Endocrine Case Study

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LECTURE
WORKSHEET6. CASE STUDY
NAME: Jenny Vi C. Sabado

COURSE / YEAR LEVEL: BS of Nursing 1B
DATE: November 25, 2020
SCORE:
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PRE LECTURE ACTIVITY

ENDOCRINE
A. Explain the types of information that are necessary to understand endocrine function.
Answer:
 The endocrine system is a major controlling system of the body. Through hormones, it
stimulates such long-term processes as growth and development, metabolism,
reproduction, and body defense.
 Endocrine organs are small and widely separated in the body. Some are part of mixed
glands (both endocrine and exocrine in function). Others are purely hormone producing.
 Nearly all hormones are amino acid-based or steroids.
 Endocrine organs are activated to release their hormones into the blood by hormonal,
humoral, or neural stimuli. Negative feedback is important in regulating hormone levels
in the blood.
B. Describe the 10 regulatory functions of the endocrine system.

Answer:
1. Metabolism
 The thyroid's main role in the endocrine system is to regulate our metabolism,
which is our body's ability to break down food and convert it to energy. Food
essentially fuels the body, and each of our bodies uses that fuel at different rates.
2. Control of food intake and digestion

 The brain and the endocrine system control digestive processes. The brain
controls the responses of hunger and satiety. The endocrine system controls the
release of hormones and enzymes required for digestion of food in the digestive
tract.
3. Tissue development
 Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream. This lets the
hormones travel to cells in other parts of the body. The endocrine hormones help
control mood, growth and development, the way our organs work, metabolism,
and reproduction. The endocrine system regulates how much of each hormone is
released.
4. Ion regulation
 Mineralocorticoids function to regulate ion and water balance of the body. The
hormone aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of water and sodium ions in the
kidney, which results in increased blood pressure and volume.
5. Water balance
 When the body has excess water, thirst is suppressed. An interaction between
the pituitary gland and the kidneys provides another mechanism. When the body
is low in water, the pituitary gland secretes vasopressin (also called antidiuretic
hormone) into the bloodstream.
6. Heart rate and blood pressure regulation

 Epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla,
raise blood pressure by increasing heart rate and the contractility of the heart
muscles and by causing vasoconstriction of arteries and veins. These hormones
are secreted as part of the fight‐or‐flight response.
7. Control of blood glucose and other nutrients

 Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels by Insulin and Glucagon. Cells of the body
require nutrients in order to function, and these nutrients are obtained through
feeding.
8. Control of Reproductive functions

 The male and female reproductive cycles are controlled by hormones released
from the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary as well as hormones from
reproductive tissues and organs. The hypothalamus monitors the need for the
FSH and LH hormones made and released from the anterior pituitary.
9. Uterine contraction and milk release

 Oxytocin, the second hormone stored in the posterior pituitary, stimulates the
contractions of the uterus during childbirth. In nursing women, the hormone
activates milk ejection in response to suckling by the infant (i.e., the so-called let-
down reflex).
10. Immune System regulation

 It is hypothesized that proteohormones act directly on lymphocytes via specific
membrane receptors. Thus, the endocrine system, closely related to cortical and
subcortical centers in the central nervous system, is one of the body's
instruments to regulate and modulate its immune response.
C. List the hormones produced by the hypothalamus and state their structural type,
target tissues, and actions.
1. Growth Hormone:
 Target issue: Most
 Functions: Stimulates growth of bones, muscles, and organs
 Abnormalities: – Too much GH giantism
– Too little GH pituitary gland
2. Thyroid – Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

 Target issue: Thyroid gland
 Functions: Regulates thyroid gland secretions
 Abnormalities: – Too much TSH, Thyroid gland enlarges
– Too little TSH, thyroid gland shrinks
3. Gonadotrophin Hormone LH
 LH (Luteinizing) for females
 Target issue: Ovaries
 Functions: Promotes ovulation and progesterone production
 LH (Luteinizing) for males

 Target issue: testes
 Functions: Sperm production and testosterone.
4. Gonadotrophin Hormone FSH

 Follicle – Stimulating for females
 Target issue: Follicle ovaries
 Functions: Follicle maturation and estrogen secretion
 Follicle – Stimulating for males

 Target issue: Seminiferous tubules (testes)
 Functions: Sperm production
5. Prolactin
 Target issue: Mammary glands and ovaries
 Functions: Milk production
6. Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

 Target issue: Melanocyte in the skin
 Functions: Stimulate melanin production in melanocytes
Posterior:
1. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
 Target issue: Kidneys
 Functions: To conserve water
 Abnormalities: Diabetes insipidus
– Low ADH
– Kidneys to produce large amounts of dilute water urine
– Can lead to dehydration and thirst
2. Oxytocin
 Target issue: Kidneys
 Functions: Increase uterine contractions during labor
3. Thyroid Hormones
 Target issue: Most
 Functions: Regulates metabolic rates and is needed for growth.
4. Calcitonin
 Target issue: Bone and some other tissues
 Function: reduces blood calcium level when high
5. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

 Target issue: Bones and kidneys
 Functions: Regulates blood Ca2+ levels more than a calcitonin.

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LECTURE

WORKSHEET6. CASE STUDY

NAME: Jenny Vi C. Sabado

PRE LECTURE ACTIVITY

B. Describe the 10 regulatory functions of the endocrine system.

2. Control of food intake and digestion

6. Heart rate and blood pressure regulation

7. Control of blood glucose and other nutrients

8. Control of Reproductive functions

9. Uterine contraction and milk release

10. Immune System regulation

2. Thyroid – Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

 LH (Luteinizing) for males

4. Gonadotrophin Hormone FSH

 Follicle – Stimulating for males

6. Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

5. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

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