Earth Science for STEM

Quarter 1 – Module 7:
Different Types of Waste
 What I Need to Know

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. define waste,
2. classify kinds of waste,
3. describe how people generate different types of waste, as they make use of
various materials and resources in everyday life and
4. cite several measures of waste management.

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 Lesson
How People Generate
Different Types of Waste

Figure 1

Waste is an issue in different parts of the world since waste quantities are
generally growing. Waste is generated by human activities in all economic sectors
and is definitely regarded as an unavoidable by-product of economic activities. The
generation of waste reflects loss of materials and energy and imposes economic costs
on society for its collection, treatment and disposal.
In the Philippines, solid waste management remains a major challenge
especially in urban areas like Metro Manila. Improper waste disposal, inefficient,
waste collection, and lack of disposal facilities are among the dominant concerns in
the country. Unless these are addressed, the waste generated from various sources
will continually lead to health hazards, and serious environmental impacts such as
ground and surface water contamination, flooding, air pollution and spread of
diseases.

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 What’s In
Read the paragraph and answer the given questions below. Write your answer on a
separate sheet.

People depend on many things to satisfy their needs. They often buy packed foods,
bottled drinks, canned foods, medicines, plastics, batteries, petroleum, gadgets,
furniture, equipment, vehicles, and many more. These things will expire and turn
out to waste in due time. These wastes can be as small as an atom and as large as a
truck. Such objects are no longer useful, unwanted, defective, old, worthless, and
toxic. How are these wastes classified? As an individual and responsible citizen, how
are you going to get rid of these wastes?

Types of Waste Waste management

1. ____________________ 1. _____________________
2____________________ 2. _____________________
3.____________________ 3. _____________________
4.____________________ 4. _____________________
5.____________________ 5. _____________________
6. ____________________ 6. _____________________

What’s New
Based on the activity on page 5, different types of waste and several ways on waste
management were highlighted. Define the following terms in your own words and
write the answer in your notebook.

1. composting -___________________________________________________

2. Landfill - _______________________________________________________

3. 3 Rs - __________________________________________________________

4. Biodegradable waste - ___________________________________________

5. non-biodegradable waste - ______________________________________

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Waste generations by residents in the Philippines, especially in the urban areas have
accelerated recently due to fast pace industrialization, urbanization and population
growth. Since incineration of solid waste is not allowed under Republic Act 9003 or
also known as the “Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000,” enacted on
January 26, 2001; for the safety of human health and protection of environment,
land filling and the 3 Rs integrated waste management method (Reduce, Reuse and
Recycle) are the main types of solid waste management in the country. The law also
requires mandatory segregation of solid waste into containers labelled as:
compostable, recyclable, non-recyclable, and special use.
The National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC) calculated that from
37, 427.46 tons per day in 2012, the country’s waste generation steadily increased
to 40,087.45 tons in 2016. On the average, each person in the country produces
about 0.5 kilogram and 0.3 kilogram everyday in the urban and rural areas
respectively. For Metro Manila, it is estimated that 8,636 tons of garbage is generated
per day. Approximately, 0.7 kilogram of waste per person per day is added to the
country’s waste due to its more modernized lifestyle. The household is the major
source of waste in the Philippines at 74 percent.

Figure 2 Figure 3

What is It
Waste Defined
The United Nations Environment described wastes as unwanted or unusable
materials which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to
be disposed of by the provisions of national law.

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 Solid Waste Gaseous Waste Liquid Waste

Kinds of Waste
There are different kinds of wastes generated by the people around the world.

A. Solid Waste. This type of wastes is in solid form like domestic, commercial
and industrial wastes such as plastics, styrofoam, papers, scrap iron, and
sludge from a wastewater treatment plant or air control facility.

B. Liquid Waste. This type of wastes is in liquid form such as chemicals, oils,
and waste water from ponds and manufacturing industries. It includes sewage
as well as wastewater from industrial processes and agricultural processing.

C. Gaseous Waste. This type of waste is in gaseous form which usually originates
from chopping and dissolution operations. As an example, volatile
radionuclides are discharged to the stack after scrubbing with sodium
hydroxide and filtration through charcoal filter devices. Electrostatic
precipitation, wet scrubbers and gaseous waste treatment are some ways of
minimizing gaseous waste.

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 Table 1. Classifications of Waste
Biodegradable Nonbiodegradable Hazardous Non-hazardous

These wastes These wastes Substances unsafe Substances safe to

can be cannot be degraded: to use use commercially,
degraded: Examples: commercially, industrially,
Examples: bottles industrially, agriculturally, and
paper plastics agriculturally or economically. These
woods machines economically and substances usually
fruits cans have the following create disposal
problems.
properties:
ignitability,
corrosivity,
reactivity, and
toxicity

The main objective of waste management is to reduce the quantity and type of
hazardous substances used to avoid adverse impact on human health and
environment. Transformation of waste into usable secondary products can be done
through recycling, reusing, repurposing, reducing, and recovering. Thus, the waste
generated from different industries and societies must be classified in order to apply
the correct form of management.

Table 2. Wastes According to Generation (Origin)

Municipal Solid Wastes
Solid wastes that include household
garbage, rubbish, construction and
demolition debris, sanitation residues,
packaging materials, trade refuges, and
others managed by any municipality.

Industrial Wastes
Liquid and solid wastes that are
generated by manufacturing and
processing units of various industries like
chemical, petroleum, coal, metal, gas,
sanitary, and papers.

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Agricultural Wastes
Wastes generated from farming activities.
These substances are mostly
biodegradable.

Fishery Wastes
Waste generated due to fishery activities
like fish viscera, fish bones, and scales.
These are extensively found in coastal
and estuarine areas.

Radioactive Wastes
Wastes containing radioactive materials.
These are commonly by-products of
nuclear processes. Sometimes industries
that are not directly involved in nuclear
activities may also produce some
radioactive waste such as radio-isotopes
and chemical sludge.

E – Wastes
Electronic wastes generated from any
modern establishments. They may be
described as discarded electrical or
electronic devices. Some electronic scrap
components such as CRTs may contain
contaminants such as lead, cadmium,
and beryllium or brominated flame
retardants.

Biomedical Wastes
Solid or liquid wastes including
containers, intermediate or end products
generated during diagnosis, treatment,
and research activities of medical
sciences.

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Several wastes disposal practices in the country include concentrate and contain or
also known as isolation specifically for solid waste. Landfills and dumps minimize
the impact of waste in the environment. Landfill is a place to dispose waste material
by burying or covering over with soil and becoming an extending usable land after a
few years. Dump is an excavated piece of land for waste storage and regulated by the
government. A dump is smaller than a landfill. Other useful options are composting,
resource recovery and energy recovery.

A. Landfill B. Dump

C. Compost Pit D. Material Recovery Facility (MRF)

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 The 3 Rs of Waste Management
Reduce Reuse Recycle
The best way to manage It makes economic and A series of steps that
waste is not to produce environmental sense to takes a used material
it: reuse products: and processes ---
remanufactures and sells
- Avoid disposable - Reuse products it as a new product.
goods e.g. Paper for the same
plates, napkins, purpose
razors and lighters
- Avoid
overpackaged
goods

e.g. foil, paper, and

plastics

What’s More
Activity 1
Copy and complete the table by classifying the types of waste produced in the
community. Refer to the word pool. Suggest measures of waste management under
each column. Write your answers on a separate sheet.

detergent paint can grease trap diaper methane

piped water sewage chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)

scrap metal waste water

Solid waste Liquid waste Gaseous waste

Ways of Waste Management

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Activity 2

A. Match the example of wastes in column A to its classification in column B and

proper waste disposal practices on column C. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

Column A Column B Column C

1. wash water from the factory A. agricultural waste A. 3R’s

2. old newspaper B. biomedical waste B. resource recovery

3. animal manure C. e-waste C. donate

4. syringe D. fishery waste D. energy recovery

5. obsolete laptop E. industrial waste E. composting

F. municipal solid waste F. dump

B. Fill in the blanks with the correct term to complete each statement. Write the
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. There are three kinds of waste generated by people all over the world namely,
_______________, _______________, and ________________.

2. Waste can be classified as ______________, ______________, ________________,

and ________________.

3. Solid wastes managed by the local government can be classified as

__________________.

4. Wastes that serve as end-products of farming can be classified as

__________________.

5. Solid or liquid wastes generated from hospitals and other medical facilities
can be considered __________________.

Activity 3
Title: Recycle, Reuse, Recover All You Can at Home
Collect materials which are no longer useful, unwanted, old, and worthless at home.
Convert these waste materials to a more useful one. Make a 3 minute Do It Yourself
-Video showing how these worthless objects turn useful again.
My “Do It Yourself” way is about…..

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

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Rubric:
Category Beginning Developing Accomplished (4 Exemplary
(2 pts) (3 points) points) (5 points)
Overall DIY video The project The project The project The project
(3 min) reflects beginning reflects developing reflects reflects excellent
understanding on understanding on accomplished understanding on
the practice of the practice of understanding on the practice of
waste waste the practice of waste
management at management at waste management at
home home management at home
home

Reflection The student The student The student The student

reflection shows reflection shows reflection shows reflection shows
cases of a low cases of a cases of a high cases of an
level of insight moderate level of level of insight excellent level of
into how learning insight into how into how learning insight into how
occurred and how learning occurred occurred and how learning occurred
it transformed and how it it transformed and how it
learned concepts. transformed the the learned transformed the
learned concepts. concepts. learned concepts.

What I Have Learned

A. Copy and complete each scenario with the appropriate text given in the box below.

Material Recovery Facility hazardous compost pit

agricultural solid fishery

1. Romeo is a Grade 11 senior high school student at ABC Integrated School.

He participates in the Waste Management Program every first Friday of the
month. He knows that old batteries, cellular phones, and printer cartridges
contain toxic substances that may damage the ocean and landfills. Based
on Romeo’s knowledge, the mentioned solid wastes are also _______________
wastes.

2. Romeo is also an incredible mentor to his community. He takes pride in

teaching others to classify waste according to origin so they can properly
dispose of it. He presented graphs and data of the animal waste produced
in the region specifically in their locality. He emphasized that animal
manure is an example of _______________ waste.

3. As an environment advocate, Romeo also initiated the coastal clean-up

drive in a public beach resort. A lot of _________________ waste near the
shore is filled up. The household garbage commonly found were used
diapers, tin cans, plastics, and bottles.

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 4. When Romeo is at home, he regularly segregates waste according to its
kind. He puts the recyclable materials in the Barangay’s ________________.
On the other hand, he makes sure that all organic matter will be used as
soil conditioner and placed in a ______________ at the backyard.

B. Cite some practical ways to help manage the wastes at home and as a responsible
individual how can you make a difference? Answer the question in a maximum
of five sentences in a separate sheet of paper.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
What I Can Do
Activity 1 “The Pen is Mightier than the Sword.”
Directions: As a learner, you are challenged to advocate Zero Waste Management in
your locality. You are tasked to search for a short article or produce a photo story
on waste management and paste the article or a photo story on a short bond paper.
Post this output outside your house, barangay hall or in any place that passers can
recognize it. Take a photo while posting your output and send it to your online
Portfolio/GC.

Rubric:

Category 5 points 4 points 3points

Content Contain
knowledge Contain Contain very satisfactory ideas
exceptional ideas satisfactory ideas

Image and Highly engaging Appropriate for Inappropriate to

communication for the audience the audience the audience

Information Complete Partly complete incomplete

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 Additional Activities

“Practice Makes it Perfect”

Directions: Search for an article from newspapers or journals describing the best
practices on how other countries properly dispose of their waste materials. Paste the
article on a short bond paper and write a five-sentence reflection about the article.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Rubric:

Category 5 points 4 points 3points

Content
Contain Contain very Contain
exceptional satisfactory satisfactory
practices practices practices

Information complete partly complete incomplete

Reflection
reflection shows a reflection shows a reflection shows
high level of moderate level of cases of a low
insight. insight. level of insight.

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References

Online Resources:
Bharucha E. 2017, “Environmental Studies for Undergraduate Courses,” accessed
on May 21, 2020, at https://www.smartprep.in

Castillo, A. L. and Otoma, s. 2013, “Status of Solid Waste Management in the

Philippines” University of Kitakyushu, Japan. Accessed on May 21, 2020, at
jstage.jst.go.jp

Miller, G. T. 2012, “Environmental Science 13th Edition,” accessed on May 21, 2020,
at https://epdf.pub

Senate of the Philippines 2017, “Philippine Solid Wastes at a Glance,” accessed on

May 29, 2020, at senate.gov.ph

“Waste Generation and Management,” accessed on May 21, 2020, at eea.europa.e

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