Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region III
Division of Zambales

Micro Asia College of Science and Technology, Inc.

Zone 1, Paulien, Iba, Zambales

Pre- Calculus
First Quarter – Week 1
Module 1

Prepared By:

Jaeneth D. Simondo

Unit 1. CONIC SECTIONS

Total Time Frame: 6 weeks
WHAT THE MODULE IS ABOUT

There are times when we work on Math problems for the sake of building and strengthening cerebral
muscles. Figuring out situations involving conics with its many properties improves our mental tenacity
and resilience, enabling us to compete with skill. When we look to the heavens, we see that the paths of
the planets around the sun are ellipses. When we study the properties of the circle, parabola, ellipse and
hyperbola, we increase our awareness of the beauty that surrounds us.

This module has five lessons:

Lesson 1. Introduction to Conic Sections

Lesson 2. Circles

Lesson 2. Parabolas

Lesson 3. Ellipses

Lesson 4. Hyperbolas

Lesson 5. More Problems on Conic Sections

LESSON 1. INTRODUCTION TO CONIC SECTIONS

Time Frame: 1 hour

Learning Objectives

After finishing the module, the learners should be able to:

(1) Illustrate the different types of conic sections: parabola, ellipse, circle, hyperbola and degenerate
cases;
(2) Define and explain the different types of conic sections;

1.1 Introduction

We introduce the conic sections, a particular class of curves which sometimes appear in nature and which
have applications in other fields. In this lesson, we discuss the first of their kind, circles. The other conic
sections will be covered in the next lessons.

1.2 An Overview of Conic Sections

We introduce the conic sections (or conics), a particular class of curves which oftentimes appear in8
nature and which have applications in other fields. One of the first shapes we learned, a circle, is a conic.
When you throw a ball, the trajectory it takes is a parabola. The orbit taken by each planet around the sun
is an ellipse. Properties of hyperbolas have been used in the design of certain telescopes and navigation
systems. We will discuss circles in this lesson, leaving parabolas, ellipses, and hyperbolas for subsequent
lessons.

Try This!

Have you ever notices how the surface

of the water looks like when you are drinking?
Let’s get a glass and put a half – full of water in it.
Tilt the glass and observe the top surface of the water.
What shape do you see? How about when the glass is not tilted?
What is its shape?

Conic Sections

Conic Sections are the curves formed when a plane intersects a right cylindrical cone.

CIRCLE ELLIPSE
 PARABOLA HYPERBOLA

A circle is formed by cutting a circular A parabola is the curve formed by the intersection
cone with a plane perpendicular to the of a plane and a cone, when the plane is at the same
symmetry axis of the cone. slant as the side of the cone.

An ellipse is formed when an inclined A hyperbola is formed when a plane intersects

plane intersects and cuts through and cuts through both halves of the
a right cylindrical cone. right cylindrical cone surface.

Degenerate Conic Sections

Degenerate conic sections are formed when the intersecting plane cuts through the vertex of the right
cylindrical cone.

POINT LINE
 TWO INTERSECTING LINES

A point is formed when the plane intersects the right cylindrical cone through its vertex only.

A single line is formed when the plane intersects the vertex and is tangent to a cone.

Two intersecting lines are formed when the plane intersects through the vertex and cuts through the right
cylindrical cone.

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region III
Division of Zambales
 Micro Asia College of Science and Technology, Inc.
Zone 1, Paulien, Iba, Zambales

Pre- Calculus
First Quarter – Week 2
Module 1

Prepared By:

Jaeneth D. Simondo

LESSON 2. CIRCLES

Time Frame: 3 hours

Learning Objectives

After finishing the module, the learners should be able to:

 (1) State the definition of a circle;
(2) Define the parts of a circle;
(3) Identify the properties of each part of a circle;
(4) Derive and determine the standard form of the equation of a circle with center at the origin;
(5) Derive and determine the standard form of the equation of a circle with center not on the origin.

2.1 Introduction

We introduce the conic sections, a particular class of curves which sometimes appear in nature and which
have applications in other fields. In this lesson, we discuss the first of their kind, circles. The other conic
sections will be covered in the next lessons.

2.2 An Overview of Conic Sections

We introduce the conic sections (or conics), a particular class of curves which oftentimes appear in8
nature and which have applications in other fields. One of the first shapes we learned, a circle, is a conic.
When you throw a ball, the trajectory it takes is a parabola. The orbit taken by each planet around the sun
is an ellipse. Properties of hyperbolas have been used in the design of certain telescopes and navigation
systems. We will discuss circles in this lesson, leaving parabolas, ellipses, and hyperbolas for subsequent
lessons.

Defining a Circle

What is common to the shape of this objects?

Remember

In Plane Geometry, we already encountered a circle. It is a closed shape

with points equidistant to its center. It has associated points, lines,
and angles like radius , diameter, chord, point of tangency, tangent,
secant, central angle, inscribed angles and others.

In Analytic Geometry, circle is the conic section formed by the intersection

of a plane and a cone, when the plane is perpendicular to the cone.
Definition: A circle is all points equidistant (the distance is called the radius) from
one point (which is called the center of the circle). A circle can be formed by slicing a right
circular cone with a plane traveling parallel to the base of the cone. This effect can be seen in the
following video and screen captures.

1.4 Determining the Standard Form of Equation of a Circle

Deriving the Equation of a Circle with Center at the Origin

In this lesson, we will work with circles in the rectangular coordinate plane.
For the first part, let us consider a circle with center is situated at the origin.

Let P (x , y) be a point on the circle with center at the origin (0, 0).
The length of the radius is r. The distance from P(× ,y) is also equal to r.

The distance from the center (0,0) to the point (x , y) is equal to r and can be expressed using the
distance formula r =√ ( x−0)2 +( y −0)2

Square both sides and rearrange

2
( r )2=( √ ( x−0 )2 + ( y−0 )2) r 2=x 2+ y 2

The standard form of the equation of a circle with center at the origin is r 2=x 2 + y 2

Example 1. Find the standard form of the equation of a circle with center (0,0) and radius 4.

Solution. The standard form of the equation of a circle is x 2+ y 2=r 2. Since the radius of the circle is
4, then we would just substitute it to the standard form of the equation. Therefore, the standard form
of the equation of the given circle is x 2+ y 2=16.

Example 2. Find the standard form of the equation of a circle with origin as the center and diameter
of 32 units.

Solution. From this lesson, you know that the equation of a circle that is centered at the origin is
x2+y2=r2, where r is the radius and (x,y) is any point on the circle.We are given the diameter, but
32
we need the radius. Recall that the radius is half the diameter, so the radius is =16.
2

Example 3. Find the radius of  x 2+ y 2=4.

Solution. r =√ 4=2

Example 4. What is the standard form of the circle with center at the origin and passes through point
(2,1)?

Solution.
We need to find the length of the radius. Using the distance formula
r =√(2−0)2 +( 1−0)2=√ 5

Since the radius is√ 5, then we would just substitute it to the standard form of the equation
x 2+ y 2=r 2 .Therefore, the standard form of the equation of the given circle is x 2+ y 2=5.

Example 5. Write the standard form of the equation of the circle that passes through point (7 , -24)
and is centered at the origin.

Solution.
We need to find the length of the radius. Using the distance formula
r =√(7−0)2+(−24−0)2=√ ( 49 )+(576)=√ 625=25

Since the radius is 25, then we would just substitute it to the standard form of the equation
x 2+ y 2=r 2 .Therefore, the standard form of the equation of the given circle is x 2+ y 2=625.

Deriving the Equation of a Circle with Center at point (h , k)

Let us now derive the standard form of the circle with center (h, k) and has a radius r.

Let P(x, y) be any point on the circle, then, by definition, the distance from (x , y) to
(h , k) is equal to the length of the radius r. using the distance formula, we have
r =√( x−h)2 +( y −k )2
Square both sides and rearrange
2
(r )2=( √( x−h )2+ ( y−k )2)
r 2=(x−h)2 +( y −k )2

The standard form of the equation of a circle with center at point (h, k) is

r 2=(x−h)2 +( y −k )2

Example 1. Find the standard form of the equation of a circle with center (3, 2) and radius 3.

Solution. The standard form of the equation of the circle is r 2= ( x −h )2 + ( y−k )2

Since the center (h, k) is (3 ,2) and the radius of the circle is 3, then we just substitute them to the
standard form of the equation and rearrange. Therefore, the standard form of the equation of the
given circle is ( x−3)2 +( y −2)2 =9.

Example 2. Find the equation of the circle with center C(2, -1) and radius 2.

Solution. Substitute the center (2, -1), we have h = 2, k = -1, and radius 2.
Thus, (2)2=(x −2)2 +( y−(−1 ) )2
4=( x−2)2+( y +1)2 rearrange the equation ( x−2)2+( y +1)2=4

Example 3. Determine the standard form, center, and radius of the circle
x 2+ 4 x + y 2−6 y +2=0

Solution. We complete the square of x and y to change the equation into standard form
x 2+ 4 x + y 2−6 y +2=0
( x ¿¿ 2+4 x )+( y ¿¿ 2−6 y)=−2¿ ¿ regroup
( x ¿¿ 2+4 x + 4)+( y ¿¿ 2−6 y+ 9)=−2+ 4+9 ¿ ¿ complete the square
2 2
( x +2) +( y−3) =11 standard form
The center is at point (-2, 3). The radius is √ 11

Example 4. Find the center and radius of the circle given x 2+ y 2−4 x +10 y=−13.

Solution. We complete the square of x and y to change the equation into standard form
x 2+ y 2−4 x +10 y=−13
( x ¿¿ 2−4 x)+( y ¿¿ 2+10 y )=−13 ¿ ¿ regroup
( x ¿¿ 2−4 x+ 4)+( y ¿¿ 2+ 10 y +25)=−13+4 +25 ¿ ¿ complete the square
2 2
( x−2) +( y +5) =16 standard form
The center is at point (2, -5). The radius is 4.
Example 5.Determine the standard form of equation of a circle with center (1, -1) and passes
through (-3, 4).

Solution.
Since the circle passes through point (-3, 4), we use the distance formula to solve for the length of
the radius.
2
r =√(−3−1)2 +( 4−(−1 ) ) =√ 41

The circle has a standard from ( x−h)2 +( y−k )2=r 2 , then substitute the center (1, -1) and radius.
Therefore, the standard form of equation of the given circle is ( x−1)2+( y +1)2=41

Summary

Conic Sections Degenerate Conic Sections

CENTER. The center of a circle is the point that defines the location of the circle. All points on the
circle are equidistant from the center of the circle.
CIRCLE. A circle is the set of all points at a specific distance from a given point in two
dimensions.
DIAMETER. Diameter is the measure of the distance across the center of a circle. The diameter is
equal to twice the measure of the radius.
EQUATION OF A CIRCLE. If the center of a circle is (0, 0), then the equation of the circle is of
the form x 2+ y 2=r 2, where r is the radius.
RADIUS. The radius of a circle is the distance from the center of the circle to the edge of the circle.

A circle is all points equidistant (the distance is called the radius)

from one point (which is called the center of the circle).
A circle can be formed by slicing a right circular cone
 with a plane traveling parallel to the base of the cone.

The standard form of the equation of a circle with center at the origin and radius with length r is
x 2+ y 2=r 2

The standard form of the equation of a circle with center at point (h, k) and radius with length r is

( x−h)2 +( y−k )2=r 2

ACTIVITY SHEET NO. 1

LESSON 1. INTRODUCTION TO CONIC SECTIONS AND CIRCLES
NAME: _______________________________________________________________
STRAND & SECTION: __________________________________________________

Note: Please use separate sheet of paper if needed.

I. Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is the illustration of a parabola?

2. What type of conic section is formed when the cone sawed through the broken line?

3. What type of conic section is formed as shown in the picture?

4. What type of conic section is formed when the cone sawed through the broken line?
 5. What part of the circle is being pointed by the arrow?

6. Which of the following statement/s is/are true for the given circle O?

7. How should the plane intersect a cone to form a circle?

a. Parallel c. sloping to right
b. Perpendicular d. sloping to the left

8. All points in the circle is equidistant to this point. What is this point?
a. Central point c. radius
b. Center d. point of tangency

9. What is the distance from the center to any point in the circle?
a. Radius c. chord
b. Diameter d. secant

II. Matching Type. Match the degenerate conic sections in Column A with the
description of intersecting plane in Column B.

Column A Column B
________1. Two intersecting lines a. vertex only
________2. Point b. vertex and tangent to the cone
________3. Single line c. vertex and through the cone

III. Solve.

1. Determine the standard form of equation of a circle with center at the origin and with
radius 5.
2. Determine the standard form of equation of a circle x 2−10 x+ y 2+14 y+ 25=0
3. Determine the standard form of equation of a circle with center (-3, -4) and tangential
to the x-axis.
4. Determine the standard form of equation of a circle with diameter whose endpoints are
(-5, 3) and (1, 3).
5. Determine standard equation of the circle with center (-6, 7), tangent to the y – axis.
6. Find the standard equation of the circle with center at (15, -20), radius 9.
7. Determine the standard form of equation of a circle with center (5, 6) and passes
through (9, 4).
8. Find the standard equation of the circle with center at (-2, 3) and tangent to the x-axis.
9. Find the standard equation of the circle with center at (-2, 3) and tangent to y – axis.
10. Find the standard equation of the circle with center at the origin and radius 2 √2 .
11. Identify the center and radius of the circle with the given equation in each item.
a. ( x +2)2 +( y−6)2=7
b. x 2+ y 2−2 x + 4 y +1=0
c. x 2+ y 2−8 x−8 y=3
d. ( x +4 )2 +( y−3)2=7
e. x 2+ y 2=49
7 2 3 2 169
f. ( x− ) +( y + ) =
4 4 16
g. x 2+ y 2−12 x−10 y =−12
h. x 2+ y 2+ 8 x −9 y=6
i. x 2+ y 2+10 x +12 y=−12
j. x 2+ y 2−5 x+ 4 y=46