Summary of Formulas
Summary of Formulas
Introduction: In this chapter we shall start our study of the inverse of differentiation and its
various applications. We learned that differentiation is the process of finding the derivative
or differential of a given function. Clearly its inverse is the process of finding the function
whose derivative or differential is given. Thus, the inverse of differentiation is called
integration.
CHAPTER I: THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
1.1 DEFINITION: The function F(x) is said to be the integral of f(x)dx if the differential
of F(x) is f(x)dx. In symbol,
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑥) + 𝐶
where, ∫ − 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛
𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐹 (𝑥) + 𝐶 − 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝐶 − 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1.2 STANDARD INTEGRATION FORMULAS
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝐶
2. ∫(𝑢 + 𝑣 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑎𝑢𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑥
𝑢𝑛+1
4. ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶, 𝑛 ≠1
𝑛+1
𝑑𝑢
5. ∫ = 𝑙𝑛𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑢
E1. ∫ 𝑒 𝑈 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑎𝑢
E2. ∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝐶 , 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
𝑙𝑛𝑎
Case1: When m is positive odd integer (n any number) Use: 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑣 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑣
Case 2: When n is positive odd integer (m any number) Use: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑣 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑣
Case 3: When m and n are both even integers.
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑣 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑣
Use: 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑣 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑣 =
2 2
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢−𝑎
SF2. ∫ 2 2 = 𝑙𝑛 | | + 𝐶
𝑢 −𝑎 2𝑎 𝑢+𝑎
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑎+𝑢
SF3. ∫ 2 2 = 𝑙𝑛 | | + 𝐶
𝑎 −𝑢 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑢
𝑑𝑢
SF4. ∫ √𝑢2 2 = 𝑙𝑛[𝑢 + √𝑢2 + 𝑎2 ] + 𝐶
+𝑎
𝑑𝑢
SF5. ∫ √𝑢2 2 = 𝑙𝑛[𝑢 + √𝑢2 − 𝑎2 ] + 𝐶
−𝑎
𝑑𝑢 𝑢
SF6. ∫ √𝑎2 2 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝐶
−𝑢 𝑎
𝐴 𝐵 𝐿
CASE2: Repeated Linear Factors. + + ....+
𝑎𝑥+𝑏 (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)2 (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)𝑛
𝐴(2𝑎𝑥+𝑏)+𝐵
CASE3: Distinct (Irreducible) Quadratic Factors.
𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐
𝑏 𝑎
2. ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
3. ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑏
4. ∫𝑎 𝑘𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
5. ∫𝑎 [𝑓 (𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝒃
B. 𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠; 𝑨 = − ∫𝒂 𝒚𝒅𝒙
𝒄 𝒃
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎: 𝑨 = 𝑨𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐 𝑜𝑟 𝑨 = ∫𝒂 𝒚𝒅𝒙 − ∫𝒄 𝒚𝒅𝒙
The area of the region bounded by the curves 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥)
which intersect at (a, c). (see figure)
𝒃
A. 𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠: 𝑨 = ∫𝒂 ⌈𝒚𝒖 − 𝒚𝒍 ⌉𝒅𝒙
𝒅
B. 𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠: 𝑨 = ∫𝒄 ⌈𝒙𝒓 − 𝒙𝒍 ⌉𝒅𝒚