Republic of the Philippines

DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY

Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga

A. Course Code / Title : SOLMEN 113 – SOLID MESURATION

B. Module Number : Module 1 - Plane Geometry - Introduction and Triangles

C. Time Frame : September 20 - 24, 2021 ( 3 hours)

D. Description : This module looks into the definition and theorems relating to
plane and solid geometry; properties and formula relating to
triangles.

E. Objectives : At the end of these module, the learner should be able to:
1. Learn the significance of plane and solid geometry and other
important definitions
2. Have a deeper understanding about theorems, properties,
formula relating to triangles.
3. Solve problems relating to triangles.
F. Contents :

 Introduction

Solid mensuration or Solid Geometry is the study of various solids. It is the study of the
measure of volume, area, height, length and many more.

Mensuration is the mathematical name for calculating the areas, volumes, length of sides,
and other geometric parts of standard geometric shapes such as circles, spheres, polygons prisms,
cones, cylinders, etc., through the use of mathematical equations or formulas.

Mensuration of solids is divided into two parts:

I. Mensuration of the surfaces of solids
II. Mensuration of the solidities

 Definition of terms:

1. Plane - a surface that a straight line joining two points in it lies wholly in the surface.
2. Plane Geometry – is about flat shapes like lines, circles, triangles, etc. shapes that can be drawn
on a piece of paper. Figures which lie on a plane are called plane figures.
3. Solid Geometry – is about three dimensional object like cubes, prisms, cylinders, spheres, etc.
Figures which occupy a three dimensional space are called solid figures.
4. Altitude of a Triangle – an altitude of a triangle is a perpendicular from any vertex to the side
opposite, produced if necessary.
5. Angle – A plane angle is the opening between two straight lines drawn from the same point.
6. Apothem – the apothem of a polygon is a radius of its inscribed circle.
7. Area – the area of a plane figure is the number which expresses the ratio between its surface
and the surface of the unit square.
8. Center of Polygon – the center of a regular polygon is the common center of its inscribed and
circumscribed circles.
9. Circle – a circle is a closed plane curve every point of which is equally distant from a point in the
plane of the curve.
10. Complementary Angles – two angles are called complementary when their sum is equal to a
right angle; and each is called the complement of the other.
 11. Concurrent Lines – three or more lines which have one point in common are said to be
concurrent.
12. Definition of � - the number � used in calculations on the circle, is the number obtained by
�
dividing the circumference of a circle by its diameter, that is � = �. Hence of � = ��or � = 2��,
� = 3.1416 (to 4 decimal places).
13. Diagonal – a diagonal of a polygon is a line joining any two non-consecutive vertices.
14. Hypotenuse – the hypotenuse of a right triangle is the side opposite the right angle.
15. Isosceles Triangle – An isosceles triangle is a triangle which has two equal sides.
16. Locus – a locus is a figure containing all the points, and only those points, which fulfill a given
requirement.
17. Parallel Lines – Parallel lines are lines that lie in the same plane and do not meet however far
they are.
18. Parallelogram – a parallelogram is a quadrilateral whose opposite sides are parallel.
19. Perpendicular – if one straight line cuts another so as to make any two adjacent angles equal,
each line is perpendicular to the other.
20. Quadrilateral – a quadrilateral is a portion of a plane bounded by four straight lines.
21. Rectangle – a rectangle is a parallelogram whose angles are right angles.
22. Regular Polygon – a regular polygon is a polygon all of whose angles are equal and all of whose
sides are equal.
23. Similar Polygons – two polygons are similar if their corresponding angles are equal and their
corresponding sides are proportional.
24. Supplementary Angles – one angles is the supplement of another if their sum equals two right
angles (or 180°).
25. Tangent – a tangent to a circle is a straight line which, however far it may be produced, has only
one point in common with the circle.
26. Trapezoid – a trapezoid is a quadrilateral two and only two of whose sides are parallel.
27. Triangle – a triangle is a portion of a plane bounded by three straight lines.
28. Vertical Angles – when two angles have same vertex, and the sides of one are the prolongations
of the sides of the other, they are called vertical angles.

 Triangle: Theorems and Properties

1. The sum of the three angles of a triangle is equal to two right angles or 180° .
2. The sum of two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side, and their difference is less than
the third side.
3. If two sides of a triangle are unequal, the angles opposite are unequal, and the greater angle is
opposite the greater side; and conversely.
4. If two sides of a triangle are equal (an isosceles triangle), the angles opposite these sides are
equal; and conversely.
5. The perpendicular bisector of the sides, and the bisectors of the angles of a triangle, meet in
points which are the center of the circumscribed circle and the inscribed circle, respectively.
6. The altitudes of a triangle meet in a point (called orthocenter).
7. The medians of a triangle are concurrent at a point which is two-thirds of the distance from the
vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side. The point of concurrency is the centroid of the
triangle.
8. Two triangles are congruent if two angles and the including side of the one are equal,
respectively, to two angles and the included side of the other.
9. Two triangles are congruent if two angles and the including angle of the one are equal,
respectively, to two sides and the included angle of the other.
10. Two triangles are congruent if the three sides of the one are equal, respectively, to the three
sides of the other.
  Right triangles

1. Theorem of Pythagorean, in any right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the
sum of the squares of the other two sides.
2. Two right triangles are equal if a side and the hypotenuse of the one are equal, respectively,
to a side and the hypotenuse of the other.
3. Two right triangles are equal if the hypotenuse and an adjacent angle of one are equal,
respectively, to the hypotenuse and an adjacent angle of the other.
4. If a perpendicular is drawn from the vertex of the right angle to the hypotenuse of a right
triangle;
a. The two triangles formed are similar to each other and to the given triangle.
b. The perpendicular is a mean proportional between the segments of the hypotenuse
c. The square of either side about the right angle equals the product of the whole
hypotenuse and the segment adjacent to the side.

(a) ∆���, ∆���, ��� ∆������������������.

(b) �� : �� = �� : ���� �� 2 = �� ��
(c) �� 2 = �� �� ��� �� 2 = �� ��

 Similar triangles

1. Two triangles are similar if the angles of one are respectively equal to the angles of the
other; or if two angles of the one are respectively equal to two angles of the other.
2. Two triangles are similar if an angles of one equals an angles of the other and the sides
including these angles are proportional.
3. Two triangles are similar if their sides are in the same ratio.
4. If two triangles have their side respectively parallel, or respectively perpendicular, each to
each, they are similar.

 Formulas relating triangles

 Right triangle

1
���� = 2
������������e
1
�= ��
2

Pythagorean Theorem:

ℎ��������� 2

= ������ℎ�����������������
�2 = �2 + �2

 Oblique triangle

Given base b and altitude h

1
����, � = ℎ�
2

Given two sides a and b and included angle �:

1
����, � = ������
2

Given three sides a, b, and c: (Heron’s Formula)

����, � = � �−� �−� �−�

 �+�+�
�=
2

The area under this condition can also be solved by finding one angle using cosine law
and apply the formula for two sides and included angle.

Given three angles A, B and C and one side a:

�2 ��������
����, � =
2����

The area under this condition can also be solved by finding one side using sine law and
apply the formula for two sides and included angle.

To be able to solve mathematical problems, we need to remember RUN which stands for:
Read, Understand, and Note. This includes the important things of the problems, like the
given, required, and formulas needed to be used. So don’t RUN away from the problems,
but RUN towards it because it is BASIC! (Believe that you can Achieve Success through
Integrity and Competency).

Problems:

1. The sides of a right triangle have lengths (a – b), a, and (a + b). What is the ratio of a tob if a is
greater than b and b could not be equal to zero?

Given:
Lengths
�= �+�
�= �−� x = (a + b)
�=�
z=a
Required:

Ratio of a to b. y = (a - b)
Solution:

Note: The longest or hypotenuse side is (a + b), the others are the adjacent and opposite sides.
By Pythagorean Theorem:
�2 = �2 + �2
(� + �)2 = (� − �)2 + �2
� + 2�� + �2 = �2 − 2�� + �2 + �2
2

2�� =− 2�� + �2
4�� = �2
4�� �2
=
� �
4� = �
4 �
=
1 �
����, �: � = �: �

2. In a triangle BCD, BC = 25 m and CD = 10 m. The perimeter of the triangle may be.

a. 72 m
b. 70 m
c. 69 m
d. 71 m
 Given:
Lengths
�� = 25�
�� = 10�

Required:
Find the perimeter of the triangle.

Solution:
From the triangle shown; the length of x is
should be less than 35m and should be more than
15m

Therefore; the perimeter should be less than

70 and should be more than 50 or:
50 < ��������� < 70

In the choices given, the possible perimeter is 69m.

3. A triangular piece of wood having a dimension 130 cm, 180 cm, and 190 cm is to be divided by a
line bisecting the longest side drawn from its opposite vertex. Determine the area of the part
adjacent to the 180 cm side.

Given:
Lengths y = 180 cm
� = 130 �� x =130 cm
� = 180 ��
� = 190 ��
z = 190 cm

Required:
The area of the part adjacent to 180 cm side is?

Solution:

1
���� = ������
2
1
���� = (180 �� )(95 ��) ����
2
���� = 8550 ����

By cosine law, we determine the angle �consider the whole triangle:

�2 = �2 + �2 − 2������
�2 + �2 − �2
� = cos−1
2��
2+
(190��) (180��)2 − (130��)2
� = cos−1
2(190��)(180��)
� = 41.028°
 ���� = 8550 sin (41.028°)
���� = ����. ������
4. The corresponding sides of two triangles are in the ratio 3:2. What is the ratio of their areas?

Given:
Ratio 3:2
X1
X2
Required:
Ratio of the area.

Solution:
It two triangles are similar, the ratio of their area is equal to the square of the ratio of
their corresponding sides.
�1 �1 2 (3)2 9
= = =
�2 �2 2 (2)2 4

�� �
=
�� �

5. Two triangles have equal bases. The altitude of one triangle is 3 units more than its base the
altitude of the other is 3 units less than its base. Find the altitudes, if the areas of the triangles
differ by 21 square units.

Given:
Let bbe the base of the triangle.
��������1 = ℎ1 = � + 3
��������2 = ℎ2 = � − 3
����1 − ����2 = 21��. �����

h1 = b+3

h2 = b - 3

b b
Required:
Find the altitudes.

Solution:

1
���� = �ℎ
2
����1 − ����2 = 21��. �����
1 1
�ℎ1 − �ℎ2 = 21��. �����
2 2
1 1
� � + 3 − �(� − 3) = 21��. ����� 2
2 2
� � + 3 − �(� − 3) = 42��. �����
�2 + 3� − �2 + 3� = 42��. �����

6� = 42��. �����
42��. �����
�=
(6)
 � = 7 �����
ℎ1 = � + 3
ℎ1 = 7 ����� + 3 �����
�� = �� �����

ℎ2 = � − 3
ℎ2 = 7 ���� −+ 3 �����
�� = � �����

Thanks for spending time for the lesson. I know you got tired while studying the unit. You are
now about to dig in to the lesson more and submerge yourself into it. Please be reminded that
you only have 3 hours to complete the whole Module 1, so please manage your time properly.

“Honesty is the first chapter of the book wisdom”. - Thomas Jefferson

G. REFERENCES

Printed Materials:

1. Solid Mensuration (2nd Edition) by: Kern and Bland

2. Engineering Mathematics (3rd Edition) by DIT Gillesania
3. Solid Mensuration Reviewer (Revised Edition) by Ricardo C. Asin

Online References:

1. Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_geometry (for other figures)