Physical Science

Quarter 1 – Module 8:
Understanding the Chemistry
of Household Cleaning
Products

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

Science – Grade 11/12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 8: Understanding the Chemistry of Household Cleaning Products
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Author: Carla P. Garcia
Editors: Joey H. Villanueva, Arlene C. Malaybalay
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Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

 Senior High School

Physical Science
Quarter 1 – Module 8:
Understanding the Chemistry of
Household Cleaning Products

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities. We
encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback,
comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at
[email protected].

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to this Module on Understanding the Chemistry of Household

Cleaning Products! This module particularly deals with the properties and mode of
action of common cleaning products which are commonly found in households like
cleaning agents, disinfectants, and soaps.

The Module has several parts that will require the learners to answer to
determine their understanding of the concepts presented. Kindly assist them in the
activities and remind them that these should be done in separate sheets of paper
including the pre-test, self-check exercises, and post-test.

For the learner:

Welcome to this Module on Understanding the Chemistry of Household

Cleaning Products. This module particularly deals with the properties and the mode
of action of common consumer products that are found in your home like cleaning
agents, disinfectants, and soaps.

This will help you have a wider view of the composition of common chemical
household cleaning substances - a very essential knowledge that can help you
maximize the use of the chemicals you utilize in cleaning your home. At the end of
the module, you will gain better understanding of the chemical composition of
household cleaning products that will help you appreciate its proper consumption at
the same time, take the necessary precautionary steps in order to prevent harm,
injury and fatality in your home during their use.

The module has activities and tests that you are required to answer. These
should be done to help you deepen your understanding of the concepts. These should
be answered in separate sheets of paper including the pre-test, self-check exercises,
and post-test.

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you master your understanding the chemistry of household cleaning
products. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different
learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level
of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond
with the textbook you are now using.

There are two lessons in this module that deal with the following:
Lesson 1 - Properties and Mode of Action of Common Household Cleaning Products
Lesson 2 - Precautionary Measures in the Use of the Chemical Household Cleaning
Products

OBJECTIVES:

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. give the properties and mode of action of common household cleaning
products;

2. explain the precautionary measures indicated in various cleaning

products using the learners’ knowledge on chemical elements; and

3. enumerate the importance of your knowledge on the chemistry of

common household cleaning materials.

2
 What I Know

Write T if the sentence is correct and F if the sentence is wrong. Write the
chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Chemicals can be both useful and potentially harmful depending

on the use of the product and on the dose of the product used.
2. Bases taste sour.
3. The chemical properties of different substances make them
suitable for cleaning hard surfaces, floors, upholstery, clothing,
and other items.
4. A substance that is acidic does not mix with water.
5. Chlorine generally is the most common bleach used in household
cleaning products.
6. Baking soda is the common name for Sodium Bicarbonate
(NaHCO3).
7. Bases are beneficial in removing hard-water deposits, discoloration
from aluminum, brass, bronze, and copper and iron rust stains.
8. Hydrochloric Acids conduct electricity.
9. Lemons can pose a threat in households’ health when not properly
consumed.
10. The most common chemical found in silver jewelries cleaning
liquids is boric acid.
11. Borax can be used as bread ingredient.
12. Dihydrogen Monoxide is an explosive liquid.
13. Ethanol is a primary ingredient in making alcoholic beverages.
14. Wear protective gears in handling household chemicals to prevent
body harm.
15. Hydrochloric acid is used in cleaning swimming pools.

3
 Lesson
Properties and Mode of Action of
1 Common Household Cleaning Products

What’s In

There are some students who find Chemistry as a difficult subject

rather than as a useful branch of knowledge. Little they know that it will help
them understand consumer products and common cleaning substances that
they usually consume in their households. They are not fully aware of the
components of some disinfectants, toilet cleaners, laundry and bath soaps,
and even the compositions of bakery ingredients like baking soda, salts, and
lemons. These components may be useful or harmful to them.

Many incidences of chemical deaths dealing with household products

have been registered all over the world. One popular incident happened in a
milk tea outlet on May 11, 2015 in Manila where three (3) fatalities were noted.
After a chemical laboratory test, the Philippine National Police (PNP) identified
the milk tea tested positive for Oxalic Acid, a poisonous, colorless substance.

This fatal incident could have been prevented if the people involved in
the production of the milk tea are aware of the chemical properties of the
liquids in their shop, and the corresponding precautionary measures in
handling the chemicals. If they have understanding on the properties of the
chemicals found in a household, they could have taken the appropriate action
in order to prevent accidents, harm and death.

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 Notes to the Teacher
In the following exercise, the learner will need a
partner to work on the THINK-PAIR-SHARE activity. This will
help them recall the lessons they have taken the previous
chapter about chemical compounds/substances, and their
properties. The learners will identify these substances with
their common names. After that, they will distinguish acids
from bases.

Allow them to discuss the chemicals as they

experience/encounter them in their homes.

ACTIVITY 1
THINK-PAIR-SHARE
Act

ACIDIC, BASIC
CHEMICAL COMMON NAME OR NEUTRAL?

1. Dihydrogen Monoxide

2. Acetic Acid
3. Sodium Hypochlorite
4. Sodium Bicarbonate
5. Hydrochloric Acid
6. Sodium Hydroxide
7. Potassium Hydroxide
8. Ethanol
9. Sodium Lauryl Sulphate
10. Isopropanol

5
 What’s New

➢ What is Chemistry?

➢ How can Chemistry ease one’s life?

➢ Why is understanding of the chemical household cleaning

solutions essential in the use of the cleaning products?

CHEMISTRY is the science that deals with the

properties, composition, and structure of substances (defined as elements
and compounds), the transformations they undergo, and the energy that is
released or absorbed during these processes (Usselman, 2019). It is also
concerned with the utilization of natural substances. Through the use of
modern technology, artificial substances can also be created that expanded
its scope and relevance.

Chemistry has different processes. Dating back from the beginning of

civilization, these processes have been undertaken by man. Examples of
these processes are cooking, fermentation, glass making, and metallurgy.

This 20th century, Chemistry has made man’s daily living more
advanced in health by curing diseases through molecular analysis and
interpretations. Using the different processes of chemistry, man has changed
and has improved his daily routines from complex to simple ones. Take for
instance, washing of soiled clothes. Before, man has to use brush, wooden
planks, and herbs to soften the dirt. Today, the use of appropriate laundry
detergent and bleach help reduce the process of washing the clothes.

Another example of how Chemistry helps man live a more sustainable

and healthy lifestyle, is in the maintenance of the cleanliness of the
household. Imagine a house full of dirt, dust, stains and the dirt has invited
the flies, mites, and cockroaches all over your rooms and kitchen. Cleaning
the dirt with simple water and cloth alone will take a longer period of time and
will require so much energy to completely do the job. The knowledge on
chemical compounds and substances, their properties and their uses has

6
greatly helped to ease man’s job on cleaning and in keeping the environment
a safer place to live in.

In the review exercise, you were asked to identify the common names of
the given substances, and to determine as to whether they are acidic or
alkaline. Your knowledge of these concepts will help you better understand
the properties and characteristics of the chemicals used in cleaning, their
restrictions and their harmful effects to humans if mishandled or misused.

The definitions of usable concepts for you to better understand the

properties of the chemicals in cleaning materials are given in the following
pages.

What is It
Defining relevant concepts

An acid is classified as a compound with distinctive properties. An

acidic substance is sour-tasting; reacts with litmus paper, bases and metals;
conducts electricity; and has a pH of less than 7. An acid can be classified as
strong or weak based on its reactivity, conductivity, and pH.

pH Scale – is used as a measure of how acidic or basic a substance is.

This scale ranges from 0 to 14; a pH of 7 means the substance is neutral. An
acidic substance measures lower on the pH scale. A substance with a pH
value less than 7, is acidic.
Litmus paper strips are used as a general indicator to determine
acidity. When dipped in or rubbed on an acidic substance, blue litmus paper
turns red.
An Alkali or chemical base is a caustic substance. It is a substance
that accepts hydrogen ions. It dissociates in water and is a good conductor of
electricity. An alkali turns litmus paper blue.
Acids and bases are generally chemically active and can react in many
other substances. Because of this characteristic, they are commonly found in
household applications, especially as cleaners and as ingredients in cooking.

Activity 2
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 Understanding the properties of the chemical ingredients active
in the following cleaning materials:

Directions: The table below shows the answers to the Think-Pair-Share

exercise you have done. Candidly check your answers against the entries in
the table.

ACIDIC, BASIC OR
CHEMICAL COMMON NAME NEUTRAL?
1. Dihydrogen Monoxide Water Neutral

2. Acetic Acid Vinegar essence Acidic

3. Sodium Hypochlorite Bleach Basic
4. Sodium Bicarbonate Baking soda Basic
5. Hydrochloric Acid Muriatic acid Acidic
6. Sodium Hydroxide Lye or caustic soda Basic
7. Potassium Hydroxide Caustic potash Basic
8. Ethanol Ethyl alcohol Depends on the
condition
9. Sodium Lauryl Sulphate SLS Acidic
10. Isopropanol Isopropyl alcohol Depends on the
condition

1. Sodium hypochlorite appears as colorless or slightly yellow watery

liquid with an odor of household bleach. It mixes with water. (USCG,
1999). It is used as a bleaching agent, laundry bleaching agent,
disinfectant for glass, ceramics, and tiles.

2. Sodium bicarbonate appears as odorless white crystalline powder or

lumps with slightly alkaline (bitter) taste. It is used to make many
chemicals, as an ingredient in baking powder, effervescent salts and
beverages, in fire extinguishers, cleaning compounds, and in human and
veterinary pharmaceuticals. Workers that use sodium bicarbonate may
breathe in mists or have direct skin contact. Sodium bicarbonate is a
Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS) chemical at levels found in consumer
products, and has a low risk of toxicity in humans. It is a slight skin and
eye irritant.

3. Sodium hydroxide room temperature is a white crystalline odorless solid

that absorbs moisture from the air. It is a manufactured substance. When
dissolved in water or neutralized with acid it liberates substantial heat,
which may be sufficient to ignite combustible materials. Sodium
hydroxide is very corrosive. It is generally used as a solid or a 50%
solution. Other common names include caustic soda and lye. It is used
to manufacture soaps, rayon, paper, explosives, dyestuffs, and petroleum
products. It is also used in processing cotton fabric, laundering and
bleaching, metal cleaning and processing, oxide coating, electroplating,
and electrolytic extracting. It is commonly present in commercial drain
8
 and oven cleaners. When inhaled, cough, sore throat, burning sensation
and shortness of breath may be experienced.

4. Boric acid is a white crystalline solid with a density of 1.435 g/mL,

melting point of 170.9 °C and boiling point of 300 °C. It is a weak
inorganic acid with antiseptic properties, and is also called boracic acid
or orthoboric acid. It is non-toxic with antibacterial properties, and it is
mainly used as an antiseptic agent, acne treatment, preservative,
insecticide, pH buffer, swimming pool chemical, flame retardant, and a
precursor to many useful chemicals.

5. Hydrochloric acid is colorless - light yellow in appearance, has a pungent

and irritating odor, has a pH level 0, with boiling point of 108.58°C @
760 mm Hg (for 20.22% HCl in water) and melting point at -62.25°C
(20.69% HCl in water), soluble in cold and hot water and diethyl ether,
and it conducts electricity. Although it is highly corrosive, it is used to remove
stains from metals. It can clean iron, copper, brass and other metals; however,
one should dilute it by adding 9 parts of water to 1 part of the acid. One should
not use it directly on metals as it is extremely powerful cleaning agent.

6. Formaldehyde is a liquid which is clear or water-white. The odor is

irritating and pungent. It is soluble in water and up to 55 percent soluble
in ether, acetone, benzene, and alcohol. Its melting point is -92.0 °C and
its boiling point is 19.5° C. An aqueous solution of formaldehyde can be
useful as a disinfectant as it kills most bacteria and fungi (including their
spores).

7. Sodium Lauryl Sulfate appears as white to pale yellow paste or liquid

with a mild odor, sinks and mixes with water, (USCG, 1999) naturally
derived from coconut and/or palm kernel oil. It usually consists of a
mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl. SLS lowers surface
tension of aqueous solutions and is used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent,
and detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes. It is also
used in creams and pastes to properly disperse the ingredients and as
research tool in protein biochemistry. SLS also has some microbicide
activity. It is used in electrophoretic separation of proteins and lipids;
wetting agent, detergent, especially in the textile industry.

8. Ethanol is a clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the

gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has
bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely
used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as
well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages.

Activity 3
Identifying Common Household Cleaners

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Directions: Take a tour at your house. List down at least five (5) examples of
cleaning consumer products that are usually used in your household and
write them down in the table below. Read the labels of the cleaning products
and identify the active ingredient of each. Apply the cleaning substance on a
dirty surface. Examine its effect on the surface, then identify the use of the
active ingredient you identified in the substance.

https://images.app.goo.gl/WeVT4DGWARA5wu4t7 https://images.app.goo.gl/vK5Xk8mTHV5oEzTo9

Assessment 2
Cleaning Substance Active Ingredient Use of Active Ingredient
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Answer the questions that follow using a separate sheet of paper.

Discuss your answers with your teacher-facilitator.
1. What is the active ingredient used in each cleaning solution?
2. Use the following cleaning solution in cleaning the following
surfaces and determine if it is sufficient to come up with an
acceptable clean.
a. Bath soap in washing greasy pots
b. Borax in cleaning a goblet
c. Bleach in washing colored cloth
d. Hand soap in cleaning toilet bowls
3. Is there a particular chemical substance that is most appropriate to
use in cleaning the following? Identify the chemical. Why?
a. oven e. car
b. sink f. white linen
c. garage g. kitchen utensils
d. bathroom tiles/toilet bowl h. window panes

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 Lesson
Precautionary Measures in the Use of

2 Chemical Household Cleaning Products

What’s More

The following is an article taken from the Philippine Daily Inquirer citing
cleaning agents as one of the top causes of poisoning among children below
18 years old.

“Next to pharmaceuticals, PGH listed household cleaning agents as

among the frequent causes of poisoning cases admitted to the hospital,” Castillo
said. The toxicologist told seminar participants that based on 2009 data from
the National Poison Management and Control Center, 55 percent, or more than
half, of poisoning patients were children.
Cited as the common causes of pediatric poisoning were silver jewelry
cleaner, isopropyl and ethyl alcohol, pesticides, kerosene, bleaching agent
sodium hypochlorite, button batteries, chlorine granules, muriatic acid and
methamphetamines.

What could be done in order to reduce the incidence of poisoning

among children that is caused by chemical cleaning agents?

To be able to answer the question, take a look at the table below that
shows the common names of cleaning materials used in households, their
active chemicals, product application and harmful effects if not properly
handled. Study and analyze them carefully then answer Assessment 3.

Table of Common Household Cleaning Materials

Common Active chemicals Product
Household Application Harmful Effects
Name
1. Bleach Sodium hypochlorite Used in washing Ingestion can cause injury
laundry, removing to esophagus, stomach
stains irritation, and prolonged
nausea and vomiting.
2. Boric acid Boric acid Used in products for Toxic if ingested or inhaled.
insecticide.
3. Borax Sodium tetraborate Used as a Long exposure can cause
decahydrate multipurpose respiratory irritation
cleaner and bleach
11
4. Caustic Sodium hydroxide Used in products for Contact causes severe
soda cleaning, unblocking burns with redness,
sinks, drains and swelling, pain and blurred
even toilets. Highly vision and blindness.
corrosive alkali Ingestion can burn lips,
tongue, throat and
stomach.
5. Formalin 40% solution of Used as disinfectant Can cause skin irritation;
formaldehyde or anti-bacterial Toxic when inhaled
agent
6. Detergent Sodium Lauryl Used in laundry Can cause eye, skin, or
Sulfate & Sodium detergents, mouth irritation; injury and
Laureth dishwashing liquids; death when ingested;
Sulfate/Sodium Poisonous when swallowed
lauryl ether sulfate
7. Lye Sodium hydroxide Used as oven Can burn skin and eyes;
or potassium cleaner cause severe tissue
hydroxide damage; and may be fatal if
swallowed
8. Algicides Calcium and Used as swimming If swallowed, the chemicals
sodium hypochlorite pool disinfectant can burn the throat and
cause death.
9. Air Contain Used to freshen Can cause cancer and
fresheners formaldehyde, cars, bathrooms, brain damage; irritate eyes,
petroleum etc. skin, and throat.
distillates, p-
dichlorobenzene and
aerosol propellants.

ASSESSMENT 3
Direction: Answer the following questions in a separate sheet of paper.
Then discuss your answers with your teacher-facilitator.
1. Based on the data given on the table, which cleaning material/s is/are
a. safe to use? b. hazardous?

2. What active ingredients do air fresheners contain that may be

hazardous to one’s health?

3. Will you still use the above cleaning agents in your homes?
4. What precautionary measures can be done in order to prevent harm to
one’s body and avoid death in using the chemical cleaning agents? List
down at least five.

Example: 1. In using air fresheners, read the labels carefully and

determine whether there are no active ingredients like formaldehyde,
petroleum distillates, p-dichlorobenzene and aerosol propellants.

12
 What I Have Learned

1. The understanding of the chemical properties of common household

cleaning agents/materials is essential before they are used.

2. Cleaning agents can be classified as acids or alkalis/bases, or neutral

depending on the condition.

3. pH scale is used to measure how acidic or basic a chemical substance

is. On a scale of 14, 7 is neutral and a with a pH value of less than 7,
the material is acidic.

4. The following common household chemicals are acidic – acetic acid,

hydrochloric acid, sodium lauryl sulfate, etc. and have pungent smell.

5. Water is a neutral solution.

6. Chemicals are used in manufacturing cleaning consumer products to

lighten the process of cleaning varied surfaces.

7. Active chemical ingredients found in cleaning agents may have

harmful effects to man.
8. The chemical household cleaning materials should be properly stored
and kept away from children to avoid harm and poisoning.

What I Can Do

Directions: One of the exits of a Senior High School student is to find a

job. If you were in the following situation, what will be your decision? Justify.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Situation: You were hired as a Maintenance Officer in a prestigious hotel
in the city, and one of your duties is to keep the linens in the hotel rooms without
any smudge nor stain. However, you are allergic to bleaches. The hotel is the
nearest work area to your home and it is just a stone’s throw away. You do not
have budget for transportation to transfer to another hotel, the nearest one
takes a 2-hour travel from your home. You needed the job badly to sustain the
medicines of your mother who is sick and bed-ridden.

What will be your course of action? Explain briefly.

13
 Assessment

Directions: Write T if the sentence is correct and F if the sentence is

wrong. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Chemicals can be both useful and potentially harmful depending on the
use of the product and on the dose of the product used.
2. Bases taste sour.
3. The chemical properties of different substances make them suitable for
cleaning hard surfaces, floors, upholstery, clothing, and other items.
4. A substance that is acidic does not mix with water.
5. Chlorine generally is the most common bleach used in household
cleaning products.
6. Baking soda is the common name for Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3).
7. Bases are beneficial in removing hard-water deposits, discoloration from
aluminum, brass, bronze, and copper and iron rust stains.
8. Hydrochloric Acids conduct electricity.
9. Lemons can pose a threat in households’ health when not properly
consumed.
10. The most common chemical found in silver jewelries cleaning liquids is
boric acid.
11. Borax can be used as bread ingredient.
12. Dihydrogen Monoxide is an explosive liquid.
13. Ethanol is a primary ingredient in making alcoholic beverages.
14. Wear protective gears in handling household chemicals to prevent body
harm.
15. Hydrochloric acid is used in cleaning swimming pools.

Additional Activities

Look around your community and search for organic materials which
could be used to replace the function of the chemicals found in the cleaning
consumer products you use in your household.

1. Bleach – ___________________________________________________
2. Sodium Lauryl Sulfate – ____________________________________
3. Hydrochloric acid – _________________________________________
4. Formaldehyde – ____________________________________________
5. Boric Acid - ________________________________________________

14
 Answer Key

T 15. T 15.
T 14. T 14.
F 13. F 13.
F 12. F 12.
F 11. F 11.
F 10. F 10.
F 9. F 9.
F 8. F 8.
F 7. F 7.
T 6. T 6.
T 5. T 5.
F 4. F 4.
T 3. T 3.
F 2. F 2.
T 1. Answers may vary. T 1.

Assessment What's More What I Know

References

“Cleaning Products: Uses, Benefits, and Chemical Safety Facts.” ChemicalSafetyFacts.org, June
15, 2019. https://www.chemicalsafetyfacts.org/cleaning-products/.

“Common Chemicals Found in the Home.” Chemicals in the Home : Basic Chemistry. Accessed
November 7, 2019. http://www.ivyroses.com/Chemistry/GCSE/Common-Chemicals-in-the-
Home_Molecular-Formulae.php.

Helmenstine, Anne Marie. “Do You Know the Names of 10 Common Acids?” ThoughtCo.
ThoughtCo, September 24, 2019. https://www.thoughtco.com/common-acids-and-chemical-
structures-603645.

“Household Chemical Products & Health Risks.” Cleveland Clinic. Accessed November 7, 2019.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/11397-household-chemical-products-and-their-
health-risk.

“Physical & Chemical Properties.” Hydrochloric acid. Accessed November 7, 2019. https://psa-
hydrochloric-acid.weebly.com/physical--chemical-properties.html.

“Physical & Chemical Properties.” Hydrochloric acid. Accessed November 7, 2019. https://psa-
hydrochloric-acid.weebly.com/physical--chemical-properties.html.

15
StudiousGuy. “Hydrochloric Acid (HCl): Important Uses & Applications.” StudiousGuy.
StudiousGuy, November 2, 2016. https://studiousguy.com/hydrochloric-acid-hcl-important-
uses-applications/.

Usselman, Melvyn C., and Alan J. Rocke. “Biochemistry.” Encyclopædia Britannica.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., October 21, 2019.
https://www.britannica.com/science/chemistry/Biochemistry#ref32501.

Writers, Starts at 60. “Six Things You Can Use Instead of Bleach When Cleaning.” Starts at 60.
Starts at 60, October 18, 2019. https://startsat60.com/discover/lifestyle/6-things-you-can-use-
instead-of-bleach-when-cleaning.

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex

Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected]

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