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DNA: Structure & Function

The document describes DNA structure and function. It defines DNA as a twisted ladder with phosphate and sugar sides, and nitrogenous base rungs that form base pairs. DNA stores and transmits genetic information for protein synthesis. The document also discusses transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of mRNA to proteins at ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

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孙美美Ezra Paola Tayson
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43 views

DNA: Structure & Function

The document describes DNA structure and function. It defines DNA as a twisted ladder with phosphate and sugar sides, and nitrogenous base rungs that form base pairs. DNA stores and transmits genetic information for protein synthesis. The document also discusses transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of mRNA to proteins at ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

Uploaded by

孙美美Ezra Paola Tayson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ezra Paola C. Tayson.

General Biology

WRITE IT OUT

1. Describe the three dimensional structure of DNA.

-.The 3-dimensional double helix structure of DNA is correctly elucidated by James Watson and

Francis Crick.DNA. The three-dimensional structure of DNA (the double helix) arises from the

chemical and structural features of its two polynucleotide chains.The DNA or also

deoxyribonucleic acid, resembles a twisted ladder. The rails of the ladder are alternating units of

deoxyribose and phosphate, and the ladder's rungs are A-T arid G-C base pairs joined by

hydrogen bonds.

2. What is the function of DNA?

- It is said, DNA has three distinct functions, genetics, immunological, and structural. They are

widely disparate and variously dependent on the sugar phosphate backbone and the bases.The

function of much of the DNA in a cell is not really known, but some of it encodes the cell's RNA

and proteins.

3. Write the complementary DNA sequence of each of the following base sequences:

a. AGGCATACCTGAGTC ---------- TCCGTATGGACTCAG T

b. GTTTAATGCCCTACA ------------CAAATTACGGGATG

c. AACACTACCGATTCA------------TTGTGATGGCTAAGT

4. Arrange the following objects in order from smallest to largest: nucleotide,

nitrogenous base, gene, nucleus, cell, codon, chromosome.

-(Smallest to largest) nitrogenous base, nucleotide, codon, gene, chromosome, nucleus,

and cell.
5. List the three major types of RNA and their functions.

Messenger RNA (mRNA), Carries the information that specifies a protein.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Combines with proteins to form a ribosome; the physical

location of protein synthesis.

Transfer RNA (tRNA), "connectors" that bind mRNA codons at one end and specific

amino acids at the other. Their role is to carry each amino acid to the ribosome at the

correct spot along the mRNA molecule.

6. Some people compare DNA to a blueprint stored in the office of a construction

company. Explain how this analogy would extend to transcription and translation.

-Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy,

called a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the

cytoplasm ( directly synthesis the protein, encodes).While, translation is the process of

translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino

acids during protein synthesis. ( genetic code: relationship between the sequence of base

pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence, encodes).

- So, Transcript ion would be the process of scanning or copying the blueprints so that the

contractor would have a set at the construction site. Translation would be the process of

the contractor directing the assembly of all the raw materials at the site into the finished

building.

7. Where in a eukaryotic cell do transcription and translation occur?

-In a eukaryotic cell. transcription occurs in the nucleus, and translation occurs at

ribosomes in the cytoplasm or the rough endoplasmic reticulum. It uses DNA as a


template to make an RNA molecule. RNA then leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome

in the cytoplasm, where translation occurs.

8. Write the sequence of the mRNA molecule transcribed from the following template

DNA sequence:

GGAATACGTCTAGCTAGCA ----------CCUUAUGCAGAUCGAUCGU

9. How many codons are in the mRNA molecule that you wrote for question 8?

-A codon has three nucleotides, so the 19-nucleotide sequence has six codons (plus one

leftover nucleotide).

10. If the sequence of a template strand of DNA is AAAGCAGTACTA, what would be

the corresponding amino acid sequence?

- The corresponding amino acid sequence would be:

Phe (Phenylalanine)-Arg (Arginine) -His (Histidine)- Asp (Aspartic Acid).

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