Ae8008 Unit-I Basics

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 17

NEHRU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

ISO 14001:2004 Certified, Accredited by NAAC, Recognized by UGC with 2(F) & 12(B)
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai
Nehru Gardens, Thirumalayampalayam, Coimbatore – 641 105.
NBA Accredited UG Courses: AERO | CSE | MECH
DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

AE8008 - VIBRATION AND ELEMENTS OF


AEROELASTICITY

G Ezhilmaran,
Asst. Professor/ Aeronautical
NIET, Coimbatore
Spring Element
•A spring is a type of mechanical link, which in most applications is
assumed to have negligible mass and damping.
• The most common type of spring is the helical-coil spring used in staplers,
and suspensions of freight trucks and other vehicles.
• In fact, any elastic or deformable body or member, such as a cable, bar,
beam, shaft or plate, can be considered as a spring.
• A spring is said to be linear if the elongation or reduction in length x is
related to the applied force F as
F = kx
• where k is a constant, known as the spring constant or spring stiffness or
spring rate. The spring constant k is always positive and denotes the force
(positive or negative) required to cause a unit deflection (elongation or
reduction in length) in the spring.
Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.
• The work done (U) in deforming a spring is stored as strain or potential
energy in the spring, and it is given by

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.


Combination of Springs

There are two types of combinations,


• Springs in Parallel
• Springs in Series
Case 1 : Springs in Parallel
• expression for the equivalent spring constant of springs connected in
parallel, consider the two springs shown in Figure. When a load W is
applied, the system undergoes a static deflection

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.


• Then the free-body diagram, gives the equilibrium equation

• If denotes the equivalent spring constant of the combination of the


two springs, then for the same static deflection we have

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.


Case 2: Springs in series
• expression for the equivalent spring constant of springs connected in
series by considering the two springs shown in figure.
• Under the action of a load W, springs 1 and 2 undergo elongations
respectively.
• The total elongation (or static deflection) of the system, is given by

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.


• Since both springs are subjected to the same force W, we have the
equilibrium

• If denotes the equivalent spring constant, then for the same static
deflection,

• Substituting these values of

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.


• that is,

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.


Free Vibration of Single-Degree of-Freedom Systems

• Free vibration means that the mass is set into motion due to initial disturbance
with no externally applied force other than the spring force, damper force, or
gravitational force.
• To study the free-vibration response of the mass, we need to derive the
governing equation, known as the equation of motion.
• Figure shows a spring-mass system that represents the simplest possible
vibratory system. It is called a single-degree-of-freedom system, since one
coordinate (x) is sufficient to specify the position of the mass at any time.
• There is no external force applied to the mass; hence the motion resulting
from an initial disturbance will be free vibration.

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.


• Since there is no element that causes dissipation of energy during the
motion of the mass, the amplitude of motion remains constant with
time; it is an undamped system.

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.


Example
• The structure shown in Figure can be considered a cantilever beam that is
fixed at the ground. For the study of transverse vibration, the top mass can
be considered a point mass and the supporting structure (beam) can be
approximated as a spring to obtain the single-degree-of-freedom model.

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.


• Modeling of tall structure as spring-mass system.

Fig. Equivalent
Fig. Idealization of the spring-mass system
tall structure

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.


Equation of Motion Using Newton s Second Law of Motion

• Spring mass system in Horizontal position

Fig. Free-body diagram

• Apply Newton s second law of motion to the mass or rigid body shown by
the free body diagram. Newton s second law of motion can be stated as
follows: The rate of change of momentum of a mass is equal to the force
acting on it.

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.


• Thus, if mass m is displaced a distance when acted upon by a
resultant force in the same direction, Newton s second law of
motion gives

• If mass m is constant, this equation reduces to

• where

• Resultant force on the mass = mass * acceleration

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.


• When the mass is displaced a distance from its static equilibrium
position, the force in the spring is kx, the equation of motion becomes

• Or

• The above equation shows the equation of motion for single degrees of
freedom system.

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.


Equation of Motion of a Spring-Mass System in Vertical Position

• Consider the configuration of the spring-mass system. The mass hangs at


the lower end of a spring, which in turn is attached to a rigid support at its
upper end.
• At rest, the mass will hang in a position called the static equilibrium position,
in which the upward spring force exactly balances the downward
gravitational force on the mass.

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.


• for static equilibrium,

• where g is the acceleration due to gravity.


• Let the mass be deflected a distance from its static equilibrium
position; then the spring force is
• The application of Newton s second law of motion to mass m gives

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, NIET.

You might also like