BASIC GRAMMAR FOR TOEFL

Subject
A. Definition
Subject adalah apa atau siapa yang dibicarakan dalam suatu kalimat atau klausa.
Contoh :
1. The teacher is from Surabaya.
2. My mother cooks every morning.
3. We visited our grandfather last week.
4. I can sing a song melodiously.

B. Kinds of Subject
1. Pronoun
2. Noun
3. Noun Phrase
4. Noun Clause
5. Gerund
6. To Infinitive

1. PRONOUN
Kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan benda / noun.
Subjek Objek Possessive Possessive Reflexive
Adjective Pronoun
Saya I Me My… …Mine Myself
Kamu You You Your… …Yours Yourself
Mereka They Them Their… …Theirs Themselves
Kita We Us Our… …Ours Ourselves
Dia (lk) He Him His… …His Himself
Dia (pr) She Her Her… …Hers Herself
Hewan/benda It It Its… - Itself

NOUN, NOUN PHRASE & PRONOUN

 Subjek – Objek Possessive
 Subjek
I go to market every Sunday. a) Possessive Adjective
 Objek  Pronoun yang menunjukan kepemilikan.
They visited me yesterday.
 Tidak bisa menempati subjek & objek
 Tidak berdiri sendiri
(i) I love they. (incorrect)
Pola : possessive adjective + noun
(ii) I love them. (correct) Eg : My book, Your phone, Her clothes etc.
That is my. (incorrect)
Mengapa they (i) incorrect ? That is my book. (correct)
Karena posisi pronoun berada di Objek kalimat
sehingga yang tepat adalah them bukan they. They b) Possessive Pronoun
hanya digunakan apabila pronoun menempati posisi  Pronoun yang menunjukan kepemilikan
sebagai Subjek kalimat. Maka kalimat yang tepat dengan posisi sebagai kata benda.
adalah pada kalimat (ii).  Bisa menempati subjek & objek
 Berdiri sendiri, tidak diikuti kata benda
Pola : to be + Possessive Pronoun
Eg : mine, yours, hers, his….
That book is mine.

Reflexive Pronoun Fungsi : - Emphesize (penekan makna)

I myself work on the paper.
Pronoun yang merujuk pada diri sendiri. Aku sendirilah yang mengerjakan tugas.

Eg : myself, yourself, herself, himself.. - Bermakna alone (sendirian)

She sleeps in her room by herself.

Demonstrative Pronoun Indefinite Pronoun

Kata Tunjuk Kata ganti untuk benda atau orang yang belum
jelas.
Singular Plural
Dekat This These one body thing
Jauh That Those Some- Someone Somebody Something
Any- Anyone Anybody Anything
Contoh : Every- Everyone Everybody Everything
No No one No body Nothing
That is an expensive marker.
Those are expensive markers.

NOUN, NOUN PHRASE & PRONOUN

 Another – Other
Another untuk noun singular
Other untuk noun plural

I have many books, other books are on the table and another book is in my bag.

Pronoun Common Mistake

 Misplaced Pronouns

Contoh :
Jackrabbits have powerful rear legs that enable it to leap long distances.
A B C D

Jackrabbits merupakan noun plural sehingga diperlukan objek pronoun plural them, sedangkan di soal it
(singular).

 Misplaced Other & Another

Commercial letters of credit are often used to finance export trade, but they can have other use.
A B C D

2. NOUN (KATA BENDA)

Kata yang digunakan untuk menamai sebuah benda.
Apa saja yang termasuk kata benda ?

JENIS-JENIS NOUN

1. Concret (terlihat) 5. Collective (kumpulan)

Chair, Fan, Pen etc. Family, Team, Club, Furniture etc.
2. Abstract (tidak terlihat) 6. Material (berasal dari alam)
Water, Wind, Stone, Rock, Salt, Sand etc.
Happiness, Sadness, Pain etc.
7. Uncountable (tidak dapat di hitung)
3. Common (umum)
Hair, Water, Money, Paper Etc.
Country, City, Animal etc.
8. Countable (perlu/dapat dihitung)
4. Proper (khusus) a chair, two chairs, a child, two children
Indonesia, Kediri, Cat, Dog etc.

NOUN, NOUN PHRASE & PRONOUN

 SINGULAR – PLURAL NOUN
1. Singular Noun (Tunggal, Satu, Sendirian, Jomblo) 2. Plural Noun (Lebih dari satu, Buaaannnyyyakk )

Contoh : A book, An Apple, A Universty, An Hour 2.1 Regular (Beraturan)

Books , Apples, Hours

2.2 Irregular (Tidak beraturan)

Child – Childs = Children
Man – Mans = Men
Woman – Womans = Women

Regular Irregular
(Berpola, ditambah –s, -es, -ies) (tidak berpola)
*ditambah akhiran -s *Bentuk Plural berbeda dg bentuk singular
Marker ------ Markers Man ------ Men
Student ------ Students Woman ------ Women
Photo ------ Photos Child ------ Children
Pen ------ Pens Foot ------ Feet

*ditambah akhiran -es *Plural = Singular

Box ------ Boxes Deer ------ Deer
Hero ------ Heroes Fish ------ Fish
Potato ------ Potatoes Means ------ Means
Regular Irregular
(Berpola, ditambah –s, -es, -ies) (tidak berpola)
*ditambah akhiran -ies *Noun berpasangan
Butterfly ------ Butterflies Shoes
Baby ------ Babies Eyes
Industry ------ Industries Scissors

Ciri – Ciri Noun Uncountable

Fluids : coffee, water, tea, blood, oil

Particle : Rice, Sand, Sugar, Salt, Flour
Abstract : Information, happiness, honesty, news, homework
Language : Arabic, Chinese, English
Fields of Study: history, mathematics, economics, chemistry

NOUN, NOUN PHRASE & PRONOUN

QUANTIFIERS
Quantifiers yaitu kata yang menunjukan jumlah / kuantitas.

COUNTABLE NOUNS UNCOUNTABLE

NOUN
Singular Plural
One Two, Four, Six A Little
Another Both Less
Each Many Much
Every A Few / Fewer Amount

Several
Number Of
All, A Lot Of, Lots Of, Plenty Of, Some, Any, Most, More

Contoh kalimat :
1. Every student has a book.
2. We have fewer cells as we get older.
3. The amount of water .
4. A lot of people come to my wedding party.
5. I teach a lot of Students in the class.

Countable Vs Uncountable
Regular Plural : berakhiran s Tidak berakhiran s
Diawali artikel a atau an Tidak di awali artikel a atau an
(Tunggal)
Banyak = Many Banyak = Much
- Plural - Singular
- Singular

NOTE !
 Jika ada noun hundred, thousand, million, and trillion didahului oleh nomor atau angka, maka noun
tidak dalam bentuk jamak
Contoh :The brain receive 100 million messages a second.

 Jika noun hundred, thousand, million, and trillion tidak didahului oleh nomor atau angka, maka noun
tersebut harus di tulis dalam bentuk jamak
Contoh : The brain stores trillions of messages.

NOUN, NOUN PHRASE & PRONOUN

Quiz
Find the error of the sentence !
1. The bookstore always completes many book from the various types of novels.
2. Every students must come to the class before the teacher comes.
3. The shopkeeper was eating apple when my mother came to buy many sugar.

CARA MENGIDENTIFIKASI NOUN

Common Noun Endings

-tion Information -ery Recovery
-sion Provision -ship Scholarship
-ence Existence -tude Multitude
-ance Acceptance -ism Capitalism
-ity Creativity -cracy Democracy
-hood Childhood -logy Biology
-dom Wisdom -ness Happiness
-th Health -ment Experiment

Akhiran kata benda bermakna pelaku / orang / alat

-er Employer Orang yang me- (atasan)
-ee Employee Orang yang di- (pegawai)
-or calculator Alat hitung
-ic Comic Komik, pelawak
-ist Psychologist Psikolog
-ian Librarian Pustakawan
-ent student Siswa
-ant Attendant Orang yang hadir / pelayan

NOUN, NOUN PHRASE & PRONOUN

 NOTE !

Noun Common Mistake

 Irregular Plurals Noun di tambahkan dengan –s, -es atau –ies

As childs grow older, their bones become thicker and longer.

A B C D

 Uncountable noun menjadi bentuk jamak

The lecturer gives many informations about history & philosophy in the class.
A B C D

 Amount dan number

The sycamore has broad leaves with a large amount of pointed teeth.
A B C D

3. Noun Phrase
Noun phrase adalah frasa yang head nya berupa noun atau kata benda.

Pola Noun Phrase

1 Determiner + Noun 4 Adverb + Adjective + Noun

A book, My country, those paintings etc… Very expensive book

2 Adjective + Noun 5 Determiner + Adverb + Adj + Noun

Expensive book, Luxurious room A very expensive book

3 Determiner + Adjective + Noun

An expensive book, Many beautiful girls

NOUN, NOUN PHRASE & PRONOUN

 DETERMINER

No. Types Examples

1. Articles a, an & the
2. Demonstratives This, that, these & those
3. Possessive Adjectives My… your.. her.. his..our..their…its…
4. Quantifiers Some, any, each, every, either, neither, (a) few, (a)
little, most, more
5. Numbers One, two, three….
6. Ordinals First, second, third….
7. Other determiners Other, such, what, only, both

QUIZ !

Find the determiners in the sentences !

1. Although there are many brilliant students in this state, only a few will choose to remain in the state
after graduation.
2. The workers in the factory have decided to stop working until their demand for a pay-rise has been met.
3. The teacher took many photos when she went on holiday.
4. Our time was wasted in the hotel room on holiday because the weather was bad although it was
summer time.

4. Noun Clause
Pengertian :
Sebuah anak kalimat (sub clause) yang difungsikan sebagai noun dan difungsikan sebagai subject atau object.

Clausa : Rangkaian kata yang bermakna dan berpola S + V

Sub clause : anak kalimat (conj+S+V)
Main Clause : Induk kalimat (S+V)
Sentence : Merupakan sebuah kalimat yang terdiri dari minimal subject, verb , memiliki makna dan di akhiri
tanda baca.

S V O A
SC SC

NOUN, NOUN PHRASE & PRONOUN

STRUCTURE NOUN CLAUSE
1. That + S + V
That English is important is true.
That human is able to land on mars one day is possible.

2. Question Word + S + V
When they move is still a mystery.
How Atta Halilintar becomes popular makes some people so curious.

QUIZ !
1. What Megan & Harry said surprised many people in the world.
2. How the boy behaved was not very polite.
3. That individuals use forgiveness to relieve a burden is broadly true.

5. GERUND & GERUND PHRASE

The gerund adalah bentuk kata kerja yang berakhiran –ing ( the ing form of the verb ) yang menempati posisi
sebagai kata benda. Gerund selalu singular.

Contoh :
Smoking causes most cases of cancer.
S V O
Reading a book makes you smart
S V O
5. TO INFINITIVE & TO INFINITIVE PHRASE
Contoh :
To read a book is my hobby.
To swim in that sea may be dangerous.

NOUN, NOUN PHRASE & PRONOUN