PART 1: Points, Lines, Planes, and Angles

Geometry is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of shapes. It comes
from the two Greek words “geo” meaning “earth” and “metria” meaning
“measurement”. Initially, Geometry was used in problems involving measurements
made on earth (part of earth) and Euclid was the person who made a very significant
contribution to the study of geometry. He is known as the father of Geometry and has
organized all the knowledge available during his time that became the base line
information in the development of geometry in the modern times.

Postulates, theorems and appertaining corollaries formulated by Euclid were used

to present the basic terms in geometry such as points, lines, planes and angles.

1.1 POINTS

Definition:

As defined in Merriam-Webster Dictionary, a point is a geometric element that has

zero dimensions and a location determinable by an ordered set of coordinates. It has no
width, no length, no depth. It is usually denoted by a dot with a capital letter.

1.2 LINE

Definition:

When two points are connected, the figure that is created is what we call a line. A
line is a one-dimensional figure that has no thickness and can extend infinitely in both
directions. It is denoted by double-edge arrow usually with a small letter on top or with
two capital letters with double-edge arrow on top.

k or AB

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Subsets of a Line

1. Ray – it is a straight line which extends infinitely in one direction only.

2. Segment or Line Segment - it is a part of a straight line which has exact measure
from both sides. It has a definite length. Two lines segments having the length are
said to be congruent line segments.

B
A

3. Half-line – it is a straight line extending from a point indefinitely in one direction

only.

Specifics about Lines

1. Parallel lines are straight lines which lie in the same plane and do not meet at all.

2. Intersecting lines are two or more different lines that meet at the same point.

Perpendicular lines are also intersecting lines that create right angle/angles.

b
a

Intersecting lines Perpendicular lines

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3. Transversal line is a line that cuts across two or more lines.

4. Broken line is a set of line segments connected to each other but not in a straight
form and may end from same point or not.

Open broken line is a broken line that ends at different points.

Closed broken line is a broken line that ends at the same point.

5. Collinear points are points on the same line.

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 6. Midpoint is the point exactly halfway between two endpoints of a line segment.

1.3 PLANE

Definition:

A plane is a flat surface that has length and width but without thickness. It is usually
denoted by a capital letter on one corner of a plane. It is a two-dimensional figure
popularly known as 2-D.

Specifics about Plane

1. If two planes intersect at their interiors, then their intersection is a line.

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 2. The intersections of two parallel planes by a third plane are parallel lines.

3. If two planes are perpendicular to the third plane, then their intersection is also
perpendicular to that plane.

4. Coplanar points are two or more points that lie on the same plane.

1.4 ANGLE

Definition:

An angle is a space formed by two lines, rays or segments called sides with
common endpoint known as vertex.

Measure of an angle

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Measurement of Angle

1. Degree (˚/deg) is defined as the unit of angle measurement wherein one complete
revolution is divided by 360 parts.

Dividing one degree (1˚) into 60 equal parts is a minute (1’) and dividing a minute
into 60 equal parts is a second (1’’).

1˚

2. Radian (rad) is defined as the unit of angle measurement wherein one complete
revolution is equal to 2π.

3. Mil (mil) is used military science and defined as the unit of angle measurement
wherein one complete revolution is divided into 6400 parts.

Forms of Angles

1. Acute angle is an angle whose measure is less than 90˚.

2. Right angle is an angle that measures exactly 90˚.

3. Obtuse angle is an angle whose measure is more than 90˚ but less than 180˚.

4. Straight angle is an angle that measures exactly 180˚.

5. Reflex angle is an angle whose measure in more than 180˚ but less than 360˚.

6. Circular angle is an angle that measures exactly 360˚

Angle Pair

1. Adjacent angles are two angles which have the same vertex and a common
side.

2. Complementary angles are two angles whose sum is 90˚. They are not
necessarily adjacent angles.

3. Supplementary angles are two angles whose sum is 180˚. They are not
necessarily adjacent angles.

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 4. Linear pair are adjacent angles whose sum is 180˚.

5. Vertical angles are two non-adjacent angles formed by two intersecting lines.
Vertical angles are always congruent.

6. Two angles that have the same angle measures are congruent.

7. Vertical angles are two nonadjacent angles formed by two intersecting lines.
Vertical angles are congruent.

8. Dihedral angle is the amount of divergence of two intersecting planes.

9. Two angles having the same number of angle measurements are said to be
congruent angles.

Examples:

1. (Angle Conversion) Transform 135 into other forms of angle measurements

(radian, gradient, and mil).

Solution:

a) 135 ˚ x 2πrad/360 ˚= ¾π rad

b) 135 ˚ x 400grad/360 ˚= 150 grad
c) 135 ˚ x 6400mil/360 ˚= 2400 mil

2. (Complementary and Supplementary Angles) A certain angle has a supplement 4

times its complement. What is the angle?

Solution:

Let ϴ be the required angle

Then, by definition,

90 ˚- ϴ is the complement of ϴ and

180 ˚- ϴ is the supplement of ϴ.

Thus, 180 ˚- ϴ = 4(90 ˚- ϴ) which yields ϴ = 60 ˚

3. Two supplementary angles are in the ratio 2:1. Find the two angles.

Solution:

Let A and B be the two supplementary angles. (1)

Then, A + B=180 ˚

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 Ratio of A and B:

A:B = 2:1 or A/B = 2/1 or A = 2B. (2)

Substituting equation (2) in equation (1),

The results will be B = 60˚ and A = 120˚

4. In the figure below, SCL is a straight line. What is the value of x?

B
•

•W
2x
x +10 3x + 20
• • •
S C L

Solution:

If SCL is a straight line, then the sum of m SCW, m WCB and m BCL is
180˚. The resulting equation is (x+10) + 2x + (3x+20) = 180.
Solving the equation for x, will yield x = 25.

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 SCORE
ACTIVITY ON POINTS, LINES, PLANES & ANGLES

Name: _________________________ Section: __________ Date: ___________

Course/Year: __________________________ Teacher: ___________________

Solve the following problems. Show your solution at the space provided.

1. From the given figure, obtain the following:

A B C
v w
x

Z Y
D E

a) All angles that have B as a vertex.

b) The sides of V.
c) Another name for BED

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2. From the given figure, identify the following.

a) All planes appear in the figure.

b) The three points that are collinear.
c) The points that are coplanar.
d) The points that are collinear and coplanar.

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3. Indicate whether each of the following statement is true or false.

a) Vertical angles are congruent.

b) Adjacent angles are complementary if their exterior sides are parallel to

each other.

c) Adjacent angles are supplementary if their exterior sides lie in the same
straight line.

d) One and only one straight line can be drawn through any two points.

e) Two lines can intersect in two or more points.

f) The length of a segment is the shortest distance between two points.

g) An angle has two bisectors.

h) Through any point on a line, one and only one perpendicular can be drawn
to the line.

i) All straight angles are not congruent.

j) Plane has two dimensions; length and thickness.

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4. Convert the following angles:

Degree Radian Gradient Mil

(a) π/30 rad (b) (c)
(d) (e) 300 grad (f)
(g) (h) (i) 1000mil

5. Find the measure of the complement and the supplement of the following angles.

a. 65˚ b.25˚25 c.30˚24’15”

6. Two angles are supplementary and the measure of one angle is 20˚ less than twice
the measure of the other. What are the measures of each angle?

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 ⃡ is parallel to 𝐶𝐷
7. In the figure below, 𝐴𝐵 ⃡ cut by a transversal ⃡𝐸𝐹 . Determine the
number of degrees in each of the seven angles.

60˚ 1
A • D
2 3

4 5
C • D
6 7

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 PART 2: POLYGONS

Polygon is a two-dimensional closed figure bounded by straight line

segments. The term “polygon” is a combination of two Greek words, “poly” which
means “many” and “gonia” which means “angle.” Most of the basic shapes, such as
triangle, square, rectangle are parts of a larger subset of closed figures bounded by
broken lines called polygons.

Parts of a Polygon

1. Side or edge is one of the line segments that make up the polygon.

2. Vertex is a point where the sides meet.

3. Diagonal is a line connecting two non-adjacent vertices.

4. Interior angle is the angle formed by two adjacent sides inside the polygon.

5. Exterior angle is the angle formed by two adjacent sides outside the polygon.

6. Apothem (of a regular polygon) is the segment connecting the center of a polygon
and the midpoint of a side. The apothem is also a perpendicular bisector of the
side.

7. Central angle (of regular polygon) is the angle subtended by a side about the
center.

Typical polygons have to satisfy three major conditions in order to be classified as

a polygon.
a. First, it must be a two-dimensional figure
b. Second, a polygon must be a closed figure
c. Lastly, it should be bounded by three or more straight lines.

Observe the figures below and find out if they satisfy the 3 conditions:

a. .

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b.

c.

Similarity in Polygons

Polygons are said to be similar if their corresponding interior angles are equal and
their corresponding sides are proportional. Should the measures of the corresponding
sides and corresponding angles of two or more polygons are equal, then they are
classified as congruent polygons.

They are of the same shape but not necessarily of the same size. In angles A, B,
C, D, E and F are congruent to angles U, V, W, X, Y and Z, respectively. Similar polygons
are noted using the symbol ~. Thus, A~U, B~V, C~W, D~X, E~Y and F~Z. By ratio and
proportion, we obtain the following equations from two similar polygons.

Y
E

D
D X X
Z
F

C
A

B
U
W

V
𝑥1 𝑥2
a) =
𝑦2 𝑦2

Where 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 are any two sides of a polygon and 𝑦1 and 𝑦2 are the corresponding
sides of similar polygon.

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 𝐴1 𝑋
b) = (𝑌 ) ²
𝐴2

Where 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 are the areas of the two similar polygons with x and y as their
corresponding sides respectively.

Types of Polygons

1. Simple and Complex Polygons. A simple polygon has only one boundary and
the sides do not cross each other, otherwise it is a complex polygon.

a. b.

2. Concave and Convex Polygon. A convex polygon has no internal angle more
than 180˚ and if there are any internal angles greater than a straight angle, then it
is a concave polygon.

Reflex
angle

a. b.

3. Regular and Irregular Polygons. Regular polygon is one whose sides are all
equal and whose interior angles are all congruent. Thus, a regular polygon is both
equilateral and equiangular. If, otherwise, the polygon is said to be irregular.

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Names of Polygons

Polygons are named or classified according to their number of sides. A polygon

with n sides is called an n-gon.

n (sides) Polygon n (sides) Polygon

3 Triangle, trigon 18 octadecagon
4 quadrilateral, tetragon 19 enneadecagon
5 Pentagon 20 Icosagon
6 Hexagon 30 triacontagon
7 Heptagon 40 tetracontagon
8 Octagon 50 pentacontagon
9 Nonagon, enneagon 60 hexacontagon
10 Decagon 70 heptacontagon
11 undecagon, hendecagon 80 octacontagon
12 Dodecagon 90 enneacontagon
13 Tridecagon 100 hectagon
14 Tetradecagon 1,000 chiliagon
15 Pentadecagon 10,000 myriagon
16 Hexadecagon 106 Megagon
17 Heptadecagon 10100 googolgon

To construct a polygon`s name, combine the corresponding prefix and suffix as

allows.

n (sides) Prefix Sides Suffix

20 Icosa 1 henagon
30 Triacon 2 Digon
40 Tetracon 3 Trigon
50 Pentacon 4 tetragon
60
70
80
Hexacon
Heptacon
Octacon
+ 5
6
7
pentagon
hexagon
heptagon
90 Enneacon 8 octagon
9 enneagon

Formulas in Polygons

Two of the most practical applications in polygon deal with perimeter and area.
Perimeter is the length around the boundary of a closed two-dimensional region while
area is the amount of material that would be needed to cover a surface completely.

Perimeter: The perimeter P of a regular polygon is

P = sn where n is the number of sides and s is the measure of one side.

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Area of a Regular Polygon: The area A of a regular polygon with an apothem a is given
by

𝟏 𝒔²𝒏
A = 𝟐 Pa or A= 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ((𝟏𝟖𝟎˚)/𝒏)
𝟒
APOTHEM

A regular polygon can be subdivided into congruent isosceles triangles whose common
vertex lies at the center of the polygon. Thus, the area of a regular polygon is equal to the
product of the area of one triangle and the number of sides of the polygon.
𝑛
Number of Diagonals in a Polygon: d = 2 (𝑛 − 3)

Number of Triangles Formed by Diagonals Drawn Through the Same Vertex: t = n - 2

360˚
Central Angle in a Regular: 𝛳𝐶 = 𝑛

𝑛−2
Each Interior Angle of a Regular Polygon: 𝛳𝐼 = ( )180˚
𝑛

Sum of Interior Angles: 𝐼𝑠 = (n-2)180˚

Examples 2

1. (Naming of Polygons) Given the number of sides, construct the name for 28 and
46 sided polygons.

Solution:

20(icosa) + 8 (octagon) = icosaoctagon

40(tetracon) + 6 (hexagon) = tetraconhexagon

2. (Parts of Polygon) The sum of the interior angles of a regular polygon is 540˚.
Determine the following:

a. number of sides, s
b. number of diagonals, d
c. number of triangles, t, inside the polygon
d. central angle
e. interior angle
f. perimeter of the polygon if side is 5 cm
g. area of the polygon in f
h. apothem of the polygon in f

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Solution:
𝑛
a. 𝐼𝑆 = (n - 2)180˚ b. d = 2(n-3) c. t = n - 2

5
540˚= (n - 2)180˚ d = 2 (5-3) = 5 t=5–2=3

540˚
n – 2 = 180˚
1 2
n=5
3

360˚
d. 𝛳𝑐 = e. 𝛳𝐼 = (𝑛 − 2/𝑛)180˚
𝑛

360˚
𝛳𝑐 = =7𝟐˚ 𝛳𝐼 = (5 − 2/5)180˚ = 108˚
5

s²n 180˚
f. P = sn; s= 5 g. A = cot ( )
4 𝑛

(5)²(5) 180˚
P = (5) (5) = 25 cm A= cot ( ) = 43.01 cm²
4 5

1
h. A =2Pa

1
43.01 = 2(25) a

43.01(2)
a= = 3.44cm
25

3. (Number of Sides of Polygon) The sum of the sides of two polygons is 11 and the
sum of its diagonals is 14. Find the number of sides of each polygon.

Solution:

Let x be the number of sides of the first polygon and y be the number of sides of
the second polygon.

Then, x + y = 11 or y = 11 – x (1)

𝑥 𝑦
By definition, 2 (x – 3) is the number of diagonals of the first polygon and 2(y – 3)
is the

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number of diagonals of the second polygon. Thus, we have;
𝑥 𝑦
(x -3) + 2(y – 3) = 14 (2)
2

Substituting equation (1) in equation (2), we get;

𝑥 11−𝑥
(x - 3) + (11 - x – 3) = 14
2 2

Solving the equation will yield

x = 5 and x = 6

When x = 5; y = 11 – x = 11 – 5 = 6.
When x = 6; y = 11 – x = 11 – 6 = 5

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 ACTIVITY ON POLYGONS

SCORE

Name: _________________________ Section: __________ Date: ___________

Course/Year: __________________________ Teacher: ___________________

1. What is the internal angle of a regular undecagon?

2. Give the name of a regular polygon whose sum of interior angles is 1800˚.

3. What is the total interior angle of a regular polygon if t=20 triangles can be drawn
inside the polygon?

4. Give the name of a regular polygon with 27 diagonals.

5. Determine the perimeter of a regular polygon whose one side measures 7.5 cm
and each central angle is 18˚.

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6. Find the area of a regular octagon with one edge that measures 2 units.

7. A regular polygon has 170 diagonals and 2.4 cm side length. What is its area?

8. If two corresponding sides of two similar polygons are 8 and 16, find the ratio of
their areas and perimeters.

9. The areas of two similar polygons are 64 sq. units and 100 sq. units respectively.
If a side of the larger polygon is 36 units, find the corresponding side of the smaller
polygon.

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10. a)Derive the formula for the area of a regular polygon,

𝑆²𝑛
A= cot (180˚/𝑛).
4

b) Derive the formula for the area of an equilateral triangle from the area of a
regular polygon.

11. A regular hexagon A has the midpoints of its edges joined to form a smaller
hexagon B, and this process is repeated by joining the midpoints of the edges of
B to get a third hexagon C. What is the ratio of the area of C to the area of A?

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 PART 3: TRIANGLES

Just like any polygons, triangle is one of the most popular geometric figures in
Mathematics. It is the simplest three-sided polygon with various topics and practical
applications in the field of mathematics and engineering. This is proven with the
widespread topics and applications of triangles such as the Pythagorean Theorem,
trigonometric functions, laws of sine and cosine, bearing, and angles of elevation and
depression.

Triangle is a polygon with three sides and three interior angles.

B

a c

C A
b

Using the vertex angles A, B and C of the triangle, it can be labeled using clockwise or
counterclockwise approach. For instance, starting at vertex angle A, this can be written
as ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 in counterclockwise while ∆𝐴𝐶𝐵 in clockwise direction.

Classification of triangle

1. According to sides

a. Equilateral triangle is a three-sided polygon with three equal sides.

Equilateral triangle with a = b = c.

b a

b. Isosceles triangle is a three-sided polygon with two equal sides.

Isosceles triangle with a = b.

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 a b

c. Scalene triangle is a three-sided polygon with no equal sides.

Where: a ≠ b ≠ c

a
c

2. According to angles

a. Right triangle is a three-sided polygon with one right angle.

The interior angle C is the right angle of the given triangle. Side c which is always
opposite the right angle is called hypotenuse.

b. Oblique triangle is a triangle with no right angle.

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Types:

i. Equiangular triangle is a three-sided polygon having three equal angles.

B

A C

ii. If the three angles of a triangle are equal, then each angle measures 60˚. ii. Acute
triangle is three-sided polygon having three acute angles.

The interior angles A, B, and C of the given triangle are all acute angles.

iii. Obtuse Triangle is a three-sided polygon having one obtuse angle.

The interior angle B is the obtuse angle of the given triangle.

Special Lines in a triangle

1. Median of a triangle is a segment connecting a vertex to the midpoint of the

opposite side.

The three line segments (𝑀𝑎 ,𝑀𝑏 ,𝑀𝑐 ) are connected between the vertices of
the its sides. The point of intersection of all the medians of a triangle is called
centroid.

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 Equations for finding the lengths of medians formulated by Appolonius are
as follows;

2. Angle bisector of a triangle is a segment from a vertex that bisects an angle and
extends to the opposite side.

Three line segments (𝑏𝑎 , 𝑏𝑏 , 𝑏𝑐 ) are connected between the vertices and
their opposite sides which split the interior angles of the triangle. The point of
intersection of all angle bisectors of the triangle is called the incenter.

Formulas for finding the lengths of the angle bisectors are as follows:

3. Altitude or height of a triangle is a segment from a verb perpendicular to the

opposite side.

Three line segments (ℎ𝑎 , ℎ𝑏 , ℎ𝑐 ) are connected from the vertices

perpendicular to the opposite sides of the triangle. The point of intersection of all
the altitudes of a triangle is called orthocenter. The altitudes or height of a
triangle may be obtained by the following formulas.

2𝐴∆
ℎ𝑎 =
𝑎
2𝐴∆
ℎ𝑏 = , and
𝑏
2𝐴∆
ℎ𝑐 =
𝑐

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Where: 𝐴∆ is the area of triangle.

Principles

1. The sum of the three interior angles of any triangle will always be equal to
180˚.

2. The longest side of any triangle is always opposite the largest angle as well
as the shortest side is always opposite the smallest angle.

3. No side of any triangle can be as long as the sum of the other two side
lengths.

4. If the legs of a right triangle are equal, then each acute angle measures 45˚.

5. The line segment which joins the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is
parallel to the third side and equal to one-half the third side.
B
In symbols,
DE II AB
1
DE = 2AB.
D E

A B

6. The median connecting the vertex of the right angle and the hypotenuse of
the right triangle is equal to one-half of the hypotenuse.
1 B
In symbols, CD = 2AB

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C A
 7. If in a right triangle, a line segment is drawn perpendicular from the vertex of
the right angle to the hypotenuse, the two triangles formed are similar to the
given triangle and similar to each other.

In symbols, ∆𝐴𝐶𝐵~∆𝐴𝐷𝐶~∆𝐶𝐷𝐷. B

C A

Formulas of Area of a Triangle:

1. The area of each triangle with base b and height h, is given by the formula 𝐴∆ = 1𝑏ℎ .
2

1
2. The formula 𝐴∆ =2ab sin𝛳 is useful for a given two sides a and b and the included
angle ϴ.

ϴ b

3. If all the sides are known, the Heron’s formula, 𝐴∆ =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐), is an
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
alternative method to determine the area of the triangle. Where, s = 2 is the semi
perimeter of the triangle.

√3
4. For an equilateral triangle, the area of the triangle is 𝐴∆ = 4 a².

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Examples 3:

1. (Determine of an Unknown Side from a Given Area) Two side of a triangle are 5
m and 6 m. If the area of the triangle is 6√6 m², what is its third side?

Solution:

Let a = 5, b = 6, A = 6√6 , and c be the third side. a=5

c=?
1
Then, 𝐴∆ =2ab sin𝛳
ϴ = 78.5˚
1
6√6 = 2(5) (6) sin𝛳
b=6
ϴ = 78.5˚

Thus, by cosine law,

c = √5² + 6²(5)(6)𝑐𝑜𝑠78.5˚
c = 7m

2. (Median of a triangle) What are the lengths of the sides of a triangle whose
medians are 5√13 cm, 2.5√73 cm and 12.5 cm long?

Solution:
1
𝑀𝑏 = 2 √2𝑎² + 2𝑐² − 𝑏²
𝑀𝑎 = 2.5√73; 𝑀𝑏 = 5√13; 𝑀𝑐 = 12.5
1
5√13 = = 2 √2𝑎² + 2𝑐² − 𝑏²
1
𝑀𝑎 = 2 √2𝑏² + 2𝑐² − 𝑎² 1300 = 2𝑎² + 2𝑐² − 𝑏² (2)
1
2.5√73= 2 √2𝑏² + 2𝑐² − 𝑎² 1
1825 = 2𝑏² + 2𝑐² − 𝑎² (1) 𝑀𝑐 = 2 √2𝑎² + 2𝑏² − 𝑐²

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 1 625 = 2𝑎² + 2𝑏² − 𝑐² (3)
12.5 = 2 √2𝑎² + 2𝑏² − 𝑐²

1825 = −𝑎2 + 2𝑏 2 + 2𝑐² (1) 1300 = 2𝑎² − 𝑏 2 + 2𝑐² (2)

- 1300 = 2a - b² + 2c² (2) + (625 = 2𝑎² + 2𝑏 2 − 𝑐²)2 (3)
525 = -3a² + 3b² (4) 2550 = 6a² + 3b² (5)

525 = 3a² + 3b² (4) From Eqn (4),

- 2550 = 6a² + 3b² (5) 525 = -3(15)² + 3b²
-2025 = -9a² b = 20 cm
a = 15 cm

From Eqn (1),

1825 = 2(20)² + 2c² - (15)²
c = 25 cm.

The sides of the triangle are 15 cm, 20 cm, and 25 cm, respectively.

3. (A Triangular Lot) Mr. Cruz owns a triangular lot on the corner of two crossing
streets which intersect at an angle of 76˚. The front part of one street is 180 m,
on the other is 160 m. If the land is worth Php500 per square meter and he has
P600, 000 with which to increase the size of the lot, by how much Mr. Cruz can
increase the 160 m front part?

Solution:
1
𝐴∆ =2ab sin𝛳
1
𝐴1 = 2(180) (160) sin76˚ = 13972.26 m²
1𝑚²
𝐴2 = Php600, 000 x 𝑃ℎ𝑝500 = 1200 m²

𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 = 13, 972.26 + 1200 = 15, 172.26

1
A = 2(180) (160+x) sin76˚
76ᵒ
15, 172.26 = 90(60+x) sin76˚ 180 m.

x = 13.74 m

31 | P a g e
 ACTIVITY ON TRIANGLES

SCORE

Name: _________________________ Section: __________ Date: ___________

Course/Year: __________________________ Teacher: ___________________

1. Find the smallest angle of the triangle if the difference and sum of two angles are
30˚ and 110˚ respectively.

2. Two angles of a triangle are 40˚ and 80˚, find the obtuse angle formed by the
bisectors of these two angles.

3. Two sides of a triangle are 26 and 27, while the height to the third side is 25. Find
the area of the triangle.

32 | P a g e
4. The area of a triangle is 20 and its base is 16. Find the base of a similar triangle
whose area is 45.

5. Two regular quadrilateral vinyl tiles each of 1ft sides overlap each other such that
the overlapping region is a regular octagon. What is the area of the overlapping
region?

6. The altitude of an equiangular triangle is 12 cm, find the length of one side.

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7. The sides of a triangle are 50, 60, and 70. Find the length of the angle bisector
from the longest side to its opposite vertex.

8. The sides of a triangle are 70 cm, 80cm, and 90 cm. Compute the length of the
altitude to the 80-cm side.

9. A region of land, 50 m by 40 m is to cross diagonally by a road 15 meters wide

as shown in the figure. What is the road’s area?

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10. Suppose that AD, BC, AC, and BD are line segments with line AD parallel to line
BC. If AD = 3, BC = 1, and the distance from AD to BC is 5, then what is the sum
of the areas of the two triangles formed?

11. In the given figure, solve for ϴ.

12. Referring to the figure, the equilateral triangle with 4 cm side is decreasing
infinitely by ½. Determine total area of the triangles.

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13. Given that the perimeter of a triangle is 180 in. If the angles of the triangle are in
the ratio 5:6:7. Determine the sides of the triangle.

14. If ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is equilateral, BD/BC = 1/3, CE/CA = 1/3, and AF/AB = 1/3. What is the
ratio of the area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 to the shaded area?

36 | P a g e
 PART 4: QUADRILATERALS

4.1 Quadrilaterals

Definition:

A quadrilateral, also known as tetragon or quadrangle, is a general term for

a four –sided polygon.

In fact, there are six types of quadrilaterals. They are square, parallelogram,
rectangle, rhombus, trapezoid and trapezium. Each of these six quadrilaterals has
special qualities which will be discussed in the succeeding parts of this section.

The common parts of a quadrilateral are described as follows;

1. Sides: These are line segments joining any two adjacent vertices (corners).

2. Interior angles: An interior angle is the angle formed between two adjacent sides.

3. Height or Altitude: It is the distance between two parallel sides of a quadrilateral.

4. Base: This is the bottom side that is perpendicular to the altitude.

5. Diagonal: This is the line segment joining any two non-adjacent vertices.

Classifications:

The classification of quadrilaterals is based on the number of pairs of its parallel sides.
37 | P a g e
 1. Parallelogram has two pairs of parallel sides.

2. Trapezoid has only one pair of parallel sides.

3. Trapezium does not have any pair of parallel sides.

4. Rectangle, rhombus and square are special types of parallelograms.

General Formulas for the Area of Quadrilaterals

There are several useful formulas for the area of a planar convex quadrilateral in
terms of sides a, b, c and d, and diagonal lengths 𝑒1 and 𝑒2 . Among them are the
following.
1
Formula 1: 𝐴∆ =2 𝑒1 𝑒2 sin𝛳 where ϴ is the angle formed between 𝑒1 and 𝑒2 .

1
Formulas 2: A = 4(a² + c² – b² – d²) |tan𝛳|
where the four sides are labeled such that a² + c² > b² + d².

1
A = √(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑) − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠² [2 (𝐴 + 𝐶)]

where s is the semi-perimeter and angles A and C are any two opposite angles of the
quadrilateral.

Note that in formulas 1 and 2, sin ϴ = sin(180˚-ϴ) and tan ϴ = |tan (180˚-ϴ|. Thus, we
can choose the other angle formed by the two diagonals without affecting the area of
the quadrilateral.

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4.2 Parallelograms

A parallelogram is a quadrilateral whose opposite sides are parallel.

The figure below illustrates an example of a parallelogram

Parallelograms have the following important properties:

1. Opposite sides are equal.

2. Opposite interior angles are congruent(e.g., < 𝐴 ≅ < 𝐷)

3. Adjacent angles are supplementary (e.g., < 𝐴 + < 𝐶 =180˚).

4. A diagonal divides the parallelogram into two congruent triangles(e.g., ∆𝐶𝐴𝐵 ≅

∆𝐶𝐷𝐵).

5. The two diagonals bisect each other.

Diagonals of a Parallelogram

If sides a and b, and the angle ϴ are given, then by cosine law, the diagonal may be
obtained by the equation d² = a² + b² - 2ab cosϴ.

If any two parts are given, the relationship among a, h and ϴ may be obtained from the
right triangle. Using the other angle 180˚ -ϴ, the second diagonal may be obtained by
the same formula.

Perimeter of Parallelogram P = 2a + 2b

Area of Parallelogram

The area of a parallelogram can be obtained by any of the following formulas

A = bh where b is the length of the base, and h is the height and A = ab sinϴ where a
and b are the sides of the parallelogram and ϴ is any interior angle.

39 | P a g e
 In area problems, one will have to find the height h or the angle ϴ using the
right triangle containing the parts a, h and ϴ in Figure 4.4. Since diagonal AD divides the
parallelogram into two congruent triangles, the area of the parallelogram is twice the area
of ∆𝐴𝐶𝐷. Thus, if sides a and b, and angle ϴ are given, we can obtain the area of this
1
triangle by the formula, A = 2 𝑎𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛳. The area of the parallelogram using this technique
is A = 2(1/2 ab sinϴ) or A = ab sinϴ. Note that the angle ϴ is any interior angle since sinϴ
= sin (180˚ - ϴ).

Kinds of Parallelogram

The next three quadrilaterals that will be discussed – rectangles, rhombuses, and
squares – are all special types of parallelograms. Depending on the congruent sides
and angles, we can classify each shape. Given a shape, we can work backwards to find
out its sides or angles. Coordinate geometry is an effective way to measure the angles
and the sides.

Rectangle

A rectangle is essentially a parallelogram in which the interior angles are all

right angles.

Since a rectangle is a parallelogram, all of its properties may also be applied

to a rectangle. In addition to these properties, the diagonals of a rectangle are equal
(AD = BC). However, the sides are not necessarily all equal.

Diagonals of a Rectangle

A diagonal of the rectangle cuts the rectangle into two congruent right triangles.
In the figure above, the diagonal AD divides the rectangle ABCD into congruent right
triangles ACD and ABD. Since the diagonal of the rectangle forms right triangles that
include the diagonal and two sides of the rectangle, one can always compute for the third
side with the use of the Pythagorean Theorem, if any two of these parts are given. If the
diagonal and length of the base are given, one can find out the height, and if the side
lengths of the rectangle are known, one can compute for the diagonal. Thus, the diagonal
d= AD may be determined using the following equation d = √𝑏² + ℎ²

Perimeter of a Rectangle

The perimeter is the sum of the four sides, that is P = 2b + 2h.

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Area of a Rectangle

The formula for the area of a rectangle is A = bh where b is the length of the
base, and h is the height.

Square

A square is a special type of a rectangle in which all the sides are equal.
Since all sides and interior and interior angles are equal, a square is classified as a
regular polygon of four sides.

Diagonal of a Square

The determination of the diagonal of a square is similar to the technique used

in rectangle. Thus, d = √𝑎² + 𝑎² or d = a√2

Note that, if the length of the diagonal is given, one can always compute for
the length of the sides of the square using the same formula.

Perimeter of a Square

Since all the sides of a square are equal, it is also possible to provide a simple
formula for the perimeter of the square. Thus, the simplified form of the perimeter is
P = 4a where a is the length of one side of the square.

Area of a Square

The formula for the area of square is given by A = a² where a is once again the
length of one side of the square?

4.5 RHOMBUS

A rhombus is a parallelogram in which all the sides are equal

41 | P a g e
A rhombus may also be defined as an equilateral parallelogram. The term “rhomb” and
“diamond” are sometimes used instead of rhombus. A rhombus with an interior angle of
45°is sometimes called a lozenge.

The Diagonal of a Rhombus

Just like the square, the two diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular bisectors.
𝑑 𝑑
Thus, the angle between them is 90° and b=√( 21 ) ² + ( 𝑧2 )They are also bisectors of the
opposite vertices.
Using the Pythagorean Theorem, the diagonals may be obtained in a similar manner like
that of a parallelogram.
In figure 4.7 one can verify that the angle opposite the shorter diagonal 𝑑1 , may
obtained by the formula;
𝑑
ϴ=2tan−1 (𝑑1 ) where 𝑑1 and 𝑑2 are the shorter the longer diagonals, re5specctively and
2
ϴ is the angle opposite 𝑑1.

The Perimeter of a Rhombus

If b is the measure of one side of a rhombus then the perimeter is

P=4b

Area of a Rhombus

The area of a rhombus may be determined by any of the following ways.

The area is one-half the product of its two diagonal.

1
A=2 𝑑1 𝑑2

Note that this expression follows Formula 1 for the area of quadrilateral in the
previous section where ϴ=90°.

Since a rhombus is a parallelogram, the area is also the product of base times the
height.
A=bh
The area is twice the area of one of the two congruent triangles formed by one of
its diagonal.
This is the same method used in finding the area of a parallelogram.

42 | P a g e
4.6 TRAPEZOID

A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides.

In the trapezoid shown in Figure 4.8, the parallel sides a and b are called the bases and
h is the height or the perpendicular distance between two bases. A trapezoid containing
two right angles is called a right trapezoid. If the non parallel sides are congruent, the
trapezoid is called isosceles trapezoid. The base angles of an isosceles trapezoid are
also congruent. One can observe that the relationship among the sides, height and base
angles of an isosceles trapezoid may be obtained from the right triangle formed by
constructing a line from one vertex perpendicular to the opposite side as shown in Figure
4.8.

Area of a Trapezoid

The area of a trapezoid is equal to the product of the mean of bases and the height.
In symbols,the area is given by the formula:
1
A=2 (𝑎 + 𝑏)ℎ
4.7 TRAPEZIUM

Trapezium is a quadrilateral with no two sides that are5 parallel.

In finding the area of a trapezium, one can use any of the three general formulas for the
area of a quadrilateral stated previously.

EXAMPLES 4

1.(Mensuration of a Square with Known Diagonal) The diagonal of a square is 12 units.

What is the measure of one side of the square? Find its area and perimeter.

Solution:
To solve for s, consider the triangle formed by the diagonal and the two sides of
the square.
𝑠 2 +𝑠 2 =(12)²
s=6√𝟐 units
Therefore, the area is A=𝑠 2 =(6√2)²
A=72 sq. units

43 | P a g e
 And the perimeter is P=4s=4(6√2)
P=24√𝟐=33.94 units

2.(A Square Inscribed in Another Square) The side of a square is x meters. The
midpoints of its sides are joined to form another square whose area is 16 m². Find x \and
the area of the portion of the bigger square that is outside the smaller square.
Solution:
Let y be the measure of 1 side of the
inscribed square. Since we know that
the area of the inscribed square is y²,

the value of y is 4.
In triangle ABC of Figure 4.10,
𝑥 𝑥
4²=(2)²+(2)²
Which yields x=4√𝟐 m

The difference between the areas of the two squares is the required area
calculated as follows.
Area Required=32-16= 16 m²

We can actually compute for the area by symmetry on the two figures
knowing that the area of the bigger square in twice the area of the smaller
one which is 2(16)=32. The difference of their areas would still be 16 m².

3.(Area of a Rhombus) In Figure 4.11, if ABCD is a rhombus, AC=4, and ADC is an

equilateral triangle, what is the area of the rhombus?

Solution:
If ADC is an equilateral triangle,
then the length of a side of the
rhombus is 4, and angle ADC is 60°

Thus, the area of the rhombus is

A=2(area of ∆ ADC)

44 | P a g e
 1
A=2(2(4)(4) sin 60°)
A=8√𝟑 ≈13.86 sq. units

4.(Rectangle Inscribed in a Triangle)

Find the diagonal of the rectangle inscribed in the isosceles right triangle
shown in Figure 4.12 if the upper two vertices of the rectangle lie at the midpoints of the
two legs of the triangle.

Solution:
𝐴𝐶
In triangle ABC, 12 = sin 45°
AC= 8.49 m
Since E is the midpoint of AC,
𝐴𝐶
AE=AD=EC= 2 =4.24 m
Hence, AD=BD=4.24
1 1
DE=2 BC=2 (12)=6 m (length of rectangle)
𝐸𝐺
In triangle EGC,4,24=sin 45° which gives
EG=3(height of rectangle)
Hence, the diagonal is DG=√𝟔𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐 =6.71 m

5.(Area and Perimeter of a Right Trapezoid) Find the area and the perimeter of the
trapezoid shown in Figure 4.14.
Solution:

To find the area, draw the height of the trapezoid so that a right triangle is created as
shown in Figure 4.15. The length of the base and the height of this triangle are 3 and h
respectively where
h = 3tan60°=5.2 units

45 | P a g e
 3
and z=cos 60°=6 units.
Thus, the area and the perimeter of
1 1
the trapezoid are: A=2(a+b)h = 2(8+11)(5.2)
A=49.4sq. units
P= sum of all the sides
P= 8+11+5.2+6= 30.2 units

6.(Area of Trapezium) A vacant lot has the shape of trapezium having sides 8m,12m,18m
and 20m. If the sum of the opposite angle is 230°. Find the area of the lot.

Solution:

Referring to Figure 4.16. we compute.

𝛳1 +𝛳2 230°
= 2 =115°
2
The semi-perimeter is
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑 8+12+18+20
s= 2 = = 29.
2

Therefore, the area of the trapezium is

1
A= √(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑) − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 cos ² [2 (𝛳1 + 𝛳2 )]
A= √(29 − 8)(29 − 12)(29 − 18)(29 − 20) − (8𝑥12𝑥18𝑥20) cos ²(115°)
A=170.8 m²

7.(Parallelogram with Given Sides and an Included Angle) If the sides of the parallelogram
and an included angle are 8m, 12m and 120° respectively. Find the length of the shorter
diagonal and the area of the parallelogram.
Solution:
In Figure 4.17 we know that
ϴ=180°-120°=60°
By cosine law,
2 2
𝑑2=(8) +(12) =2(8)(12) cos 60°
d=10.6m
ℎ
In triangle CFE,8 = sin 60° or h= 4√3= 6.93m.

Therefore. The area of parallelogram is

A= bh =(12)(4√3)= 48√3= 83.14m²
46 | P a g e
 Alternative Solution:
A= 2(area of triangle BDE)
1
A= 2(2) (8)(12) sin 60° = 48√3m²

8. (The area of Parallelogram Using the Three General Formulas for the Area of
Quadrilateral) Verifying the area of parallelogram in example 7 using the three general
formulas for the area of quadrilaterals.
Solution:
Referring to example 7, we obtaining the following results.
𝑑1= BE = 4√7
𝑑2= DC = √82 + 122−2(8)(12) cos 120° = 4√9

By Cosin Law,
4√7 4√19 4√7 4√19
82 = ( )² + ( ) ² - 2( )( )cos
2 2 2 2
= 64.31

where 𝑑1 and 𝑑2 are the two diagonals, and the acute angle is the included angle
between these two diagonals.

Formula1: The area of the parallelogram is

1 1
A= 2 𝑑1 𝑑2 sin = 2(4√7)(4√19)
Formula2: With a=c=12 and b=d=8, we have
1
A= 4(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2 − 𝑑 2 )|tan 𝜃|
1
A= 2(122 + 122 − 82 − 82 )|tan 64.31°| = 83.14 𝒎𝟐

where b and d are thr sides opposite the angle

Formula3: With semi-perimeter s=20, we obtain
1
A= √(20 − 8)2 (20 − 12)2 − (8)2 (12)² cos ² [2 (60° + 60°)]
A= 83.14 m²

9.(Perimeter of Trapezoid with Known Area and Ratio of Bases) A trapezoid has an area
of 144 m² and an altitude of 4m. Its two bases have a ratio of 4:5. What are the lengths
of the bases in m? What is the perimeter of the trapezoid?
Soution:
The area of the trapezoid is
1
144= 2(a+b)(4)

47 | P a g e
The sides ratio is:
𝑎 4
=
𝑏 5
5
b=4a

Substituting equation 2 in equation 1, we obtain a=33m and from equation 2, b =

40m

Now, in determine the perimeter, we only need to know the length of c. In triangle
QRS of figure 4.18
𝑏−𝑎 40−32
x= 2 = 2 = 4

So, by pythagorean theorem, we have,

c= √ℎ2 + 𝑥 2 =√42 + 42 = 4√2

Finally, the perimeter is

P= 40+32+2(4√2) = 83.31 m

10. (Dimension of a Rhombus)

From the Given Area and One Diagonal) The area of a rhombus is 143m². If the
longer diagonal is 26m, find the angle opposite the shorter diagonal and the length
of one side of the rhombus.

Solution:

In figure 4.19, we can compute for the length of the shorter diagonal based
on the area of the rhombus. So, we have
1
A= 2 𝑑1 𝑑2

1
143= 2 𝑑1(26)
𝑑1 = 11m,

48 | P a g e
 Since the diagonal of the rhombus are perpendicular bisectors, the four
triangle formed by these diagonal are congruent right triangles. Thus, in one of these
triangles, we obtain the length of the side x and the interior angle θ as shown below.
𝑑1/2 𝜃 −1 𝑑1
= tan( ) or θ= 2 tan (𝑑 )
𝑑
2/2 2 2

11
θ= 2tan−1 (26)

θ= 45.86

The length of side x may be computed using the Pythagorean Theorem.

𝑑 𝑑 11 26
x= √( 21 ) ² + ( 22 ) ² = √( 2 ) ² + ( 2 ) ²

x= 14.12 m

49 | P a g e
 ACTIVITY ON QUADRILATERALS
SCORE

Name: _________________________ Section: __________ Date: ___________

Course/Year: __________________________ Teacher: ___________________

1. The diagonal of a rectangle is 25 meters long and makes an angle of 36° with one
side of the rectangle. Find the area and the perimeter of the rectangle.

2. A side of a square is 16 inches. The midpoints of its side are joined to form an
inscribed square. Another square is drawn in such a way that its vertices would lie
also at the midpoint of the side of the second square. This process is continued
infinitely. Find the sum of the areas of these infinite squares.

50 | P a g e
3. A rectangle and a square have the same area. If the length of the side of the square
is 6 units and the longest side of the rectangle is 5 more than the measure of the
shorter side. Find the dimensions of the rectangle.

4. Find the height of parallelogram having sides 10 and 20 inches, and an included
angle of 35° that also, calculate the area of the figure.

51 | P a g e
5. A certain city block is in the form of a parallelogram that two of its sides measure
32 ft and 41 ft. If the area of the land in the block is 656ft², what is the length of its
longer diagonal?

6. The area of the isosceles trapezoid is 246m². If the height and the length of one of
its congruent side measure 6m and 10m respectively, find the two bases.

52 | P a g e
7. An isosceles trapezoid has an area of 40m and an altitude of 2m. Its two bases
have ratio of 2:3. What are the lengths of the bases and one diagonal of trapezoid?

8. A piece of wire of length 52m is cut into two parts. Each part is then bent to form a
square. it is found that the combined area of the two squares is 109m. Find the
sides of two squares.

53 | P a g e
9. A rhombus as diagonal of 32 and 20 inches. Find the angle opposite the longer
diagonal. Also, determine its area.

10. If you double the length of the side of a square, by how much do you increase the
area of the square?

54 | P a g e
11. If the diagonal length of a square is tripled, how much is the increase in the
perimeter of that square?

12. If the length and the width of a rectangle are double, by what factor is the length of
its diagonal multiplied?

55 | P a g e
13. The area of the rhombus is 156m. It is shorter diagonal is 13m, find the longer
diagonal.

14. A garden plot is two contain 240 sq. ft. If its length is to be three times its width,
what should its dimensions be?

56 | P a g e
15. The official ball diamond is in the form of a square. The distance between the home
base and the second base in a baseball is usually 35m. Find the area and the
distances between the bases.

16. The vertical end of a trough, which is in the form of trapezoid as the following
dimensions: width at the top is 1.65m, width at the bottom is 1.15m, and depth is
1.35m. Find the area of this section of the trough.

57 | P a g e
17. A piece of wire is shaped to enclose equilateral triangle whose area is 16√3 cm².
It is then reshaped to enclose a rectangle whose length is 9cm. Find the area of
the rectangle.

18. A square section ABCD has one of its side equal to x. Point E is inside the square
forming an equilateral triangle BEC having one side equal in length to the side of
square. Find ∟ AED.

58 | P a g e
 19. A rectangle ABCD, which measures 9ft by 12ft, is folded once perpendicular to the
diagonal AC so that the opposite vertices A and C coincide. Find the length of the
fold.

20. Quadrilateral contains two equal sides measuring 12cm each with an included right
angle. If the measure of the third side is 8cm and the angle opposite the right angle is
120°, find the fourth side and the area of the quadrilateral.

59 | P a g e
 PART 5: CIRCLES

Circle is one of favorite plane-geometry problem topic. Unike polygons, all circles
are of the same shape and they vary only in sizes. corcles have certain basic
characteristics which will be studied in this section.

5.1 CIRCLE

A circle is a set of points, each of which is equidistant from a fixed point called the
center.

The line joining the center of a circle to ay points on the circle is known as radius.
The radius is perhaps the most important measurement of a circle because once it is
known, all other characteristics of the circle such as circumference and area can be
determined.

The interior of the circle is the set of all points within the boundary of the circle
whose distances from the center are always less than the measure of the radius.

The exterior of the circle is the set of all points outside the boundary of the circle
whose distances from the center are always greater than the radius. Thus, we say that if
a point P is interior to the circle then the P is in the circle. If P is an exterior point then P
is outside the circle. If P is neither interior nor exterior to the circle, then P is on the circle
whose distance from the center is equal to the radius.

An arc is a portion of a circle that contains to endpoints and all the points on the
circle between the endpoints. By choosing any two points on the circle, two arcs will be
formed; a major arc (the longer arc), and a minor arc (the shorter one).

A chord is a line segment joining any two points on the circle. The chord that
passes through the center of the circle is called the diameter of a circle. The diameter,
which is twice the length of the radius is also known as the longest chord of the circle. A
chord divides the circle into two regions, the major segment and the minor segment.

60 | P a g e
 A sector the figure form by two radii and an included arc.The central angle is the
angle whose vertex lies at the center of the circle and whose sides are two radii. The
inscribed angle is the angle whose vertex lies on the circle and whose two sides are
chords of the circle.

θ is the central angle and

arc AB is the intercepted arc

If circles of different radii have common center then they are reffered to as concentric
circles. The region bounded by any two concentric circles is known as the annulus. The
shaded region in the figure at the left is an annulus region.

Area of Annulus Region= area of outer circle – area of inner circle

A=𝜋(𝑟2 ² − 𝑟1 ²)

A line in the same plane as the circle is a tangent line of the circle if it is intersect
the circle at exactly one point on the circle. So, the tangent line those not cross the circle.
It just touches it. A line is called a secant line if it intersects the circle at two points on the
circle, In Figure 5.4, line L is tangent to the given circle at the point P (the point of
tangency) while line M is a secant line of the second circle.

Two circles are tangent circles if they are tangent to the same line at the same point. The
two tangent coplanar circles are said to be internally tangent if their centers both lie on
one side of their common tangent line. They are externally tangent if their centers are on
the opposite sides of their common tangent line.

61 | P a g e
 A polygon is inscribed in a circle if the vertices of the polygon lie on the circle. If
the polygon is regular, then the measure of its side can be determined by cosine law.

Thus, in Figure 5.6,

𝑠 2 =𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2-2r(r)cosθ or s=√2𝑟 2(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) where r is the
radius of the circle and the central
sides).

If each side of the polygon is tangent to the circle, then the polygon is
circumscribed about the circle.

In this case, if the polygon in Figure 5.7 is regular, then the radius of the circle is the
apothem a of the polygon.

Triangle Inscribed in a circle

𝑎𝑏𝑐
A= 4𝑟
𝑎𝑏𝑐
r=
4√𝑠(𝑠−𝑎)(𝑠−𝑏)(𝑠−𝑐)
where A is the area of the triangle
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
and s= 2

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Triangle Circumscribing a Circle
A=rs
(𝑠−𝑎)(𝑠−𝑏)(𝑠−𝑐)
r= 𝑠
where a is the area of the triangle
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
and s= 2

A circle quadrilateral is four-sided figure inscribe in a circle with each vertex(corner)

of the quadrilateral touching the circumference of the circle.

The sum of the opposite angles of such a quadrilateral is 180°.

Theorem On Circle

1. Two Chords Intersecting at an Interior Point

If two chords intersect at a point inside the circle, then the
product of the segment of the other chord.

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2.Two Secant Lines Intersecting at an Exterior point
If two secant lines of a circle intersect at an exterior point, then
the product of lengths of the entire secant line and its external segment
is equal to the product of the lengths of the other secant line and its
external segment.

3. Tangent and Secant Lines

If a tangent line is a secant line of a circle intersect at a point exterior to
the circle, then the product lengths of the secant line and its external segment
is equal to the square of the length of the tangent line.

4. The Radius Perpendicular to the Tangent

Every tangent line of a circle is perpendicular to the radius of the circle drawn
through the point of tangency.

5. The Diameter as perpendicular Bisector

The diameter that is perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord and its two arcs.
conversely, the diameter that bisects a chord is perpendicular to the chord.

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 Consequently, the perpendicular bisector of a chord is the diameter of the
circle which must pass through the center of the circle.

6. Central Angles of Equal Angles

Central angles of the same or equal circles have the same ratio as their intercepted arcs.

7. Angles Subtended on the Same Arc

Angles formed from two points on the circle are equal to other angles formed
from those two points in the same arc.

8. Lines of Centers of Tangent Circles

The line of centers of two tangent circles passes through the point of tangency

Hence, the distance between the two centers of the figure on the left side is equal to 𝑟1 +
𝑟2 , whereas, the distance of the centers of the second figure 𝑟2 − 𝑟1.

9. Central Angle and Its Intercepted Arc

The measure of a central angle is the angular measure of its intercepted

arc. The intercepted arc is measured by its central angle.

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10. Inscribed Angle

1
An inscribed angle is measured by 2 of its intercepted arc.

11. Angle in a Semi-circle

FIGURE
The angle formed by constructing lines from the ends of the diameter
of a circle to a point on the circle is a right angle. So, angle ABC is a right angle

12. Cyclic Quadrilateral

In a cyclic quadrilateral, the sum of the products of the opposite sides is equal
to the product of the diagonals.

13. Two Tangents Drawn on a Circle

If two intersecting tangents are drawn on a circle, the lengths of the two tangents
(from the point of tangency on the circle to the point where they intersect) are the
same.

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14. The Angle Formed by Two Intersecting Secant Lines

The angle formed by two secant lines intersecting at a point inside the circle is
equal to one-half the sum of the angular measurements of the arcs intercepted
by the angle and its vertical angle.
If the secants intersect at a point inside the circle, then the angle formed by the

secants is equal to one-half the difference between the angular measurements of

the intercepted arcs.

The Perimeters

The circumference of a circle is the perimeter of the circle.

The circumference may be obtained by the formula C= 2πr where r is the radius
of the circle.

The arc length s of a circle with radius r and central angle θ (measured in radians)
is given by s=rθ.

The perimeter of a sector is equal to the sum of the arc length subtended and twice
the length of the radius. In symbols we have, P= rθ+2r or P= r(2+θ)
where θ is again in radian units.

The perimeter of a segment is the sum of the arc length s and the length of the
chord L. In other words,
P= s+L.

The length of the chord L may be obtained by cosine law. The equation derive for
L is
L= √2𝑟 2(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
where θ is the central angle of the chord.

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Areas of Circle, Sector and Segment

The area of a circle depends on its radius. Thus, if the length of the radius is given,
one can always obtain the areas of the circle, the semicircle and the quarter circle by the
following formulas.

𝑑 𝜋
Area of Circle: A= π𝑟 2 . In terms of diameter, A= π( 2 ) ² = 4 𝑑 2

1
Area of Semi-circle: A= 2 𝜋𝑟 2

1
Area of Quarter Circle: A= 4 𝜋𝑟 2

1 1
Area of Sector: A= 2 𝑟 2 θ or A= 2rs where s is the length of the arc and θ is expressed in
radians.

Area of Segment: The area of the segment is equal to the area of the sector minus the
1
area of the triangle formed by the two radii and the central angle θ. Symbolically, A= 𝑟 2θ
2
1
- 2 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ or in simplified form:
1
A= 2 𝑟 2 (θ-sinθ) where θ is again in radian units.

EXAMPLES 5

1. (Area of Circle From the Given Circumference) What is the area of a circle having a
circumference of 18π cm?

Solution:

Given the circumference of a circle, we can compute for the radius of the circle.
C= 2πr
18π = 2πr
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 r= 9cm
The area of the circle is A= π𝑟 2 . Therefore,
A= 81π≈254.47cm²

2. (Area of Sector) Find the area of a sector which is bounded by a 60° central angle in a
circle of radius 6 inches.

Solution:

Plugging the values of r= 6 and θ= 60° into the formula for the area of a sector, we
1 𝜋
obtain: A = 2(6)²[60°𝑥 180°]
= 6π ≈ 18.85 in²

3. (Area of Segment From a Given Chord) A circle having an area of 144π cm² is cut into
to two segments by a chord that is 6 cm from the center of the circle. What is the area of
the smaller segment?
Solution:
If the area of the circle is A= πr² then 144π = πr² which yields r= 12cm.
In triangle OBC of Figure 5.11, FIGURE
6 𝜃
= cos 2
12
So, θ= ∟ORC = 120°

we can use the previous results in finding the area of the smaller segment
which is the area of sector AOC minus the area of ∆ AOC. Thus, we obtain the required
are as follows.
1 1
A= 2r²θ-2r²sinθ

1 𝜋 1
= 2(12)²[120°𝑥 180°]- 2(12)²sin120°

=88.45cm²

4. (Tangent and Secant Lines Intersecting at an Exterior Point) The tangent AB and the
secant BCD are drawn to a circle from the same exterior point B. If the length of the
tangent is 8 inches and the external segment of the secant is 4 inches, then what is the
length of the secant?
Solution:
We obtain the answer by Theorem 3 on circles.
AB²=(BC)(BCD)
8²=(4)(BCD)
BCD= 16 in.
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5. (Cyclic Quadrilateral)
Given: DE=6.4 cm, CE=15cm, AC=12cm, and θ=30°. Find the area of the area of the
quadrilateral shown.
Solution:
Let AB =x. Then the Figure 5.13 BC =12-x and DC=15-6.4=8.6.

By Theorem 2 on circle, we obrain the following.

(AC)(BC) = (CE)(DC)
(12)(12-x) = (15)(8.6)
We may now compute for the area of quadrilateral ABDE which is the area
of ∆𝐴𝐶𝐸 minus the area of ∆𝐵𝐶𝐷. Thus, the area required is
1 1
A= 2(12)(15)sin30°-2(12-1.25)(8.6)sin30°
= 21.89cm²

6. (A Triangle Inscribed in a Circle) An equilateral triangle is inscribed in a circle with an

area equal to 81π square units. Find the area if the triangle.
Solution:
Obtain the first radius from the given area of the circle. This give the value
of the radius,
81𝜋
r=√ = 9 units.
𝜋
By Cosine Law, we obtain one of the sides of the
triangle in Figure 5.14.
𝑎2 =9²+9² - 2(9)(9)cos120°
a= 15.59 unitsFIGURE
Since the triangle is quadrilateral, we have, a=b=c=15.59.
We now obtain the area of the triangle inscribed in the
𝑎𝑏𝑐
circle by the formula, A= 4𝑟 , so that the area would be
A= 105.2 sq. units

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 Alternative Solution:
Since the area of the triangle, we want to solve, is equal to three times the
area of triangle AOC, we have,
1
A=3(2)(9)²sin120° = 105.2 sq. units.

7. (Area of Leaf Figure) Find the area of the leaf figure shown in Figure 5.15 which is
bounded by two congruent quarter arcs of rdius 5 cm.
Solution:
Area of leaf: 𝐴𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑓 = 2(Area of Segment)
Area of Segment (shaded region)
𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = Area of Sector ABC – Area of the triangle ABC
1 𝜋 1
= 2(5)²(2 )-2(5)² = 7.13cm²
Thus, 𝐴𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑓 = 2(7.13) = 14.26cm²

8. (Three Externally Tangent Circle) The distances between any two centers of the three
coplanar circles that are externally tangent to each other are 20, 24 and 28 cm. Find the
area of the smallest circle.
Solution:
Suppose 𝑟1 < 𝑟2 < 𝑟3 . Then, in Figure 5.16 we get the following equations.

𝑟1 + 𝑟2=20 (1)
𝑟1 + 𝑟3=24 (2)
𝑟2 + 𝑟3 =28 (3)
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Solving the three linear equations simultaneously
will yield the following results.
𝑟1= 8 cm, 𝑟2 = 12 cm and 𝑟3 = 16 cm.
The area of the smallest circle is therefore,
A=π(8)² = 64π cm²

9. (Concentric Circles) Two concentric circles have radii of 15 cm and 21 cm. The central
angle is 45°. Find the area of the portion of the sector of the larger circle which is outside
the smaller circle.
Solution:
What we need to find here is the area of the shaded region as shown in Figure 5.17.

We should have,
Shaded Area= Area of Sector BOC – Area of Sector DOE
1
where, Area of Sector BOC = 2r²θ
1 𝜋 441
= 2(21)²[45°𝑥 180°] = π
8

1 𝜋 225
and Area of Sector DOE = 2(15)²[45°𝑥 180°]= π
8
Therefore, the required area is:
441 225
Shaded Area= 8 π - 8 π = 27π cm²

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 ACTIVITY ON CIRCLES
SCORE

Name: _________________________ Section: __________ Date: ___________

Course/Year: __________________________ Teacher: ___________________

1. What is the lengt5h of the major arc AE if the area of the rectangle ABCD shown in the
figure below is 18 sq. ft. and the side AB, which is tangent to the circle at A, measures 6
feet.

2. The area of the circle is 120 in². What is its circumference?

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3. The sides of a triangle are 80 cm, 100 cm and 140 cm. Determine the radius of the
inscribed circle.

4. The sides of a triangle are 80 cm, 100 cm and 140 cm. Determine the radius of the
circumscribing circle.

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 5. What is the area of triangle ABC, if AB is tangent to the circle?

6. Circle Q has radius 9 cm. What is the length of arc ST?

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7. Find the area of the portion of the circle in Problem 6 that is outside triangle RST if the
radius is 8 cm.

8. A central angle of 136° subtends an arc of 28.5 cm. What is the radius of the circle?

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9. An equilateral triangle is circumscribed about a circle of radius 10√3 cm. What is the
perimeter of the triangle?

10. The angle of a sector is 30° and the radius is 15 cm. What is the area of the sector in
cm²?

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11. The area of the segment of a circle whose diameter is 16 cm and the central angle
measures 80°.

12. Find the area of the portion semi-circle shown in the figure that is outside of the
inscribed triangle.

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13.Determine the area of the segment of a circle if the length of the chord is 15 inches
and located 5 inches from the center of the circle.

14. Find the circumference of the circle circumscribing a rectangle with sides 8 and 6
units.

79 | P a g e
 15. Circle C has radius of 10 cm. Each of the points B and D is on the midpoint of the
radius. Find the shaded area.

16. Given a circle whose diameter AB equals 4cm. If two points C and D lie on the circle
and ∟𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 18° and ∟BAD = 36°. Find the length of the major arc CD.

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17. Two perpendicular chords divide a circle with a radius of 13cm into four parts. If the
perpendicular distances of both chords are 5 cm each from the center of the circle. Find
the area of the smallest part.

18. The area of a circle is 49π in². What is the length of the side of a regular hexagon
inscribed in the circle?

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19. The radius of a circle is 1000 inches. Find the apothem of a regular pentagon inscribed
in the circle.

20. The area of a triangle inscribed in a circle is 60cm² and the radius of the circumscribed
circle is 8 cm. If the two sides of the inscribed triangle are 10 cm and 12 cm, respectively.
Find the third side.

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21. Find the area of a portion of a semicircle of radius 15m that is outside the area of an
inscribed square if the base of the square lies on the diameter of the semi-circle.

22. Find the area of the largest circle which can be cut from a square with an edge of
8cm. What is the area of the material wasted?

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23. Three circles with centers A,B and C are externally tangent to each other as shown
in the figure. Lines EG and DG are tangent to circle C at points F and D and intersect at
point G. If each circle has a diameter of 6 inches, find the length of DG and the area
enclosed by lines FG and GD, and arc FD.

1 3
24. A metal washer 12 inches in diameter is pierced by a - inch hole. What is the area
4
of the cross section of the washer?

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25. The points 𝑐1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑐2 are centers of the two equal circles shown in the figure. If the
distance between the centers is 3cm, find the shaded area.

26. The center C of the larger circle lies on another circle whose diameter coincides with
the chord AB of the larger circle. Find the area of the shaded region if length AB measures
10cm.

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27. A circle has an area equal to 25π cm². Its diameter AB coincides with one of the sides
of triangle ACB whose vertex C lies on the circle. If the triangle has an area equal to 11
cm², find its perimeter.

A B

28. Find the shaded area of the figure shown.

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29. The circle with center at C has radius r units. Angle ABC measures 15° and angle
ADC measures 55°. Find angle AOC.

30. The triangle-like figure in the diagram is formed from 6 identical closed – packed
circles. If the height of the figure is 2 feet, find the radius of each circle in inches.

87 | P a g e
 PART 6: MISCELLANEOUS PLANES

Miscellaneous Planes

In this chapter, other special types of plane figures will be discussed.

Mensuration of this figures includes star polygons, elliptical sections, parabolic sections,
irregular-shaped figures and composite plane figures.

6.1 STAR POLYGONS

A star is a star-like figure which generally consists of a polygon with triangles on

its sides.

It is a regular star if the polygon involved is a regular polygon. A regular star

polygon may be created by constructing lines in a regular pattern from one vertex of the
star polygon to another, non-adjacent vertex and continuing this process until the original
vertex is reached. For example, in a regular pentagon, a five-pointed star can be obtained
by constructing a line from the first vertex to the third vertex, from the third vertex to the
fifth vertex, from the fifth vertex to the second vertex, from the second vertex to the fourth
vertex, and from the fourth vertex to the first vertex again. Common examples of star
polygons are pentagram and hexagram. The pentagram also known as German or witch
star is a five-pointed regular star. The hexagram which is also known as David’s star or
Solomon’s seal is a six-pointed regular star. The figure on the left of Figure 6.1 is a
pentagram while the figure on the right is hexagram.

6.2 ELLIPTICAL SECTIONS

A conic is defined as the locus (curve or graph) of a point which moves so that its
distance from a fixed point (focus) bears a constant ratio(eccentricity) to its distance from
a fixed line (directrix). Based on this definition, we define an ellipse as a conic with an
eccentricity that is less than 1. The region enclosed by an ellipse is called an elliptical
section.

a is the length of major segment (major radius)

88 | P a g e
b is the length of the minor segment (minor radius)

Area A= πab
1
Perimeter P= 2π √2 (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )

𝑏
Restriction: 0.36< 𝑎 < 2.94(5%𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟).

6.3 PARABOLIC SECTION

A parabola is a conic section whose eccentricity is equal to 1. The figure on the

right is called a spandrel (of degree 2). it is the unbounded region (shaded region) of the
parabolic curve shown below.

2
Area of Parabola A= 3bh

1
Area of Spandrel A= 3bh

2
1 𝑏2 4ℎ+√𝑏 2+16ℎ
Perimeter of Parabola P= 2 √𝑏 2 + 16ℎ2 + 𝑏ℎ 𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝑏

6.4 COMPOSITE PLANE FIGURES

A composite plane figure is a plane figure made up of different geometric figures

whose areas can be determined.

Its total area is equal to the sum of the areas of its individual parts. For figures
containing holes or cavities, first consider the area of the whole figure without the hole.
The remaining area is obtained by subtracting the area of the hole from the area of the
whole figure.

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6.5 AREA BY APPROXIMATION

There are several methods or formulas that approximate the area of an irregular shaped
curve. Among this are “Simpson’s rule” “trapezoidal rule” and “Durand’s rule”. The
Simpson’s rule gives the most accurate approximation as compared to the other two
mentioned formulas. It is important to note also that the greater the value of n, the greater
the accuracy of approximation.

Simpson’s Rule

If 𝑦0 , 𝑦1 , 𝑦2,…, 𝑦𝑛 (n is even ) are the length of a series of parallel chords of uniform

interval d then the area of the figure enclosed in Figure 6.4 is given approximately by the
following fomula.
1
A= 3 d[(𝑦0 + 𝑦𝑛 ) + 4(𝑦1 + 𝑦3 + … + 𝑦𝑛−1 ) + 2(𝑦2 + 𝑦3 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑛−2 )]

EXAMPLES 6

1. (Area of Regular 6-Pointed Star) Detemine the area of a regular 6-pointed star if the
inner regular hexagon has 10m on a side.
Solution:
360° 360°
We know that, 𝜃 = 𝑛 = 6 = 60°

So, the area of one triangle ABC in

Figure 6.5
Since the star polygon is regular and
symmetric about the centric, its area
would consist of 12 congruent tiangles.
Thus,
A= 12(Area of triangle ABC)
A= 519.6m°

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2. (Sum of Interior Angles of Regular Five-Pointed Star) Find the sum of the interior angles
of the vertices of a regular five-pointed star inscribed in a circle.

Solution:

By theorems on circles, the measure of the inscribed

figure angle is twice the measure of the intercepted arc.
Thus, consider the five pointed star figure shown in Figure 6.6
if ∟𝐴 = 𝜃 then mBC = 2θ. But the measure of the central
angle is equal to the angular measure of the intercept arc.
So, the central angle of arc AB is 2θ.

Since the inner pentagon is regular (n=5) we have

360° 360°
2θ = 𝑛 = 5 which yields θ= 36°.
Finally, the sum of interior angles is 5θ = 180°

3. (An Elliptical Tunnel) A tunnel with an elliptical section shown in the figure below is
found to have a depth of 2,620 ft. What is the area and the perimeter of the section?

Solution:
The major and minor segment are:
24 16
a= 2 = 12 and b = 2 =8
Thus, the area of the given ellipse is:
A= π(12)(8) - 96π ft² ≈301.59 ft²
𝑏 8
Since, 𝑎 = 12 = 0.67 falls within the restriction on the
perimeter of an ellipse, we have,
1 1
P= 2π√2 (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) = 2π√2 (122 + 82 )
P= 64.08 ft
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4. (A Composite Figure Consisting of Triangle, Rectangle and Semicircle) The composite
figure shown on the right consist of a triangle, rectangle and semicircle. The altitude of
the triangle is three times the radius of the semicircle while the altitude of the rectangle is
four times the radius of the semicircle. If the area of the composite figure is 201 sq. in.,
find the radius of the semicircle.

Solution:

Let r be the radius of the semicircle. Then, the total area of

the composite figure is the sum of the areas of the triangle,
rectangle and semicircle. Each of these areas can be
expressed in terms of the radius r. So, we have,
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 + 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
1 1
201= 2(2r)(3r)+2r(4r)+2 𝜋𝑟²
r= 4 in

3r

4r

5. (Area of Sprandel) In Figure 6.9, find the area of the region of the rectangle that is
outside the parabolic section.

Solution:

𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 + 𝐴𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎

2
= (20)(15) - 3(20)(15)
=100 cm²

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Note that the result is equal to the area of sprandel which is 1/3 bh.

6. (The Area of Figure Obtained from the Different Between the areas of Trapezoid and
Sector) Find the area o9f the shaded region in Figure 6.10.

Solution:

We compute first for x and y from the right triangle is Figure 6.10.
𝑦 𝑥
=sin50° =cos50°
10 10
y= 7.66 in x= 6.43 in

The areas of the shaded region is the area of trapezoid ABCD minus the area of
the sector ACD. Thus, we obtain.
1 1 𝜋
A=2 [(10 − 6.43)](7.44)-2(10)²[50°𝑥 180°]
A= 8.43 in²

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 ACTIVITY ON MISCELLANEOUS PLANES
SCORE

Name: _________________________ Section: __________ Date: ___________

Course/Year: __________________________ Teacher: ___________________

1. In a circle with the diameter of 12 inches, a regular five-pointed star is inscribed. What
is the area of that part not covered by the star?

2. In a circle with diameter of 20 cm, a regular five-pointed star touching its circumference
is inscribed. Find the area of the star.

3. What is the area of a section bounded by a closed elliptical whose major and minor
segments measure 60 cm and 45 cm respectively.
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4. Determine the area of the circle circumscribing a regular 6-pointed star if the inner
regular hexagon has 24 cm on a side.

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5. What is the area of a parabola inscribed in a rectangle 30 cm long and 22 cm wide?

6. What is the perimeter of an ellipse with an area equal to 12π square units if the non-
opposite vertices are 5 units apart?

96 | P a g e
7. the composite area shown consists of a semicircle and a region bounded by line BC
and the two congruent arcs AB and AC whose radii are each 12 inches and each central
angle is 60°. Find the area of this feature.

8. Each of the four quarter arcs shown in the figure measures 16 feet in length. Find the
area of the unshaded region.

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9.The area of the square shown in the figures is 36 square inches, find the area of the
inscribed four-leaf figure.

10. Find the approximate area of the shaded figure shown using Simpson’s rule. Assume
uniform distance between the two given curves. Express all units in kilometers.

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11. Using Simpson’s rule and an interval of d= 0.5, approximate the area of the region
bounded by the curve defined by y=√𝑥 + 2 and x-axis.

12. Find the area of the shaded region.

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