MATH 20053 CALCULUS 2

Introduction: In this chapter we shall start our study of the inverse of differentiation and its
various applications. We learned that differentiation is the process of finding the derivative
or differential of a given function. Clearly its inverse is the process of finding the function
whose derivative or differential is given. Thus, the inverse of differentiation is called
integration.
CHAPTER I: THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
1.1 DEFINITION: The function F(x) is said to be the integral of f(x)dx if the differential
of F(x) is f(x)dx. In symbol,
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑥) + 𝐶
where, ∫ − 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛
𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐹 (𝑥) + 𝐶 − 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝐶 − 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1.2 STANDARD INTEGRATION FORMULAS
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝐶
2. ∫(𝑢 + 𝑣 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑎𝑢𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑥
𝑢𝑛+1
4. ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶, 𝑛 ≠1
𝑛+1
𝑑𝑢
5. ∫ = 𝑙𝑛𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑢

1.3 INTEGRAGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

This method involves a change of variable. The purpose of substituting a new
a new variable is to bring the problem to a form for which a standard formula can
be applied (for discussion).

1.4 INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNSTIONS

T1. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 + 𝐶

T2. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 + 𝐶
T3. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑙𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 + 𝐶
T4. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 + 𝐶
T5. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢| + 𝐶
T6. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢 | + 𝐶
T7. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 + 𝐶
T8. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢 + 𝐶
 T9. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢 + 𝐶
T10. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢 + 𝐶

1.5 INTEGRATION OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

E1. ∫ 𝑒 𝑈 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶

𝑎𝑢
E2. ∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝐶 , 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
𝑙𝑛𝑎

1.6 INTEGRATION OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

T1. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶

T2. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶
T3. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢| + 𝐶
T4. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢| + 𝐶
T5. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶
T6. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶
T7. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶
T8. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶

CHAPTER II: METHODS OF INTEGRATION

2.1 Powers of Sines and Cosines

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑣𝑑𝑥 , (𝑚, 𝑛 ≠ 1) where m and n are positive integers.

Case1: When m is positive odd integer (n any number) Use: 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑣 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑣
Case 2: When n is positive odd integer (m any number) Use: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑣 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑣
Case 3: When m and n are both even integers.
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑣 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑣
Use: 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑣 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑣 =
2 2

2.2 Powers of Tangents and Secants

∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑚 𝑣𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛 𝑣𝑑𝑥 , (𝑚, 𝑛 ≠ 1) where m and n are positive integers.

Case1: When m is positive odd integer. Use: 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑣 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑣 − 1

Case 2: When n is positive even integer. Use: 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑣 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑣
Case 3: When m is positive odd integer (or even), and n is zero.
Use: 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑣 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑣 − 1

2.3 Powers of Cotangents and cosecants

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑚 𝑣𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑛 𝑣𝑑𝑥 , (𝑚, 𝑛 ≠ 1) where m and n are positive integers.

Case1: When m is positive odd integer. Use: 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑣 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑣 − 1
Case 2: When n is positive even integer. Use: 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑣 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑣
Case 3: When m is positive odd integer (or even), and n is zero.
Use: 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑣 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑣 − 1

2.4 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS

TS1: When the integrand contains 𝑎2 − 𝑢2 , 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡. 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

TS2: When the integrand contains 𝑢2 + 𝑎2 , 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡. 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃

TS3: When the integrand contains 𝑢2 − 𝑎2 , 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡. 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃

2.5 ADDITIONAL STANDARD FORMULAS

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
SF1. ∫ 2 2 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝐶
𝑢 +𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢−𝑎
SF2. ∫ 2 2 = 𝑙𝑛 | | + 𝐶
𝑢 −𝑎 2𝑎 𝑢+𝑎

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑎+𝑢
SF3. ∫ 2 2 = 𝑙𝑛 | | + 𝐶
𝑎 −𝑢 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑢

𝑑𝑢
SF4. ∫ √𝑢2 2 = 𝑙𝑛[𝑢 + √𝑢2 + 𝑎2 ] + 𝐶
+𝑎

𝑑𝑢
SF5. ∫ √𝑢2 2 = 𝑙𝑛[𝑢 + √𝑢2 − 𝑎2 ] + 𝐶
−𝑎

𝑑𝑢 𝑢
SF6. ∫ √𝑎2 2 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝐶
−𝑢 𝑎

2.6 INTEGRAND INVOLVING QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS

When the integrand contains quadratic expression in x. The process of

by completing the square is used to transform the quadratic expression
into sum or difference of two squares, satisfying one of the additional
standard formulas (refer to 2.5).

2.7 INTEGRATION BY PARTS

When the integrand contains a product of two kinds of function.

E2.7. ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

to apply, the given differential must be separated into two factors,

one factor corresponding to u and the other corresponding to dv.
(for discussion).
2.8 INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTION

A rational fraction is a quotient of two polynomials. If the degree of the

numerator is less than the degree of the denominator, then it is called a proper
rational fraction. Otherwise, it is improper rational fraction. To evaluate the
integral of proper rational fraction, it is important to observe how to represent
the given fraction as sum of simpler fraction. These simpler fractions are called
partial fractions. When the factor of the denominator contains …
𝐴
CASE1: Distinct Linear Factor.
𝑎𝑥+𝑏

𝐴 𝐵 𝐿
CASE2: Repeated Linear Factors. + + ....+
𝑎𝑥+𝑏 (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)2 (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)𝑛

𝐴(2𝑎𝑥+𝑏)+𝐵
CASE3: Distinct (Irreducible) Quadratic Factors.
𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐

CASE4: Repeated (Irreducible) Quadratic Factors.

𝐴(2𝑎𝑥+𝑏)+𝐵 𝐶(2𝑎𝑥+𝑏)+𝐷 𝐾(2𝑎𝑥+𝑏)+𝐿

+ + ⋯+
𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐 (𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐)2 (𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐)𝑛

Where A, B, C…. L are constants to be determined

𝑑
and 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
𝑑𝑥

Note: Two (2) methods in finding the values of constant:

1. Assign particular values of x to obtain equations involving
at least one of the constants.
2. Equate the coefficient of equal powers of x to obtain equations
involving the constants.

CHAPTER III: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

𝒃
The Fundamental Theorem: ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = [𝑭(𝒙)]𝒃𝒂 = 𝑭(𝒃) − 𝑭(𝒂)

Where a and b are the lower and upper limit of integration.

3.1 PROPERTIES OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

𝑎
1. ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝑏 𝑎
2. ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
3. ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
 𝑏 𝑏
4. ∫𝑎 𝑘𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
5. ∫𝑎 [𝑓 (𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

3.2 WALLI’S FORMULA

𝜋⁄ (𝑚−1)(𝑚−3) ...(2 𝑜𝑟 1).(𝑛−1)(𝑛−3)…(2 𝑜𝑟 1)
∫0 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = (𝑚+𝑛)(𝑚+𝑛−2)(𝑚+𝑛−4)…(2 𝑜𝑟 1)
∝

Where, m and n are positive integers.

𝜋
𝛼= 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑.
2

CHAPTER 4: APPLICATIONS OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

In this chapter we shall discuss the methods of calculating the magnitude

of some important quantities which can be represented by the definite integral
Such quantities include the are bounded by a curve, volume of solid of
revolution, length of a curve and area of surface of revolution.

4.1 AREA UNDER A CURVE

A simple method of approximating the area of the region is to construct a set

of rectangles with bases along the x-axis. The sum of the area of these rectangles
will approximate the area of the region.
𝒃
A. 𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠; 𝑨 = ∫𝒂 𝒚𝒅𝒙

𝒃
B. 𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠; 𝑨 = − ∫𝒂 𝒚𝒅𝒙

C. 𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠;

𝒄 𝒃
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎: 𝑨 = 𝑨𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐 𝑜𝑟 𝑨 = ∫𝒂 𝒚𝒅𝒙 − ∫𝒄 𝒚𝒅𝒙

4.2 AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES

The area of the region bounded by the curves 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥)
which intersect at (a, c). (see figure)

𝒃
A. 𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠: 𝑨 = ∫𝒂 ⌈𝒚𝒖 − 𝒚𝒍 ⌉𝒅𝒙

𝒅
B. 𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠: 𝑨 = ∫𝒄 ⌈𝒙𝒓 − 𝒙𝒍 ⌉𝒅𝒚