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MECH3780 Fluid Mechanics 2 and CFD

This document provides an overview of turbulence flow and computation fluid dynamics (CFD). It discusses the nature of turbulence, including that most environmental and engineering flows are turbulent. Tools to approach turbulence include visualization, statistical approaches, and coherent structures. Turbulence models are used in CFD. The document covers turbulence characteristics like chaos, high Reynolds numbers, dissipation, and diffusivity. It also discusses the energy cascade process in turbulence from large to small eddies. Control of turbulent flows aims to achieve effects like drag reduction through delaying or promoting transition to turbulence or separation.

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56 views34 pages

MECH3780 Fluid Mechanics 2 and CFD

This document provides an overview of turbulence flow and computation fluid dynamics (CFD). It discusses the nature of turbulence, including that most environmental and engineering flows are turbulent. Tools to approach turbulence include visualization, statistical approaches, and coherent structures. Turbulence models are used in CFD. The document covers turbulence characteristics like chaos, high Reynolds numbers, dissipation, and diffusivity. It also discusses the energy cascade process in turbulence from large to small eddies. Control of turbulent flows aims to achieve effects like drag reduction through delaying or promoting transition to turbulence or separation.

Uploaded by

ninibear
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MECH3780

Fluid Mechanics 2 and CFD

Computation Fluid Dynamics


(CFD)
Lecture 7 – Turbulence Flow
Reference: CFD Lecture Notes by Assoc Prof Dr Kamarul Arifin Ahmad
Objectives

• To introduce the turbulence flow


• To give overview about the turbulence flow
Contents
• Turbulence nature
• Tools to approach turbulence
• Turbulence models
• Wall Treatment
About turbulence
• Most of environmental flows are turbulent
– Atmospheric boundary layer
– Cumulus clouds
– Ocean current
• Majority of engineering flows are turbulent
– Aircraft, cars, ships flows
– Chemical plant
– Engines
– Combustion engine
The nature of turbulence
• Chaos, irregularity, randomness
– Depends highly on statistical description (N-S equations still hold)
• High Reynolds number
– Turbulent flow always at high Re
– Arise due to instabilities of flow
• Three-dimensional fluctuation
– Turbulence is rotational and three dimensional
– Vortex strecthing is mandatory component
• Dissipation
– Without supply of energy turbulence rapidly decays
– Energy cascade from large to small eddies to viscosity scale
• Diffusivity
– Effective mixing give high values of diffusion coefficients for mass,
momentum, and heat
History of turbulence identifications

• Visualization (Experimental)
• First Principle (NS Equations)
• Statistical approach
• Coherent Structures (Experimental)
• Dynamic system and wavelets
Visualisation by Leornardo Da Vinci
Coherent Structure
– Turbulent boundary layer visualizations

40 years ago 10 years ago


Visualized flows
Trailing edge vortex

Water vortex
Plume from volcano explosion

Large eddies Hurricane fran


Pitching airfoil

Cessna BOEING C-17


Origin of turbulence
 Amplification of small disturbances
 Development of areas with
concentrated rotational structures
 Formation of intense small scale
motions
 Growth and merging of packets of
small scale structures
Reynolds number
Inertia Force

Viscous Force

Generally it measures the ratio of convection and diffusion


processes

What happens if we increase the Reynolds number?


Reynolds number effects

Re
Courtesy of Stanford College
Laminar vs Turbulence

Courtesy of Stanford College


The energy cascade
 Largest eddies
 Extract energy from the mean flow
 Large “eddy Reynolds number”
 Viscous effects negligible

Energy
 Structure is anisotropic – dependent on the mean flow
 Smaller eddies
 Energised by vortex stretching by larger eddies
 Smallest eddies
 Small Reynolds number – O(1)
 Energy dissipated rapidly
 Structure is isotropic – independent of the mean flow
 Kolmogorov scales
What is turbulence

u(t)=U+u’(t)
Mean Properties (U,V,W)
Statistical Properties (u’,v’,w’)
Reynolds Averaged NS Equations

u u′

u 0
= +
t

0 0
t t

Time-dependent Time-averaged Fluctuation


(instantaneous)

Courtesy Dr Watterson
Reynolds Averaged NS Equations

T
1
Mean value u = ∫ udt
T0

T
1
Mean fluctuation
T0∫ u ′dt = 0

T T
1 1
Mean correlation ∫ uudt = ∫ (u u + 2u u ′ + u ′u ′)dt
T0 T0

= u u + u ′u ′
Reynolds Averaged NS Equations

Conservation of Momentum

( ) ( ) (
∂ρu  ∂ρ u u + u ′u ′ ∂ρ u v + u ′v ′ ∂ρ u w + u ′w ′
+  + +
) = − ∂p + ∂τ xx
+
∂τ xy
+
∂τ xz
∂t ∂ ∂ ∂z  ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂z
 x y 

Correlations such as u ′v ′ act like additional stresses in the


flow. They are called Reynolds Stresses.
Characteristics of simple turbulent flows

Free turbulent flows


Mixing layer
Jet
Wake
Wall bounded flows
Flat plate boundary layer
Pipe flow
Free Turbulent Flows

b
Velocity profiles are functions of (y/b)
Reynolds stress profiles are also
functions of (y/b)

y
Free Turbulent Flows Example :
Mixing Layer
Free Turbulent Flows Example :
Free Jet
Free Turbulent Flows Example :
Wake
Wall bounded Flow
Wall bounded Flow
Dimensional analysis for turbulent
boundary layer (wall bounded flow)

Turbulent boundary layer profiles are often presented in terms of

u cf τw
+
u = where uτ = U =U
uτ 2 ρ

ρu τ y
y+ = Wall units or wall-normal Reynolds number
µ
Wall bounded Flow
Control of Turbulent Flows
Aims are to achieve drag reduction, lift augmentation, enhancement of
the mixing of mass, momentum or energy, flow-induced noise
suppression, or any combination of these.

THROUGH

The delay or promotion of transition from laminar to turbulent flow,


prevention or provocation of flow separation, and suppresion or
Enhancement of turbulence levels
Type of Turbulent Flow Control
• Passive
– Most popular and conventional flow control method
– For one configuration only
– Simple, easy to maintain
• Active
– Predetermine
• Required external energy
• For multiple configurations
• Costly and difficult to maintain
– Reactive
• Required external energy
• Function only when is needed: responded to any disturbance
• i.e. MEMS
Example of Turbulent Flow Control
Aerospace
Example of Turbulent Flow Control
Bio-Engineering

Journal of Bio-Mechanics

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