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Cell Types and Cell Modification: Lesson

The document discusses cell types and cell modifications. It describes the four main types of tissues - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissues line organs and cavities, and can have distinct arrangements like cuboidal, columnar or squamous cells. Connective tissues include blood, connective tissue proper, cartilage and bone. Muscle tissues include skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles. Nervous tissues are made of neurons and glial cells that transmit electrical signals. The document provides examples and diagrams of each tissue type.

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joshiah glenn
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227 views6 pages

Cell Types and Cell Modification: Lesson

The document discusses cell types and cell modifications. It describes the four main types of tissues - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissues line organs and cavities, and can have distinct arrangements like cuboidal, columnar or squamous cells. Connective tissues include blood, connective tissue proper, cartilage and bone. Muscle tissues include skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles. Nervous tissues are made of neurons and glial cells that transmit electrical signals. The document provides examples and diagrams of each tissue type.

Uploaded by

joshiah glenn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson Cell Types and Cell Modification

4
What’s In

In lesson 3, you have learned about the difference between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells according to their distinguishing features.
In this next topic, you will learn on the classification of different cell types
and cell modifications that lead to adaptation to carry out specialized functions.

What I Need To Know

There are certain characteristics that all living things exhibit, the
characteristics of life. Living things are made up of cells. They metabolize, grow and
develop, respond to stimulus, adapt to their environment and reproduce. Life on
Earth exhibits organization. The atom is smallest unit of matter, followed by
molecules, which are combinations of atoms. When these molecules are grouped
together, they ultimately form a cell. The cell is the basic unit of life. In multicellular,
organisms like plants and animals, cells are grouped as tissues to perform a specific
function. Different tissues can be grouped further and form organs. The organs form
organ systems that makes the function of the body more complex and efficient. Organs
system will then form the whole organisms. All living things exhibit organization,
whether they are unicellular or multicellular organisms.

What’s New

Direction: Arrange the words according to the levels of biological organization.

5
What Is It

There are hundreds of types of cells, but the four main types are
epithelial cells, connective tissue cells, muscle cells and nerve cells.

Epithelial Tissue—This type of tissue is commonly seen outside the body


as coverings or as linings of organs and cavities. Epithelial tissues are
characterized by closely-joined cells with tight junctions (i.e., a type of cell
modification). Being tightly packed, tight junctions serve as barriers for
pathogens, mechanical injuries, and fluid loss.
Cells that make up epithelial tissues can have distinct
arrangements:

• cuboidal—for secretion
•simple columnar—brick-shaped cells; for secretion and active a bsorption
•simple squamous—plate-like cells; for exchange of material through diffusion
•stratified squamous—multilayered and regenerates quickly; for protection
•pseudo-stratified columnar—single layer of cells; may just look stacked
because of varying height; for lining of respiratory tract; usually lined with
cilia (i.e., a type of cell modification that sweeps the mucus).

Figure 1: Epithelial Tissue (Source: Reece JB, U. L. (2010). Campbell Biology 10th.
San Francisco (CA).)

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Connective Tissues—These tissues are composed of the
following:

BLOOD —made up of plasma (i.e., liquid extracellular matrix); contains water,


salts, and dissolved proteins; erythrocytes that carry oxygen (RBC), leukocytes
for defense (W BC), and platelets for blood clotting.

CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER (CTP)—made up of loose connective tissue that


is found in the skin and fibrous connective tissue that is made up of collagenous
fibers found in tendons and ligaments. Adipose tissues are also examples of
loos e connective tissues that store fats which functions to insulate the
body and store energy.

CARTILAGE —characterized by collagenous fibers embedded in chondroitin


sulfate. Chondrocytes are the cells that secrete collagen and chondroitin
sulfate. Cartilage functions as cushion between bones.

BONE —mineralized connective tissue made by bone-forming cells


called osteoblasts which deposit collagen. The matrix of collagen is combined
with calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions to make the bone hard. Blood
vessels and nerves are found at a central canal surrounded by concentric circles
of osteons.

Figure 2: Connective Tissue (Source: Reece JB, U. L. (2010). Campbell Biology


10th. San Francisco (CA):.)

7
Muscle Tissue—These tissues are composed of long cells called muscle fibers
th at allow the body to move voluntary or involuntary. Movement of muscles is
a response to signals coming from nerve cells. In vertebrates, these muscles can
be categorized into the following:
• skeletal—striated; voluntary movements
• cardiac—striated with intercalated disk for synchronized heart contraction;

involuntar
y
•smooth—not striated; i nvoluntary

Figure 3: Muscle Tissue (Source: Reece JB, U. L. (2010). Campbell Biology 10th.
San Francisco (CA)

8
Nervous Tissue—These tissues are composed of nerve cells called neurons
and glial cells that function as support cells. These neurons sense stimuli and
transmit electrical signals throughout the animal body. Neurons connect to
other neurons to send signals. The dendrite is the part of the neuron that receives
impulses from other neurons while the axon is the part where the impulse is
transmitted to other neurons.

Figure 4: Neurons and Glial Cells (Source: Reece JB, U. L. (2010). Campbell Biology
10th. San Francisco (CA):.)

What’s more

Direction: Match each general tissue category to the appropriate feature. W rite
the letter of your choice before each number.
A. Connective tissue
B. Epithelium
C. Muscular tissue
D. Nervous tissue

_1. A type of tissue that would make up the majority of the brain and spinal cord?
_2. Found in the epidermis and form the lining of internal organs such
as the intestines
_3. Form the ligaments, tendons, fat and bone
_4. A type of tissue that makes up majority of the heart

9
What I Have Learned

Direction: Identify which type of connective tissue (A-C), epithelial tissue (D-
F), and muscle tissue (G-I) is being described.

A. _ _ _transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste


through the body by travelling through the vessels called arteries and v eins.
B. _ _ _is a type of dense connective tissue that connects muscles
to bones and connects bone to bone.
C. _ __is a type of connective tissue with one of the hardest
extracellular matrixes that forms a protective structure used for muscle
attachment.
D. _ __found in respiratory tract (trachea), usually lined with
cilia.
E. _ _ _found in air sacs/alveoli of the lungs, capillaries.
F. _______________ food in digestive tract for secretion and active absorption.
G. ______________ muscles of the heart; involuntary movements.
H. ______________ involuntary contractions of digestive tract like esophagus,
stomach and intestine.
I. ______________ striated; voluntary movements like biceps and abdominal muscles .

What Can I Do

Direction: Give at least 4 examples of the four major tissue types. Be as


specific as possible in giving examples

10

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