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FALLSEM2021-22 CSE3002 ETH VL2021220104045 Reference Material I 08-10-2021 String Functions

The document discusses various string functions in PHP including constructing text strings, working with string operators, adding escape characters and sequences, modifying the case of strings, encoding and decoding strings, and other ways to manipulate strings such as counting characters and words, trimming spaces, and using the substr() function.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
57 views56 pages

FALLSEM2021-22 CSE3002 ETH VL2021220104045 Reference Material I 08-10-2021 String Functions

The document discusses various string functions in PHP including constructing text strings, working with string operators, adding escape characters and sequences, modifying the case of strings, encoding and decoding strings, and other ways to manipulate strings such as counting characters and words, trimming spaces, and using the substr() function.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 56

String Functions

1
Objectives

• Manipulate strings
• Parse strings
• Compare strings
• Handle form submissions

2
Constructing Text Strings
• A text string contains zero or more characters
surrounded by double or single quotation marks
• Text strings can be used as literal values or
assigned to a variable
echo "<PHP literal text string</p>";
$StringVariable = "<p>PHP literal text
string</p>";
echo $StringVariable;
• A string must begin and end with a matching
quotation mark (single or double)
3
Constructing Text Strings
(continued)
• To include a quoted string within a literal string
surrounded by double quotation marks, you
surround the quoted string with single quotation
marks
• To include a quoted string within a literal string
surrounded by single quotation marks, you
surround the quoted string with double quotation
marks

4
Constructing Text Strings
(continued)
$LatinQuote = '<p>"Et tu, Brute!"</p>';
echo $LatinQuote;

Output of a text string containing double quotation marks

5
Working with String Operators
In PHP, use two operators to combine strings:
• Concatenation operator (.) combines two
strings and assigns the new value to a variable
$City = "Paris";
$Country = "France";
$Destination = <p>“ . $City . " is in "
. $Country . ".</p>";
echo $Destination;

6
Working with String Operators
(continued)
• You can also combine strings using the
concatenation assignment operator (.=)
$Destination = "<p>Paris";
$Destination .= "is in France.</p>";
echo $Destination;

7
Adding Escape Characters and
Sequences
• An escape character tells the compiler or
interpreter that the character that follows it has a
special purpose
• In PHP, the escape character is the backslash (\)
echo '<p>This code\'s going to work</p>';
• Do not add a backslash before an apostrophe
if you surround the text string with double
quotation marks
echo "<p>This code's going to work.</p>";
8
Adding Escape Characters and
Sequences (continued)
• The escape character combined with one or
more other characters is an escape sequence

9
Adding Escape Characters and
Sequences (continued)
$Speaker = "Julius Caesar";
echo "<p>\"Et tu, Brute!\" exclaimed
$Speaker.</p>";

Output of literal text containing double quotation escape sequences

10
Simple and Complex String Syntax
• Simple string syntax uses the value of a
variable within a string by including the variable
name inside a text string with double quotation
marks
$Vegetable = "broccoli";
echo "<p>Do you have any $Vegetable?</p>";
• When variables are placed within curly braces
inside of a string, it is called complex string
syntax
$Vegetable = "carrot";
echo "<p>Do you have any {$Vegetable}s?</p>";

11
Working with a Single String
• PHP provides a number of functions for
analyzing, altering, and parsing text strings
including:
– Counting characters and words
– Transposing, converting, and changing the case
of text within a string

12
Counting Characters and Words
in a String
• The most commonly used string counting
function is the strlen() function, which returns
the total number of characters in a string
• Escape sequences, such as \n, are counted as
one character

$BookTitle = "The Cask of Amontillado";


echo "<p>The book title contains " .
strlen($BookTitle) . " characters.</p>";

13
Counting Characters and Words
in a String (continued)
• The str_word_count() function returns the
number of words in a string
• Pass the str_word_count() function a literal
string or the name of a string variable whose
words you want to count
$BookTitle = "The Cask of Amontillado";
echo "<p>The book title contains " .
str_word_count($BookTitle). " words.</p>";

14
Modifying the Case of a String
• PHP provides several functions to manipulate
the case of a string
– The strtoupper()function converts all letters
in a string to uppercase
– The strtolower()function converts all letters
in a string to lowercase
– The ucfirst()function ensures that the first
character of a word is uppercase
– The lcfirst()function ensures that the first
character of a word is lowercase

15
Modifying the Case of a String
(continued)
• Functions to manipulate the case of a string:
– The ucwords()function changes the first
character of each word
• Use the strtolower()function on a string
before using the ucfirst()and ucwords() to
ensure that the remaining characters in a string are
in lowercase
• Use the strtoupper()function on a string
before using the ucfirst() and ucwords() to
ensure that the remaining characters in a string are
in uppercase

16
Encoding and Decoding a String
• PHP has several built-in functions to use with
Web pages:
• Some characters in HTML have a special
meaning and must be encoded using HTML
entities in order to preserve that meaning
– The htmlspecialchars()function converts
special characters to HTML entities
– The html_specialcharacters_decode()
function converts HTML character entities into
their equivalent characters

17
Encoding and Decoding a String
(continued)
• The characters that are converted with the
htmlspecialchars()function are:
– '&' (ampersand) becomes '&amp;'
– '"' (double quote) becomes '&quot;' when
ENT_NOQUOTES is disabled.
– ''' (single quote) becomes '&#039;' only when
ENT_QUOTES is enabled.
– '<' (less than) becomes '&lt;'
– '>' (greater than) becomes '&gt;'
18
Encoding and Decoding a String
(continued)
• If ENT_QUOTES is enabled in the PHP
configuration, both single and double quotes are
converted
• If ENT_QUOTES is disabled in the PHP
configuration, neither single nor double quotes
are converted

19
Encoding and Decoding a String
(continued)
• The md5()function uses a strong encryption
algorithm (called the Message-Digest
Algorithm) to create a one-way hash
– A one-way hash is a fixed-length string
based on the entered text, from which it is
nearly impossible to determine the original
text
– The md5() function does not have an
equivalent decode function, which makes it a
useful function for storing passwords in a
database
20
Other Ways to Manipulate a String
• PHP provides three functions that remove
leading or trailing spaces in a string

– The trim()function will strip (remove) leading or


trailing spaces in a string

– The ltrim() function removes only the leading


spaces

– The rtrim() function removes only the trailing


spaces
21
substr() Function
• The substr()function returns part of a string
based on the values of the start and length
parameters
• The syntax for the substr() function is:
substr(string, start, optional length);
• A positive number in the start parameter indicates
how many character to skip at the beginning of the
string
• A negative number in the start parameter
indicates how many characters to count in from the
end of the string
22
substr() Function
• To extract characters from the beginning or
middle of a string, combine the substr()
function with other functions
• You pass to the substr() function a text string
along with the starting and ending positions of
the substring you want to extract
$Email = "[email protected]";
$NameEnd = strpos($Email, "@");
echo "<p>The name portion of the e-mail address is '“ .
substr($Email, 0, $NameEnd) . "'.</p>";

The name portion of the e-mail address is ‘president’

23
Other Ways to Manipulate a String
(continued)
• A positive value in the length parameter
determines how many characters to return
• A negative value in the length parameter skip
that many characters at the end of the string and
returns the middle portion
• If the length is omitted or is greater than the
remaining length of the string, the entire
remainder of the string is returned

24
Other Ways to Manipulate a String
(continued)
$ExampleString = "woodworking project";
echo substr($ExampleString,4) . "<br />\n";
echo substr($ExampleString,4,7) . "<br />\n";
echo substr($ExampleString,0,8) . "<br />\n";
echo substr($ExampleString,-7) . "<br />\n";
echo substr($ExampleString,-12,4) . "<br />\n";

Some examples using the substr() function


25
Working with Multiple Strings
• Parsing is the act of dividing a string into logical
component substrings or tokens
• When programming, parsing refers to the
extraction of information from string literals
and variables

26
Finding and Extracting Characters
and Substrings

• There are two types of string search and


extraction functions:
– Functions that return a numeric position in a
text string
– Functions that return a character or substring
• Both functions return a value of FALSE if
the search string is not found

27
strpos() Function
• The strpos() function performs a case-
sensitive search and returns the position of the
first occurrence of one string in another string
• Pass two arguments to the strpos() function:
– The first argument is the string you want to search
– The second argument contains the characters for
which you want to search
• If the search string is not found, the strpos()
function returns a Boolean value of FALSE

28
strpos() Function
$Email = “[email protected]";
echo strpos($Email, ‘@’); // returns 9

$Email = “[email protected]";
echo strpos($Email, ‘p’); // returns 0

$Email = “[email protected]";
if (strpos($Email, ‘@’) !== FALSE)
echo “Contains @ sign”;
else
echo “Doesn’t contain @ sign”;
29
strchr() and strrchr()
Functions
• Pass to the strchr() and the strrchr()
functions the string and the character for which
you want to search
• Both functions return a substring from the
specified characters to the end of the string
• strchr() function starts searching at the
beginning of a string
• strrchr() function starts searching at the
end of a string

30
strchr() and strrchr()
Functions
$Email = “[email protected]";
echo “The domain is “ . strchr($Email, ‘.’);
The domain is .gov

$Email = “[email protected]";
echo “The domain is “ . strrchr($Email, ‘.’);
The domain is .gov

Why do strchr and strrchr generate the same


output in this example?

31
str_replace() and
str_ireplace() Functions
• The str_replace() and str_ireplace()
functions both accept three arguments:
– The string you want to search for
– A replacement string
– The string in which you want to replace characters
$Email = "[email protected]";
$NewEmail = str_replace("president", "vice.president", $Email);
echo $NewEmail; // prints '[email protected]'

32
Dividing Strings into Smaller Pieces
• Use the strtok() function to break a string into
smaller strings, called tokens
• The syntax for the strtok() function is:
$variable = strtok(string, separators);
• The strtok() function returns the entire string
if:
– An empty string is specified as the second argument
of the strtok() function
– The string does not contain any of the separators
specified
33
strtok() Function
$Presidents = " George Washington;John Thomas Jefferson;James
Madison;James Monroe";
$President = strtok($Presidents, ";");
while ($President != NULL) {
echo "$President<br />";
$President = strtok(";");
}

Figure 3-15 Output of a script that uses the strtok() function


34
strtok() Function (continued)
$Presidents = " George Washington;John Adams;Thomas
Jefferson;James Madison;James Monroe";
$President = strtok($Presidents, "; ");
while ($President != NULL) {
echo "$President<br />";
$President = strtok("; ");
}

Output of a script
with a strtok() function
that uses two separators

35
Converting between Strings and
Arrays
• The str_split() and explode() functions
split a string into an indexed array
• The str_split() function splits each
character in a string into an array element using
the syntax:
$array = str_split(string[, length]);
• The length argument represents the number
of characters you want assigned to each array
element

36
Converting between Strings and
Arrays (continued)
• The explode() function splits a string into an
indexed array at a specified separator
• The syntax for the explode() function is:
$array = explode(separators, string);
• The order of the arguments for the explode()
function is the reverse of the arguments for the
strtok() function

37
Converting between Strings and
Arrays (continued)
$Presidents = "George Washington;JohnAdams;
Thomas Jefferson;James Madison;James Monroe";
$PresidentArray = explode(";", $Presidents);
foreach ($PresidentArray as $President) {
echo "$President<br />";
}
• If the string does not contain the specified
separators, the entire string is assigned to the
first element of the array

38
explode() Function
• Does not separate a string at each character
that is included in the separator argument
• Evaluates the characters in the separator
argument as a substring
• If you pass to the explode()function an empty
string as the separator argument, the function
returns a Boolean value of FALSE

39
implode() Function
• The implode()function combines an array’s
elements into a single string, separated by
specified characters
• The syntax is:
$variable = implode(separators, array);

40
implode() Function (continued)
$PresidentsArray = array("George Washington", “John Adams",
“Thomas Jefferson", “James Madison", “James Monroe");
$Presidents = implode(", ", $PresidentsArray);
echo $Presidents;

Output of a string created with the implode() function

41
Comparing Strings
• Comparison operators compare individual
characters by their position in the American
Standard Code for Information Interchange
(ASCII), which are numeric representations of
English characters
$FirstLetter = "A";
$SecondLetter = "B";
if ($SecondLetter > $FirstLetter)
echo "<p>The second letter is higher in the alphabet
than the first letter.</p>";
else
echo "<p>The second letter is lower in the alphabet than
The first letter.</p>";
42
Comparing Strings (continued)

• American Standard Code for Information


Interchange (ASCII) values range from 0 to 255
• Lowercase letters are represented by the values
97 (“a”) to 122 (“z”)
• Uppercase letters are represented by the values
65 (“A”) to 90 (“Z”)

43
String Comparison Functions
• The strcasecmp() function performs a case-
insensitive comparison of strings
• The strcmp() function performs a case-
sensitive comparison of strings
• Both functions accept two arguments
representing the strings you want to compare
• Most string comparison functions compare
strings based on their ASCII values

44
Determining the Similarity of
Two Strings
• The similar_text() and levenshtein()
functions are used to determine the similarity
between two strings
• The similar_text() function returns the
number of characters that two strings have in
common
• The levenshtein() function returns the
number of characters you need to change for
two strings to be the same

45
Determining the Similarity of
Two Strings (continued)
• Both functions accept two string arguments
representing the values you want to compare

$FirstName = "Don";
$SecondName = "Dan";
echo "<p>The names \"$FirstName\“ and \"$SecondName\“ have “ .
similar_text($FirstName, $SecondName) . “ characters in
common.</p>";
echo "<p>You must change “ . levenshtein($FirstName, $SecondName)
. “ character(s) to make the names \"$FirstName\“ and
\"$SecondName\“ the same.</p>";

46
Determining the Similarity of
Two Strings (continued)

Figure 3-20 Output of a script with the similar_text()


and levenshtein() functions

47
Handling Form Submissions
• A query string is a set of name=value pairs
appended to a target URL
• Form data is submitted in name=value pairs,
based on the name and value attributes of each
element
• A question mark (?) and a query string are
automatically appended to the URL of a server-
side script for any forms that are submitted with
the GET method

48
Handling Form Submissions
(continued)
• Each name=value pair within the query string is
separated with ampersands (&)

<form method="get“ action="ProcessOrder.php">


<input type="text“ name="favorite_books“ value="technical“ />
<input type="text“ name="favorite_author“ value="Gosselin“ />
</form>

ProcessOrder.php?favorite_books=technical&favorite_author=Gosselin

49
Validating Submitted Data
• Use the isset() or empty() functions to
ensure that a variable contains a value
• Use the is_numeric() function to test whether
a variable contains a numeric string

50
Determining if Form Variables
Contain Values
• The isset() function determines whether a
variable has been declared and initialized (or
“set”)
• The empty() function determines whether a
variable is empty
• Pass to both functions the name of the variable
you want to check

51
Testing if Form Variables Contain
Numeric Values
if (isset($_GET['height']) && isset($_GET['weight'])) {
if (is_numeric($_GET['weight']) && is_numeric($_GET['height'])) {
$BodyMass = $_GET['weight'] / ($_GET['height']
* $_GET['height']) * 703;
printf("<p>Your body mass index is %d.</p>",
$BodyMass);
}
else
echo "<p>You must enter numeric values!</p>";
}

52
Summary

• The concatenation operator (.) and the


concatenation assignment operator (.=) can be
used to combine two strings
• An escape character tells the compiler or
interpreter that the character following the
escape character has a special purpose
• The most commonly used string counting
function is the strlen() function, which returns
the total number of characters in a string

53
Summary (continued)

• The str_word_count()function returns the


number of words in a string
• The strtoupper(), strtolower(),
ucfirst(), lcfirst(), and ucwords()
functions all change the case of characters in the
string
• The substr() function returns the specified
portion of a string

54
Summary (continued)

• Use the str_replace(), str_ireplace(),


and substr_replace() functions to replace
text in strings
• The strtok() function breaks a string into
smaller strings, called tokens
• The str_split() and explode() functions
split a string into an indexed array
• The implode() function combines an array’s
elements into a single string, separated by
specified characters

55
Summary (continued)

• The strcasecmp() function performs a case-


insensitive comparison of strings, whereas the
strcmp() function performs a case-sensitive
comparison of strings
• The similar_text() and levenshtein()
functions are used to determine the similarity of
two strings

56

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