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Module 0a. Review On Special Products

1. Types of special products include using the distributive property, product of binomials having similar terms, square of a binomial, product of the sum and difference of the same two numbers, cube of a binomial, and raising a binomial to any power. 2. Key properties when expanding binomials to any power include that the first term is xn, the last term is yn, and the sum of the exponents of x and y in any term equals n. 3. The general term of expanding a binomial x + y to the nth power is given by the binomial theorem as (n!)/(r-1)!(n-r+1)! * xn-r+1yr-1

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Karla Yasa
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53 views19 pages

Module 0a. Review On Special Products

1. Types of special products include using the distributive property, product of binomials having similar terms, square of a binomial, product of the sum and difference of the same two numbers, cube of a binomial, and raising a binomial to any power. 2. Key properties when expanding binomials to any power include that the first term is xn, the last term is yn, and the sum of the exponents of x and y in any term equals n. 3. The general term of expanding a binomial x + y to the nth power is given by the binomial theorem as (n!)/(r-1)!(n-r+1)! * xn-r+1yr-1

Uploaded by

Karla Yasa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE 0

SPECIAL PRODUCTS AND FACTORING


TYPES OF SPECIAL PRODUCTS
1. USING DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY

𝑎(𝑐 + 𝑑) = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑
Example:
3𝑥2 𝑥2 − 5𝑥3𝑦 + 3
= 3𝑥4 − 15𝑥5𝑦 + 9𝑥2
2. PRODUCT OF BINOMIALS HAVING SIMILAR TERMS

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑎𝑐𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑑𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑐𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑑𝑦2


Example: Find the product of 4𝑥 − 7 and 3𝑥 + 5
4𝑥 − 7 3𝑥 + 5 = 12𝑥2 + 20𝑥 − 21𝑥 − 35
= 12𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 35
Example: Find the product of 9𝑎 + 4𝑏 and 7𝑎 + 2𝑏
9𝑎 + 4𝑏 7𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 63𝑎2 + 18𝑎𝑏 + 28𝑎𝑏 + 8𝑏2
= 63𝑎2 + 46𝑎𝑏 + 8𝑏2
3. SQUARE OF A BINOMIAL

𝑥+𝑦 2 = 𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2
𝑥−𝑦 2 = 𝑥2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2

Examples: Obtain the square of 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 and (2𝑥 − 5𝑦)


4𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 2 + 2 4𝑥 3𝑦 + 3𝑦 2

= 16𝑥2 + 24𝑥𝑦 + 9𝑦2


2𝑥 − 5𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 2 − 2 2𝑥 5𝑦 + 5𝑦 2

= 4𝑥2 − 20𝑥𝑦 + 25𝑦2


4. PRODUCT OF THE SUM AND DIFFERENCE OF THE
SAME TWO NUMBERS
𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
Obtain the product of (2𝑥 − 𝑦)(2𝑥 + 𝑦)
= 4𝑥2 − 𝑦2
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
Obtain the product of 2
+3 2
−3
𝑥2 𝑦2
= −9
4
Obtain the product of 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 5 [ 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 5]
= 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 2 − 52
= 9𝑥2 + 12𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦2 − 25
5. CUBE OF A BINOMIAL

𝑥±𝑦 3 = 𝑥3 ± 3𝑥2𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦2 ± 𝑦3


Examples: Find the cubes of 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 3 and 5𝑎 − 𝑏 3

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 3 = 2𝑥 3 + 3 2𝑥 2 3𝑦 + 3 2𝑥 3𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 3

= 8𝑥3 + 36𝑥2𝑦 + 54𝑥𝑦2 + 27𝑦3


5𝑎 − 𝑏 3 = 5𝑎 3 − 3 5𝑎 2 𝑏 + 3 5𝑎 𝑏 2 − 𝑏 3

= 125𝑎3 − 75𝑎2𝑏 + 15𝑎𝑏2 − 𝑏3


6. RAISING A BINOMIAL TO ANY POWER

𝑥+𝑦 𝑛 where 𝑛 > 2 and element of the set of whole numbers


𝑎+𝑏 0 1
𝑎+𝑏 1 1 1
𝑎+𝑏 2 1 2 1
𝑎+𝑏 3 1 3 3 1
𝑎+𝑏 4 1 4 6 4 1
𝑎+𝑏 5 1 5 10 10 5 1
𝑎+𝑏 6 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
USING THE PASCAL’S TRIANGLE, EXPAND THE FOLLOWING
BINOMIALS:
1. 𝑥 + 2𝑦 3 2. 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 4 3. 3𝑎 + 2𝑏 6
1. 𝑥 + 2𝑦 3 = 𝑥3 + 3 𝑥 2 2𝑦 + 3 𝑥 2𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 3

= 𝑥3 + 6𝑥2𝑦 + 12𝑥𝑦2 + 8𝑦3


2. 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 4 = 2𝑥 4 − 4 2𝑥 3 3𝑦 + 6 2𝑥 2 3𝑦 2 − 4 2𝑥 3𝑦 3 + 3𝑦 4

= 16𝑥4 − 96𝑥3𝑦 + 216𝑥2𝑦2 − 216𝑥𝑦3 + 81𝑦4


3. 3𝑎 + 2𝑏 6 = 3𝑎 6 + 6 3𝑎 5 2𝑏 + 15 3𝑎 4 2𝑏 2 + 20 3𝑎 3 2𝑏 3 + 15 3𝑎 2 2𝑏 4 + 6 3𝑎 2𝑏 5 + 2𝑏 6

= 729𝑎6 + 2916a5b+4860a4b2+4320a3b3+2160a2b4+576ab5+64b6
6.1 EXPANSION OF A POSITIVE INTEGRAL POWER
OF A BINOMIAL
The expansion of 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑛, for 𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5
𝑥+𝑦 1 =𝑥+𝑦
𝑥+𝑦 2 = 𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2
𝑥+𝑦 3 = 𝑥3 + 3𝑥2𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦2 + 𝑦3
𝑥+𝑦 4 = 𝑥4 + 4𝑥3𝑦 + 6𝑥2𝑦2 + 4𝑥𝑦3 + 𝑦4
𝑥+𝑦 5 = 𝑥5 + 5𝑥4𝑦 + 10𝑥3𝑦2 + 10𝑥2𝑦3 + 5𝑥𝑦4 + 𝑦5
PROPERTIES TO REMEMBER ON EXPANSIONS:
1. The first tern in the expansion is 𝑥 𝑛
2. There are 𝑛 + 1 terms in the expansion.
3. The last, or the (𝑛 + 1) term in the expansion is 𝑦𝑛
4. The second term is 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑦
5. The nth or the second to the last term of the expansion is 𝑛𝑥𝑦 𝑛−1
6. As we move from left to right, the exponent of x decreases by 1 and the exponent
of y increases by 1.
7. The sum of exponents of x and y in any term is n
8. The coefficient of any term multiplied by the exponent of x in that term and
divided by the number (place) of the term in the expansion gives the coefficient of
the next term.
6.2 GENERAL TERM OF THE BINOMIAL EXPANSION

From the properties, we can derive the expansion of 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑛

First term = 𝑥𝑛 Property 1


Second term = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑦 Property 4
𝑛(𝑛−1) 𝑛−2 2
Third term = 2
𝑥 𝑦 Property 8 and 6

𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2) 𝑛−3 3
Fourth term = 𝑥 𝑦 Property 8 and 6
2(3)

𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)(𝑛−3) 𝑛−4 4
Fifth term = 𝑥 𝑦 Property 8 and 6
2(3)(4)
BINOMIAL THEOREM

(using factorial notation):


𝑛! = 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 𝑛 − 2 … 1; 1! = 1 and 0! = 1
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑛−2 2 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) 𝑛−3 3
𝑥+𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑥𝑦 𝑛−1 + 𝑦 𝑛
2! 3!
𝑛! 𝑛!
= 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑛−2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 𝑛−3 𝑦 3 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑥𝑦 𝑛−1 + 𝑦 𝑛
2!(𝑛−2)! 3! 𝑛−3 !
Give the expansion of the following:
1. (𝑥 + 𝑦)8 2. (𝑎 − 2𝑏)6 3. (3𝑥 + 5)5
Solutions:
1. (𝑥 + 𝑦)8
= 𝑥 8 + 8𝑥 7 𝑦 + 28𝑥 6 𝑦 2 + 56𝑥 5 𝑦 3 + 70𝑥 4 𝑦 4 + 56𝑥 3 𝑦 5 + 28𝑥 2 𝑦 6 + 8𝑥𝑦 7 + 𝑦 8
2. 𝑎 − 2𝑏 6

= 𝑎6 + 6𝑎5(−2𝑏) + 15𝑎4(−2𝑏) 2 + 20𝑎 3(−2𝑏) 3 + 15𝑎2 (−2𝑏) 4 + 6𝑎 (−2𝑏) 5 +


(−2𝑏) 6
= 𝑎6 − 12𝑎5𝑏 + 60𝑎4𝑏 2 − 160𝑎3 𝑏3 + 240𝑎2𝑏4 − 192𝑎𝑏5 + 64𝑏6
3. (3𝑥 + 5)5
= (3𝑥)5 +5 3𝑥 4 (5) + 10(3𝑥)3 (5)2 +10 3𝑥 2 (5)3 +5(3𝑥)(5)4 + 55
= 243𝑥 5 + 2025𝑥 4 + 6750𝑥 3 + 11250𝑥 2 + 9375𝑥 + 3125
6.3 THE 𝑟𝑡ℎ TERM OF 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑛

Finding the rth term:


𝑛!
𝑥 𝑛−𝑟+1 𝑦 𝑟−1
𝑟−1 ! 𝑛−𝑟+1 !
Example:
1. Find the 4th term of (𝑎 − 𝑏)11
11! (11−4+1) (−𝑏)4−1
= 4−1 1 11−4+1 !
𝑎

11(10)(9) 8 3
= (3.2.2
𝑎 (−𝑏)

= −165𝑎8𝑏3
FINDING THE 𝑟𝑡ℎ TERM

2. Find the sixth term of (2𝑥 + 𝑦)9


9! (9−6+1) 𝑦 (6−1)
= (2𝑥)
6−1 ! 9−6+1 !

9(8)(7)(6)(5) 4 (𝑦)5
= (2𝑥)
5.4.3.2.1

= 2016𝑥4𝑦5
7. SQUARE OF A POLYNOMIAL

The square of polynomial is the sum of the squares of the given numbers plus twice the
sum (minus) of all possible products of two of the given numbers.
1. Obtain the square of 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝑤
(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝑤)2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑤 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑤 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑤 + 2𝑧𝑤
2. Obtain the square of 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 5𝑤
= (3𝑥)2 +(4𝑦)2 + 2𝑧 2 + −5𝑤 2 + 2 3𝑥 4𝑦 + 2 3𝑥 2𝑧 + 2 3𝑥 −5𝑤 + 2 4𝑦 2𝑧 + 2 4𝑦 −5𝑤 + 2(2𝑧)(−5𝑤)

= 9𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 + 4𝑧 2 + 25𝑤 2 + 24𝑥𝑦 + 12𝑥𝑧 − 30𝑥𝑤 + 16𝑦𝑧 − 40𝑦𝑤 − 20𝑧𝑤


8. OTHER TYPES

A. The product of 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 is the cube of x plus the cube of y: (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )


B. The product of 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 is the cube of x minus the cube of y: (𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 )
Obtain the product of the following:
1. (2𝑥 + 𝑦)(4𝑥2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2)
= 2𝑥 4𝑥2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦(4𝑥2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2)
= 8𝑥3 − 4𝑥2𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦2 + 4𝑥2𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦2 + 𝑦3
= 8𝑥3 + 𝑦3
2. (𝑎 − 2𝑏)(𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 4𝑏2)
= 𝑎 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 4𝑏2 − 2𝑏(𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 4𝑏2)
= 𝑎3 + 2𝑎2𝑏 + 4𝑎𝑏2 − 2𝑎2𝑏 + 4𝑎𝑏2 + 8𝑏3
= 𝑎3 + 2𝑎2𝑏 + 4𝑎𝑏2 − 2𝑎2𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑏2 − 8𝑏3
= 𝑎3 − 8𝑏3

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