1) Real functions

2) Operations on functions – Composition of functions.

3) Some properties of functions (even and odd functions / one – to – one
functions)
4)Graphical representation of functions and geometrical transformations.
5) Solving absolute value equations and inequalities.
 Real functions
Definition of the function
Let 𝑿 and 𝒀 be two non – empty sets.
It is said that the relation from the set 𝑿 to the set 𝒀 is a
function if each element in 𝑿 is related with one and only one
element in 𝒀
Domain, Co-domain and range
If 𝑓 is a function from 𝑋 to 𝑌
𝑓: 𝑋 𝑌 , then:
1)The set 𝑋 is called the domain of 𝑓
2)The set 𝑌 is called the co-domain of 𝑓
For each element 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋, there is determined only element 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌
by the rule of the function and we write 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 and the set
𝑦: 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 is called the range of the function.
 Function of a real variable (Real function)
The function 𝑓: 𝑋 𝑌 is called a real function if each of the domain 𝑋
and the co-domain 𝑌 is the set of the real numbers or a proper subset of it

1) Show giving reasons, which of the following two relations is a function on 𝑅:

𝑎) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3
The relation is a function because every real value of the variable 𝑥 is with one
value of the variable 𝑦.

𝑏) 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 9

The relation is not function because there is at least one real value of the variable 𝑥
is with two different values of the variable 𝑦.
Identifying the domain of the real function
The domain of the function is identified by its rule of its graph, the following are some ways
of identifying the domain of the function if we knew its rule.
1) Polynomial function
The domain of the polynomial function is 𝑅 unless it is defined on a subset of it.
1) Rational function
ℎ 𝑥
If 𝑓 is a rational function where f 𝑥 = , ℎ and 𝑔 are two polynomials, then the
𝑔 𝑥
domain of the function 𝑓 = 𝑅 − the set of zeroes of the denominator.
2) State the domain of each of the rational functions defined by the
following rules
2𝑥+3
2𝑥 + 1 𝑥+3 c) 𝑓 𝑥 =
a) 𝑓 𝑥 = b) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2− 3 𝑥 + 2
𝑥2 − 9
𝑥 − 2

𝑥2 −9=0 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 = 0
𝑥−2=0

𝑥=2 𝑥+3 𝑥−3 =0 𝑥−2 𝑥−1 =0

𝑥 = −3 𝑥=3 𝑥=2 𝑥=1

The domain = 𝑅 − 2
The domain = 𝑅 − 3 , −3 The domain = 𝑅 − 2 , 1
 𝑥2 + 1 𝑥 2 −1 5 + 2𝑥
𝑑)𝑓 𝑥 = 2 e) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓) 𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 + 4𝑥 3 𝑥 3 + 12 𝑥
𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1

2
𝑥 + 4𝑥 = 0 3𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 = 0 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0
𝑥 𝑥+4 =0 3𝑥 𝑥 2 + 4 = 0
𝑅
𝑥 = 0 𝑥 = −4 3𝑥 = 0 𝑥 2 = −4
𝑥=0 ∅
The domain = 𝑅 − 0 , −4
The domain = 𝑅 − 0
3)State the domain of each of the real functions which
are defined by the following rules:

3
1) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 3 3) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥−5

𝑥≥0 𝑥−3≥0

𝑥≥3 𝑅
The domain = 0 , ∞
The domain = 3 , ∞
 3 5) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 16
4) 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥−3
𝑥 2 − 16 ≥ 0
𝑥−3>0
𝑥 2 − 16 = 0
𝑥>3
𝑥−4 𝑥+4 =0
3 ,∞ 𝑥=4 𝑥 = −4

The domain = 𝑅 − −4 , 4
6) 𝑓 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑥2

4 − 𝑥2 ≥ 0

−𝑥 2 + 4 = 0
𝑥2 − 4 = 0
𝑥−2 𝑥+2 =0

𝑥=2 𝑥 = −2
The domain = −2 , 2
4) If 𝑥 and 𝑦 are two real variables, then determine which of the following
relations represents a rule of a function in 𝑥:

c) 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 =5
𝑎) 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 + 4 b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4

Not Function Function Not Function

𝑑) 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2 = 2 e) 𝑦 = 2 𝑓) 𝑥 = 3

Function Function Not Function

5) Complete each of the following:
𝑅
a)The domain of the function 𝑓: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 8 is ............
𝑥2 + 3
b)The domain of the function 𝑓: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑅
is .............
4
𝑥−5
c) The domain of the function 𝑓: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑅
is .............
𝑥2 + 9
 Some properties of functions (even and odd functions
one – to – one functions)
Even function and odd function
 Even function: The function 𝒇 is said to be even if 𝒇 −𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙 for
each 𝒙 , −𝒙 ∈ the domain of the function 𝒇
The curve of the even function is symmetric about 𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔
 Odd function: The function 𝒇 is said to be odd if 𝒇 −𝒙 = −𝒇 𝒙 for
each 𝒙 , −𝒙 ∈ the domain of the function 𝒇

The curve of the odd function is symmetric about the origin point.
 Remarks
If 𝑓 −𝑥 ≠ 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑓 −𝑥 ≠ −𝑓 𝑥 , then the function 𝑓 is neither even nor odd

1)Determine which of the functions defined by the following rules is

even, which is odd and which is neither even nor odd
𝑎) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 − 1

𝑓 −𝑥 4 2
= −𝑥 + −𝑥 −1

= 𝑥4 + 𝑥2 − 1 = 𝑓 𝑥 (Even function)
𝑏) 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 4𝑥 3 𝑥2
𝑐) 𝑓 𝑥 =
1+𝑥
𝑓 −𝑥 = 3 −𝑥 − 4 −𝑥 3 2 2
−𝑥 𝑥
𝑓 −𝑥 = =
1 + −𝑥 1−𝑥
= −3𝑥 + 4𝑥 3 = − 3𝑥 − 4𝑥 3
≠ 𝑓 𝑥 ≠ −𝑓 𝑥
= −𝑓 𝑥

(Odd function) ∴ 𝑓 is neither even nor odd

𝑑) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 3 𝑒) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 1 3

𝑥+3≥0 2 3
𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑥 +1
𝑥 ≥ −3 = 𝑥2 + 1 3
=𝑓 𝑥

The domain = −3 , ∞
(Even function)
The function 𝑓 is
neither even nor odd.
f) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 6 g) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 cos 𝑥

𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑥 2 +6 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑥 cos −𝑥

= 𝑥2 + 6 = −𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑥

=𝑓 𝑥 (Odd function)

(Even function)
2) Determine which of the functions defined by the following rules is even,
[[

odd or otherwise
2
a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
2
𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑥 + cos −𝑥

= 𝑥 2 + cos 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥

(Even Function)
𝑏) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + sin 𝑥 𝑐)𝑓 𝑥 = 3 𝑥 4 tan 𝑥

4
𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑥 3
+ sin −𝑥 𝑓 −𝑥 = 3 −𝑥 tan −𝑥

3
= −𝑥 − sin 𝑥 = 3𝑥 4 × − tan 𝑥
4
3
= − 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 = −3𝑥 tan 𝑥

= −𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑥

(Odd function) (Odd function)

3) Determine which of the functions defined by the following rules is
[[

even, odd or otherwise

3𝑥
1) 𝑓 𝑥 =
tan 𝑥
3 −𝑥 −3𝑥 3𝑥
𝑓 −𝑥 = = = =𝑓 𝑥
tan −𝑥 − tan 𝑥 tan 𝑥

(Even Function)
 𝑥 3 sin 3𝑥
2) 𝑓 𝑥 =
1 + 𝑥4

−𝑥 3 sin 3 −𝑥
𝑓 −𝑥 =
1 + −𝑥 4
3
3
−𝑥 × − sin 3𝑥 𝑥 sin 3𝑥
= = 4
=𝑓 𝑥
1 + 𝑥4 1+𝑥

(Even Function)
 3
3) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥

3
𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑥 sin −𝑥

= −𝑥 sin −𝑥 3
3
= 𝑥 sin 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥

(Even Function)