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Rules of Spelling, Pronunciation & Abbreviations
English Letters
Vowel letters
‫ف 
آ‬ a-e-i-o-u
Consonant letters
‫وف  آ‬ b- c- d- f- g- h- j- k- l- m- n- p- q- r- s- t- v- w- x- y- z

A- Silent Letters  ‫اوف ا آ
و‬

1- vowel letter + bt → b is silent
debt َ‫د‬ doubt  subtle ‫ر‬

2- consonant letter (a - e - i - o - u ) + mb → b is silent

lamb &'‫( ا‬ climb  limb #‫ا‬/‫م‬#$‫ف ا‬%
comb +,'‫ا‬ tomb ‫*ة‬$ womb (‫ا‬
bomb
* crumb 0*1‫آة ا‬ thumb ‫ م‬-./‫ا‬
plumber ‫* ك‬ plumbing
‫ا* آ‬ numb 2‫ ا‬#$3

3- sc + e / i /l → c is silent
scene #-, scenery 7 scent
5*%
6‫را‬
science ( scientific 9' scissors 8$
scenario ;‫ ر‬ scenarist ;‫آ <  ر‬ muscle
:

4- vowel letter + c + consonant letter c is silent

indict (- indictment ‫ م‬-‫
ا‬$=‫و‬ soccer ‫م‬#$‫آة ا‬

5- in these words → d is silent

grandchild #3 handsome (‫و‬ grandmother ‫ة‬#>
granddaughter ‫ة‬#3 grandson #3 grandparents ‫اد‬#>?‫ا‬
handkerchief ‫& ' ش‬# sandwich A‫و‬#B  Wednesday ‫ ء‬5.‫ا?ر‬

6- ( gn ) → g is silent ‫أول أو و ا  أو 

ف ك‬
align GH sign F; piognant ‫ن‬0 E
reign (J ‫ة‬K resign &$ foreign 9*>‫ أ‬E
paradigm ‫';ذج‬B campaign
' champagne B *',‫ا‬
sovereignty 5‫ا
ا‬ gnash OB P. 0Q gnat
N;5.
gnaw (:$ gnome 9K‫ا‬R ‫م‬0 designer ('H

7- consonant + (au – ou – ei – i ) + gh → gh is silent ‫و أو  ا‬

daughter
.‫إ‬ naughty S 0 caught ‫أ‬
bought ‫اى‬ thought #$ ‫ا‬ brought :‫أ‬
though  (V . thorough & ‫آ‬ drought ‫ ف‬3Q‫ا‬
height ‫ ع‬3‫ار‬ weight ‫ا;زن‬ neighbor ‫ ر‬Q‫ا‬
high 9 tight N lighter
‫و‬
Alfy Abdalla Ahmed Senior Master of English -2- 010 33 755 422 / 011 113 313 84
Rules of Spelling, Pronunciation & Abbreviations

8- h + (e – o ) h is silent in these words

heir/ess
[‫ ور‬/ \‫ور‬ heirloom ‫ا'اث‬ silhouette (7 ‫ ل‬R
hour
 honour ‫ف‬,‫ا‬ honourable ‫م‬
honest ‫أ‬ honesty
B ?‫ا‬ shepherd 9 ‫اا‬

9- rh + (e - i - y ) h is silent in these words

rhino ‫ن‬$‫ ا‬#‫و‬ rhyme
K $‫ا‬ rhythm ‫ ع‬$/‫ا‬
rhinoceros ‫ن‬$‫ ا‬#‫و‬ rhubarb #B‫* ت اوا‬B rhetoric
V]*‫ا‬
rhetorical 9V]. rheumatism ‫م‬0 ‫او‬ zenith ‫ ذروة‬-
'
Thomas ‫; س‬ vehicle
K  bibliotheca
*J

10- xh + (a - i - o ) → h is silent
exhaust K0 / ‫ه‬ exhibit ‫ض‬5 exhibition ‫ض‬5'‫ا‬
exhort 9 \ exhilarate S-*ُ exhilaration ‫ ج‬-.‫ا‬

11 – wh + (a - e - i - o – u- y) + consonant → h is silent
whale ‫ا;ت‬ wheel
Q wheat c'$‫ا‬
which '-‫أ‬ what ‫ ذا‬ when 9
where ‫أ‬ why ‫' ذا‬ whisky 9J;‫ا‬
whip ‫ ج‬.‫آ‬ while '. whether ‫إ‬
whirl ## ‫دوران‬ whirlpool
‫دوا‬ whirlwind ‫ ر‬H ‫ا‬
whisper 2'- white d.‫أ‬ whiz
. 
whet
-,‫[ ا‬ whey *‫& ا‬H whence \ 
whim ‫وة‬0B whiff c‫
ا‬3B whisker
‫ ا‬/ ‫ رب‬,‫ا‬

12- kn + (a - e - i - o - u ) → k is silent
knackered <5ُ knap sack -f
 knack
*J ‫ رة‬-
knee
*‫رآ‬ kneel F‫آ‬ knead #
knife
J knight ‫ رس‬K knit ‫;ف‬H‫ل ا‬0g
knickers 9' ‫آ;ن‬ knock ‫ق‬ knock out
N $‫
ا‬.:‫ا‬
known ‫وف‬5 know ‫ف‬5 knot
.‫ ر‬/ ‫ة‬#$
acknowledge ‫ف‬5 knuckle F. i?‫& ا‬i 3 knuckle down #Q. &'5

13 – al + (f /k /m /v) → l is silent
calf gi &Q half GHB halve 3HB F$
chalk  *% talk ‫ث‬# walk 9,'
calm ‫ه دئ‬ palm #‫ را
ا‬/
1B alms ‫آ ة‬0‫ا‬
salmon ‫ا ';ن‬
psalm
'B qual m ':‫ ا‬0R‫و‬ almond ‫ا;ز‬
Alfy Abdalla Ahmed Senior Master of English -3- 010 33 755 422 / 011 113 313 84
Rules of Spelling, Pronunciation & Abbreviations

14 – ol /oul + (consonant letter) l is silent

folk 9*5 folklore 9*5,‫ ا‬3‫ا‬ yolk d*‫ ر ا‬3i
could ‫ا ع‬ should/ would <Q colonel &B;;‫آ‬

15 – (vowel letter) + mn n is silent

autumn G1‫ا‬ column ‫ ';د‬ hymn
'B
damn
5‫ا‬ damned ‫أه& ا ر‬ solemn ‫س‬#$
condemned <Qَ condemn <Q, solemnity ‫ا; ر‬

16 – ps / pn / p + (consonant letter p is silent

psychology 23‫ ( ا‬ psychologist 23B ( psychopath ً3B ‫ب‬:
cupboard 2.] ‫دوب‬ psychotherapist 93‫ ا‬S 5'‫ا‬ psychoanalyst 93‫ا'& ا‬
pneumonia ‫;ى‬6‫ر‬ psychotherapy 93‫]ج ا‬5‫ا‬ psych ً;5 ‫;ى‬$
receipt ‫ ل‬H‫ا‬ psychoanalysis 93‫ا& ا‬ psychiatrist 93‫ا*< ا‬
coop ‫]ب‬$B‫ا‬ pseudonym ‫ ر‬5 (‫ا‬ psychiatry 93‫ا< ا‬

17 – isl (in these words) s is silent

aisle 9,' isle ‫ة‬0> islet ‫ة‬gi ‫ة‬0>
island ‫ة‬0> islanders ‫ة‬0Q‫ ن ا‬J semi-island ‫ة‬0> O*

18 – sten /stle t is silent

castle
5 whistle ‫ رة‬3i wrestle ‫ رع‬H
hustle ‫;ة‬$. #, bustle &Q5 rustle
,1,R
listen F' christen ‫ن‬H epistle "
QB‫ر 
"ا‬
hasten ‫ع‬ glisten ?m fasten +.
soften  mortgage ‫ رى‬$5‫اه ا‬ often ً'6‫دا‬
Christmas ‫ ا']د‬# mustn't <Q 

19 – (consonant letter) + ts t is often silent

wants # students ‫ا]ب‬ patients 9N'‫ا‬
assistants # '‫ا‬ facts 6 $‫ا‬ tents ‫ م‬1‫ا‬
merchants ‫ ر‬Q‫ا‬ parents ‫ ء‬.n‫ا‬ agents ‫ا;آ]ء‬

20 – th (between two consonant letters ) th is often silent

months ‫;ر‬-,‫ا‬ lengths ‫;ال‬%?‫ا‬ asthma
‫ر‬#i
‫أز‬
depths ‫ا? ' ق‬ widths ‫وض‬5‫ا‬ strengths ‫;ى‬$‫ا‬

Alfy Abdalla Ahmed Senior Master of English -4- 010 33 755 422 / 011 113 313 84
Rules of Spelling, Pronunciation & Abbreviations

21- …et t is silent (words from French origin)

ballet O *‫ا‬ bouquet O‫;آ‬. beret O‫ ر‬.
buffet OK;. chalet O  crochet O‫آو‬
gourmet
'5%?‫* ا‬R rapport ‫ م‬6;‫ا‬ ricochet ‫اد‬#‫ار‬

22- words end in .. gue / que ue is silent

colleague &' &‫ز‬ dialogue
=‫ د‬ league (‫
أ‬5 >
tongue ‫ا ن‬ vague d V plague ‫ ء‬.‫ و‬/ ‫ ;ن‬%
monologue ‫;;ج‬B; catalogue ‫آ ;ج‬ vogue
*5
N;
boutique ;. cheque 9J.  epilogue
 R
'‫آ‬
clique
*H / o technique ‫أ;ب‬ prologue ‫ة‬#H F
unique #K mosque #Q antique
3

23 – gua /gui /bui u is silent in these words

guard ‫ رس‬ guardian 9i;‫ا رس ا‬ guarantee ‫' ن‬N
guess '1 guest GN guerilla ‫ ت‬. H ‫ى‬#>
guide # / # guidance ‫ى‬#-‫ ا‬/ ‫ا د‬ guideline ‫' ت‬5
guitar ‫[ رة‬$‫ا‬ guinea pig ‫ى‬#‫ ه‬0R guilt (=‫إ‬
guise ‫ى‬J ‫زى‬ guillotine
H$'‫ا‬ guilty <Bp / (=q
guild
'7 disguise J guile ‫ دع‬1
builder ‫ّ ء‬. build 9* building
 *‫ا‬

24 – who/swe /swo w is silent in these words

who َ whom َ whose َ'
answer <Q sword G‫ا‬ whole &J‫ا‬
wholesale
'Q‫ رة ا‬Q wholesaler
'Q‫ > ا‬ whooping 9J‫ ل د‬5

25 – wr + vowel… w is silent
wrap Gg / G wrinkle # Q playwright 9 < ‫آ‬
wrong PR wrist #‫( ا‬H5 wrest ‫;ة‬$ . pRP
wring H5 shipwreck
3‫ م ا‬ wrestle ‫ رع‬H
wreath &‫إآ‬ write <J writ 96 : ‫أ‬

25 – ch is silent in this word

yacht s1

Alfy Abdalla Ahmed Senior Master of English -5- 010 33 755 422 / 011 113 313 84
Rules of Spelling, Pronunciation & Abbreviations

‫ر;ز ا‬
25 vowel sounds 24 consonant sounds
#'‫ر;ز اوف ا'آ
وآ ت ا‬ ‫
ا‬H3
‫ر;ز اوف ا آ‬
IPA Ar As Example IPA Ar As Example
ʌ ‫أ‬ ‫َأب‬ cup, blood, won b ‫ـ‬. ‫ ب‬. bad, table, lab
ɑ: ‫َا‬ ‫َـ ل‬ arm, father, half d ‫د‬ FK‫د‬ did, lady, good
æ
K َ ‫َـ‬ cat, black, bad f ‫ـ‬K 9K find, enough, off
e ‫ِآة‬ ‫ِـ‬ met, bed, pleasant g ‫>ـ‬ &'> give, tiger, flag
ə
K َ ْ‫ـَـ‬ away, later, color h ‫هـ‬
 ‫ ه‬how, hello,
ɜ:ʳ ْ‫ِـ‬ ِْ‫ـ‬-ِ  learn, bird, word j ‫ـ‬ ' yes, unit, Europe
ɪ ‫ِآة‬ s‫ـِـ‬ hit, lit, wit, him k ‫آـ‬ &‫أآ‬ cat, chemist, quite
i: ‫ِِـ‬ #‫ـ‬#ِ  see, gene, mean l ‫ـ‬ & leg, sold, silly
ɒ
'N ‫ُـ‬. hot, rock, dog m ‫ـ‬ 9 man, lemon, mum
ɔ: ْ‫ُو‬ ‫ـُ;ن‬3 call, four, goal n ‫ـ‬B ‫ى‬#B no, sunny, ten
ʊ ‫ُو‬ s‫آُـ‬ put, could, July ŋ ‫ـ‬QB SB‫ ر‬sing, finger, think
u: ‫ُو‬ ‫ ُ;ك‬ blue, food, super p ‫ـ‬w ;w‫ آ'ـ‬pet, stopped, map
aɪ ‫ْـ‬q Gْ ‫َـ‬N five, bite, night r ‫ر‬
'‫ ر‬red, try, real
aʊ ْ‫َاو‬ ‫َـ;ْت‬i now, out, mouse s ‫ـ‬ 9  sun, nice, miss
eɪ ‫ِْـ‬ Gِ‫ـ‬ say, eight, fate ʃ ‫ـ‬ #- she, mission, intention
oʊ ْ‫ُو‬ ‫ُ;م‬ go, home, goat t ‫ـ‬ ' tea, Thomas, rate
ɔɪ ‫اُوْـ‬ ْ‫ـُ;ى‬,. boy, join, toy tʃ ‫ـ‬, A  check, picture, statue
eəʳ ِْ ِْ‫ـ‬-ِ  where, air, hair θ ‫=ـ‬ \ = think, cloth, both
ɪəʳ ِْ ِْ‫ـ‬ near, here, clear ð ‫ذ‬ ‫ذ‬ this, mother, clothe
ʊəʳ ‫ُور‬
ُ ْ‫ـٌ;ر‬J pure, tourist, poor v ‫ﭬـ‬ ;#‫ﭬ‬ voice, of, wives
diphthongs w ‫و‬ ‫ورد‬ wet, what, one
eɪə َْ ِ mayor, player, z ‫ز‬ ‫ز‬ zoo, gas, cause
ɔɪə َْ ُ employer, destroyer ʒ ‫ـ‬z s‫ آ‬z pleasure, vision
aʊə ْ‫َ َور‬ tower, flour, sour dʒ ‫ـ‬z‫د‬ ‫ا{آ‬ judge, page, large
aɪə َْ َ dryer, fire, tire
əʊə ْ‫ُ َور‬ lower

Alfy Abdalla Ahmed Senior Master of English -6- 010 33 755 422 / 011 113 313 84
Rules of Spelling, Pronunciation & Abbreviations

I-(a)

1- a /eɪ/ exceptions
apron
 apricot A','‫ا‬ April &.‫ا‬
age ' agent &‫وآ‬ ancient (#
anxious G- crater ‫م‬1 fatal s'
chamber
KV mania <‫ ا‬F‫و‬ naval ‫ى‬.
nasal 93B‫أ‬ latent  ‫آ‬ stapler
 .‫د‬
enable ّJ' able ‫ در‬ stable &*‫ ا‬/ s. =

2- a + consonant + e a /eɪ/

male ‫آ‬p fare ‫]ت‬i‫أ>ة ;ا‬ gate
.‫;ا‬.

make FH ate &‫أآ‬ rape ‫ ب‬H ‫ا‬
fame ‫ة‬-,‫ا‬ cane <H$‫ا‬ came 9‫أ‬

3- a + consonant a /æ/
machine
q fan
‫و‬ rat ‫ر‬PK
man &>‫ر‬ at 9K tap ‫*;ر‬i
family ‫أة‬ can F canal ‫ ة‬

4- all /al / war + consonant a /ɔ:/

small gi call ‫ دى‬ tall &;%
fall +$ mall ‫ رى‬Q ‫;ل‬ ball ‫آة‬
false PR bald Fi‫أ‬ salt c
war ‫اب‬ warm EK‫دا‬ wander ‫;ل‬Q
wardrobe 2.] ‫دوب‬ warn ‫ر‬p warship
.
3

5- alm /alf / ath /ar + consonant a /ɑ:/

half GHB calf &>‫
ا‬B ' arm ‫ذراع‬
calm ‫ه دئ‬ palm
1B farmer ‫]ح‬K
salmon ‫ا ';ن‬ almond ‫دق‬03‫ا‬ garlic ‫ا[;م‬
gather F'Q father ‫ا?ب‬ hard <5i

Alfy Abdalla Ahmed Senior Master of English -7- 010 33 755 422 / 011 113 313 84
Rules of Spelling, Pronunciation & Abbreviations

II - ( c / ch )
6- c + (e / i / y) c /s/
certain #‫آ‬P police 2;*‫ا‬ price 5‫ا‬
city
# cycle ‫ة‬6‫ دا‬/
>‫درا‬ policy ‫ أ;ب‬/
 
façade /s/ ‫ل‬0
->‫وا‬ mice ‫}ان‬3‫ا‬ lice &'$‫ا‬
face O>;‫ا‬ ceiling G$‫ا‬ racing ‫* ق‬
certify #-, cell
1‫ا‬ citizen %‫;ا‬

7- …ci + a / e / o /u c /ʃ/ (‫)ش‬

special ‫;ص‬H1 efficient ‫ء‬G‫آ‬ sufficient 9K ‫آ‬
conscience ':‫ا‬ precious '= efficiency ‫ ءة‬3‫آ‬
gracious ‫ب‬p-‫ ;ف و‬ spacious cK
racial ‫ى‬H facial 9->‫و‬

8- …ce /ci c /tʃ/ (A)

 !‫" ا‬#‫آت أ‬
cello ;,‫
ا‬q cappuccino ;,. ‫آ‬ ciabatta 9 ‫ ا‬0*R

9-… ce c /k/
sceptic ‫ ك‬J soccer ‫م‬#$‫آة ا‬ Celtic J‫& ا‬6 * 

10- chl /chr /cho ch = /k/

scientific /medical terms (ch) /k/
Christ c'‫ا‬ Christ 9 school
‫ر‬#
chronic 0 chlorine ‫;ر‬J‫ا‬ scholarship
[5.
chemistry ‫' ء‬J‫ا‬ chemist 96 '‫آ‬ chlorophyll &K‫;رو‬J‫ا‬
chloride #‫آ;ر‬ ache (‫أ‬ chrome ‫وم‬J‫ا‬
chemical ‫آ' وى‬ cholera ‫;ا‬J‫ا‬ cholesterol ‫;ول‬J‫ا‬

11- cha /cho ch /k/ in these words

anchor <-‫ا‬ chaos 9N;3‫ا‬ character
H1

chameleon ‫ ء‬.‫ا‬ charisma 0‫ ر‬J‫ا‬ chiropodist ‫ام‬#‫ أ‬S 5
chorus ‫;روس‬J‫ا‬ chord َ‫و‬ choral 96  ‫آ;رال‬
chorale
 choir #,
;> chronicle 91‫&  ر‬

Alfy Abdalla Ahmed Senior Master of English -8- 010 33 755 422 / 011 113 313 84
Rules of Spelling, Pronunciation & Abbreviations

12- ch = sh /ʃ/ (‫)ش‬ in these words

chute -‫را‬# chauffeur 6  machine
q
charade ‫ر‬0K ‫ر‬0 chauvinism %; <H5 chauvinist O%; <H5
chic B‫أ‬ chef ‫ ة‬-‫آ* ا‬ parachute ‫ا*ا;ت‬

13- ch + ( a /e /i /o /u) ch /tʃ/ ( &')

such &[ reach &H beach E% 
chair 9‫آ‬ chapter ‫ آ ب‬9K &HK peach ‫;خ‬1‫ا‬
cheap 8R‫ر‬ cheese
*> child &3‫ا‬
chick ‫;ت‬J‫آ‬ chicken ‫د> ج‬ choose ‫ ر‬1
church
‫آ‬ charm ‫ب‬pQ bunch ‫ س‬B
*H
much [‫آ‬ branch HV / ‫ع‬K bench #5$
march 9,' chapel ‫ة‬gi
‫آ‬ cheque 9KH i
check 83 chance
iK charity
R
'7
charming ‫اب‬p> charge
3J chase ‫ رد‬

III - (v + ed)

14- ….ch / f /k /p /s /ss /sh /x + ed ed /t/

watched #َ‫ ه‬ stuffed + laughed 

َِN
looked َ7B booked 0َQ based 2€‫أ‬
passed ّ  washed &V boxed (‫آ‬
stopped G; relaxed ‫ار ح‬ fixed s*=

15- …t /d + ed ed /ɪd/
waited 7B‫ا‬ wanted ‫أراد‬ hunted ‫ د‬i‫ا‬
painted ‫ده‬ hated ‫آ‬ greeted 9
needed ‫ا ح‬ mended s*= added ‫ ف‬N‫أ‬
dated ‫خ‬ minded Fَ  graded Gّi

IV- (Noun + s)

16- …. f /k /p /t /th + s s /s/

gates ‫ ت‬.‫;ا‬. mates ‫ ق‬K‫ر‬ rates ‫ت‬#5
rats ‫}ان‬K masks
5‫أ‬ proofs ‫اه‬.
troops ‫;ات‬ lips  3 months ‫;ر‬-

Alfy Abdalla Ahmed Senior Master of English -9- 010 33 755 422 / 011 113 313 84
Rules of Spelling, Pronunciation & Abbreviations

17- …… a /d /g /l /m /n /o /r / u /w /y +s s /z/
foods
'5%‫أ‬ eggs d. skills ‫ رات‬-
dams ‫ود‬# cans ‫* ت‬5 kilos ‫آ;ات‬
goes <‫ه‬p doors ‫;اب‬.‫أ‬ news ‫* ر‬R‫أ‬
boys ‫أود‬ toys 9‫د‬ does &53
Muslim ( husband ‫زوج‬ thousand G‫أ‬
transit s0B‫ا‬ has ' gas ‫ ز‬V

18- …. ch /ss /se /sh / j = ge /x /z + s s /ɪz/

matches ‫* ر ت‬ classes ‫;ل‬HK causes ‫أ* ب‬
clashes ‫ا ت‬#i oranges ‫ ت‬$. boxes ‫ د‬i
wages ‫أ>;ر‬ ages ‫أ ' ر‬ foxes < 5=
prizes 06‫>;ا‬ gases ‫ زات‬V glasses ‫أآ;اب‬

V- (s)

19- … vowel + /(se /sse /sso) between 2 vowels /z/

amuse F' abuse 9% 5 excuse ‫ر‬p5
busy ‫;ل‬g, deserve  desert ‫اء‬H‫ا‬
disease ‫ض‬ desire
*V‫ر‬ dessert ;‫ا‬
closer ‫أب‬ housing ‫ ن‬J/‫ا‬ these ‫ه‚ء‬
noise ‫ ء‬N;N miser &1*‫ا‬ those }‫أو‬
loser  1‫ا‬ user ‫ِم‬#1'‫ا‬ realise ‫رك‬#
scissors 8$'‫ا‬ sissy -ُ'‫ا‬ resist ‫ وم‬$
visit ‫ز رة‬ visitor 6‫ا‬0‫ا‬ praise ‫ح‬#'
please #5 rise F3 raise FK

20 - … se/ (s) between 2 vowels /s/ exceptions

abuse 9% 5 case
  basic 9 ‫أ‬
base ‫أ س‬ chase ‫ ردة‬ basin ‫;ض‬
cease G‫و‬ dose
ً> decrease

comparison
B‫ ر‬$ house ‫ل‬0 increase ‫ز دة‬
louse
' geese ‫اوز‬ mouse ‫ر‬PK
Paradise
Q‫ا‬ promise # ‫و‬ purpose ‫ض‬V
purse ‫;د‬$‫ ا‬2‫آ‬ loose 3 useful #3
usage ‫ام‬#1‫ا‬ isolation
0 use ‫' ل‬5‫ا‬

Alfy Abdalla Ahmed Senior Master of English - 10 - 010 33 755 422 / 011 113 313 84
Rules of Spelling, Pronunciation & Abbreviations

21- s /z/ verb /s/ noun

/z/ verb &53‫ا‬ /s/ noun (/‫ا‬ /z/ verb &53‫ا‬ /s/ noun (/‫ا‬
use ‫ام‬#1 use ‫ام‬#1/‫ا‬ close ‫ب‬$ close <
used ‫م‬#1‫ا‬ used &'5 practise ‫' رس‬ practice
‫' ر‬
advise cH advice
*HB license 8R license
HR‫ر‬

22- zw / zz /ts/
pizza ‫ا‬0. zwieback ‫' ط‬$. zwitterions
>‫دو‬0 ‫ ت‬B;‫ا‬

VI – ( /ʃ/ & /ʒ/ )

23- …. ssion ss /ʃ/
expression *5. impression ‫* ع‬B‫ا‬ mission
'-
passion
3% procession <‫;آ‬ mansion *‫( آ‬1K ‫ل‬0

24- .. sio /su /sue. s /ʃ/ ( ‫) ـ‬

dimension #5*‫ا‬ censure „.; sure #‫آ‬P
sugar J sensual 9 / 9B‫;ا‬- pressure +g:‫ا‬
issue
: tissues
QB?‫ا‬ expansion ‫د‬#'
extension # tension ; pension ‫ ش‬5

25- sion /ʒ/ ( {)

conclusion
' 1‫ا‬ division ($ decision ‫ار‬
confusion ‫ار* ك‬ inclusion ‫';ن‬: / ‫ا' ل‬ exclusion ‫';ن‬:'‫ رج ا‬R
vision
‫رؤ‬ persuasion ‫ا ع‬ television ‫ ز‬3
26- sia /ʒə/ (‫){ا‬
Indonesia B‫و‬#B‫ا‬ Tunisia 2B; Malaysia 0 
Asia q amnesia ‫اآة‬p‫ان ا‬#$K

27- sua / sure s /ʒ/ ( {)

casual ‫ ض‬3:K usual ‫ د‬5 leisure ‫اغ‬K s‫و‬
treasure 0‫آ‬ measure ‫ س‬$ pleasure
5

Alfy Abdalla Ahmed Senior Master of English - 11 - 010 33 755 422 / 011 113 313 84
Rules of Spelling, Pronunciation & Abbreviations
28- du /di / d /dʒ/ ( { ‫)د‬
gradual 9Q‫ر‬# graduate SR individual ‫دى‬K
procedure ‫إ>اءات‬ residual
 :K /
$. soldier ‫ى‬#>
schedule ‫ول‬#> graduation ‫ج‬1‫ا‬

VII – ( gh /ph = /f/ )

29- gh /f/ in some words

laugh : laughter :‫ا‬ draught 96‫ ر ه;ا‬

tough ‫]ت‬:g‫;ل ا‬3 rough ,R cough
‫ آ‬/ ‫ ل‬5
enough 9K ‫آ‬ trough ‫;ض‬

30- ph /f/
phone ‫;ن‬3 paragraph ‫;ع‬N;  ‫ة‬$K elephant &3‫ا‬
nephew ‫ ا?خ‬.‫إ‬ biography
‫ة ذا‬ dolphin 3‫و‬#‫ا‬
pharmacy
#i phase
 orphan (
philosophy
33‫ا‬ asphalt s3?‫ا‬ physics ‫ ء‬03‫ا‬
graph 9B . (‫ر‬ autograph ‫أو;>اف‬ photo ‫;رة‬i

VIII – ( ui )

31- ..ui /u:/

fruit
-‫ آ‬K suit
#. suitable < 
juice H fluid ‫ج‬0 &6  recruit Gf;

31- eu../ u + consonant + e /ju:/ (; )

euro ‫ا;رو‬ europe .‫اورو‬ european 9.‫اورو‬
euphonism ci euphoria ‫*;ط‬ euthanasia (‫ا';ت ا‬
lute ‫;د‬5‫ا‬ accuse (- use ‫' ل‬5‫ا‬
mule &g*‫ا‬ nude ‫ رى‬ tube ‫*;ب‬B‫أ‬
cute ‫ر‬ mute sK R ‫;ت‬i tune
'gB

32- ..u + consonant /ʌ/

but J multi ‫د‬#5 cup ‫س‬P‫آ‬
butter ‫ة‬#.‫ز‬ upper ‫أ ى‬ club ‫ دى‬B
uncle ‫ ل‬R / ( under &3‫أ‬ unsure #‫آ‬P V

Alfy Abdalla Ahmed Senior Master of English - 12 - 010 33 755 422 / 011 113 313 84
Rules of Spelling, Pronunciation & Abbreviations

33- ..ui /ɪ/

build 9* builder ‫ ء‬. building
 .

guilt (=‫ إ‬/ <B‫ذ‬ guilty <Bp guitar ‫> ر‬
guild
'7 guillotine
H$'‫ا‬ guinea pig 9Q‫ ا‬0R

34- ..ui /aɪ/

guise ‫ى‬J ‫زى‬ disguise J guile ‫ دع‬1
guide # guideline ‫ ت‬->; guidance ‫ى وا د‬#-‫ا‬

IX - o

35- …ood / - oo /ʌ/

blood ‫م‬#‫ا‬ bloody ‫د;ى‬ flood ‫ ن‬:K

36- … on o /ʌ/
Monday =/‫ا‬ son .‫إ‬ wonder ‫ ءل‬
done ( won ‫ ز‬K month -
monk <‫راه‬ monkey ‫د‬ money ‫;د‬$B

37- o + consonant + e /ɔ:/

more [‫أآ‬ tone
'gB alone ‫د‬3'
zone
$ phone ‫;ن‬3 lonely #‫و‬
throne ‫ش‬5‫ا‬ move ‫ك‬ wrote <‫آ‬

38- o + consonant /ɒ/

hot ‫ ر‬ rock ‫ة‬1i dog <‫آ‬
stop G$ drop +$ rob ‫ق‬

X- i
39- i + consonant + e /aɪ/ ( ‫) ى‬
fine
‫ا‬V tile
%]. ripe S
ice S= file G time s;‫ا‬
40- i + consonant /ɪ/ ( ‫) إ‬
fin
‫و‬ till 9 trim ($
sit 2Q fill m' sin
}R
Alfy Abdalla Ahmed Senior Master of English - 13 - 010 33 755 422 / 011 113 313 84
Rules of Spelling, Pronunciation & Abbreviations
41- …ough 
31 ‫ ل‬J‫ أ‬9
rough /ʌf/ *+ dough /əʊ/ *,-. thoughtful /ɔ:/ J3‫ ' ا‬

through /u:/ ‫ل‬/ coughed /ɔ:f/ 0! Scarborough /ə/ 9B . ‫ ء‬
ploughman /aʊ/ ‫ اث‬slough /ʌf/ /aʊ/ +2' hiccoughed /ʌp/ ‫;اق‬K

IX – ( x )
42- x…. /z/
Xerox 2‫زوآ‬ xenophobia <B >?‫ ا‬.;K xylophone ‫;ن‬3‫اآ‬

43- x between 2 vowels x /gz/

exam ' examine 83 exact +*: .
exist A5 exit ‫ج‬1 example ‫[ ل‬
exert ‫ل‬p* exaggeration ‫
و ر ء‬g * exhausted -
exhilarate ‫ر‬#H‫ح ا‬, exonerate 81 ‫*ئ‬ exotic <V
exorbitant '[‫ ه‡ ا‬. exhibit ‫ض‬5 exhaustive & 

44- xio /xu /kʃ/ ( ‫) آـ‬

luxury 9-K sexual 9> anxious G-
luxurious (1K sexuality 9Q‫ا';ل ا‬ anxiously
3-.

X – ( t / th )

45- ture / tue / tua / tu / tio /tʃ/ ( ‫ـ‬, )

picture ‫;رة‬i mixture +R structure ‫ ء‬.
capture P nature
5*‫ا‬ future &*$'‫ا‬
lecturer N  culture
K $[‫ا‬ moisture
.;%‫ا‬
punctual s;‫ ا‬9 ‡K  mutual ‫* دل‬ spiritual 9B ‫رو‬
fortune ‫=وة‬ century ‫ن‬ temperature ‫در>
اارة‬
statue ‫'[ ل‬ virtue
:K ratio
*B ‫ل‬#5

46- ther /…th.. + (a /e /i /o /u) th /ð/ ( ‫) ذ‬

than ِ that ‫ذ‬ the ‫اـ‬
they (‫ه‬ then (= these ‫ه‚ء‬
their (- thence (=  this ‫ا‬p‫ه‬
them (‫ه‬ there ‫ه ك‬ father ‫أب‬
thus p those }‫أو‬ mother ‫أم‬
within ‫]ل‬R thou = you sB‫أ‬ brother #‫و‬
with F thy = your  bother  :
feather A‫ا‬ weather 2$‫ا‬ leather 9 i #>

Alfy Abdalla Ahmed Senior Master of English - 14 - 010 33 755 422 / 011 113 313 84
Rules of Spelling, Pronunciation & Abbreviations

47 - notice: n (..th) /θ/ ( ‫)ث‬, but v (..the) /ð/ ( ‫) ذ‬

n (th) /θ/ (/‫ا‬ v (the) /ð/ 

3 n (th) /θ/ 45‫ا‬ v (the) /ð/ 
3
cloth ‫ ' ش‬/ ‫ * س‬clothe 2* breath 23‫ا‬ breathe 23
bath ‫ا' م‬ bathe ‫ ' م‬pRP teeth ‫ا? ن‬ teethe 
loath ‫ة‬##
‫ آاه‬loathe ‫ة‬#,. J

48- th +( a /e /i /o /u / ra /re /ro /ru /w) th /θ/ ( ‫) =ـ‬

thank J, think J3 theatre ‫ح‬
thought ‫ة‬JK Thursday 2'1‫;م ا‬ thread +R
through ‫]ل‬R thrash ‫ة‬#َ> thorough & ‫آ‬
thrust
5K‫;ة دا‬ thwart F' thumb ‫ م‬-./‫ ا‬F*i‫ا‬
truth
$$‫ا‬ length ‫ا;ل‬ health
H‫ا‬
width ‫ض‬5‫ا‬ depth '5‫ا‬ wealth ‫ا[وة‬

XI – ( g )
49- g + (e/i/y) /dʒ/ ( ‫)د{ـ‬
age '5‫ا‬ cage 83 gene 9=‫ & ورا‬
gender ‫ ا;ع‬/ 2Q‫ا‬ gem ‫>;هة‬ gym ‫ ب‬5‫ 
أ‬i
giraffe
K‫زرا‬ magic ‫ا‬ geologist >;;> (
geometry
#-‫ ( ا‬ giant ‫ ']ق‬ technology
$‫ ( ا‬
geology >;;> ( knowledge
K5 garbage
 '$‫ا‬
stage ‫*
ا'ح‬,R page
3i image ‫;رة‬i

50- ……. exceptions gi/ge g /g/

give 95 gift
 forgive c 
begin ‫أ‬#* girl s. gilt <‫ه‬pُ
girth (Q‫ ا‬+ giddy ‫وار‬# . ‫ ب‬H giggle
-$-
tiger '‫ا‬ finger #‫ ا‬F*i‫ا‬ eager ‫;ق‬
geese ‫ا?وز‬ target ‫ف‬#‫ه‬ bagel ‫ور‬# 0*R
forget 9 beget <Q get 9 &H

Alfy Abdalla Ahmed Senior Master of English - 15 - 010 33 755 422 / 011 113 313 84
Rules of Spelling, Pronunciation & Abbreviations

‫ ء‬Q-‫ وا‬95'‫]ف ا‬R‫ ا‬F ‫ ا‬23. ‫آ' ن‬ ‫ ء‬Q-‫ وا‬95'‫]ف ا‬R‫ ا‬F ‫ ا‬23. ‫آ' ن‬
air ‫;اء‬-‫ا‬ heir \‫ا;ر‬ hall
 haul


bald Fi‫أ‬ bold ‫>ئ‬ hart & ‫و‬ heart <$‫ا‬

bark ‫* ح‬B barque
 ‫ة ا‬R . heard F' herd F

berry ‫ا;ت‬ bury K# heel <5J‫ا‬ heal (}

birth ‫ا']د‬ berth ‫  ر‬ him ;‫ه‬ hymn


boy #‫و‬ buoy
‫ ;ا‬ I B‫أ‬ eye 5‫ا‬

bow ‫;س‬ bough HV in 9K inn gi ‫ق‬#K

border ‫ود‬# boarder 9R‫دا‬ listen F' lessen &$

but J butt <$ُ made Fi maid
‫ د‬R

buy ‫ى‬, bye ‫وداع‬ male ‫آ‬p mail #.

check 83 cheque 9J. i mall ‫ رى‬Q F'Q maul A-

coo &#‫ه‬ coup ‫]ب‬$B‫ا‬ manner ‫أ;ب‬ manor 93‫ل ر‬0

choose ‫ ر‬1 chews ˆ:' marshal ‫ ر ل‬ martial 9.

coral ‫> ن‬ choral ‫آ;روس‬ medal
‫ا‬# meddle &3

cord &* chord (V  metal ‫ن‬#5 mettle
'0

cost
3J coast &  mind &$5‫ا‬ mined (Q 9K 3

climb 03$ clime ‫ خ‬ minor &}N miner (Q &

die ‫';ت‬ dye ˆH mist ‫رزاز‬ missed #$K

faze * phase
 mode ‫اج‬0 mowed A6 ,‫ ا‬F

feet ‫ام‬#?‫ا‬ feat ‫ة‬13 morning ‫* ح‬i mourning ‫اء‬05‫ا‬

few & phew Q: mussel ‫;ى‬R‫ر‬ muscle
:

filter c philter <1ُB night
 knight ‫ رس‬3‫ا‬

flour #‫ا‬ flower ‫زهة‬ not  knot ‫ة‬#$

forth O*,  fourth F.‫اا‬ nun
*‫راه‬ none #‫ أ‬
fowl 6 % foul PR one #‫وا‬ won ‫ ز‬K
Greece ‫ ن‬B;‫ا‬ grease ( oral ‫;ى‬3 aural 95'

hair 5,‫ا‬ hare ‫ى‬. <B‫أر‬ or ‫أو‬ ore 0K / ‫ن‬#5

Alfy Abdalla Ahmed Senior Master of English - 16 - 010 33 755 422 / 011 113 313 84
Rules of Spelling, Pronunciation & Abbreviations

pain (‫أ‬ pane ‫ز> ج * ك‬ sole #‫و‬ soul ‫روْح‬

pair ‫زوج‬ pear ‫آ'[ى‬ some d5. sum ˆ*
peace ‫ا]م‬ piece
5 son .‫إ‬ sun 2',‫ا‬

peek ‫ة‬7B 21 pique  sore
 soar F3

plane ‫ة‬6 % plain ‫;ن  دة‬ story
H storey ‫ دور‬/ . %

pray 9H prey
K steel <H‫ا‬ steal ‫ق‬

prize ‫ة‬06 > prise ‫ع‬0 sure #‫آ‬P shore E% 

rap ‫ق‬ wrap G sweet ‫;ى‬ suite 9#K ‫> ح‬

rain '‫ا‬ reign
‫( دو‬J tail &p‫ا‬ tale
 J

raise FK raze ‫ُك‬# vale ‫وادى‬ veil ‫ ب‬Q

right '‫ا‬ write <J vain ($ vein #‫ور‬

ring ( R wring H5 wait 7 weight ‫ا;زن‬

route % root ‫ر‬p> waste  3B waist H1‫ا‬

sale ‫اوآ ز;ن‬ sail * way
$% weigh ‫ن‬0

seen ‫رأى‬ scene #-, weather 2$‫ا‬ whether ‫إذا‬

sent &‫أر‬ scent
6‫را‬ wet &* whet p,

sell F* cell ‫روم‬#. whale ‫ا;ت‬ wail <‫ا‬

seller F6 *‫ا‬ cellar
B‫ا‬0B‫ز‬ which ‫أى‬ witch ‫ا ة‬

session
> cession ‫ زل‬ wine '1‫ا‬ whine p

shoot ‫ ا ر‬ chute -‫ر ا‬# yoke ‫ ط‬.‫ا‬ yolk d*‫ ر ا‬3i

site F; sight 7 you sB‫أ‬ ewe
Q5‫ا‬

buy ‫ى‬, bye ً ‫ودا‬ by
‫;ا‬.

hall
 i hole
K whole &J‫ا‬
for &>? four
5.‫أر‬ fore
#$'‫ا‬
peak
'$‫روة وا‬p‫ا‬ peek ‫ة‬7B 21 pique 
row Gi raw EB roe '‫ ا‬d.
so p saw ‫ ر‬, sow ‫ر‬p*
site F; sight #-, cite ‫ـ‬. #-,
two =‫إ‬ too ً:‫أ‬ to 9‫إ‬
weather 2$‫ا‬ wither &.p whether ‫ إذا‬/ ‫إ‬
Alfy Abdalla Ahmed Senior Master of English - 17 - 010 33 755 422 / 011 113 313 84
Rules of Spelling, Pronunciation & Abbreviations

0QB/‫'
ا‬J‫ا‬ 9.5‫& ا‬i?‫ا‬
0QB/‫'
ا‬J‫ا‬ 9.5‫& ا‬i?‫ا‬
0QB/‫'
ا‬J‫ا‬ 9.5‫& ا‬i?‫ا‬
adobe *‫ا;ب ا‬ fur ‫اء‬3‫ا‬ nadir #B / 7B
admiral ‫أدال‬ guitar ‫[ رة‬$‫ا‬ nuchal ‫ ع‬1B
alcove ;*$‫ا‬ giraffe
K‫را‬0‫ا‬ negotiation
, 
alcohol ‫;ل‬J‫ا‬ gazelle ‫ال‬0g‫ا‬ neck 5‫ا‬
algebra *Q‫ا‬ ghoul ‫;ل‬g‫ا‬ octopus ‫*;ط‬R?‫ا‬
alembic */‫ا‬ grave
K‫ا‬$‫ ا‬/ *$‫ا‬ orange SB‫ا]ر‬
almanac ‫  خ‬/(;$ guess '1 / 2Q odd ‫أ دى‬
alphabet ‫ ء‬. G‫أ‬ guide #6 $‫ا‬ Paradise ‫دوس‬3‫ا‬
amber *5‫ا‬ harem (‫ا‬ prairie ‫ا*ارى‬
assassin  ,‫ا‬ hashish A,‫ا‬ safari ‫ رى‬3‫ا‬
azure ‫ا]زورد‬ hazard ‫زه اد‬ saffron ‫ان‬3 0‫ا‬
bug *‫ا‬ henna ‫ا ء‬ soap ‫;ن‬. H‫ا‬
body ‫ن‬#*‫ا‬ house ‫ا;ش‬ soup
.‫;ر‬,‫ا‬
camel &'Q‫ا‬ jar ‫ة‬Q‫ا‬ stable &*‫ا‬
castle H$‫ا‬/
5$‫ا‬ jasmine ' ‫ا‬ story ‫أ;رة‬/
H
cat +$‫ا‬ jerboa ‫;ع‬.Q‫ا‬ sugar J‫ا‬
candle &#$‫ا‬ jinn Q‫ا‬ Sultan ‫ا ن‬
captain ‫* ن‬$‫ا‬ kermes 0$‫ا‬ Sultanate
‫ا‬
carob ‫وب‬1‫ا‬ Khan ‫ ن‬1‫ا‬ syrup ‫اب‬
carat ‫اط‬$‫ا‬ kismet <HB‫'
و‬ table
*‫ ا‬/ ‫ة‬#6 '‫ا‬
cave G-J‫ا‬ kohl &J‫ا‬ tail &.p‫ا‬
chemistry ‫' ء‬J‫ا‬ leg &>‫ا‬ talc ‫زهة ا‬
cheque 9J*‫ ا‬H‫ا‬ lemon ‫ا';ن‬ tall ‫ا;ل‬
coffin 3J‫ا‬ lilac ‫زه ا]ك‬ tamarind ‫ى‬#‫'ه‬
coffle &3‫ آ‬/
 3J‫ا‬ lute ‫;د‬5‫ا‬ tariff
‫'آ‬Q‫
ا‬35‫ا‬
cotton $‫ا‬ mattress
* / ‫ح‬H terrace ‫ااس‬
cut F$‫ا‬ mocha 9'‫ ا‬1ُ'‫ ا‬. tobacco ‫ ن‬R#‫ ا‬/ ‫ا* ق‬
down &3?‫ ا‬/ ‫ون‬#‫ا‬ mohair 0 '‫ ا‬5/ ‫;ه‬ vizier ‫وز‬
Emir ‫أ‬ mean 95
Emirate ‫إ رة‬ monsoon 9'; zenith ‫ اأس‬s'
fakir $K  B mummy ‫; ء‬ zero 3H‫ا‬
felocca O‫;آ‬K magazine ‫ زن‬1 /
Q zigzag ‫ ق‬0‫ا‬

Alfy Abdalla Ahmed Senior Master of English - 18 - 010 33 755 422 / 011 113 313 84
Rules of Spelling, Pronunciation & Abbreviations

1 The most common letter in English is "e".

2 The most common vowel in English is "e", followed by "a".

3 The most common consonant in English is "r", followed by "t".

4 Every syllable in English must have a vowel (sound).

Not all syllables have consonants.

5 The dot over the letter " i " and the letter " j " is called a "superscript dot".

6 the # symbol has several names, for example: hash, pound sign, number sign.

7 the @ symbol is usually called "the at sign" or "the at symbol".

8 The shortest complete sentence in English is the following. "I am."

9 More English words begin with the letter "s" than with any other letter.

10 The word "uncopyrightable"

is the longest English word in normal use that contains no letter more than once.

11 The following sentence contains all 26 letters (pangram) of the alphabet:

"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog."

12 'blend noun' joining two parts of existing words

"brunch" (breakfast + lunch); "motel" (motorcar + hotel);
and "guesstimate" (guess + estimate).
* 'compound noun' two whole words join together:
website, blackboard, darkroom.

13 The only word in English that ends with the letters "-mt" is "dreamt / undreamt"

14 Only two English words in current use end in "-gry".

They are "angry" and "hungry".

15 The word "bookkeeper" (along with its associate "bookkeeping") is the only
unhyphenated English word with three consecutive double letters.
Other such words, like "sweet-toothed", require a hyphen to be readily readable.

16 The word "triskaidekaphobia" means "extreme fear of the number 13".

This superstition is related to "paraskevidekatriaphobia",
which means "fear of Friday, the 13th."
Alfy Abdalla Ahmed Senior Master of English - 19 - 010 33 755 422 / 011 113 313 84
Rules of Spelling, Pronunciation & Abbreviations

17 "Oxford comma" or a "serial comma" replaces 'and':

"I drink coffee, tea, and wine."
18 plural form:
binoculars ‫*ة‬J ‫ رة‬7B jeans 0> pijamas
 Q. shears 8$
spectacles ‫ رة‬7B trousers ‫;ن‬. gallows ‫;ن‬.
 ' scissors
glasses pants stocks ‫>;رب‬ tongs ‫ ط‬$

(but singular as modifiers, as in "trouser pocket"

19 The word "Checkmate" in chess comes from the Persian phrase "Shah Mat" meaning
"the king is helpless".

20 The longest English word without a true vowel (a, e, i, o, u) is "rhythm".

21 We pronounce the combination "ough" in 9 different ways, as in the following

sentence which contains them all:
"A rough-coated, dough-faced, thoughtful ploughman strode through the streets of
Scarborough; after falling into a slough, he coughed and hiccoughed."
rough /ʌf/ ,R dough /əʊ/ Q thoughtful /ɔ:/ J3‫ ' ا‬
through /u:/ ‫]ل‬R coughed /ɔ:f/ cJ Scarborough /ə/ 9B . ‫ ء‬
ploughman /aʊ/ ‫ اث‬slough /ʌf/ /aʊ/ ,1 hiccoughed /ʌp/
V‫ ز‬/ ‫;اق‬K
22 The only planet not named after a god is our own, Earth.
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Pluto, Neptune.

23 There are only 4 English words in common use ending in "-dous":

hazardous, horrendous, stupendous, and tremendous.

24 We can find 10 words in the 7-letter word "therein" without rearranging any of its
letters: the, there, he, in, rein, her, here, ere, therein, herein.

25 A preposition is always followed by a noun (i.e. noun, proper noun, pronoun,

noun, group, gerund).
26 The "QWERTY keyboard" gains its name from the fact that its first 6 letter keys are
Q, W, E, R, T and Y. On early typewriters the keys were arranged in such a way as to
minimize the clashing of the mechanical rods that carried the letters.
Kinds of Word
nominative ‫أ‬#*/ & K He went out. Sama is a doctor.
accusative  * ‫;ل‬53 I met Sherif. I went to school.
dative  * V ‫;ل‬53 Tell me your name. Send him this email.
vocative ‫ دى‬ Hala, take this book. Come on, Ahmed.
genative O‫ ف إ‬: I opened the class door. The table leg is broken.
ablative ‫ور‬Q I apologized to the doctor. I live in Cairo.

Alfy Abdalla Ahmed Senior Master of English - 20 - 010 33 755 422 / 011 113 313 84
Rules of Spelling, Pronunciation & Abbreviations

‫ اوزان‬Weights

Ton 1000 kg ‫ا‬ Kilogram ‘kg’ 1000 g ‫;>ام‬J‫ا‬

Gram ‘g’ 1000 mg ‫ام‬Q‫ا‬ Pound 406.25 g &%‫ا‬
Onz /Ounce 29.57 g
‫ا?و‬

&6‫ & ا;ا‬J Liquids

GB Gallon 4.54 liters 9B . ‫> ;ن‬ Liter ‘Lt 1000 ml ‫ا‬
US Gallon 4.44 liters 9J‫> ;ن أ‬ Liter ‘Lt 0.57 pints ‘pt’ s .

‫ ت‬K '‫ ا‬Distances

Hectar 1000 'm²' ‫ ر‬J-‫ا‬ Faddan 4200 'm²' ‫ان‬#3‫ا‬

Kilometer ‘km’ 1000 'm' ;J‫ا‬ Mile 1609.3 ‘m’ &'‫ا‬
Meter ‘m’ 100 'cm' '‫ا‬ Centimeter ‘cm’ 10 ‘mm’ '‫ا‬
Yard 91.4 'cm' ‫ا ردة‬ Foot ‘ft’ 4.5 inch ‫م‬#$‫ا‬
Inch ‘in’ 2.54 'cm'
i;*‫ا‬ Acre 4000 'm²' ‫راع‬p‫ا‬
Faddan 24 Carat ‫ان‬#3‫ا‬ Carat 175 'm²' ‫اط‬$‫ا‬

‫']ت‬5‫ ا‬Currencies

GB Pound ‘£‘ 100 pence 9‫ ا‬O> Penny ‘P’ 2*‫ا‬
EG Pound ‘£E‘ 100 piasters ‫ى‬H O> Piaster ‘₧’ 10 millimes ‫ش‬$‫ا‬
US Dollar ‘$’ 100 cents 9J‫دور أ‬ Cent ‘Ct’ ‘¢’ s‫ا‬
KS Rial ‘SAR ‘ 100 halala ‫;دى‬5‫ا ل ا‬ Euro ' € ' 100 cents ‫ا;رو‬
UAE Dirham 100 fills 9‫دره( إ را‬ Syrian Lira ‘SL‘ 100 piasters
‫ة ;ر‬
Turkish Lira 'TL' 100 kuruş
‫ة آ‬

Irregular Plural
‫ ذ‬,‫ ا‬F'Q‫ا‬

singular plural singular plural singular plural

bacterium bacteria fungus fungi ox oxen
basis bases goose geese person people
cactus cacti louse lice stratum strata
child children man men syllabus syllabi
curriculum curricula medium media thesis theses
datum data mouse mice tooth teeth
foot feet oasis oases vita vitae
focus foci ovum ova woman women
Alfy Abdalla Ahmed Senior Master of English - 21 - 010 33 755 422 / 011 113 313 84
Rules of Spelling, Pronunciation & Abbreviations

masculine ‫آ‬p feminine \B‚ masculine ‫آ‬p feminine \B‚

actor &[' actress
[' host G: hostess
3:

author < ‫آ‬ authoress
* ‫آ‬ hunter ‫ د‬i huntress ‫ دة‬i
bachelor ‫ب‬0 ‫أ‬ spinster ‫  ء‬ husband ‫زوج‬ wife
>‫زو‬
bear 0R sow ‫ة‬0R kid ‫ى‬#> goat 0 
boy #‫و‬ girl s. king  queen
J
bridegroom 2 bride
‫ و‬ lord # lady ‫ة‬#
brorther ‫أخ‬ sister sR‫أ‬ landlord ‫ ر‬$   landlady ‫ ر‬$
J 
buck 9*f doe
‫ا‬0V lion #‫أ‬ lioness ‫*‚ة‬
bull &Q cow ‫ة‬$. man &>‫ر‬ woman ‫اأة‬
Caesar H Caesariana ‫ة‬H mister #‫ا‬ mistress ‫ة‬#‫ا‬
cock ‫د‬ hen
> >‫د‬ manager # managress ‫ة‬#
conductor 6  conductress
$6  murderer &  murderess
 
count sB;‫آ‬ countess
B;‫آ‬ nephew ‫ أخ‬.‫أ‬ niece ‫ أخ‬.‫أ‬
dad ‫أب‬ mum ‫أم‬ ox ‫=;ر‬ cow ‫ة‬$
divorced  divorcee
$ peacock ‫ ووس‬% peahen
‫ وو‬%
dog <‫آ‬ bitch
*‫آ‬ policeman 9% policewoman
%
drake +. ‫ د‬duck
. prince ‫أ‬ princess ‫أة‬
duke ‫دوق‬ duchess
‫دو‬ ram ‫وف‬R ewe
Q5B
emperor ‫;ر‬%‫ ا*ا‬empress ‫;رة‬%‫ا*ا‬ sir # madam ‫ة‬#
enchanter ‫اب‬p> enchantress
.‫ا‬p> son .‫إ‬ daughter
.‫إ‬
father ‫أب‬ morther ‫أم‬ stallion ‫ ن‬H mare ‫ة‬-
fiancé <R fiancée
*R steward G: stewardess
3:
fox <5= vexin
*5= Sultan ‫  ن‬Sultana
B 
gander ‫ ذآ أوز‬goose ‫أوزة‬ temper <N V tempress
*N V
gentleman # lady ‫ة‬# tiger 'B tigress ‫'ة‬B
god O‫إ‬ goddess
-‫إ‬ uncle ‫ ل‬R / ( aunt
 R /
'
grandfather #> grandmorther ‫ة‬#> waiter ‫>;ن‬ waitress
B;>
grandpa #> grandma ‫ة‬#> widower &‫أر‬ widow
‫أر‬
grandson #3 granddaughter ‫ة‬#3 wizard   witch ‫ ة‬
handsome (‫و‬ beautiful
'>
hawk $i bowess $H‫ ا‬9[B‫أ‬
headmaster f B headmistress ‫ة‬f B
heir \‫ور‬ heiress
[‫ور‬
hero &. heroine
.

Alfy Abdalla Ahmed Senior Master of English - 22 - 010 33 755 422 / 011 113 313 84
Rules of Spelling, Pronunciation & Abbreviations

'‫وــــــ
اـــــــ‬#‫ رات ا‬HR/‫ا‬

1 ‫ ر‬HR/‫ا‬ ]
ً  ‫ آ‬95'‫ا‬
.5‫
ا‬g .
'>‫ا‬
1 ABC American Broadcasting Corporation
J?‫ذا
ا‬/‫ه}
ا‬
2 ABF African Basketball Federation
‫ة ا‬J 9$K?‫ د ا‬/‫ا‬
3 AC Alternating Current ‫ا ر ا'دد‬
4 ACA Administrative Control Authority
‫دار‬/‫
ا‬. ‫ه}
ا‬
5 AD Anno Domini ‫*& ا']د‬
6 ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscribe Line ً #$ ‫;ع‬K#'‫ ا‬sBB‫ ا‬+R
7 AFC Asian Football Confederation ‫م‬#$‫ة ا‬J ‫ د ا?;ى‬/‫ا‬
8 AFF African Football Federation ‫م‬#$‫ة ا‬J 9$K?‫ د ا‬/‫ا‬
9 AHC Aswan Heart Center <$ ‫ أ;ان‬0‫آ‬
10 AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
*J'‫ ا'
ا‬8$B -‫ز‬#/‫ا‬
11 AI Amnesty International
‫و‬#‫; ا‬35‫'
ا‬7
12 AKF African Karate Federation O‫ا‬J 9$K?‫ د ا‬/‫ا‬
13 AM Ante Meridiem -7‫*& ا‬
14 ANESCO Arab Nations for Education, Science & (5
.5‫ول ا‬#‫'
ا‬7
Culture Organization
K $[‫;م وا‬5‫وا‬
15 App Application *
16 ARE Arab Republic of Egypt
.5‫ ا‬H
‫;ر‬-'>
17 ASA Accountability State Authority ‫ى ' * ت‬0‫ ز ا'آ‬-Q‫ا‬
18 ASAP As Soon As Possible J'  ‫ع‬P.
19 ASF African Swimming Federation
 * 9$K?‫ د ا‬/‫ا‬
20 AUC American University in Cairo ‫ هة‬$ .
J?‫
ا‬5 Q‫ا‬
21 AVC Asian Volleyball Confederation ‫ة‬6 ‫ة ا‬J ‫ د ا?;ى‬/‫ا‬
22 AVF African Volleyball Federation ‫ة‬6 ‫ة ا‬J 9$K?‫ د ا‬/‫ا‬
BA Bachelor of Arts (Baccalaureus Artium) ‫داب‬n‫ ا‬2B 
23 BA Bachelor of Arts
K
. ‫ ;ر;س‬J.
24 BBC British Broadcasting Corporation
B *‫ذا
ا‬/‫ه}
ا‬
25 BCE Before Christ Era ‫*& ا']د‬
26 BEd Bachelor of Education
. ‫ ;ر;س‬J.
27 BIOS Basic Input & Output System (comp) ‫> ت‬1'‫]ت وا‬R#'‫ة ا‬#‫و‬
28 BMW Bavarian Motor Works ‫
ا رات‬5B H
‫ ر‬3*‫آ
ا‬,‫ا‬
29 BO Body Odour (Q‫
ا‬6‫را‬
30 BSc Bachelor of Science (B Scientiae) ‫;م‬5‫ ;ر;س ا‬J.
31 BYD Build Your Dream "‫اى ' " رآ
 رة‬
32 CAF Confederation Africane de Football ‫م‬#$‫ة ا‬J 9$K?‫ د ا‬/‫ا‬
33 CAOA Central Agency for Organization & ‫دارة‬/‫( وا‬7 ‫ى‬0‫ ز ا'آ‬-Q‫ا‬
Administration
****1****

Alfy Abdalla Ahmed Senior Master of English - 23 - 010 33 755 422 / 011 113 313 84
Rules of Spelling, Pronunciation & Abbreviations

2 ‫ ر‬HR/‫ا‬ ]
ً  ‫ آ‬95'‫ا‬
.5‫
ا‬g .
'>‫ا‬
34 CAPMAS Central Agency for Public Mobilization &
 5‫*}
ا‬5 ‫ى‬0‫ ز ا'آ‬-Q‫ا‬
Statistics ‫ ء‬H/‫وا‬
35 CBADC Central Bank for Agricultural Development and
' 96‫ا* ا‬
Credit 9 ‫را‬0‫' ن ا‬6/‫وا‬
36 CBI Confederation of British Industries 9B *‫ ت ا‬H‫إ د ا‬
37 CBC Capital Broadcassting Center
'i 5‫ه}
إذا
ا‬
38 CBE Central Bank of Egypt ‫ى‬H'‫ى ا‬0‫ا* ا'آ‬
39 CC Cylinder Capacity ‫رة ا'ك‬#
40 CC Closet Circuit ;*'J‫آ ا اادار أو ا‬
41 CCtv Closed-Circuit television
$g
B;03 ‫ة‬6‫دا‬
42 CD Compact Disk (comp) S#'‫ص ا‬$‫ا‬
43 CIA Central Intelligence Agency
J?‫ات ا‬. 1'‫وآ 
ا‬
44 CIB Commercial International Bank 9‫و‬#‫ رى ا‬Q‫ا* ا‬
45 CIC Canadian International College H'.
#J‫
ا‬5 Q‫ا‬
46 CLT Cairo Local Time ‫ هة‬$ 9'‫ ا‬s;‫ا‬
47 CNE Cable Network of Egypt
6 :3‫;ات ا‬$
H'‫آ
ا‬,‫ا‬
48 CNN Cable News Network ‫* ر‬Rm
6 :3‫;ات ا‬$‫آ
ا‬
49 COD Call Of Duty <>‫اء ا;ا‬#B
50 COMESA Common Market of Eastern & Southern ‫ق و>;ب‬, ‫ رة‬Q‫'
ا‬7
Africa ;J‫ ا‬- $K‫أ‬
51 CPU Central Processing Unit (comp)
0‫*& ا'آ‬g,‫ة ا‬#‫و‬
52 CV Curriculum Vitae
‫ا‬p‫اة ا‬
53 DIY Do It Yourself 3. -5K‫ا‬
54 DJ Disc Jockey
$; ‫ ت‬B‫& ا;ا‬g,,
55 DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid ‫ ا;وى‬d'‫ا‬
56 DTP Desktop Publishing ;*'J‫ ز ا‬-> 9 ,‫ا‬
57 DVD Digital Video Disk 9'‫; ا‬#‫ص الڤ‬
58 DVT Deep Vein Thrombosis ' ‫ى‬#‫ ور‬+Q
59 EAEA International Atomic Energy Authorty
‫
 
ا;و‬H'‫}
ا‬-‫ا‬
60 EAP English for Academic Purpose
'‫
ا?آ د‬0QB/‫
ا‬g‫ا‬
61 ECDL European Computer Driving Licence
.‫
 دة ا < ا?ورو‬HR‫ر‬
62 EFA Egyptian Football Association ‫م‬#$‫ة ا‬J ‫ى‬H'‫ د ا‬/‫ا‬
63 EFA Egyptian Basketball Federation
‫ة ا‬J ‫ى‬H'‫ د ا‬/‫ا‬
64 EFF Egyptian Fencing Federation ‫ى ]ح‬H'‫ د ا‬/‫ا‬
65 EFL English as a Foreign Language
*>‫
أ‬g‫
آ‬0QB/‫
ا‬g‫ا‬
66 e.g. exempli gratia (Latin) ‫ *& ا'[ ل‬9
67 EGI Egyptian General Intelligence
H'‫ 
ا‬5‫ات ا‬. 1'‫ا‬
68 EGOTH Egyptian General Organization for Tourism &
 5‫
ا‬H'‫آ
ا‬,‫ا‬
Hotels ‫ دق‬3‫ 
وا‬

Alfy Abdalla Ahmed Senior Master of English - 24 - 010 33 755 422 / 011 113 313 84
Rules of Spelling, Pronunciation & Abbreviations
****2****

3 ‫ ر‬HR/‫ا‬ ]
ً  ‫ آـــــــــــــــــ‬95'‫ا‬
.5‫
ا‬g .
'>‫ا‬
69 EHA Egyptian Handball Association ‫م‬#$‫ة ا‬J ‫ى‬H'‫ د ا‬/‫ا‬
70 EIDBEW Egyptian Industrial Development Bank & ‫ى‬H'‫ 
ا‬H‫ ا'
ا‬.
Egyptian Workers ‫ى‬H'‫' ل ا‬5‫وا‬
71 EPAs Economic Partnership Agreements
‫ د‬H‫اآ
ا‬,‫  ت ا‬3‫ا‬
72 ER Emergency Room ‫ة ا;ارئ‬Q
73 ESA Egyptian Squash Association ‫;اش‬J] ‫ى‬H'‫ د ا‬/‫ا‬
74 ESF Egyptian Swimming Federation
 * ‫ى‬H'‫ د ا‬/‫ا‬
75 ESL English as a Seecond Language
B =
g‫
آ‬0QB/‫ا‬
76 ESP English as a Specific/ Special Purpose ‫ ص‬R ‫ص‬g
0QB/‫
ا‬g‫ا‬
77 etc. et cetera (Latin) Rq 9‫إ‬
78 et il. et ilii / et ilia / et iliae (Latin) ‫ون‬Rq ‫و‬
79 ETUF Egyptian Trade Union Federation H ‫' ل‬5 ‫ م‬5‫ا د ا‬
80 EVC European Volleyball Federation ‫ة‬6 ‫ة ا‬J 9.‫ د اورو‬/‫ا‬
81 EKB Egyptian Knowledge Bank ‫ى‬H'‫
ا‬K5'‫ ا‬.
82 FA Football Association ‫م‬#$‫ا د آة ا‬
83 FAO Food & Agriculture Organization
pV?‫را
و ا‬0‫'
ا‬7
84 FAQ Frequently Asked Question ً'6‫‚ال دد دا‬
85 FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation
J?‫را
ا‬#3‫< ا'* \ ا‬J
86 FCC Federation of Chambers of Commerce
‫ ر‬Q‫ف ا‬g‫ا د ا‬
87 FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Office <B >?‫;\ وا‬B;;J‫< دول ا‬J
88 FDA Food and Drug Administration
‫
وا?دو‬pV?‫'
ا‬7
89 FIAT Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino ‫
ا رات‬H
 ‫آ
ا‬,‫ا‬
90 FIBA Federation of International Basketball Association
‫ة ا‬J 9‫و‬#‫ د ا‬/‫ا‬
91 FIFA Federation of International Football Association ‫م‬#$‫ة ا‬J 9‫و‬#‫ د ا‬/‫ا‬
92 FIV Federation of International Volleyball ‫ة‬6 ‫ة ا‬J 9‫و‬#‫ د ا‬/‫ا‬
93 FM Frequency Modulation 9 ‫ذا‬/‫ر ل ا‬/‫ دل دد ا‬5
94 FTP File Transfer Protocol (comp) ‫ ت‬3'‫& ا‬$B
#R
95 FUE French University in Egypt ‫ هة‬$ .
B3‫
ا‬5 Q‫ا‬
UFE Université Français d' Egypte
96 GATT General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade ‫ ت‬Q‫ ا‬-
' 5‫ رة ا‬Q‫ 
ا‬3‫ا‬
97 GB Great Britain 9'75‫ ا‬B .
98 GB Gigabyte = 1028 megabyte (comp)  
‫جي‬
99 GCSE General Certificate of Secondary Education
 5‫;
ا‬B [‫ دة ا‬-
100 IG(CSE) International General Certificate of Sec Education
‫و‬#‫ 
ا‬5‫;
ا‬B [‫ دة ا‬-
101 GDP Gross Domestic Product 9'‫ ا‬S ‫ ا‬9 '>‫إ‬
102 GFWC General Federation of Women’s Clubs ‫ م ;ادى ا'أة‬5‫ د ا‬/‫ا‬
103 GID General Intelligence Department
 5‫ات ا‬. 1'‫إدارة ا‬
104 GM Genetically Modified ً =‫ل ورا‬#5

Alfy Abdalla Ahmed Senior Master of English - 25 - 010 33 755 422 / 011 113 313 84
 Rules of Spelling, Pronunciation & Abbreviations
****3****

4 ‫ ر‬HR/‫ا‬ ]
ً  ‫ آـــــــــــــــــ‬95'‫ا‬
.5‫
ا‬g .
'>‫ا‬
105 GMC General Motors Company ‫
ا رات‬H
 5‫آ
ا‬,‫ا‬
106 GMT Greenwich Mean Time A> - 9‫و‬#‫ ا‬s;‫ ا‬+R
107 GNP Gross National Product 9'‫ ا‬S ‫ ا‬9 '>‫إ‬
108 GP General Practitioner ‫*< ' رس م‬%
109 GUC American University in Cairo ‫ هة‬$ .
B '?‫
ا‬5 Q‫ا‬
110 HDB Housing & Development Bank ‫ ن‬J/‫' وا‬5‫ ا‬.
111 GNP Gross National Product 9'‫ ا‬S ‫ ا‬9 '>‫إ‬
GP General Practitioner ‫*< ' رس م‬%
113 GUC American University in Cairo ‫ هة‬$ .
B '?‫
ا‬5 Q‫ا‬
114 HDB Housing & Development Bank ‫ ن‬J/‫' وا‬5‫ ا‬.
115 HGV Heavy Goods Vehicle &$= &$B
 
116 HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
,*‫ ا'
ا‬8$B ‫وس‬K
117 HM His /Her Majesty -‫  د‬/ O‫ د‬
1118 HOTAC The Holding Company for Tourism, Hotels &
 
:. $‫آ
ا‬,‫ا‬
Cinema '‫ دق وا‬3‫وا‬
119 HQ Headquarters 96‫ ا‬$'‫ا‬
120 HRH His /Her Royal Highness
J'‫ا‬/ '‫ ا‬9 5
121 HRO Human Rights Organization ‫ ن‬B/‫;ق ا‬$
'7
122 HSBC Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation 9 9. ‫ اس‬A‫ ا‬.
123 HTML Hyper Text Mark up Language (comp) 8‫ ا‬0
g
124 IATA International Air Transport Association
' 5‫ ا‬9B#'‫'
اان ا‬7
125 IAEA International Atomic Energy Association
‫و
 
ا;و‬#‫}
ا‬-‫ا‬
126 ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
‫و‬#‫ ا‬9B#'‫'
اان ا‬7
127 ICC International Chamber of Commerce
' 5‫ رة ا‬Q‫
ا‬KV
128 ICC International Criminal Court
‫و‬#‫
ا‬6 Q‫'
ا‬J'‫ا‬
129 ICDL International Computer Driving Licence (comp)
‫و‬#‫
 دة ا < ا‬HR‫ر‬
130 ICJ International Court of Justice
‫و‬#‫ل ا‬#5‫'
ا‬J
131 ICT Information & Communication Technology (comp) ‫; ت‬5'‫ ت وا‬H‫
ا‬$
132 ICU Intensive Care Unit ‫ة‬0‫ة ا 
ا'آ‬#‫و‬
133 ID Identity Card
H1,‫ ا‬$
 .
134 i.e. id est (Latin) ‫ *& ا'[ ل‬9
135 IEF International Energy Forum
  9‫و‬#‫ى ا‬#'‫ا‬
136 ILO International Labour Organization
‫و‬#‫'& ا‬5‫'
ا‬7
137 IMF International Monetary Fund 9‫و‬#‫ ا‬#$‫وق ا‬#i
138 INGOs International Non-Governmental Organizations
;J g‫و
ا‬#‫' ت ا‬7
139 IOC International Olympic Committee
‫و‬#‫
او'*
ا‬Q‫ا‬
140 IOU I Owe You  # B‫أ‬
141 IP Internet Protocol ‫; ت‬5'‫
ا‬J* ‫و;آ;ل‬.
****4****
Alfy Abdalla Ahmed Senior Master of English - 26 - 010 33 755 422 / 011 113 313 84
Rules of Spelling, Pronunciation & Abbreviations

5 ‫ ر‬HR/‫ا‬ ]
ً  ‫ آ‬95'‫ا‬
.5‫
ا‬g .
'>‫ا‬
142 IPA International Phonetic Alphabets
‫و‬#‫ر;ز ا ا‬
143 IQ Intelligence Quiz ‫* ر ذآ ء‬R‫إ‬
144 IRA Irish Republic Army ‫ى‬#‫;رى ا‬-'Q‫ ا‬AQ‫ا‬
145 ISBN International Serial Book Number ‫ ب‬J 9‫و‬#‫ر( ا( ا‬
146 ISESCO Islamic Education, Science & Culture (5
]/‫ول ا‬#‫'
ا‬7
Organization ";J‫
"ا‬K $[‫;م وا‬5‫وا‬
147 iSiC international Student identity Card < 
‫و‬#‫ا* 
ا‬
148 ISIS Islamicl State in Iraq & Syria "A ‫اق و;ر "دا‬5‫ ا‬9K
]/‫و
ا‬#‫ا‬
149 ISO International Standardization Organization
‫و‬#‫  ا‬5'‫ه}
ا‬
150 ISP Internet Service Provider (comp)
‫و‬#‫
ا‬J*,‫
ا‬#R ‫ود‬0
151 IT Information Technology (comp) ‫; ت‬5'‫;;> ا‬J
152 JPG Joint Picture Group (comp) sBB‫ ا‬9 ‫;ر‬H‫ ا‬+.‫را‬
153 KB Kilobyte = 1024 byte (comp) s .;‫آ‬
154 Kg Kindergarten ‫ ل‬3%m
B :
‫ر‬#
155 Kg Kilogram = 1000 grams ‫آ;>ام‬
156 Khz Kilohertz = 1000 grams "‫;ت‬H‫ة دد ا‬#‫ " و‬0‫آ;ه‬
157 Km Kilometre = 1000 metres ;‫آ‬
158 Kph Kilometre per hour
‫ ا‬9K ;‫آ‬
159 Kpm Kilometre per minute
$#‫ ا‬9K ;‫آ‬
160 Kps Kilometre per mecond
B [‫ ا‬9K ;‫آ‬
161 KSA Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
‫;د‬5‫
ا‬.5‫
ا‬J''‫ا‬
162 Kw Kilo Watt "‫ ء‬.-J‫ة  س ا‬#‫آ*; وات "و‬
163 Lab Laboratory &'5
164 LAN Local Area Network (comp)
'‫
ا‬J*,‫ا‬
165 LASER Light Amplification by Stimulated ‫   اء
ث‬-‫ا ر‬
Emission of Radiation ‫اء ا‬
166 LASIK Laser-assisted in situ keratomileeusis ‫ " ا!  
 ر‬#
167 LB//lb Pound = 406.25 gram "‫ة وزن‬+,‫ "و‬%&‫ر‬
168 LBC Lebanese Broadcassting Corporation
B *‫ذا
ا‬/‫ه}
ا‬
169 LCD Liquid Crystal Display %-. ‫ل‬01 ‫ ض آ‬3 44
170 LED Light-Emitting Diode 5-6 ‫ د د‬-‫ ض‬3 44
171 MA Master of Arts 01‫در ا‬
172 MB Megabyte = 1024 kilobyte (comp)  
‫مي‬
173 MBA Master of Business Administration ‫ل‬3‫ إدارة أ‬01;
174 MBC Middle East Broadcassting Corporation +‫ق ا?و‬,‫ إذا
ا‬0‫آ‬
175 Modeum Modulator/ Demodulator (comp) ‫ ا ت‬%  -‫اد م‬
176 MP Member of Parliament ‫
ن‬3
177 MPG Mile Per Gallon 31‫ ا‬5= % ;
178 MTV Music Television Channel 9$;'‫ ة ا‬

Alfy Abdalla Ahmed Senior Master of English - 27 - 010 33 755 422 / 011 113 313 84
Rules of Spelling, Pronunciation & Abbreviations
**** 5 ****

6 ‫ ر‬HR/‫ا‬ ]
ً  ‫ آ‬95'‫ا‬
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179 NAQAAE National Authority for Quality Assurance & ‫ا? > ا!;  ن‬
Accreditation of Education ‫د‬03@‫  وا‬0‫دة ا‬
180 NASA National Aeronautics & Space Administration ‫ ان واء‬A‫وآ ا‬
181 NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization 5AB&C‫ل ا‬4 D, EB;
182 NB Nota Bienna ;‫ ه‬G;
183 NBAD National Bank of Abu Dhabi 9%;‫ ا‬9*f;.‫ أ‬.
184 NBE National Bank of Egypt ‫ى‬H'‫ ا‬9‫ا* ا?ه‬
185 NBK National Bank of Kuwait 9%;‫ ا‬s;J‫ ا‬.
186 NBQ National Bank of Qatar 9%;‫  ا‬.
187 NSB Nasser Social Bank 9 '>/‫ ا‬i B .
188 NCEEE National Centre of Examinations & Educational ‫ت‬0;H 5;!‫ا آ ا‬
Evaluation ‫
ى‬0‫!  ا‬0‫وا‬
189 NCTE National Council of Teachers of English   KL‫ ا‬5 5B&‫ ا‬JK‫ا‬
190 NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations
;J‫ ا‬V ‫' ت‬7'‫ا‬
191 NHS National Health Service
B Q'‫
ا‬H‫
ا‬#R
192 OAPEC Organization of Arabic Petroleum Exporting ‫ول‬# .‫'
اوا‬7
Countries ‫رة *ول‬#H'‫
ا‬.5‫ا‬
193 OFC Oceania Football Confederation ‫م‬#$‫ة ا‬J 9 B;‫ا د ا‬
194 ONR Office of Naval Research
*‫ ث ا‬.?‫< ا‬J
195 OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ‫رة *ول‬#H'‫ول ا‬#‫'
ا‬7
196 oz Oz = onz = Ounces = 29.57 gran "‫ة وزن‬#‫او
" و‬
197 Ph D Philosophiae Doctorate /Doctorate of Philosophy ‫آ;را‬#‫ دة ا‬-
198 PLO Palestinian Liberation Organization
3‫
ا ا‬J7
199 PM Post Meridiem (Latin) -7‫ ا‬#5.
200 POB Post Office Box #*‫< ا‬J
201 POD Pay On Delivery ‫ ا]م‬# FK#‫ا‬
202 POS Point Of Sale F*‫ ط ا‬$B ‫ل‬#5
203 POP Pay On Purchase ‫اء‬,‫ ط ا‬$B ‫ل‬#5
204 PSTN Public Service for Analog Telephone Network ‫;ال‬Q
 5‫
ا‬J*,‫
ا‬#R
205 RAF Royal Air Force
J'‫;
ا‬Q‫;ات ا‬$‫ا‬
206 RAC Royal Automobile Club ‫ دى ا رات‬B
207 RAM Random Access Memory (comp)
6‫;ا‬,5‫اءة ا‬$‫ذاآة ا‬
208 RMCA Ready-made Clothing Association ‫هة‬K‫ ا‬J
M‫اد ا‬
209 ROM Reading Only Memory (comp) ;*'J . +$K ‫اءة‬$‫ذاآة ا‬
210 RTU Radio and Television Union ‫ذا
واŠڤز;ن‬/‫إ د ا‬
211 SAIB Saudi Arabia Investment Bank ‫;دى‬5‫[' ر ا‬/‫ ا‬.
212 SAT Scholastic Assessment Test ‫  ت‬-
J?‫;
ا‬.#‫ا ن ا‬
213 SCAF Supreme Council of Armed Forces
'‫;ات ا‬$ 9 ?‫ ا‬2Q'‫ا‬
214 SEATO South East Asia Treaty Organization q ‫'
>;ب ق‬7

Alfy Abdalla Ahmed Senior Master of English - 28 - 010 33 755 422 / 011 113 313 84
Rules of Spelling, Pronunciation & Abbreviations
***6***

7 ‫ ر‬HR/‫ا‬ ]
ً  ‫ آ‬95'‫ا‬
.5‫
ا‬g .
'>‫ا‬
215 SIS Secret Intelligence Service  A ‫?ز ا
ات ا‬
216 SMEs Small & Medium Sized Enterprises A.0;‫ ة و‬NO ‫ت‬3‫; و‬
217 SOS Save Our Soles B,‫وا أروا‬P!‫ ا‬: 
RN0.‫إ‬
218 SPCA Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ‫ ;ان‬. K‫
ا‬5'>
219 SPCC Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children ‫ ل‬3%? . K‫
ا‬5'>
220 STD Sacred Theology Doctorate ‫ ا]ه;ت‬9K ‫دآ;را‬
221 St Saint St Catherine /Street Nasr St ‫رع‬4 / 1 +!‫ ا‬/ J +!‫ا‬
222 TB Terabyte = 1024 megabyte (comp)  
‫تيرا‬
223 TCP Transmission Control Protocol (comp) ‫ ت‬B *‫& ا‬$B ‫و;آ;ل‬.
224 TOEFL Test Of English as a Foreign Language
*>?‫
ا‬0QB/‫
ا‬g‫ا ن ا‬
225 UEFA Union of European Football Associations ‫م‬+!‫ ة ا‬U 5
‫ور‬L‫د ا‬L‫ا‬
226 UK United Kingdom B . - ‫ة‬#'‫
ا‬J''‫ا‬
227 UNDP United Nations Development Program 9‫و‬#‫' ء ا‬B‹ ‫ة‬#'‫ ا?( ا‬S B.
228 UNEF United Nations Emergency Force
‫و‬#‫;ات ا;ارئ ا‬
229 UNESCO United Nations Education, Science & 
0 ‫ة‬+0‫; ا‬C‫ ا‬EB;
Culture Organization U1 - =!V‫وام وا‬
230 UNGA United Nations Genral Assembbly ‫ة‬+0‫; ا‬W ;‫  ا‬K‫اا‬
231 UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund %A ‫ة‬+0‫; ا‬C‫ ا‬EB;
232 UNO United Nations Organization ‫ة‬+0‫; ا‬C‫ ا‬EB;
233 UNRWA United Nations Relief &Working Agency  ‫و‬+‫ ا‬%‫ وا‬RXL‫ ا‬EB;
234 UPU Universal Postal Union 9' 5‫ ا‬#*‫ا د ا‬
235 URL Uniform Resource Locator 9B‫و‬J‫ ا‬F;'‫ ا‬9 ‫ ظ‬3‫ '
ا‬
236 USA United States of America
J?‫ة ا‬#'‫ا; ت ا‬
237 USAID United States Agency for International 9‫و‬#‫' ء ا‬B‹
J?‫ا;آ 
ا‬
Development "
J?‫
ا‬B;5'‫"ه}
ا‬
238 USB Universal Serial Bus 9‫ & دو‬p3
239 USSR Union of Socialist Soviet Republics  ‫ اآ‬04L‫  ا‬0 =1‫?ر ت ا‬K‫اد ا‬
240 UWW United World Wrestling
‫ ر‬H' 9‫و‬#‫ا د ا‬
241 VIP Very Important Person ‫ًا‬#>
'-
H1
242 Vol Voluntry #Q
243 VSO Voluntry Service Overseas B . ‫ رج‬R
 ;‫
ا‬#1‫ا‬
244 WAN Wide Area Network (comp) ‫*ى‬J‫ ا‬9B‫و‬J‫ ل ا‬H‫
ا‬J*
245 WAP Wireless Application Protocol (internet) sBB . & .;'‫& ا‬i;
246 WB World Bank 9‫و‬#‫ا* ا‬
247 WBC White Blood Cells ‫ ء‬:*‫م ا‬#‫آات ا‬
248 WC Water Closet   ‫دورة‬
249 WFP World Food Programme 9' 5‫اء ا‬pg‫ ا‬S B.
250 WHO World Health Organization
' 5‫
ا‬H‫'
ا‬7
**7 **
Alfy Abdalla Ahmed Senior Master of English - 29 - 010 33 755 422 / 011 113 313 84
Rules of Spelling, Pronunciation & Abbreviations

8 ‫ ر‬HR/‫ا‬ ]
ً  ‫ آ‬95'‫ا‬
.5‫
ا‬g .
'>‫ا‬
251 WKF World Karate Federation O‫ا‬J 9‫و‬#‫ا د ا‬
252 WLO World Labour Organization
‫و‬#‫'& ا‬5‫'
ا‬7
253 WMO World Meteorology Organization
‫و‬#‫ د ا‬i‫ه}
ا?ر‬
254 WP World Processor (comp)
. J‫ م ا‬7B/ ‫' ت‬J‫& ا‬g,
255 WPC World Peace Council Š' 5‫ ا( ا‬2Q
256 WWW World Wide Web "sBB‫ " ا‬F‫ ( ا;ا‬5‫
ا‬J*
257 XL Extra Large ‫ًا‬#> *‫آ‬
258 YMCA Young Men’s Christian Association '‫* ن ا‬,‫
ا‬5'>
259 YMHA Young Men’s Hebrew Association ‫;د‬-‫* ن ا‬,‫
ا‬5'>
260 YMMA Young Men’s Muslim Association ''‫* ن ا‬,‫
ا‬5'>
261 WTO World Trade Organization
‫و‬#‫ رة ا‬Q‫'
ا‬7
262 YWHA Young Women’s Hebrew Association ‫;د ت‬-‫ ا‬s. ,‫
ا‬5'>
263 YWMA Young Women’s Muslim Association ‫ ت ا'' ت‬. ,‫
ا‬5'>
**************
264 € Euro ‫;رو‬ 285 > Larger than  *‫أآ‬
265 £ Sterling Pound 9‫ ا‬O> 286 ≥ Larger or Equal ‫ وى‬/ *‫أآ‬
266 E£ Egyptian Pound ‫ى‬H O> 287 < Less than  gi‫أ‬
267 ₧ Piastres ‫وش‬ 288 ≤ Less or Equal ‫  وى‬/  gi‫أ‬
268 $ Dollars ‫دور‬ 289 Equal ‫ وى‬
269 ¢ Cent s 290 ≠ Not Equal ‫  وى‬
270 ¥ Yen  291 Mius 8 B
271 ₣ Franc BK 292 + Plus #6‫زا‬
272 @ at 9K 293 ± Plus or Equal ‫ أو  وى‬#6‫زا‬
273 & and ‫و‬ 294 ÷ Divided on 9 ‫;م‬$
274 ™ Trade Mark
‫ ر‬Q
] 295 % Per cent
6 '‫ ا‬9K

275 № Number (‫ر‬ 296 × Times / In 9K ‫وب‬:

276 ♀ Feminine \B‚ 297 Forward Slash
 ‫ ]
أ‬

277 ♂ Masculine ‫آ‬p 298 Back Slash
3R
]

278 Brace 299 Rectangle &

279 Dash
;%
% 390 Square F.

280 Hyphen ‫*ة‬H
% 301 Triangle \[

281 Arrow (- 302 Circle ‫ة‬6‫دا‬

282 Pentagon 9 'R 303 Parallelgram ‫]ع‬N‫;ازى أ‬

283 Oval ‫ وى‬:. 304 Polygon 9‫ا‬#

284 Octago 9B '= 305 Cubic <5J

***8***

Alfy Abdalla Ahmed Senior Master of English - 30 - 010 33 755 422 / 011 113 313 84
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