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Go
Programming

For Beginners
Quick Start Guide

Ray Yao
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Copyright © 2015 by Ray Yao All Rights Reserved Neither part of this
book nor whole of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any
form or by any means electronic, photographic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval
system, without prior written permission from the author. All rights
reserved!
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Ray Yao
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Ray Yao’s eBooks & Books on Amazon

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Preface
“Go Programming” covers all essential Go language
knowledge. You can learn complete primary skills of Go
programming fast and easily.
The book includes more than 60 practical examples for
beginners and includes tests & answers for the college
exam, the engineer certification exam, and the job interview
exam.
Note: This book is only for Go beginners, it is not
suitable for experienced Go programmers.

Source Code for Download This book provides source

code for download; you can download the source
code for better study, or copy the source code to
your favorite editor to test the programs.

Source Code Download Link: https://forms . aweber .

com/form/34/1805492434 . htm
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Table of Content
Hour 1
What is Go?
Install Go
Environment Variables
First Program of Go
Comment
Identifier
Summary
Hour 2
Line Separator
About “{”
Keywords
Data Type
Variables
Multiply Variables’ Declaration
:= assignment operator
Summary
Hour 3
Constants
iota
Arithmetic Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Assignment Operators
Operators Precedence
Summary
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Hour 4
If Statement
if…else statement
Switch Statement
Select Statement
For Loop
Summary
Hour 5
Break
Continue
Goto
Function
Working Scope
Summary
Hour 6
Array
Pointers
Nil Pointer
Summary
Hour 7
Structures
Slice
append() & copy()
Summary
Hour 8
GOROUTINE
Range
Map
Type Conversion
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Recursion
Summary
Appendix 1
Concurrency
Appendix 2
Tests
Answers
Source Code Download
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Hour 1
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What is Go?
Go is an open source programming language released by
Google in 2009.
Go is a new language, a concurrent and fast compiled
language with garbage collection. It has a great
characteristic: it can compile a large Go program in a few
seconds on a computer. Go provides a model for software
construction that makes dependency analysis easier. Go is a
statically typed language, and its type definition has no
hierarchy, so users don't have to spend time defining
relationships between types, which make users feel that it is
lighter than a typical object-oriented language. Go can
provide a way to construct system software on a multicore
machine.
The Go language programming is optimized for
multiprocessor system applications that can be faster than
C or C++ code and more securely support parallel
processes.
The feature of the Go language:
1. Simple, fast and safe
2. Parallel, interesting, open source
3. Memory management, array security, fast
compilation.
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Install Go This book uses

Windows OS as examples to
install Go.
Download Link: https://golan g . org/dl/

1. Click the link, go to the download web page.

2. Click the “go1.11.2 windows-amd64.msi ”, download

the Go Installer to the local computer.
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3. Click the Go Installer, begin to install……

4. Click the “Next”…….

By default. Msi files will be installed in the c:\Go directory.
……..
……..

5. When the installation is complete, please click the

“Finish”.
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Environment Variables After

installing Go, You need to add
the c:\Go\bin to the PATH of
environment variables.
Please configure the environment variables. Go to “Control
Panel” > “System” > “Advanced System Settings” >
“Advanced” > “Environment Variables” > “Path” > “Edit…”
> “New”.
Please add “C:\Go\bin ” to the end of the Path.

Note: The setting interface is different in different Windows

OS.
Please restart the computer so that the setting will take
effect.
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First Program of Go Please

create a working folder “myGo
” under C:\, open the NotePad
editor, and write the following
code into the editor.
Example 1.1

package main import "fmt"

func main() {
fmt. Println("Hello, World! ")
}

Save the file as “hello. go” in the C:\myGo.

Open the Command Line with “cmd”, enter the following

commands:

Output: Hello World!

Explanation: “package main” defines the name of the

package as main.
Each Go application must include a package called main.
The imported package “fmt” contains I/O functions.
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“func main()” is the first function to execute in the Go

application.
fmt. Println("Hello, World! ") outputs the text “Hello, World!
”.
C:\Windows\system32>cd\ goes back to C: root directory.
C:\cd myGo enters the “myGo” folder.
“go run ” is a command to execute the Go program.
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Comment

//
/*
…….
*/
“// ” is the symbol of single-line comment.
“/* ” and “*/ ” are the symbols of multi-line comment.
Comments will not be compiled. The Go compiler will ignore
all comments.

Example 1.2
package main // package declaration import "fmt"
func main() { // define a main function fmt.
Println("Hello, World! ")
}
/*
The output of the above code is: Hello, World!
*/
Please use “go run ” command to run this program, and
check the result.
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Identifier Identifiers are used to

name variables, functions,
expressions, and so on.
An identifier consists of one or more letters (A~Z and a~z),
numbers (0~9) and an underscore, but the first character
must be a letter or underscore.
The first character of identifier cannot be a number.

For example: The following identifiers are valid:

myVariable _Variable variable100

The following identifiers are invalid: continue // “continue” is

a keyword of Go language 100Variable // begin with a
number
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Summary “package main”

defines the name of the
package as main.
Each Go application must include a package called main.
The imported package “fmt” contains I/O functions.
“func main()” is the first function to execute in the Go
application.
fmt. Println("Hello, World! ") outputs the text “Hello, World!
”.
“// ” is the symbol of single-line comment.
“/* ” and “*/ ” are the symbols of multi-line comment.
Comments will not be compiled. The Go compiler will ignore
all comments.
Identifiers are used to name variables, functions,
expressions, and so on.
An identifier consists of one or more letters (A~Z and a~z),
numbers (0~9) and an underscore, but the first character
must be a letter or underscore.
The first character of identifier cannot be a number.
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Hour 2
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Line Separator In a Go
language, each statement does
not need a semicolon to end the
line.
For example:

fmt. Println("Hi, My friend! ")

fmt. Println("Hi, Guy! ")

There are two lines in the above code, one line represents
the end of a statement, each statement don’t need a
semicolon to end the line.
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About “{”
“{“ cannot be placed on a single line, so the following code
produces an error at run time.

For example:

func main() { / error fmt. Println("Hello, World! ")

}

The following code is correct:

func main() { / { is placed in here, correct!

fmt. Println("Hello, World! ")
}
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Keywords
There are 25 keywords in Go language.
break default func interface select
case defer go map struct
chan else goto package switch
const fallthrough if range type
continue for import return va

Keywords cannot work as a name of variable, constant and 

function, etc.
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Data Type
In Go language, when we define a variable or function, we
need to use a data type.
The use of data types is conducive to Go programming.
Chiefly, there are four kinds of data type in Go language,
they are very commonly used in Go coding.

1. Boolean types

Boolean type consists of two predefined constants:

For example:
(1) true (2) false

2. Numeric types

The number types are integer int, floating-point

float32, float64, and complex number.
For example:
100, 200. 88, 168888. 168

3. String types
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String types are a sequence joined together by a

fixed length of characters. A string is concatenated
by a single byte. The bytes of the Go language string
identify Unicode text using utf-8 encoding.
For example:
“jQuery in 8 Hours” is a string.

4. Derived types

Derived types mean (1) Channel types,(2) Map types,

(3) Interface types, (4) Slice types, (5) Function types,
(6) Union types, (7) Structure types, (8) Array types,
(9) Pointer types.
For example:
Var arr [10] int / * arr is an array of length 10 * /
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Variables Variable names of Go

language consist of letters,
numbers and underscores,
where the first character cannot
be a number. There are three
ways to declare a variable.
(1) The first syntax to declare a variable is:

var variable_name type variable_name = value

For example: var a int a = 100

(2) The second syntax to declare a variable is:

var variable_name = value

For example: var b = “ruby in 8 hours”

(3) The third syntax to declare a variable is:

variable_name : = value
For example: c : = 100

Example 2.1
package main func main(){
var a = "C# in 8 Hours"
var b string = "is"
c: ="a good book! "
var e bool = true println(a, b, c, e) }
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Output: C# in 8 Hours is a good book! True

Explanation: “var a = "C# in 8 Hours", var b string =

"is a good book! ", var c bool = true” declare two
string variables, one Boolean variable.
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Multiply Variables’ Declaration

There are three ways to declare
the multi-variables: (1)
var vname1, vname2, vname3 type vname1, vname2,
vname3 = v1, v2, v3
For example: var a, b, c int a, b, c = 100, 200, 300
(2)

var vname1, vname2, vname3 = v1, v2, v3

For example: var a, b, c = 100, 200, 300

(3)

vname1, vname2, vname3 : = v1, v2, v3

For example: a, b, c : = 100, 200, 300

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:= assignment operator

variable := value

:= assignment operator is used to assign a value to a

variable.
Note: the variable should not be declared previously, which
would result in a compilation error. Namely, when : = is
used, the variable should be declared at first time.

Example 2.2
package main func main(){
var a, b, c int a, b, c = 100, 200, 300
var d, e, f = 400, 500, 600
s1, s2, s3 := "R in 8 Hours", "is", "good book. "
println(a, b, c) println(d, e, f) println(s1, s2, s3) }

Output: 100 200 300

400 500 600

R in 8 Hours is a good book.

Explanation: s1, s2, s3 := "R in 8 Hours", "is", "good

book. " assign variables s1, s2, s3 respectively three
string values.
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Summary In a Go language,
each statement does not need a
semicolon to end the line.
“{“ cannot be placed on a single line, so the following code
produces an error at run time.
Keywords cannot work as a name of variable, constant and
function, etc.
Variable names of Go language consist of letters, numbers
and underscores, where the first character cannot be a
number.
There are three ways to declare the multi-variables: 1.
var vname1, vname2, vname3 type vname1, vname2,
vname3 = v1, v2, v3
2.
var vname1, vname2, vname3 = v1, v2, v3
3.
vname1, vname2, vname3 : = v1, v2, v3
:= assignment operator is used to assign a value to a
variable.
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Hour 3
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Constants
A constant is an identifier whose value is not changed while
the program is running.
The syntax to define a constant is:
const contant_name [type] = value
Or

const contant_name = value

Example 3.1
package main func main() {
const x, y, z int = 10, 20, 30 // define three constants const
s = "jQuery in 8 Hours! "
const b bool = true
println(x, y, z) println(s) println(b) }
Output:

10 20 30
jQuery in 8 Hours!
true Explanation: “const” is used to define a constant.

Example 3.2
package main // Define constants as enumerations func
main() {
const ( // enumeration color1 = "Blue"
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color2 = "Pink"
color3 = "Gray"
)
println(color1, color2, color3) }
Output: Blue Pink Gray Explanation: The constants
color1, color2, color3 is defined in an enum mode.
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iota “iota” is a special

constants. The value of the first
iota is equal to 0, and its value
is automatically incremented by
1 whenever iota is used in a
new row.
Example 3.3
package main func main() {
const (
x = iota // the first iota value is 0
y = iota z = iota ) println(x) println(y) println(z) }

Output: 0
1

2
Explanation:

The first iota value is 0, the second iota value is 1, the third
iota value is 2.
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Arithmetic Operators

Operator Description
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
% Get Remainder
++ Increase 1
-- Decrease 1

For example:
Given: a = 100 b = 2
Calculation:
a + b returns 102
a – b returns 98
a * b returns 200
a / b returns 50
a % b returns 0
a ++ returns 101
a - - returns 99
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Relational Operators

Operators Running
> greater than
< less than
>= greater than or equal
<= less than or equal
== equal
!= not equal

For example: Given: a = 100 b = 2

Calculation: a > b returns true b < returns false a >=
b returns true a <= b returns false a == b returns
false a ! = b returns true
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Logical Operators

Operators Equivalent
&& and
|| or
! not

For example: Given: a = true b = false Calculation: a

&& b returns false a || b returns true ! a returns false

Explanation:
true &&
true && false; false &&false;
true; returns
returns false; returns false;
true;
true II true; true II false; false II false;
returns true; returns true; return false;
! false; ! true;
returns true; returns false;
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Assignment Operators

Operators Examples: Equivalent:

+= x+=y x=x+y
-= x- =y x=x- y
*= x* =y x=x* y
/= x/ =y x=x/ y
%= x%=y x=x%y

For exampl e ：
Given: x=200; y=100; Explanation: x+=y; // x=x+y; outputs
300
x/ =y; // x=x / y; outputs 2
x- =y; // x=x - y; outputs 100
x%=y; // x=x%y; outputs 0
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Operators Precedence
The following table lists the operator precedence:
(From top to bottom means priority from high to low).

Priority Operators
7 !
6 *   /  %
5 +  -
4 ==   ! =
3 <=   <=
2 &&
1 ||
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Summary A constant is an
identifier whose value is not
changed while the program is
running.
The syntax to define a constant is: const contant_name
[type] = value const contant_name = value “iota” is a
special constants. The value of the first iota is equal to 0,
and its value is automatically incremented by 1 whenever
iota is used in a new row.
There are following operators: arithmetic operators,
relational operators, logical operators, assignment
operators.
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Hour 4
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If Statement

if test-expression { // if true do this; }

“if statement” executes codes inside { … } only if a

specified condition is true, does not execute any codes
inside {…} if the condition is false.

Example 4.1
package main import "fmt"
func main() {
var num int = 100
if num > 50 {
fmt. Printf("num is greater than 50" ) }
}
Output: num is greater than 50
Explanation: Because the value of num is greater
than 50, the code inside the { } has been executed.
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if…else statement

if test_expression{
// if true do this } else {
// if false do this }
“if... else statement” runs some code if a condition is true
and runs another code if the condition is false.

Example 4.2
package main func main() {
var num int = 100; if num > 200 {
println("num is greater than 200" ); } else {
println("num is less than 200" ); }
}

Output: num is less than 200

Explanation: Because the value of num is less than

200, the else{ } code has been executed.
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Switch Statement

switch (variable ) { case 1: if equals this case, do this case

2: if equals this case, do this case 3: if equals this case, do
this default : if not equals any case, run default code }
The value of the variable will compare each case first, if
equals one of the “case” value; it will execute that “case”
code.

Example4.3
package main func main() {
var number int=20
switch ( number ) { // number value compares each case
case 10 : println ( "Running case 10" ) case 20 : println (
"Running case 20" ) case 30 : println ( "Running case 30" )
default : println ( "Running default code" ) }
}

Output: Running case 20

Explanation: The number value is 20; it will match

case 20, so it will run the code in case 20.
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Select Statement Select

Statement is a bit like Switch
Statement.
Switch Statement executes case code sequentially.
Select Statement executes case code randomly.
(1)

make(chan int, number)

“ make(chan int, number ) ” creates a channel with a

buffer.
“chan” means a channel.
For example: make(chan int, 2) creates a channel
with 2 buffers make(chan int, 10) creates a channel
with 10 buffer s .
(2)

chan <- data

data <- chan
“chan <- data” sends data to a channel.
“data <- chan” receives data from a channel.

(3)

select {
case receive or send data : statement(s); case receive
or send data : statement(s); default : // optional
statement(s); }
If more than one case can be run, Select will randomly and
fairly pick one to execute and the others will not.
If no case can be run, Select will execute default clause.
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Example 4.4
package main import "fmt"
func main() {
c1:=make (chan int,1024) // create a channel c2:=make
(chan int,1024)
c3:=make (chan int,1024)
c1 <- 100 // send data to a channel c2 <- 200
c3 <- 300
select { // randomly execute one case .
case <- c1: // receive data from a channel fmt.
Println("Receive data from c1") case <- c2:
fmt. Println("Receive data from c2") case <- c2:
fmt. Println(Rreceive data from c3") default: fmt.
Println("Not receive data yet") }
}

Output: Receive data from c2

Explanation: The select statement executes one of

the case codes randomly.
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For Loop For Loop is a control

structure that can execute a
specified number of loops.
(1)

for init; condiction; in/decrease {

}

init: assign a first value to a variable.

condition: a test expression in/decrease: increasement or
decreasement Example 4.5
package main func main() {
for a := 0; a <= 5; a++ {
print(a) }
}
Output:

012345
Explanation:

a: =0 assigns 0 to a. a<=5 is a test expression. a++ is an

increasement.

(2)

for test_expression {
}

test_ expression checks if the condition is true or false.

Example 4.6
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package main func main() {

var a int =0
var b int = 5
for a < b {
a++
print(a) }
}
Output:

12345
Explanation:

for a < b checks if a is greater than b.

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Summary “if statement”

executes codes inside { … }
only if a specified condition is
true, does not execute any
codes inside {…} if the
condition is false.
In “switch statement”, the value of the variable will compare
each case first, if equals one of the “case” value; it will
execute that “case” code.
Select Statement is a bit like Switch Statement.
Switch Statement executes case code sequentially.
Select Statement executes case code randomly.
For Loop is a control structure that can execute a specified
number of loops.
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Hour 5
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Break

break

The break statement is used to terminate the loop.

Break statement also is used to terminate the case in switch
statement.

Example 5.1
package main func main() {
var num int = 20
for num < 30 {
print(num," "); num++;
if num > 25 {
break; // terminate the for loop }
}
}

Output:

20 21 22 23 24 25
Explanation:

if num > 25 is a test expression, if true, the break statement

will terminate the loop.
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Continue

continue

The continue statement skips the current loop to execute

the next one.

Example 5.2
package main func main() {
var num int = 20
for num < 30 {
if num == 25 {
num = num + 1; continue; // skip the current for
loop }
print(num, " ") num++;
}
}

Output:
20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29

Explanation: if num == 25 is a test expression, if

true, the continue statement will skip the current for
loop, and execute the next one.
Note: there is no 25 in the result.
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Goto

goto label; ...

label: statement;

The goto statement can go to the specified code and

execute them unconditionally.

Example 5.3
package main func main() {
var num int = 10
if num > 10{
goto code01
}
if num == 10{
goto code02
}
code01: print("num > 10")
code02: print("num == 10")
}

Output:
num == 10

Explanation: goto code01 means to execute the

statement with label code01.
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goto code02 means to execute the statement with label

code02.
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Function A function is a block of

code that is reused to perform
the same task.
(1) The syntax to define a function is as follows:

func function_name ( parameter type) type {

……
return …
}

func: define a function return: pass the result to the caller.

(2) The syntax to call a function is as follows:

variable = function_name ( parameter type )

Example 5.4
package main func main() {
var a int = 10
var b int = 20
var result int result = add(a, b) // call the function print(
"The sum is ", result ) }
func add(num1, num2 int) int { // define a function
return num1 + num2 // pass the result to the caller }

Output: The sum is 30

Explanation: add(a, b) calls the function add(a, b),

and pass the parameter values of a and b to num1
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and num2.
func add(num1, num2 int) int defines a function add(…),
num1 and num2 receive the value from a and b.
return num1 + num2 passes the result value to the caller
add(…).

Example 5.5
package main import "fmt"
func swap (a, b string) (string, string) { // define a function
return b, a // returns two values to the caller .
}
func main() {
x, y : = swap("in 8 Hours", "JavaScript") //call the
function fmt. Println(x, y)
}

Output: JavaScript in 8 Hours Explanation: func

swap(a, b string) (string, string) {…} defines a
function.
swap("in 8 Hours", "JavaScript") call the function swap(…),
and pass the two parameters to the function swap(…){…}.
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Working Scope The working

scope in any coding is a range
where a variable can be
accessed, and outside that
working scope the variable
cannot be accessed .
Variables defined within a function are called local
variables .

Variables defined outside a function are called global

variables .

Example 5.6
package main func main() {
var a, b, c int // defines local variables a = 100
b = 200
c = a + b print(a, b, c) }
Output:

100 200 300

Explanation:

var a, b, c int define three local variables inside a function.

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Example 5.7
package main var v int = 100 // define a global variable
func main(){
print ("The value of the global variable is ", v) }
Output: The value of the global variable is 100.
Explanation: var v int = 100 defines a global variable.
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Summary The break statement

is used to terminate the loop.
Break statement also is used to terminate the case in switch
statement.
The continue statement skips the current loop to execute
the next one.
The goto statement can go to the specified code and
execute them unconditionally.
(1) The syntax to define a function is as follows: func
function_name ( parameter type) type {
……
return …
}
(2) The syntax to call a function is as follows: variable =
function_name ( parameter type ) Variables defined within a
function are called local variables.
Variables defined outside a function are called global
variables.
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Hour 6
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Array An array is a collection of

variables of the same type and
name.
Array element: each variable in an array.
Array index: also called as key, the numbers on each
element.
Note: the array index or array key starts from zero.
There are several kinds of way to define an array: (1)
var array_name[ length] type // define an array
array_name[key] = value // assign value to the element
Example 6.1
package main func main(){
var arr [3]int // define an array with three elements
arr[0]=100 // assign a value to the array element
arr[1]=101
arr[2]=102
print(arr[0], " ", arr[1], " ", arr[2]) }

Output:
100 101 102

Explanation: var arr [3]int defines an array with three

elements. “arr” is the array name. 3 is array length.
The array type is int.
arr[0]=100 assigns a value to the array element. “arr” is the
array name, [0] is an index or key.
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(2)

var array_name [ ] type = make( [ ] type, length )

make( [ ] type, length) defines an array.

Example 6.2
package main func main(){
var arr [ ]int = make([ ]int, 3) // define an array
arr[0]=100 // assign a value to the array element
arr[1]=101
arr[2]=102
print(arr[0], " ", arr[1], " ", arr[2]) }

Output:
100 101 102

Explanation: var arr [ ]int = make([ ]int, 3) defines an

array with three elements.

(3)

var array_name = [length] type {value1,value2, ... }

[length] type {value1,value2, ... } defines an array with

values.
Example 6.3
package main func main(){
var arr = [3] int {100,101, 102} // define an array with
values print(arr[0], " ", arr[1], " ", arr[2]) }
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Output:

100 101 102

Explanation:

var arr = [3] int {100,101, 102} defines an array with three
values 100, 101, and 102.

(4)

var array_name = [... ] type {value1,value2, … }

[... ] type {value1,value2… } defines an array with values.
Example 6.4
package main func main(){
var arr = [...] int {100,101, 102} // defines an array
print(arr[0], " ", arr[1], " ", arr[2]) }

Output:
100 101 102

Explanation: var arr = [… ] int {100,101, 102} defines

an array with three values 100, 101, and 102.
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Pointers A pointer represents

the value of a memory address.
(1)

&variable // get the memory address of a variable

Example 6.5
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var num int = 10
fmt. Printf("The address of the variable: %x\n", &num )
}

Output:
The address of the variable: C000044058

Explanation:
&num returns the address of the variable num.

(2)
var variable_name * type // declare a pointer
*variable_name // get the variable value in the address
For example:
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var ipoint *int // declare an int pointer var fpoint *float32 //

declare a float32 pointer *ipoint // gets the ipoint value in
the memory address .
*fpoint // gets the fpoint value in the memory address .

Example 6.6
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var num int= 100
var pt *int // declare a pointer pt pt = &num // &num
get address and assign to pt fmt. Printf("The address of
num: %x\n", &num ) fmt. Printf("The address in pt: %x\n", pt
)
fmt. Printf("The value of the *pt: %d\n", *pt ) }

Output:
The address of num: C000044058
The address in pt: C000044058
The value of the *pt: 100

Explanation:
&num gets the memory address from num.
pt = &num assigns the memory address to pt *pt returns
the pt value in the memory address.
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Example 6.7
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var a string="Hello"
var b *string
var c string
b=&a //&a gets the memory address c=*b //*b gets the
value in memory address fmt. Println(a)
fmt. Println(b)
fmt. Println(c)
}

Output:
Hello

0xc0000381c8
Hello

Explanation:
&varilabe returns a memory address.
*variable returns a value in the memory address.
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Nil Pointer When a pointer is

defined and not assigned to any
variable address, its value is
nil.
Example 6.8
package main import "fmt"
func main() {
var npt *int fmt. Printf("The address stored in npt: %x\n",
npt ) }

Output:
The address stored in npt: 0

Explanation: “npt” is a pointer, which has not yet

been assigned any address, so the value of npt is 0.
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Summary An array is a
collection of variables of the
same type and name.
Array element: each variable in an array.
Array index: also called as key, the numbers on each
element.
Note: the array index or array key starts from zero.
A pointer represents the value of a memory address.
&variable // get the memory address of a variable var
variable_name * type // declare a pointer *variable_name //
get the variable value in the address When a pointer is
defined and not assigned to any variable address, its value
is nil.
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Hour 7
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Structures A structure is a
collection of data with the same
or different types of data.
(1) Define Structure Type.

type structure_name struct {

member1 type; member2 type; ...
member3 type; }

(2) Access Structure Members

structure_name{member1: value1, member2: value2, …

}

Example 7.1
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package main
import "fmt"
type Flower struct { // define a structure type color string
// structure member size string
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number int
}
func main() {
fmt. Println(Flower{color:"Red", size:"Large",
number:10 })
}
Output:
Red Large 10
Explanation:
“type Flower struct” defines a structure type (3) Declare
Structure Variables
var variable structure_name

(4) Assign Values to Structure Members

variable . member = value

Example 7.2
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package main
type Flower struct { // define a structure type color string
// structure member size string
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number int
}
func main() {
var Rose Flower // declare a structure variable Rose
Rose.color = "Red" // assign value to structure member
Rose.size = "Large"
Rose.number = 10

println( "Rose color : ", Rose. color);

println( "Rose size : ", Rose. size);
println( "Rose number : ", Rose. number);
}
Output:
Rose color: Red
Rose size: Large
Rose number: 10
Explanation:
“var Rose Flower” declares a structure variable Rose.
Rose. color = "Red" assigns value to structure member
Rose. color.
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Slice Slice is a special array, but

its length is changeable.
(1) The first syntax to create a Slice is as follows:

slice_name : = [ ] type {val1, val2, … }

Example 7.3
package main import "fmt"
func main(){
s := [ ]int{1,2,3,4,5} // create a slice fmt. Println(s)
}
Output:

12345
Explanation:

“s : = [ ]int{1,2,3,4,5}” creates a Slice with five values.

(2) The second syntax to create a Slice is as follows:

slice_name: = make ([ ] type, len, cap)

leg means the length of the slice.

cap means the capacity to contain slice elements Example
7.4
package main import "fmt"
func main() {
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s := make([ ]int, 5, 8) fmt. Printf("len=%d cap=%d

slice=%v\n",len(s),cap(s),s) }
Output:
len=5 cap=8 slice=[00000]
Explanation: len(s) gets the length of the slice.
cap(s) gets the capacity to contain all elements.
Because Slice elements have not been assigned any values
yet, the five values of this Slice are zero.

(3) Get some value from Slice elements:

slice_name [key1, key2]

Get the value from key1 to key2-1.

Example 7.5
package main import "fmt"
func main() {
var s = [9]int{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
mySlice:= s[2:6] // get the value from s[2] to s[5]
fmt. Println(mySlice)
}
Output:
2345
Explanation: “s[2: 6]” gets the value from s[2] to s[5]
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(4) Assign value to Slice elements.

slice_name [key] = value

Example 7.6
package main import "fmt"
func main() {
var s = [9]int{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
s[3] = 10 // assign a new value to s[3]
s[6] = 100 // assign a new value to s[6]
fmt. Println(s)
}
Output:
[0 1 2 10 4 5 100 7 8]
Explanation: s[3] = 10 // assign a new value to s[3]
s[6] = 100 // assign a new value to s[6]
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append() & copy()

append(slice_name, values) // append values to a Slice

copy(new_slice, old_slice) // copy old Slice to new Slice

Example 7.7
package main import "fmt"
func main() {
mySlice : = make([]int, 0, 0)
showSlice(mySlice) mySlice = append(mySlice, 10,20,30)
// append showSlice(mySlice) newSlice : = make([]int,
len(mySlice), (cap(mySlice))*2) copy(newSlice,mySlice) //
copy showSlice(newSlice) }

func showSlice(x []int){

fmt. Printf("len=%d cap=%d slice=%v\n",len(x),cap(x),x) }

Output: len=0 cap=0 slice=[ ]

len=3 cap=4 slice=[10 20 30 ]
len=3 cap=8 slice=[ 10 20 30]

Explanation: append(mySlice, 10,20,30) appends

three values to mySlice.
cap(mySlice))*2 makes the capacity double.
copy(newSlice,mySlice) copys the contents of mySlice to
newSlice.
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Summary A structure is a
collection of data with the same
or different types of data.
(1) Define Structure Type.
type structure_name struct {
member1 type; member2 type; ...
member3 type; }
(2) Access Structure Members structure_name{member1:
value1, member2: value2, …}
(3) Declare Structure Variables var variable structure_name
(4) Assign Values to Structure Members variable . member
= value
Slice is a special array, but its length is changeable.
append(slice_name, values) // append values to a Slice
copy(new_slice, old_slice) // copy old Slice to new Slice
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Hour 8
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GOROUTINE

“goroutine” is used to run multiple tasks simultaneously,

which means that goroutine function can execute multiple
threads at the same time by using go keyword.
The following example is to define a goroutine function, and
run the goroutine function.

go func(arguments) { // define a goroutine function }

(arguments ) // run the goroutine function

Example 8.1
package main
import "fmt"
func fn(s string) { // define a function fn for i := 0; i < 5; i++
{
fmt. Println(s)
}
}
func main() {
fn("Thread B") // call the function fn go func(msg string) { //
define a goroutine function fmt. Println(msg)
} ("Press Enter to Stop! ") // run the goroutine function fmt.
Scanln() // accept user input from keyboard fmt.
Println("Complete! ")
}

Output:
Thread B
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Thread B
Thread B
Thread B
Thread B
Press Enter to Stop!

Explanation:
go func(msg string) {…} defines a goroutine function.
("Press Enter to Stop! ") runs the goroutine function, and
pass the parameter to the gorountine function.
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Range Range is a built-in

function of the Go language, it
is used to iterate over arrays,
slices, strings and maps.
* Iterating over array, slice, string returns index and value.
* Iterating over map returns keys and value.
* Iterating over channel return values.

(1) Iterating Over Array/slice

for key, value : = range array/slice {
}

Example 8.2
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package main
import "fmt"
func main(){
for key, value : = range[ ]int{10, 11, 12, 13} {
fmt. Printf("key:%d value:%d\n", key, value) }
}

Output:
key: 0 value: 10
key: 1 value: 11
key: 2 value: 12
key: 3 value: 13

Explanation:
range[ ]int{10, 11, 12, 13} iterates over an array or slice,
and returns the keys and values.

(2) Iterating Over String

for key, value : = range str {

}

Example 8.3
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package main
import "fmt"
func main(){
var str = "hello"
for key, value : = range str {
fmt. Printf("key:%d value:0x%x\n", key, value) }
}

Output:
key : 0 value : 0x68
key : 1 value : 0x65
key : 2 value : 0x6c key : 3 value : 0x6c key : 4 value : 0x6f
Explanation:
“range str { }” iterate over a string, returns its keys and
values.

(3) Iterating Over Channel

for value : = range channel

Example 8.4
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package main
import "fmt"
func main(){
c : = make(chan int)
go func() { // define a goroutine function c <- 1 // send
datas to channels c <- 2
c <- 3
close(c) // close channels } ( ) // call the goroutine
function for v := range c { // iterate over the channels fmt.
Println("Send data to channel: ",v)
}
}

Output:
Send data to channel: 1
Send data to channel: 2
Send data to channel: 3

Explanation:
“range c” iterates over the channels.
go func(){ defines a goroutine function.
} ( ) calls the goroutine function.
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Map Map is an unordered

collection of key-value pairs.
Map is used to quickly retrieve
data by key, which is similar to
an index and points to the value
of the data.
Two syntaxes to define a map is as follows: (1)
m1 : = map[key_type]value_type{ }

“m1” is a map variable.

(2)

m2 : = make(map[key_type] value_type)

“m2” is a map variable.

Example 8.5
package main import "fmt"
func main() {
m1 := map[int]int{} // define a map m1
m2 := make(map[int]int) // define a map m2
m1[1] = 10
m2[2] = 20
for key, value : = range m1 {
fmt. Println("Key: ", key, "Value: ", value)
}
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for key, value : = range m2 {

fmt. Println("Key: ", key, "Value: ", value)
}
}

Output: Key: 1 Value: 10

Key: 2 Value: 20

Explanation: “m1 : = map[int]int{}” defines a map

m1
“m2 : = make(map[int]int)” defines a map m2
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Type Conversion Type

conversion means the one data
type of a variable being
converted into another data
type.
data_type (variables)

Example 8.6
package main import "fmt"
func main() {
var num1 int = 100
var num2 int = 3
var result float32
result = float32(num1)/float32(num2) // conversion fmt.
Printf("The result is %f\n", result) }
Output: The result is 33. 333332
Explanation: float32(num1)/float32(num2) converts
the data type from int into float32.
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Recursion Recursion means that

the function calls itself.
func recursion() {
recursion() // call itself }
func main() {
recursion() }

Example 8.7
package main import "fmt"
func myRecur(n int) int {
if n == 0 {
return 1
}
return n * myRecur(n-1) // call itself }
func main() {
fmt. Print("Factorial of 10 is ") fmt. Print(myRecur(10))
}

Output: Factorial of 10 is 3628800

Explanation: myRecur(n-1) calls itself. The recursion

doesn't stop until myRecur(0) occurs.
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Summary “goroutine” is used

to run multiple tasks
simultaneously, which means
that goroutine function can
execute multiple threads at the
same time by using go keyword.
Range is a built-in function of the Go language, it is used to
iterate over arrays, slices, strings and maps.
Map is an unordered collection of key-value pairs. Map is
used to quickly retrieve data by key, which is similar to an
index and points to the value of the data.
Type conversion means the one data type of a variable
being converted into another data type.
data_type (variables) Recursion means that the function
calls itself.
func recursion() {
recursion() // call itself }
func main() {
recursion()
}
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Appendix 1
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Concurrency Go language
supports concurrency, we can
use “go” keyword to call a
function, start a new runtime
thread goroutine.
The syntax to call a function with go keyword is as follows:

go function_name (arguments)

Example:
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package main
import (
"fmt"
"time"
)
func fn(s string) { // define a function fn for i : = 0; i < 5;
i++ {
time. Sleep(200 * time. Millisecond) // delay running fmt.
Println(s)
}
}
func main() {
go fn("Thread A") // call the function fn fn("Thread B") //
call the function fn go func(msg string) { // define a
goroutine function fmt. Println(msg)
}("Press Enter to Stop! ") // run the goroutine function fmt.
Scanln() // accept user input from keyboard fmt.
Println("Complete! ")
}

Output:
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Thread B
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Thread A
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Thread B
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Thread A
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Thread B
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Thread A
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Thread B
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Thread A
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Thread B
Press Enter to Stop!
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Thread A

Complete!

Explanation:
go fn("Thread A") calls the function fn with “go” keyword,
start a new thread goroutine.
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Appendix 2
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Tests Please choose the correct

answer.
(01)
package main import " fill in " // import a built-in function
func main() {
fmt. Println("Hello, World! ")
}

A. iostream B. math C. i/o D. fmt

(02)
fill in a int // declare a variable a = 100

A. variable B. variab C. var D. va

(03)
package main func main() {
const (
x = fill in // a special constant y = fill in z = fill in )
print(x, y, z) }
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Output: 0 1 2

A. const B. iota C. constant D. iote

(04)
package main func main() {
var number int=20
fill in ( number ) { // let number compares each case case
10 : println ( "Running case 10" ) case 20 : println (
"Running case 20" ) case 30 : println ( "Running case 30" )
default : println ( "Running default code" ) }
}

A. If B. While C. Do D. Switch

(05)
package main func main() {
var num int = 10
if num > 10{
fill in code01 // run the specified code next }
if num == 10{
fill in code02 // run the specified code next }
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code01: print("num > 10")

code02: print("num == 10")
}

A. goto B. go C. to D. return

(06)
package main func main(){
var arr [ ]int = fill in ([ ]int, 3) // define an array
arr[0]=100 // assign a value to the array element
arr[1]=101
arr[2]=102
print(arr[0], " ", arr[1], " ", arr[2]) }

A. array B. define C. make d. arr

(07)
package main import "fmt"
type Flower fill in { // define a structure type color string //
structure member size string number int }
func main() {
fmt. Println(Flower{color:"Red", size:"Large",
number:10 })
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A. structure B. struct C. string D. type

(08)
package main import "fmt"
func fn(s string) { // define a function fn for i := 0; i < 5; i++
{
fmt. Println(s)
}
}
func main() {
fn("Thread B") // call the function fn fill in func(msg string)
{ // define a goroutine function fmt. Println(msg)
} ("Press Enter to Stop! ") // run the goroutine function fmt.
Scanln() // accept user input from keyboard fmt.
Println("Complete! ")
}

A. goto B. go C. to D. goroutine

(09)
package main func main(){
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var a = "C# in 8 Hours"

var b string = "is"
c: ="a good book! "
var e fill in = true
println(a, b, c, e) }

A. string B. boolean C. bool D. char

(10)
Given: a = 100 b = 2
Calculation: a + b returns 102
a – b returns 98
a * b returns 200
a / b returns 50
a % b returns fill in A. 0 B. 1. C. 2 D. 3

(11)
package main import "fmt"
func main() {
c1:=make (chan int,1024) // create a channel c2:=make
(chan int,1024)
c3:=make (chan int,1024)
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c1 <- 100 // send data to a channel c2 <- 200

c3 <- 300
fill in { // randomly execute one case .
case <- c1: // receive data from a channel fmt.
Println("Receive data from c1")
case <- c2:
fmt. Println("Receive data from c2")
case <- c2:
fmt. Println(Rreceive data from c3")
default: fmt. Println("Not receive data yet")
}
}

A. switch B. select C. while D. if

(12)
package main import "fmt"
fill in swap (a, b string) (string, string) { // define a function
return b, a // returns two values to the caller .
}
func main() {
x, y : = swap("in 8 Hours", "JavaScript") //call the
function fmt. Println(x, y)
}
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A. function B. def C. void D. func

(13)
package main import "fmt"
func main() {
var num int= 100
var pt *int // declare a pointer pt pt = fill in // &num get
address and assign to pt fmt. Printf("The address of num:
%x\n", &num ) fmt. Printf("The address in pt: %x\n", pt )
fmt. Printf("The value of the *pt: %d\n", *pt ) }

A. *num B. $num C. &num D. #num

(14)
package main import "fmt"
func main(){
s := fill in int{1,2,3,4,5} // create a slice fmt. Println(s)
}

A. [ ] B. [0] C[1] D. [2]

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(15)
package main import "fmt"
func main(){
c : = make(chan int)
go func() { // define a goroutine function c <- 1 // send
datas to channels c <- 2
c <- 3
close(c) // close channels } ( ) // call the goroutine
function for v := fill in c { // iterate over the channels fmt.
Println("Send data to channel: ",v)
}
}

A. iterate B. chan C. in D. range

(16)
package main func main(){
var a = "C# in 8 Hours"
var b string = "is"
c fill in "a good book! " // assign value to c var e bool =
true println(a, b, c, e) }

A. <- B. : = C. = D. <=

(17)
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true &&
true && false; false &&false;
true; returns
returns false; returns false;
true;
true II false;
true II true; false II false;
returns fill in
returns true; return fill in ;
;
! false; ! true;
returns true; returns false;

A. true true
B. false false
C. true false
D. false true

(18)
package main func main() {
var a int =0
var b int = 5
fill in a < b { // loop statement a++
print(a)
}
}
Output:

12345
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A. while B. if C. do D. for

(19)
package main import "fmt"
func swap (a, b string) (string, string) { // define a function
fill in b, a // pass two values to the caller .
}
func main() {
x, y : = swap("in 8 Hours", "JavaScript") //call the
function fmt. Println(x, y)
}

A. pass B. return C. send D. goto

(20)
package main import "fmt"
func main() {
var npt *int fmt. Printf( npt )
}
// What is the output?
A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3
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(21)
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var s = [9]int{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
mySlice:= s[ fill in ] // get four values fmt.
Println(mySlice)
}
Output:
2345

A. 2: 6 B. 1: 5 C. 3: 7 D. 3: 6

(22)
package main import "fmt"
func main() {
m1 := fill in [int]int{} // define a map m1
m2 := fill in (map[int]int) // define a map m2
m1[1] = 10
m2[2] = 20
for key, value : = range m1 {
fmt. Println("Key: ", key, "Value: ", value)
}
for key, value : = range m2 {
fmt. Println("Key: ", key, "Value: ", value)
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}
}

A. make make
B. make map
C. map make
D. map map

(23)
package main import "fmt"
func myRecur(n int) int {
if n == 0 {
return 1
}
return n * fill in // recursion }
func main() {
fmt. Print("Factorial of 10 is ")
fmt. Print(myRecur(10))
}

A. myRecur(0)
B. myRecur(n-1)
C. recursion(0)
D. recursion(n-1)
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(24)
package main import (
"fmt"
"time"
)
func fn(s string) { // define a function fn for i : = 0; i < 5;
i++ {
time. Sleep(200 * time. Millisecond) // delay running fmt.
Println(s)
}
}
func main() {
fill in fn("Thread A") // call the function fn fn("Thread B") //
call the function fn }

A. goroutine B. goto C. to D. go
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Answers

01.   D 13.   C

02.   C 14.   A
03.   B 15.   D
04.   D 16.   B
05.   A 17.   C
06.   C 18.   D
07.   B 19.   B
08.   B 20.   A
09.   C 21.   A
10.   A 22.   C
11.   B 23.   B
12.   D 24.   D
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Note:
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