GRACE MISSION COLLEGE

Catiningan, Socorro, Oriental Mindoro

e-Mail: [email protected]

Name: _______________ Date: __________

Grade/ Level ; ________________ Score: ______________

Lesson / Topic: Informational Text Types , Cause and effect , Denotation and Connotation

Introduction:.

We learn something every day by reading. Whether we know it or not, we learn through various reading
sources like social media, smart phone applications and newspapers. These texts are informative because they build
upon our prior knowledge or feed us with information we did not know. This is one of the most popular types of
writing, and it is known as informational text. Learn more about informational text and its features through this
lesson.

Objectives:

 Define Informational Text –types , Cause and Effect, Denotation and Connotation
 Identify informational Text- types
 Write paragraphs showing cause and effects
 Appreciate the Informational Text types

Explore What you know!

A.
CAUSE/ EFFECT
Answer the following question.

1. Little Johnny Wiggins fell down a well on the farm.  His family looked for him.  Finally, at sundown, Mr.
Wiggins found Johnny.  He had been trapped in the well for three hours.
CAUSE: Johnny Wiggins fell down a well.
What was the EFFECT?_____________________________________________

. 
2. Jessica wanted to be a dancer. She knew that dancers must work every day. She took dance lessons every
Tuesday. She practiced a few hours each day.
EFFECT: Jessica practiced every day.
What was the CAUSE?____________________________________

3. The three men traveled on horseback.  It was a long journey.  They rode all day long.  It was dark when they
reached the camp.
EFFECT: It was dark when the men reached camp.
What was the CAUSE?_____________________________________

4. Mark went on a fishing trip with his father.  His father caught three fish.  Mark caught two fish.  Mark's fish
were so little that he had to throw them back.
CAUSE: Mark's fish were very small
What was the EFFECT?___________________________________
 5. Policeman sometimes use dogs to help them in their line of work.  Dogs have a good sense of smell.  this
makes them useful in tracking down outlaws.  Dogs can also help find stolen goods.
CAUSE: Dogs have a good sense of smell.
What was the EFFECT?____________________________________

Key Concept

Learn and Study!

Informational text is used by authors to provide readers with information about a specific topic. This type of writing
is usually nonfiction and has specific features. ... This type of information is found in places like magazines, science or
history books, autobiographies and instruction manuals.

Types of Informational Text

Descriptive / Definition

 frequently in textbook reading an entire paragraph is devoted to defining a complex term or idea. The concept
is initially defined and then further expanded with examples and restatements.

Signal words:

 is,

 for example,

 involves,

 can be defined,

 an example,

 for instance,

 in fact,

 also,

 is called,

 refers to. . . …

Problem- Solution
 The text states a problem and then suggests one or more solutions

Signal Words
a problem is, a solution is, the problem is solved by, a potential alternative is, solution, issue, a possible answer,
therefore, conclusion…

Sequence/ Time

The main idea’s supporting details are written in

a specific order. Changing the order would change
the meaning.
Signal Words
first, second, third, now, then, before, after, next, finally, following, while, last, during, on (date), not long, when…

Comparison- Contrast

Points out similarities and differences between two or more topics.

Signal words: different from, same as, alike,

like, similar to, unlike, but, as well as, yet,
either…or, not only…but also, compared to,
in contrast, while, resembles, although, unless,
similarly, however…

Cause and effect

Shows a relationship between the cause of something and the effect that follows as a result.

Signal words: so that, because of, thus, unless, therefore, since, in

order to, as a result of, this led to, then, reasons for, if…then,
consequently, an explanation for, this reason, nevertheless,
accordingly…

DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION OF A WORD

The Difference between literary and figurative meaning

Often, words in English have double meanings. One word can have a both a “denotation” and a “connotation”. These
are called “figures of speech”.

DENOTATION: The direct definition of the word that you find in the dictionary. CONNOTATION: The emotional
suggestions of a word, that is not literal.

Exercise: Annie: “What a scrawny guy!” George: “Really? I think he is pretty svelte.” Annie: “Well, he is a small fry
compared to my boyfriend.” What do you think of the guy Annie and George are talking about? Do they have a
difference in opinion? Can you describe him? What adjectives did you use? Do you know the difference between the
words, ‘scrawny’ and ‘svelte’? Do you know what the word, ‘small fry’ means?

Scrawny – gaunt, emaciated Svelte – lithe, slender, suave, urbane Small fry - child, unimportant person

Example: In the example on the previous page, Annie calls the guy in question, “scrawny.” Because of its literal
definition or “denotation,” Annie is using this adjective in a negative way. [Think about it: “emaciated” means
“bony.”

Compare “scrawny” with “svelte.” The denotation for “svelte” is “slim.” Because of its denotation, George is using
this adjective to say that the guy is not too skinny, but just slim. Now look at the last word used. “Small fry” is a noun
and used to describe a small person. Annie is using the word here to compare the guy to her boyfriend. We can infer
then that her boyfriend is bigger than this guy.
Let’s practice 1

Identify what types of informational text being used in the statement . Write your answer on the space provided.

_____________________1. Which type of text structure shows how two or more things are alike and different?

_____________________2. Wild chimpanzees are rapidly disappearing. Some people are trying to solve this problem.
Otherwise, chimpanzees may one day exist only in zoos. People are trying to save the rain forests and woodlands
where the chimps live from being cut down. It will take many people working together to solve this problem.

____________________3. Chimpanzees and humans are alike in many ways. A baby chimp laughs when its mother
tickles it. After chimpanzees fight, they kiss and make up. When one chimpanzee comforts another, it gives it a hug or
pat on the back. There are, of course, many ways that chimpanzees and humans are different. Chimpanzees are smaller
and stronger than humans. An adult male chimpanzee stands three or four feet tall and weighs about 100 pounds. But a
chimpanzee can lift more weight than a man who is six feet tall.

____________________4. Chimps live in groups and like each other a lot, but sometimes they fight. Because they
don’t want to stay angry at each other after a fight, they make up by holding a hand out to the other. They show they
are sorry with pats and hugs. Then the anger goes away.
_________________5. A chimpanzee’s body is made for climbing and swinging in the trees. First, it uses its long
arms to reach a branch. Next, with its flexible handsand feet, it grabs and hooks on to the branch. Finally, it swings
from that branch to another branch of tree.

Let’s practice 2.

Compare and Contrast..

VENN DIAGRAM

CONNOTATION DENOTATION

Let’s practice 3
.

Read the poem below and try to determine the connotation and denotation of the word,

Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s “The Eagle”

Close to the sun in lonely lands,

Ringed with the azure world, he stands.

The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls;

He watches from his mountain walls,

And like a thunderbolt he falls.

*The bolded words are up for interpretation. Look up their meanings and write

down their denotation using a dictionary. Try to guess their connotations since

these are more of a feeling.

1. Word: lonely
Denotation: a depressing feeling of being alone.

Connotation: Desolate, isolated lands where there is no one.

2. Word:___________

Denotation:__________________________________________________________

Connotation:_________________________________________________________

3. Word:_____________

Denotation:____________________________________________________________

Connotation:___________________________________________________________

4. Word:_________

Denotation:_____________________________________________________________

Connotation:____________________________________________________________

5. Word:______________

Denotation:______________________________________________________________

Connotation:______________________________________________________________

Expand your Horizon

Performance task

Write at least one (1) paragraph that shows Cause and Effect.

CAUSE –AND- EFFECT PARAGRAPH RUBRIC

4 3 2 1

Introductory A creative An introductory A simple No introductory

Sentence introductory sentence with some introductory sentence was
sentence made the creativity was sentence was included
reader interested in included included
reading the
paragraph

Cause- and –effect At least three cause- Two cause= and – One cause- and – No cause- and effect
relationships and –effect effect relationships effect relationship relationships were
relationships were were clearly were clearly described
clearly described in described in detail described in detail
detail

Concluding A creative, clear and A concluding A simple concluding No concluding

sentence interesting sentence with some sentence was sentence was
concluding sentence creativity was included included
was included included

Information in Information in Information Information in

paragraph was very paragraph was paragraph was paragraph was not
 Logical order / organized somewhat organized poorly organized organized
organization

Language No capitalization, One to three Four to six More than six

Conventions spelling or capitalization, capitalization, capitalization,
punctuation errors spelling or spelling or spelling or
punctuation errors punctuation errors punctuation errors

PROCESS QUESTIONS

1. Why is it important to fully understand the cause and effect of something ? Relate your answer in your life
experiences .
2. How can affect the cause and effect in your life?. State at least 5 examples that show cause and effect based
on your real life situatuins.

Post test

CAUSE/ EFFECT
Answer the following question.
1. Mark went on a fishing trip with his father.  His father caught three fish.  Mark caught two fish.  Mark's fish
were so little that he had to throw them back.
CAUSE: Mark's fish were very small
What was the EFFECT?___________________________________

2. Little Johnny Wiggins fell down a well on the farm.  His family looked for him.  Finally, at sundown, Mr.
Wiggins found Johnny.  He had been trapped in the well for three hours.
CAUSE: Johnny Wiggins fell down a well.
What was the EFFECT?_____________________________________________

. 
3. The three men traveled on horseback.  It was a long journey.  They rode all day long.  It was dark when they
reached the camp.
EFFECT: It was dark when the men reached camp.
What was the CAUSE?__________________________________

4. Policeman sometimes use dogs to help them in their line of work.  Dogs have a good sense of smell.  this
makes them useful in tracking down outlaws.  Dogs can also help find stolen goods.
CAUSE: Dogs have a good sense of smell.
What was the EFFECT?____________________________________

5. Jessica wanted to be a dancer. She knew that dancers must work every day. She took dance lessons every
Tuesday. She practiced a few hours each day.
EFFECT: Jessica practiced every day.

What was t he CAUSE?____________________________________

Key Answer

Pre- Assessment/ Post test Let’s Practice 3

Explore what you know! 2. Ringed

1. He was trapped for three Denotation : marked with or encircled by a ring or rings.