LM6000 PA GEK 98493

GE Industrial AeroDerivative Gas Turbines Volume I

5 CHAPTER 8

Engine Operation
8-1 Purpose and Scope • The outside surfaces of the engine are not
insulated. Adequate precautions should be
This chapter covers general operating taken to prevent personnel from inadvert-
procedures for the LM6000 PA. The ently coming in contact with hot surfaces.
procedures discussed are typical of any
LM6000 PA-powered package but should not • The engine is a source of considerable
be considered totally comprehensive for any noise. It will be necessary for personnel
specific installation. Configuration and system working on it, or in its vicinity, to wear
procedures may vary from package to package proper ear protection equipment when the
and with the packager-supplied control engine is operating.
system. Prior to operation of the engine, the
site operators should be thoroughly schooled • The LM6000 PA is a high-speed machine.
in both normal and abnormal (emergency) In the remote case of parts failure, the cas-
operation and the control system action/ ing may not contain major compressor or
reaction to these conditions. turbine disk failures. Personnel should not
be permanently stationed in, or near, the
8-2 General plane of the rotating parts.

The following procedures are intended to pro- • Rotating parts of the starter operate at a
vide operating personnel with the information very high speed. In the remote case of a
required to operate the engine safely and reli- parts failure, personnel should not be sta-
ably. Some of the information contained in tioned near the starter during start, motor-
this chapter is also provided, in whole or part, ing, or purge cycles.
in other chapters. Redundancy is used to pro-
vide as much specific detail as required. It is • The low pressure (LP), high-velocity
also possible that the information may not pro- airflow created by the compressor in the
vide for every variation in installation, equip- LM6000 PA can draw objects and
ment, or contingency to be found in personnel into the engine. The use of an
conjunction with engine operation. Additional inlet screen or other protective measure is
information can be provided by the packager mandatory.
or by GE.
• In the event that the fire extinguishing sys-
tem is activated, care must be taken to
8-3 Safety ensure that all personnel are clear of the
General safety precautions are defined in enclosure prior to activation. Due to lack
Chapter 1. The following safety consider- of oxygen, failure to comply may result in
ations should be observed by operators and injury or death to personnel remaining
support personnel working on the engine: inside the enclosure.

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GEK 98493 LM6000 PA
Volume I GE Industrial AeroDerivative Gas Turbines

• Suitable fire protection equipment should • The enclosure door should be kept open.
be provided for the installation. Carbon If the gas turbine is operating, an
dioxide, halides, fog, water, or chemical observer should be stationed at the
fire extinguishing systems may be used. enclosure door and confined space entry
Discharge of fine chemical or water mists procedures shall be followed.
directly on engine casings is permissible.
The use of chemical fire extinguishing • Allow gas turbine to cool down. Avoid
media will require the disassembly of the contact with hot parts, and wear ther-
engine for cleaning. mally insulated gloves as necessary.
• Ear protection shall be worn if gas tur-
• Suitable explosive mixture sensing devices bine is operating.
should be provided to sense any leakage of
fuel (both into the enclosure and into the • Do not remain in the enclosure or in the
fuel manifold) and to shut down the engine plane of rotation of the starter when
if leakage is present. starting or motoring the gas turbine.

• Personnel entry into the engine enclosure • When performing maintenance on elec-
during operation at engine speeds above trical components, avoid shocks and
core idle should be prohibited. This prohi- burns by turning off electrical power to
bition should include operation at synchro- those components, except when power is
nous idle. Signs or placards should be required to take voltage measurements.
posted at the enclosure access doors and
• Lock out all controls and switches, if
should clearly state the hazardous condi-
possible; otherwise, tag electrical
tions that exist in the enclosure during
switches out of service to prevent
operating above core idle.
inadvertent activation. Tag the engine
8-3.1 Gas Turbine Maintenance/ operating controls do not operate to
Inspection Precautions prevent starting during a desired
shutdown condition.
WARNING When entering the gas turbine • The Component Life/Repair Intervals
enclosure, the following requirements shall
section of this chapter provides mainte-
be met:
nance guidelines for certain compo-
• The gas turbine shall be shut down or nents, based on total equivalent base
limited to idle power. load and peak load hours. For contin-
ued safe operation, it is essential that
• The fire extinguishing system shall be these guidelines be followed.
made inactive according to the cus- • Do not use engine piping, cables, instru-
tomer's procedures. mentation leads, or other external hard-
ware as hand or footholds when
• Secondary air to the enclosure shall be
performing maintenance activity on the
shut off, since high secondary airflow
engine. These hardware items are not
may prevent opening or closing the
designed to support loads other than
enclosure door.
those associated with engine operation.

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LM6000 PA GEK 98493
GE Industrial AeroDerivative Gas Turbines Volume I

• On models with steam injection systems, • When maintenance activity dictates that
the steam piping runs and flanged joints this connection be broken.
are potential sources of hot surfaces and
steam leakage. Personnel entering the • When maintenance activity is performed
enclosure should be aware of these in the bleed air ducting. In this case, the
conditions. cover should be installed and left in place
until the ductwork has been blown down
8-4 Equipment Protection or otherwise cleaned of all debris.

The engine is provided with covers that 8-4.3 Exhaust Cover

protect various operational interfaces during
shipping, handling, installation, and main- The engine is shipped with an exhaust cover
tenance activity. These covers are used to which should be left in place until the engine
protect the engine from potential foreign is mated with the exhaust duct.
object damage (FOD) caused by handling and
Similar to the inlet and bleed air collector cov-
objects such as dirt, weld beads, tools, and
rags. Should an object be dropped during ers, this cover should also be retained by the
maintenance it should be found at once to operator and installed any time the engine is
preclude having objects inadvertently dropped disconnected from the enclosure/site exhaust
into the gas turbine. duct.

8-4.4 Electrical, Fluid, and System

8-4.1 Inlet Cover
Interface Covers
The engine is shipped with an inlet cover that
The engine is shipped with protective covers
should only be removed when the variable
inlet guide vane (VIGV) forward flange is to over all electrical, fluid, and system interfaces.
be mated with the radial inlet or bellmouth. These covers are in place to prevent handling
This cover should be retained by the operator damage (threads, pins, etc.) and fluid or sys-
and installed for engine protection any time tem piping contamination.
the VIGV flange to inlet or bellmouth connec-
A supply of these covers should be maintained
tion is broken.
by the operator for use during maintenance
activities that require electrical leads, fluid
8-4.2 Bleed Air Collector Cover
piping, or system piping to be disconnected.
The bleed air collector discharge is covered
during shipment. This cover should not be 8-5 Engine Protection
removed until a clean, uncontaminated envi-
ronment downstream of this flange can be The LM6000 PA is a reliable, durable engine
assured. designed to operate in an industrial atmo-
sphere for extended periods of time. However,
Similar to the inlet cover, this cover should the operator needs to follow certain basic pro-
also be retained by the operator and installed cedures in order to enhance the engine's opera-
under the following conditions: tional capability.

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GEK 98493 LM6000 PA
Volume I GE Industrial AeroDerivative Gas Turbines

In other portions of this manual, specifically b. Minimum allowable temperature for oper-
Chapters 5, 6, and 7, information is included ation at synchronous idle or above is 90°F
on safety, equipment, protection, records, (32.2°C).
inlet/enclosure inspections, pre-start checks,
and operations. These topics are all directed at c. Mixing of MIL-L-23699 oils from differ-
ensuring that the operating, maintenance, and ent supply sources should be done by top-
support personnel have a source of technical ping off the lube tank rather than complete
information associated with the engine and its replacement. Reference the lube oil sup-
operation as installed in an enclosure. It pro- plier for additional recommendations.
vides the operator with specific requirements Refer to Chapter 5 for additional informa-
concerning the air, oil, and fuel used during tion.
normal operation. The guidelines are designed d. Flushing of the off-engine lube oil system
to ensure that the engine is operating in the should be performed prior to connecting
environment, and under conditions, for which the off-engine lubrication system to the
it was designed. LM6000 PA of any time that particulate
8-5.1 Lubricating Oil contamination is suspected (including lube
system maintenance). The flush system
Lubricating oil is used to lubricate bearings, uses an off-engine flush pump and filter to
sumps, and gearboxes. flows at a rate of 10 to clean particulate contaminates from the oil
18 gpm. The oil must be temperature-con- system prior to connecting it to an engine.
trolled and kept clean per the following The flush system should consist of a pump
requirements in order to adequately perform which can produce approximately 30 gal/
its function. min flow (113.5 l/min). Flow should be fil-
tered using a 3 micron cleanup filter.
a. Minimum temperature at start is 20°F
(-6.7°C) for type II (MIL-L-23699) oil. (1) Inspect the inside of supply oil tank
Figure 8-1 shows typical gas turbine lube for contamination. Wipe all tank sur-
oil supply pressure. Note that typical lube faces clean and then install tank cover.
oil pressure is affected by lube oil supply
temperature. Figure 8-1 shows pressures (2) Connect a flush cart to the lube sys-
for typical supply temperatures. At the full tem supply and return interface con-
power settings, typical maximum oil sup- nections. Each supply and return may
ply pressures are shown in table 8-1 or be flushed separately or a manifold
8-2, for an oil supply temperature as low arrangement can be used to flush all
as 100°F (37.7°C). Oil supply pressures circuits simultaneously (include stator
outside the bounds of table 8-1 or 8-2 may and hydraulic pump circuits if appli-
indicate a problem. Refer to Chapter 10, cable).
Troubleshooting, for corrective action.
(3) Start flush pump and monitor system
8-1 cleanliness. Oil should be sampled.

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GE Industrial AeroDerivative Gas Turbines Volume I

Figure 8-1 Gas Turbine Lube Oil Supply Pressure

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Volume I GE Industrial AeroDerivative Gas Turbines

NOTE Following this flushing, the system fil- 8-5.3 Fuel

ters should be removed and cleaned or
replaced to avoid engine contamination. The engine can operate on either gas or liquid
fuel and the following general guidelines
e. In the event of a failure during site opera- apply.
tion that involves the engine lube system,
the system should be disconnected, 8-5.3.1 Gas Fuel
drained, and cleaned as described in
step d. This procedure should be followed Gas fuel should be what is known in industry
whether the engine is removed and as dry gas. That is, the gasoline vapor in
replaced or repaired on-site. 1,000 ft3 of gas at standard conditions (60°F
and 30 in. Hg abs) should not exceed 0.1 gal-
f. Engine oil is filtered to 3 micrometers, lon of liquid.
absolute.
Liquid hydrocarbons in gas fuel can cause
8-5.2 Air surges in operation or engine damage. There-
fore, gas fuel mixtures must be maintained at
Maximum airflow through the LM6000 PA temperatures well above their dewpoint at the
engine is approximately 350 lb/sec (159 kg/ engine fuel manifold inlet.
sec) and is filtered by the inlet system to meet
the following requirements: Reference Appendix A1 for additional gas fuel
requirements.
• 95 percent of the time: must not contain
solid particles exceeding 0.004 grains/ 8-5.3.2 Liquid Fuel
1,000 ft3 (0.0097 grams/1,000 m3)
Liquid fuel shall consist of hydrocarbon com-
• 5 percent of the time: must not contain pounds only and must be compatible between
solid particles exceeding 0.04 grains/ brands or batches.
1,000 ft3 (0.097 grams/1,000 m3)
Viscosity of liquid fuel shall be a minimum of
• When operating in a marine environment, 0.5 centistrokes and shall be 6.0 centistrokes
sodium (from air or water) entering the for starting and a maximum of 12.0 cen-
engine should not exceed 0.00045 lb/sec tistrokes for operation.
(0.000204 kg/min) average, or 0.003 lb/
sec (0.0014 kg/min), maximum. In installations where liquid fuel is used with-
out benefit of water for NOx suppression, the
• The maximum allowable liquid water con- liquid fuel shall be heated to 35°F (1.6°C).
tent in the inlet air is 0.5 percent of the This requirement applies any time the gas tur-
inlet airflow weight at inlet air tempera- bine operates on liquid fuel for a continuous
tures of 42°F (5.6°C) and above. Below period of time greater than 2 hours.
42°F (5.6°C), no liquid water content is
allowed. Reference Appendix A2 for additional liquid
fuel requirements.

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LM6000 PA GEK 98493
GE Industrial AeroDerivative Gas Turbines Volume I

8-5.4 Water condensate in the lines just prior to steam

injection.
Water used for NOx suppression shall contain
no particles larger than 20 micrometers abso- To prevent recirculation and ignition of natural
lute. Total matter, lb/sec, shall not exceed a gas in the steam manifold, steam must be initi-
maximum of 5.0 Additionally, pH shall be ated by 10 MW. If steam is not available, the
between 6.0 and 8.0 and conductivity at 77°F steam manifold should be disconnected and
(24.9°C), between 0.5 and 1.0 micro-mhos/cm the fuel nozzle steam connections capped.
(measured when the water is free of carbon Failure to follow this procedure will result in
dioxide). steam hose burning.

Reference Appendix A3 for additional NOx 8-6 Records and Running Log
suppression requirements.
A log should be kept of all engine operation
8-5.5 Steam and/or running time. It is recommended that,
as a suggested minimum, site operators should
Steam used for NOx suppression shall contain record the following:
no particles larger than 250 micrometers. Total
solids allowable depends on the steam-to-fuel • Time of all starts and shutdowns
ratio on which the engine operates. This will
vary from site to site. Additionally, its total • Total time for engine and site
conductivity at 77°F (24.9°C), between 0.5
and 1.0 for 95 percent or more of the operating • Reading of all engine instrument record-
time and is limited to a maximum of 2.0 for 5 ings, taken twice daily at the set-load point
percent or less of the operating time.
• All changes of engine speed and load
NOTE
• Brief statement of action taken in response
• All steam system piping, valves, purge to alarms or emergencies
lines, drains, and blowoff lines must be
blown down and cleaned before final con- • Any system modifications, adjustments, or
nection to the engine is made. parts removal/replacement

• Flange and gaskets must be designed to • Preventive or corrective maintenance

prevent deteriorated gasket material from activity
entering the steam system and the engine.
• Lease pool, running time, change dates
• It is recommended that 250 micrometer
strainers be installed upstream of the 8-7 Inlet/Enclosure Inspection
steam control skid.
Ensure that the inlet and enclosure have been
Steam must have a minimum superheat of inspected and cleaned in accordance with
50°F (9.9°C) at the engine manifold inlet. instructions in the packager's manual. Refer to
Preheat and drain provisions must be made to Chapter 7 of this volume and Volume II,
heat the supply lines, and to drain off any WP 4010 00, 4012 00, and 4013 00.

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GEK 98493 LM6000 PA
Volume I GE Industrial AeroDerivative Gas Turbines

8-8 Prestart Checks • VIGVs, variable bypass vanes (VBVs),

and variable stator vanes (VSVs) on
Consult the packager's manual for mandatory schedule
prestart procedures specifying that the pack-
ager-furnished lube supply subsystem is acti- • Fuel drain valve closed (if applicable)
vated and operational.
• Flameout detection circuit OK
Prior to any motoring or start sequence, GE
• Flame detection cooling air on
suggests the following checks as a minimum:
• Secondary fuel manifold purge valve
• All maintenance requirements or discrep-
closed
ancies cleared and signed off
• Gas vent valves set for gas startup
• Fuel shutoff valves closed
Although not required as part of normal start-
• Water shutoff valves closed ing procedures, wet and/or dry motoring must
be used following engine installation or any
• Fuel boost pump on
fuel system maintenance to check the engine
• Water supply pump: per packager's opera- prior to start. Wet motoring (liquid fuel only)
tional procedures is performed with the fuel metering valve at
minimum position and the fuel shutoff valves
• Steam supply pump: per packager's opera- open. Dry motoring is performed with the fuel
tional procedures shutoff valves closed.

• Lube tank level full 8-9 Motoring Procedures

• Lube supply valves open 8-9.1 Dry Motoring

• Water-wash solenoid (if applicable) deen- Any dry motoring check should be made with
ergized the ignition system deenergized.

• All switches and interlocks set for proper CAUTION Be certain that checklists have
sequence to allow motoring been established for packager-furnished
equipment. Consult the packager's manual
• Fuel valve at start position for mandatory prestart procedures and make
certain that the packager-furnished lube sup-
• High pressure compressor (HPC) rotor ply subsystem is activated and operational
speed (XN25) and low pressure turbine prior to any motoring or start sequence.
(LPT) rotor speed (XNSD) governor refer-
ences at lowest point a. Check all switches and interlocks for
proper motoring settings.

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GE Industrial AeroDerivative Gas Turbines Volume I

b. With the fuel shutoff valves closed, acti- off valves. Observe and record the
vate the motoring or start sequence and following:
allow the engine to motor to maximum
motoring speed for 30 seconds. Observe • Engine high pressure rotor speed
and record the following:
• Starter air or hydraulic inlet pressure
• Engine high pressure rotor speed
• Inlet air temperature
• Starter air or hydraulic inlet pressure
• Lube supply pressure
• Inlet air temperature
• Fuel manifold pressure
• Lube supply pressure
c. Close fuel shutoff and continue motoring
c. After 30 seconds, deenergize the starter. for 5 minutes to purge the enclosure/
engine fuel system of fuel. If an engine
8-9.2 Wet Motoring (Liquid Fuel Only) start is to be made, wait a minimum of 2
minutes before initiating the start cycle.
Any wet-motoring check should be made with
the igniter system deenergized. d. Deenergize the starter.

CAUTION 8-10 Starting and Operation

• Excessive wet motoring can result in sat- 8-10.1 Normal Starting Sequence
uration of the TRF insulation blanket
with fuel CAUTION It is critical that the cold restart
procedure be followed; otherwise, major
• Be certain that checklists have been engine damage can result.
established for packager-furnished
equipment. Consult the packager's man- a. Ensure that all prestart checks have been
ual for mandatory prestart procedures completed.
and make certain that the packager-fur-
nished lube supply subsystem is activated b. Open the starter shutoff valve or initiate
and operational prior to any motoring or the start sequence. The following should
start sequence occur:

a. Check all switches and interlocks for • The engine will begin to rotate for a
proper motoring settings. predetermined period to purge the
exhaust system.
b. With the fuel shutoff valves closed, acti-
vate the motoring or start sequence and • The ignition will be energized at
allow the engine to motor to maximum approximately 1,200 rpm for liquid
motoring speed for 30 seconds. At maxi- fuel and 1,700 rpm for gas fuel.
mum motoring speed, open the fuel shut-
• The fuel shutoff valves will open.

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GEK 98493 LM6000 PA
Volume I GE Industrial AeroDerivative Gas Turbines

• Lightoff should occur in approxi- 8-10.1.1 Hot Starts

mately 10-12 seconds.
a. Hot starts are normally the result of insuf-
• The engine will accelerate to core idle ficient starter power, excess starting fuel
(starter-assisted to 4,600 rpm, where flow, excessively high acceleration fuel
starter-cutout occurs). flow rate, or open VSVs.

• After a brief pause of no more than 1 b. Starts indicating a T48 value in excess of
minute at core idle, during which rota- 1,300°F (704.4°C) are considered to be hot
tion of the LP system must be indi- starts. Normal starts are 1,000° to 1,200°F
cated, the engine will continue to (537.7° to 648.8°C).
accelerate to synchronous idle. Power
generation applications only. c. If a hot start occurs, the startup procedure
should not be repeated without investigat-
• Finish 5 minute warmup prior to load- ing the cause of the hot start. For trouble-
ing (5 minutes total time at core and shooting procedures, refer to Chapter 10.
synchronous idle speed). 8-2
8-3
8-10.2 Special Operating
• Maintain a constant rate of load Requirements
increase during acceleration (8 mW/
minute). Stepped accel rate should be The information in the following paragraphs is
avoided. If the packager-supplied con- presented as generic information only. Refer
trol requires a stepped accel rate, the to the packager's manual for specific control
rate shall not exceed specified limits. system sequencing modes and site operation
information.
NOTE Stepped accel rate values will be pro-
vided in a later issue of this manual. 8-10.2.1 Dual-Fuel Requirements
c. Record the levels for inlet temperature • Dual-fuel system startups must be made
(T2), the compressor rear frame (CRF) and on one fuel only (liquid or gas fuel only).
turbine rear frame (TRF) accelerometers, Single-fuel operation is also required for
and the operating parameters designated all engine speeds below no-load synchro-
by a double asterisk (**) in table 8-1 or nous speed.
8-2. If all parameters are normal, engine
operation to load may continue. If engine CAUTION Failure to provide necessary
parameters are outside the normal operat- purge of fuel system components could result
ing limits shown in tables 8-1 or 8-2, and in fuel system hardware failure from back-
8-3, troubleshoot and correct the problem flow of combustion products.
per Chapter 10 before continuing.
• When operating a dual-fuel system on gas
d. A typical power generation start-to-load fuel, the liquid manifolds must be purged.
sequence is shown in figure 8-2. Upon The use of gas fuel from the metered gas
reaching the desired load condition, record supply to the engine is recommended.
the data indicated in paragraph 8-14.

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Table 8-1 Typical Operating Levels

Base Load (LM6000 PA Gas Turbine)
Generator Efficiency 98%, Inlet Loss = 4"H2O; Exhaust Loss 10"H2O

Maximum
Maximum Base Operating
Parameter Core Idle Synchronous Idle Power Limit
Power MW 0 0 41.5-43.3 N/A
WF, (Fuel Flow), 1,350-1,450 4,000-4,200 17,000-19,000 21,800
lb/hr (kg/hr) (612-657) (1,814-1,905) (7,711-8,618) (9,888)
T2 (Inlet Temperature), 59 59 59
F (C) (15) (15) (15) N/A
P0 (Ambient Inlet Pressure), psia 14.6 14.4 14.4
(kPa) (101) (99) (99) N/A
T25 (HPC Inlet Temperature), 80-100 180-200 210-230
F (C) (27-38) (82-93) (99-110) N/A
XN25 (HPC rpm) 6,400-6,700 8,400-8,700 10,300-10,500 10,700
XN2 (LPC rpm) 1,650-1,800 3,600 3,600 3,780
XNSD (LPT rpm) 1,650-1,800 3,600 3,600 3,780
PS3 (HPC Discharge Pressure), 50-57 130-143 390-440 442
psia (kPa)** (345-393) (896-986) (2,689-3,034) (3,047)
T3 (HPC Discharge Temp), 360-400 650-750 990-1,008 1,008
F (C) ** (182-204) (343-399) (532-542) (542)
P48 (LPT Inlet Pressure), psia 19-23 38-43 95-105
(kPa) (131-159) (262-296) (655-724) N/A
T48 (LPT Inlet Temp) 725-825 950-1,050 1,540-1,610 1,610
F (C) ** (385-441) (510-566) (838-877) (866)
PTB (Thrust Balance Pressure), 16-20 34-38 95-105
psia (kPa) ** (110-138) (234-262) (655-724) See figure 8-3
Lube System Oil Supply 28-40 45-58 63-75 15 (103)
Pressure, psig (kPa) (193-276) (310-400) (434-517) Min
Lube System Oil Supply 140 to 160 140 to 160 140 to 160 170
Temp, F (C) (60 to 71) (60 to 71) (60 to 71) (77)
Lube Scavenge Pressure, 17-21 18-22 18-23 100
psig (kPa) (117-145) (124-152) (124-159) (689)
Lube Scavenge Temp 150-190 165-205 175-205 340
(A/TGB-Scav), F (C) (66-88) (74-96) (79-96) (171)
Lube Scavenge Temp 160-210 210-235 240-280 340
(B/Scav), F (C) (71-99) (99-113) (116-138) (171)

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Table 8-1 Typical Operating Levels

Base Load (LM6000 PA Gas Turbine)
Generator Efficiency 98%, Inlet Loss = 4"H2O; Exhaust Loss 10"H2O (Continued)

Maximum
Maximum Base Operating
Parameter Core Idle Synchronous Idle Power Limit
Lube Scavenge Temp 190-225 220-255 265-300 340
(C-Scav), F (C) (88-107) (104-124) (129-149) (171)
Lube Scavenge Temp 150-200 160-220 190-225 340
(D-Scav), F (C) (66-93) (71-104) (88-107) (171)
Lube Scavenge Temp 150-210 160-230 190-240 340
(E-Scav), F (C) (66-99) (71-110) (88-116) (171)
Lube Scavenge Temp 160-210 200-240 220-260 340
(AGB-Scav), F (C) (71-99) (93-116) (104-127) (171)
VIGV Position (percent of stroke) 27-29 27-29 80-93 102
VSV Position (percent of stroke) 23-25 40-42 80-90 102
VBV Position (percent of stroke) 98-102 83-85 0-3 102
** Record all sensors.

Table 8-2 Typical Operating Levels

Base Load (LM6000 PA Uprate Gas Turbine)
Generator Efficiency 98%, Inlet Loss = 4"H2O; Exhaust Loss 10"H2O

Maximum
Maximum Base Operating
Parameter Core Idle Synchronous Idle Power Limit
MW 0 0 41.5-43.3 N/A
WF, (Fuel Flow), 1,350-1,450 4,000-4,200 17,000-20,000 21,800
lb/hr (kg/hr) (612-657) (1,814-1,905) (7,711-9,072) (9,888)
T2 (Inlet Temperature), 59 59 59
F (C) (15) (15) (15) N/A
P0 (Ambient Inlet Pressure), psia 14.6 14.4 14.6
(kPa) (101) (99) (100.7) N/A
T25 (HPC Inlet Temperature), 80 to 100 180 to 200 210 to 230
F (C) (27 to 38) (82 to 93) (99 to 110) N/A
XN25 (HPC rpm) 6,400-6,700 8,400-8,700 10,300-10,500 10,700
XN2 (LPC rpm) 1,650-1,800 3,600 3,600 3,780
XNSD (LPT rpm) 1,650-1,800 3,600 3,600 3,780
PS3 (HPC Discharge Pressure), 50-57 130-143 390-485 485
psia (kPa)** (345-393) (896-986) (2,689-3,344) (3,344)

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Table 8-2 Typical Operating Levels

Base Load (LM6000 PA Uprate Gas Turbine)
Generator Efficiency 98%, Inlet Loss = 4"H2O; Exhaust Loss 10"H2O (Continued)

Maximum
Maximum Base Operating
Parameter Core Idle Synchronous Idle Power Limit
T3 (HPC Discharge Temp), 360 to 400 650 to 750 990 to 1,008 1,008
F (C) ** (182 to 204) (343 to 399) (532 to 542) (542)
P48 (LPT Inlet Pressure), psia 22-26 37-41 95-112
(kPa) (152-179) (255-283) (655-772) N/A
T48 (LPT Inlet Temp) 725 to 825 950 to 1,050 1,540 to 1,610 1,610
F (C) ** (385 to 440) (510 to 566) (838 to 877) (866)
PTB (Thrust Balance Pressure), 16-20 34-38 95-112
psia (kPa) ** (110-138) (234-262) (655-772) See figure 8-3
Lube System Oil Supply 28-40 45-58 63-75 15 (103)
Pressure, psig (kPa) (193-276) (310-400) (434-517) Min
Lube System Oil Supply 140 to 160 140 to 160 140 to 160 170
Temp, F (C) (60 to 71) (60 to 71) (60 to 71) (77)
Lube Scavenge Pressure, 17-21 18-22 18-23 100
psig (kPa) (117-145) (124-152) (124-159) (689)
Lube Scavenge Temp 150 to 190 165 to 205 240 to270 310
(A/TGB-Scav), F (C) (66 to 88) (74 to 96) (115 to 132) (154)
Lube Scavenge Temp 160 to 210 210 to 235 250 to 290 330
(B/Scav), F (C) (71 to 99) (99 to 113) (121 to 143) (165)
Lube Scavenge Temp 190 to 225 220 to 255 290 to 320 340
(C-Scav), F (C) (88 to 107) (104 to 124) (143 to 160) (171)
Lube Scavenge Temp 150 to 200 160 to 220 230 to 290 315
(D-Scav), F (C) (66 to 93) (71 to 104) (110 to 143) (157)
Lube Scavenge Temp 150 to 210 160 to 230 230 to 290 315
(E-Scav), F (C) (66 to 99) (71 to 110) (110 to 143) (157)
Lube Scavenge Temp 160 to 210 200 to 240 220 to 260 340
(TBG-Scav), F (C) (71 to 99) (93 to 116) (104 to 127) (171)
VIGV Position (percent of stroke) 27-29 27-29 80-93 102
VSV Position (percent of stroke) 23-25 40-42 80-93 102
VBV Position (percent of stroke) 98-102 83-85 0-3 102
** Record all sensors.

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Volume I GE Industrial AeroDerivative Gas Turbines

Table 8-3 Limits and Operating Requirements

Event/Item Max Limits/Requirements
Max Time Allowed for Ignition XN25 > 1,200 rpm at t ≥ 20 sec (liquid fuel)
XN25 > 1,700 rpm at t ≥ 20 sec (gas fuel)
Max Time to Reach Starter Cutout XN25 > 4,600 rpm at t ≥ 90 sec
Max Time to Reach Core Idle XN25 ≥ 6,050 rpm and XN25R ≥ 6,400 rpm at t ≥ 120 sec
LP Rotor Vibrations 1.4 in/sec (3.6 cm/sec)
HP Rotor Vibrations 2.0 in/sec (5.1 cm/sec)
Fuel Supply Temperature (Gas) < Tsv +20°F (11°C) min; > 300°F (149°C)
Fuel Supply Temperature (Liquid) < Twp +20°F (11°C) min; > 150°F (66°C)
Fuel Manifold Temperature > 400°F (204.4°C); Primary and Secondary
Steam Temperature (Fuel Nozzle) Superheat < 50°F (10°C) or > 1,000°F (538°C) at Manifold
Steam Permissive > 8,000 shp (5,966 kW)
Water Manifold Temp > 450°F (232°C)
Steam Pressure > 700 psia (4,827 kPa)
Air Inlet Screen Differential Pressure Pi +1.0 in. H2O (0.249 kPa)

• When operating a dual-fuel system on liq- containing hot air. If a heat exchanger is
uid fuel, the gas manifold must be purged present in the line to maintain the purge
to prevent coke deposits in the gas nozzles line air temperature below 750°F
and feeder tubes. The use of compressor (398.8°C) at high power steady state con-
discharge pressure (CDP) bleed air is ditions, transfers may be made at any
recommended. power.

• For startups, fuel transfer from gas to liq- 8-10.2.2 Fuel/Water Injection
uid or liquid to gas should be made only Requirements
after XN25 has reached synchronous idle
or 8,400 rpm. • Liquid fuel operation will normally
require a higher water flow and water pres-
• When transferring from gas to liquid at sure than gas fuel operation in order to
normal operating power, the LM6000 SAC meet NOx suppression requirements.
should be powered down to reduce T3 to
750°F (398.8°C) or less. This reduces the • For gas fueled systems configured for
possibility of autoignition in the gas sys- water injection for NOx suppression,
tem. When transferring from liquid fuel including dual fuel systems, there is no
back to gas fuel, the LM6000 PA should requirement to initiate water at a particular
be powered down to reduce the air temper- power level. The gas turbine can be oper-
ature to less than 750°F (398.8°C) before ated to base load without water injection.
introducing natural gas into the manifold

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LM6000 PA GEK 98493
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Figure 8-2 Typical LM6000 PA Gas Turbine Start-to-Load Time Sequence

• Gas turbines equipped with dual-fuel sys- steady-state condition first be achieved.
tems are designed to operate on 100 per- Water should not be introduced below core
cent natural gas with water injection, 100 idle speed.
percent liquid fuel with water injection, or
on combinations of the two fuels with 8-10.2.3 High Pressure Steam Injection
water injection with no limit on natural Requirements
gas-to-liquid fuel ratios, except as specifi-
cally noted. a. Special sequencing is provided for initia-
tion and termination of steam injection on
• Prior to fuel transfer after starting, the models with steam injection for NOx sup-
water injection flow is adjusted to a mini- pression. The sequencing ensures that
mum setting. Following transfer, the water steam is superheated before being intro-
flow rate is gradually increased to meet the duced into the engine, that any condensate
schedule for the particular fuel being used. is removed from the lines prior to steam
For shutdown, water is shut off prior to injection, and that appropriate drains are
fuel transfer. opened during shutdown conditions. For
additional information, refer to the pack-
• Prior to water flow initiation, it is recom- ager's manual.
mended that operation at a stabilized,

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GEK 98493 LM6000 PA
Volume I GE Industrial AeroDerivative Gas Turbines

Figure 8-3 Thrust Balance Pressure Limits

b. To prevent recirculation and ignition of building up pressure. The fuel nozzle

natural gas in the steam manifold, steam manifold drain bleed valve prevents
must be initiated by 10 MW. If steam is condensate from collecting in the fuel
not available, the steam manifold should nozzle steam manifold.
be disconnected and the fuel nozzle steam
connections capped. Failure to follow this (2) If the engine is operating with no
procedure will result in steam hose steam injection, the fuel nozzle
burning. manifold drain bleed valve is closed
to keep the manifold properly
c. Typical steam system valve operating con- pressurized.
ditions are described below.
(3) If the engine is operating with water
(1) If the engine is not operating, all purge prior to preheating, the main
valves remain closed except the water/ shutoff valve is opened with the
steam purge valve and the fuel nozzle water/steam purge valve opened to
manifold drain bleed valve. The purge any water accumulation ahead
water/steam purge valve allows steam/ of the main shutoff valve. The purge is
water leakage from the main shutoff continued until temperature indicates
valve to escape from piping without that saturated steam is flowing.

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LM6000 PA GEK 98493
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(4) If the engine is operating with fuel 8-11 Shutdown

nozzle steam system preheating, the
water/steam purge valve and the fuel The following types of engine shutdowns may
nozzle manifold drain bleed valve are occur:
closed. The fuel nozzle upstream
steam preheat valve is opened to pre- Normal shutdown: engine is taken off line
heat fuel nozzle steam injection pip- for a specific reason not necessarily related to
ing. The fuel nozzle steam metering the engine.
valve downstream line is preheated by
CDP bleed airflow through the CDP/ Emergency shutdown: engine is taken off
fuel nozzle preheat pressurization line line by the operator or the control system due
check valve. to an engine or system fault.

(5) If the engine is operating with fuel Other: annunciated fault or other indication
nozzle steam injection, the fuel nozzle of problem which operator interprets as a rea-
injection preheat valve is closed when son for taking the engine off line.
steam temperature sensors and pres-
8-11.1 Normal Shutdown
sure sensors indicate that minimum
power level has been reached and that Under normal operating conditions, the
a minimum of 50°F (10°C) superheat LM6000 PA is shut down in the sequence
has been achieved upstream of the described below.
fuel nozzle steam metering valve and
at the manifold inlet. The fuel nozzle Power is retarded to minimum load (synchro-
steam metering valve is then opened nous idle) or the control sequencer is activated
within 30 seconds at a rate not to to accomplish the shutdown. The following
exceed 250 lb/hr per second and should occur:
increased to the control regime (8,000
lb/hr [3628.8 kg/hr] steam flow mini- • High pressure rotor speed decreases to
mum). The fuel nozzle manifold drain approximately 8,400 rpm over a 2-3
bleed valve is opened to drain accu- minute period.
mulated water. The CDP/fuel nozzle
preheat pressurization line check • T48 decreases.
valve will close due to reversed DP.
• Water for NOx suppression will be turned
off.

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Volume I GE Industrial AeroDerivative Gas Turbines

• If engine is operating on a dual-fuel mix- NOTE The information presented herein

ture, switch to one fuel while at synchro- describes a typical sequence of events. How-
nous idle speed. ever, for specific control sequencing models
and site operation information, see the pack-
• If steam injection is being used, all fuel ager's manual.
nozzle steam must be turned off.
a. The fuel valves (and water or steam
The engine should then decelerate to core idle valves, if applicable) are closed, the
speed, approximately 6,100 rpm, where it VIGVs are closed, and the VBV doors are
should be allowed to cool for five minutes. opened. The ignition system and starter are
After five minutes, the fuel shutoff valves also deenergized, the water pump is turned
should be closed and the drain valves opened. off, and the XN2, XN25, XNSD, and oil
pressure alarms are bypassed. When these
In the case of a post-shutdown fire caused by steps are completed, drain and vent valves
fuel leaking through the lower fuel nozzles, a are opened, alarms, interlocks, and start
rise in T48 will be noticed. With fuel valves sequence timers are reset, and the operat-
closed, the engine should be motored on the ing time meter is turned off.
starter (refer to paragraph 8-9 and Chapter 9
of this manual and to the packager's manual) b. For an emergency shutdown when operat-
until T48 starts to drop, at which point the ing with high-pressure steam injection, the
operator can discontinue motoring. fuel nozzle steam metering valve and the
main shutoff valve are closed to stop steam
NOTE After shutdown, natural circulation of injection. The steam purge valve is opened
air through the engine must not be inter- to vent pressure behind the metering
rupted. This includes site air supply to the valves. The fuel nozzle manifold drain
compressor rear frame and turbine rear frame bleed valve is then opened.
lube lines/sump walls to avoid coking. Also,
flame detector cooling can air circuit airflow 8-11.3 Post-Shutdown Fire
is required for a period of at least 30 minutes
(temperature must be 175°F [79.4°C] or During a normal shutdown, exhaust gas tem-
lower). perature should decrease following closure of
the fuel shutoff valves. Under both normal and
8-11.2 Emergency Shutdown emergency shutdowns, a temperature increase
(T48) may occur while the engine is coasting
In an emergency, the engine can be shut down down. This indicates that combustion is con-
from any power setting. This action can be ini- tinuing, due to either a leaking fuel valve or
tiated by the operator or by the packager-sup- residual fuel trapped in the engine fuel system.
plied control system. An emergency shutdown To correct this problem, follow the procedures
automatically initiates the following actions: described in paragraph 8-9.1 and Chapter 9.

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GE Industrial AeroDerivative Gas Turbines Volume I

8-12 Restart An emergency shutdown must be followed by

a restart or motoring cycle, if possible, to com-
CAUTION If a questionable condition mence no more than five minutes after gas tur-
exists, do not attempt to motor or operate the bine high pressure rotor speed decreases
engine until a thorough investigation of the below 300 rpm. Conditions may not allow
condition has been made. Do not repeat hot restarting or motoring in some situations,
starts, compressor stalls, load-shedding, or depending on the cause of the emergency shut-
other problems that initiate emergency shut- down or the status of the starting system. Rea-
downs or aborted operation without thorough sons for not restarting or motoring the gas
investigation. Failure to do so can result in turbine following an emergency shutdown are
undue stress on engine components that may listed in table 8-4. If restart or motoring can-
result in damage or subsequent destructive not be accomplished within five minutes, a
failure of the engine. mandatory lockout of six hours is enacted by
the control system to allow sufficient compo-
This section addresses requirements for nent cooling to prevent possible damage to the
restarts after operation at power. Restarts may engine.
be initiated at any time if the prior shutdown
sequence included a cool-down period of 5 Table 8-4 Protective Function Causes Requiring
Resolution Prior to Restart or Motoring
minutes or more at core idle speed, or if cool-
down motoring has been initiated or • Excessive vibration step decel to idle
completed.
• Fire system shutdown and/or Halon
Restarts following an emergency shutdown or release
step decel to idle action from operation at • GT lube oil supply pressure low decel to
power may be restricted, depending on cause idle
and if motoring has been initiated within 10
• Overspeed shutdown (XN25/XN2/
minutes of HP rotor coastdown. Refer to para-
XNSD)
graph 8–12.1 below.
• Enclosure high combustion gas level
8-12.1 Hot Restarts shutdown

A restart following an emergency shutdown or • Starter system failure

step decel to idle action from a power level • Fail to crank indication
where T48 is higher than 1,200°F (648.8°C) is
• LPC (XN2)/LPT (XNSD) speed differ-
considered a hot restart sequence and should
ence shutdown
not be attempted until the fault or circum-
stance triggering the shutdown is resolved. It • dPS3/dT shutdown (stall indication)
is critical that the hot restart procedure follows • High liquid fuel manifold temperature
a specific sequence to avoid major engine
shutdown or step decel to idle
damage.
• Air inlet screen delta pressure high limit

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Volume I GE Industrial AeroDerivative Gas Turbines

If the fault causing the emergency shutdown is 8-12.1.2 Restart More Than 10 Minutes
fully understood, resolved, and cleared, and it After Shutdown
has been verified that no damage to the engine
has occurred, a restart or motoring sequence CAUTION Bypassing this logic and crank-
can be initiated if the five-minute limit has not ing the HP rotor may result in severe HP
been exceeded. compressor rubs and may damage the com-
pressor blades and vanes.
8-12.1.1 Restart Within 10 Minutes
After Shutdown If it is not possible, or desirable, to initiate the
restart purge cycle or a cool-down motoring
If circumstances permit the shutdown problem cycle within 10 minutes after the HP rotor has
to be cleared within 10 minutes or less and the coasted to below 300 rpm, the control system
high pressure (HP) rotor speed is less than 300 will then lock out any further attempts to
rpm, the restart procedure is as follows: restart or motor the engine for a period of 4
hours.
a. Start the restart timer and initiate a manual
restart purge. Reset all other timers as After 4 hours, a normal start sequence may be
required. initiated.

b. Energize the starter to crank the HP rotor 8-13 Windmilling

to a speed not to exceed 2,400 rpm. If the
HP rotor rotates freely, make a normal Windmilling is generally caused by air forced
start. through the inlet, causing the rotors to turn at
relatively low speeds of less than 100 rpm.
c. If circumstances allow the HP rotor to be Windmilling also occurs during shutdown as
cranked within 5 minutes after shutdown, the kinetic energy of the rotor is dissipated by
a manual purge, if available, will enable a the pumping and rolling-element friction. The
restart purge cycle to be initiated. The windmilling limits below should be observed
restart purge cycle motors the engine high to avoid rolling element life reduction.
pressure rotor to prevent thermal bowing
of the HP rotor. Starter use for motoring There is no provision for unrestricted wind-
the engine HP rotor must be consistent milling operation. However, the flow of air
with limitations specified in Chapter 5. through the engine must not be restricted dur-
ing the engine cool-down period.
d. By selecting the restart purge option, the
operator preserves capability to restart the Both engine rotors may windmill for up to 7
engine any time after the fault or system days at speeds up to 100 rpm, provided each
problem has been cleared. period is preceded by normal engine opera-
tion.

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LM6000 PA GEK 98493
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Unlimited windmilling of the engine rotors is • Supply oil pressure

allowed at HP rotor speeds above 1,000 rpm,
provided supply oil temperature is maintained • Load (facility)
above 90°F (32.2°C) and scavenge oil temper-
• CRF accelerometers
ature is kept below 340°F (171.1°C). At this
speed, the lube supply and scavenge system • TRF accelerometers
operates normally, provided positive oil pres-
sure is maintained and oil cooling is provided. 8-14.1 Performance Measurement

8-14 Engine Performance A log of all LM6000 PA running time should

be kept. The following minimum data should
Following installation and checkout, the be recorded:
engine should be operated at various speed/
load conditions in order to establish baseline • Time of all starts and shutdowns
performance for the specific installation. Refer
to paragraph 8-10.1c. and table 8-1 or 8-2. • Total time since installation

• Twice daily log of all instrument readings,

The operator should record, as a minimum, the
taken at the set-load point
following engine/facility parameters in order
to monitor engine performance:
• All changes in speed or load
• Inlet air temperature
• Adjustments and part changes
• Barometer (local)
• Preventive maintenance action
• T25
• Lease pool installation, removal, run time
• P2
8-14.2 Performance Data Recording
• T3
For diagnosing performance or emissions
• P3 issues, best results are obtained when all the
parameters in the Performance Data Sheet,
• T48 figure 8-4, are recorded and the data is
recorded to the indicated level of precision.
• LP rpm (XN2, XNSD) For best accuracy in the analysis, the engine
should be stabilized for at least 5 minutes prior
• HP rpm (XN25)
to data recording and several (3-5) readings
• Fuel flow (WF) should be taken at a given power level.

• Supply oil temperature The Performance Data Sheet shows typical

parameters and precision levels which would
• Scavenge oil temperature normally be required for a performance evalu-
ation by GE.

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Volume I GE Industrial AeroDerivative Gas Turbines

Other considerations for best accuracy: Equivalent hours are calculated from the
parameters located in table 8-5, using the fol-
• Instrumentation should be recently cali- lowing equation and weighting factors:
brated
Equivalent Hours =
(T3PH × 8.5) + T3BH + (T3CH × 0.5)
• VG systems should be rig checked and cal-
ibrated Life/repair intervals are not expected to be
impacted by start/stop cycles when the aver-
• Crank soak washing should be performed age run time per start exceeds 4 hours.
prior to test
Table 8-5 Operating Data Parameters
• Fuel sample should be collected and
Parameter Description
analyzed for lower heating value (LHV)
and specific gravity (SG) to assist in expe- TH Total hours, all operation
dited analysis of performance data. Liquid TFS Total fired starts
fuel is to be analyzed for contaminants and TT Total trips (emergency shutdowns and
compliance with fuel specification step decels to idle)
T3 Measured HP compressor discharge
• High power data readings should be taken temperature
with VBV closed T3PH Total hours for which
T3B<T3<T3P (peak region)
The same data should be used for periodic
T3BH Total hours for which
trending of engine performance. (T3B-30°F)<T3<T3B (base region)

8-14.3 Component Life/Repair T3CH Total hours for which

T3<(T3B-30°F) (sub-base region)
Intervals
T3B T3 base load limit
Safe operation of the LM6000 PA is depen- (set-point only; log not required)
dent on properly scheduled maintenance, T3P T3 peak load limit
repairs, and component replacement. In order (set-point only; log not required)
to properly track these conditions, packager- 8-4
supplied time and event counters provide data
for the parameters listed in table 8-5.

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Figure 8-4 LM6000 Performance Data Sheet (Sheet 1 of 4)

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Volume I GE Industrial AeroDerivative Gas Turbines

Figure 8-4 LM6000 Performance Data Sheet (Sheet 2 of 4)

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Figure 8-4 LM6000 Performance Data Sheet (Sheet 3 of 4)

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Volume I GE Industrial AeroDerivative Gas Turbines

Figure 8-4 LM6000 Performance Data Sheet (Sheet 4 of 4)

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