ GPS
◮ Many others...
PSTN Design

◮ Local exchange
◮ Handles local calls
◮ Routes long distance calls over multiplexed high-speed connections
◮ Circuit switched network tailored for voice
◮ Faxes and modems modulate data for voice channel
◮ DSL uses advanced modulation to get 1.5-6.0 Mbps
Cellular System Basics

◮ Geographic region divided into hexagonal cells1

◮ Frequencies/timeslots/codes are reused at spatially-separated locations.
(Analog systems use FD, digital systems use TD or CD.)
◮ Co-channel interference between same color cells
◮ Handoff and control coordinated through cell basestations

1
proposed in 1947 by Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young, Bell Labs engineers
Cellular Telephone Backbone Network
Mobile telephones depend on the PSTN — except for mobiles within the
same MTSO (mobile telephone switching office)
Local Area Networks (LAN)

◮ “Local” means every computer can hear every other computer

◮ Packet switching instead of circuit switching (no dedicated channels)
◮ Data is broken down into packets
◮ Originally proprietary protocols; e.g., Ethernet was a collaboration
between Intel, DEC, and Xerox. (DEC?)
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN)

◮ WLANs connect “local” computers (100m range) to an access point

◮ As with LANs, data is broken down into packets
◮ Channel access is shared (random access)
◮ Access protocols for WLANs are much more complex than for LANs
◮ Backbone Internet provides best-effort service (no QOS guarantee)
Wide Area Networks; the Internet
Satellite Systems

◮ Satellites cover very large areas

◮ Different orbit heights: GEOs (39000 Km) versus LEOs (2000 Km)
◮ Optimized for one-way transmission, such as radio (XM, DAB) and
television (SatTV) broadcasting
◮ Latency (round trip delay) can be a problem
Bluetooth

◮ Ericsson, 1994, named for King Harald Blåtand Gormsen

◮ Intended as replacement for cables, such as RS-232
Now used for input devices, cell phones, laptops, PDAs, etc.
◮ Short range connection (10–100 m)
◮ Bluetooth 1.2 has 1 data (721 Kbps) and 3 voice (56 Kbps) channels,
and rudimentary networking capabilities
Types of Information
◮ Major classification of data: analog vs. digital
◮ Analog signals
◮ speech (but words are discrete)
◮ music (closer to a continuous signal)
◮ temperature readings, barometric pressure, wind speed
◮ images stored on film
◮ Analog signals can be represented (approximately) using bits
◮ audio: 8, 16, 24 bits per sample
◮ digitized images (can be compressed using JPEG)
◮ digitized video (can be compressed to MPEG)
◮ Bits: text, computer data
◮ Analog signals can be converted into bits by quantizing/digitizing

The word “bit” was coined in the late 1940s by John Tukey, co-inventor of Fast Fourier Transform
Analog Messages
◮ Early analog communication
◮ telephone (1876)
◮ phonograph (1877)
◮ film soundtrack (1923, Lee De Forest, Joseph Tykociński-Tykociner)
◮ Key to analog communication is the amplifier (1908, Lee De Forest,
triode vacuum tube)
◮ Broadcast radio (AM, FM) is still analog
◮ Broadcast television was analog until 2009
Digital Messages
◮ Early long-distance communication was digital
◮ semaphores, white flag, smoke signals, bugle calls, telegraph
◮ Teletypewriters (stock quotations)
◮ Baudot (1874) created 5-unit code for alphabet. Today baud is a unit
meaning one symbol per second.
◮ Working teleprinters were in service by 1924 at 65 words per minute
◮ Fax machines: Group 3 (voice lines) and Group 4 (ISDN)
◮ In 1990s the accounted for majority of transPacific telephone use. Sadly,
fax machines are still in use.
◮ First fax machine was Alexander Bains 1843 device required conductive ink
◮ Pantelegraph (Caselli, 1865) set up telefax between Paris and Lyon
◮ Ethernet, Internet

There is no name for the unit bit/second. I have proposed claude.

Communication System Block Diagram (Basic)

◮ Source encoder converts message into message signal (bits)

◮ Transmitter converts message signal into format appropriate for channel
transmission (analog/digital signal)
◮ Channel conveys signal but may introduce attenuation, distortion, noise,
interference
◮ Receiver decodes received signal back to message signal
◮ Source decoder decodes message signal back into original message
Communication System Block Diagram (Advanced)

Source Channel
Source Encrypt Modulator
Encoder Encoder

Channel Noise

Source Channel
Sink Decrypt Demodulator
Decoder Decoder

◮ Source encoder compresses message to remove redundancy

◮ Encryption protects against eavesdroppers and false messages
◮ Channel encoder adds redundancy for error protection
◮ Modulator converts digital inputs to signals suitable for physical channel
Examples of Communication Channels
◮ Communication systems convert information into a format appropriate
for the transmission medium
◮ Some channels convey electromagnetic waves (signals).
◮ Radio (20 KHz to 20+ GHz)
◮ Optical fiber (200 THz or 1550 nm)
◮ Laser line-of-sight (e.g., from Mars)
◮ Other channels use sound, smell, pressure, chemical reactions
◮ smell: ants
◮ chemical reactions: neuron dendrites
◮ dance: bees
◮ Analog communication systems convert (modulate) analog signals into
modulated (analog) signals
◮ Digital communication systems convert information in the form of bits
into binary/digital signals
Physical Channels
◮ Physical channels have constraints on what kinds of signals can be
transmitted
◮ Radio uses E&M waves at various frequencies
◮ Submarine communication at about 20 KHz
◮ Cordless telephones: 45 MHz, 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz, 1.9 GHz
◮ Wired links may require DC balanced codes to prevent voltage build up
◮ Fiber optic channels use 4B5B modulation to accommodate time-varying
attenuation
◮ CD and DVD media require minimum spot size but position can be more
precise
◮ The process of creating a signal suitable for transmission is called
modulation (modulate from Latin “to regulate”)
AM and FM Modulation
(a) Carrier

(b) Signal

(c) Amplitude modulated

(d) Frequency modulated

Analog vs. Digital Systems

◮ Analog signals
Values varies continously

◮ Digital signals
Value limited to a finite set
Digital systems are more robust

◮ Binary signals
Have 2 possible values
Used to represent bit values
Bit time T needed to send 1 bit
Data rate R = 1/T bits per
second
Sampling and Quantization, I
To transmit analog signals over a digital communication link, we must
discretize both time and values.

2mp
Quantization spacing is ; sampling interval is T , not shown in figure.
L
Sampling and Quantization, II
◮ Usually sample times are uniformly spaced.
◮ Higher frequency content requires faster sampling. (Soprano must be
sampled twice as fast as a tenor.)

0.2

0.1

−0.1

−0.2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

◮ Quantization levels are usually uniformly spaced (linear). Logarithmic

compression is useful for greater dynamic range.
Digital Transmission and Regeneration
Simplest digital communication is binary amplitude-shift keying (ASK)

(a) binary signal input to channel; (b) signal altered by channel;

(c) signal + noise; (d) signal after detection by receiver
Channel Errors
If there is too much channel distortion or noise, receiver may make a
mistake, and the regenerated signal will be incorrect. Channel coding is
needed to detect and correct the message.
2

0
A

−1

−2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0
B

−2

−4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1
C

−1

−2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

To communicate sampled values,

we send a sequence of bits that
represent the quantized value.
For 16 quantization levels, 4 bits
suffice.
PCM can use binary
representation of value.
The PSTN uses 8-bit companded
PCM (similar to floating point)
Performance Metrics
◮ Analog communication systems
◮ Metric is fidelity, closeness to original signal
◮ We want m̂(t) ≈ m(t)
◮ A common measure of infidelity is energy of difference signal:
Z T
|m̂(t) − m(t)|2 dt
0

◮ Digital communication systems

◮ Metrics are data rate R in bits/sec and probability of bit error

Pe = P{b̂ 6= b}

◮ Without noise, we never experience bit errors

◮ With noise, Pe depends on signal power, noise power, data rate, and
channel characteristics.
Data Rate Limits
◮ Data rate R is limited by signal power, noise power, distortion
◮ Without distortion or noise, we could transmit at R = ∞ and error
probably Pe = 0
◮ The Shannon capacity is the maximum possible data rate for a system
with noise and distortion
◮ Maximum rate can be approached with error probability approaching 0
◮ For additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels,
 P
C = 12 B log(1 + SNR) = 21 B log 1 +
N
◮ The theoretical result does not tell how to design real systems
◮ Shannon obtained C ≈ 32 Kbps for telephone channels
(B = 3700 − 300 = 3400 Hz)
◮ Modern modems achieve higher rates by using more bandwidth
Next
SDR (software-defined radio) lab on Friday
◮ We will give you your RTL SDR’s
◮ Bring your laptops, and headphones
◮ We’ll get you up and running!

Next week
◮ (Very brief) review of EE 102A
◮ Fourier series and Fourier transforms in 2πf
◮ Vector space perspective on signal processing
◮ L&D Chapter 2 (skim this, most should look very familiar)