Week-1-7 CM MDL Ssc121

Asian Institute of Computer Studies
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MODULE 1 Activities and Assessment ………………………………………28-29
Lesson 1: Defining Culture, Society, and
Politics …………………………………………………....……………2-5 MODULE 5
Lesson 2: Social, Political and Cultural Lesson 1: Microevolution and Macroevolution..….30-32
Phenomena …………………………….…………………....….…5 Lesson 2: Early human ……………..……………....……....……32
Lesson 3: Norms of Decency and Lesson 3: Paleolithic period……………………………...……32
Conventionality ………………………………...………………5-6 Lesson 4: Cultural and Sociopolitical evolution……33-34
Lesson 4: Conformity and Deviance ……………………6-7 Activities and Assessment.….……………………………………35-36
Activities and Assessment …………………………………….8-10
MODULE 6
MODULE 2 Lesson 1: Early Civilization ……………………......……....….38-43
Lesson 1: Defining Anthropology, Sociology Lesson 2: Rise of State ………...….…………………..…....……43-44
and Political Science ………………………………….………..…11-13 Lesson 3: Earliest form of Government.….…...……….44-45
Lesson 2: Social. Political and Cultural Lesson 4: Democratization …………………….…......………45-47
Change ………………………………………....……………………14-15 Activities and Assessment ………………………………………48-49
Activities and Assessment ……………………………………16-18
MODULE 7
MODULE 3 Lesson 1: Enculturation and Socialization..……....….50-52
Lesson 1: Society and Culture …………………………………19-21 Lesson 2: Understanding Conformity and
Lesson 2: Aspects of Culture …………………………………..21–22 Deviance …………………………...….…………………..…....……52-53
Activities and Assessment …………….…………..……...…23-24 Lesson 3: Mechanism of Social Control.….…...………53-54
Lesson 4: Strain Theory ………………………….…......…...…55-56
MODULE 4 Activities and Assessment ………………………………………57-58
Lesson 1: Ethnocentrism and Cultural 1st Quarter Project …………………………………………………59
Relativism……………………………………………………...….25-26
Lesson 2: Cultural form and Threats …..………...….26-27
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UNIT ONE Defining Culture, Society and Politics
MODULE At the end of this module, you are expected to:

• Acknowledge human cultural variation, social differences, social
1 change, and political identities
Inclusive dates: • Adopt an open and critical attitude toward different social,
political, and cultural phenomena through observation and
reflection.
Overview: Constant change

How are culture, society, and politics related in everyday life? Each
person interacts meaningfully with one another as members of society. Culture No matter what culture a people are a part of, one thing is for certain, it
encompasses the meaningful processes and products of these social interactions. will change. Culture appears to have become key in our interconnected world,
People, likewise interact in society as individuals and as groups with duties and which is made up of so many ethnically diverse societies, but also riddled by
privileges. In the exercise of duties and privileges, a person as a member of conflicts associated with religion, ethnicity, ethical beliefs, and, essentially, the
society engages in political activities. elements which make up culture, but culture is no longer fixed if it ever was. It is
essentially fluid and constantly in motion.
Let us define Culture, Society and Politics While change is inevitable, the past should also be respected and
preserved. The United Nations has created a group called The United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to identify cultural and
What is Culture? natural heritage and to conserve and protect it. Monuments, building, and sites
Culture encompasses religion, food, what we wear, how we wear it, our language, are covered by the group's protection, according to the international treaty, the
marriage, music, what we believe is right or wrong, how we sit at the table, how Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural
we greet visitors, how we behave with loved ones, and a million other things. It Heritage. This treaty was adopted by UNESCO in 1972.
also includes both material and non-material he/she possess or acquires.
- Non-material
Are the norms and values as well as the intangible aspects of
What is Society?
his/her experience; music, dance, poetry, and other form of Society came from French société, from Latin societas, from socius ‘companion’
expressions that showcase his/her creativity and artistry. Mid-16th century which means in the sense of companionship or friendly
- Material association with others. According to sociologists, a society is a group of people
Tangible aspects such as architectural and engineering wonders, with common territory, interaction, and culture who act together for collective
advancement in medicine and breakthroughs in transportation survival and well-being. The ways that people depend upon one another can be
and communication. seen in different social feature, such as their economic, communication and
defense system. They are also bound together by a general sense of common
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identity and pride of place. There can be no culture without a society and so far, give and take. They would contribute very little to one another. A society based
there are no known societies that do not exhibit culture. Social groups consist of exclusively on likeness or uniformity is bound to lose in socialites. Life would be
two or more people who interact and identify with one another. boring, monotonous, and uninteresting if differences are not present.
Territory: Most countries have formal boundaries and territory
that the world recognizes as theirs. However, a society’s boundaries do 4. Interdependence:
not have to be geopolitical borders, such as the one between the United Society implies interdependence. It is another essential element to
States and Canada. Instead, members of a society, as well as nonmembers, constitute society. It is not possible for human being to satisfy his desire in
must recognize land as belonging to that society. isolation. He cannot live alone. He needs the help of others for his survival.
Interaction: Members of a society must meet one another. If a Society fulfills all the needs of the people. For example, the institution of family
group of people within a country has no regular contact with another rests on the biological interdependence of sexes. None of the two sexes is
group, those groups cannot be considered part of the same society. complete by itself and, therefore, each seeks fulfillment by the aid of the other.
Geographic distance and language barriers can separate societies within a This fact of interdependence is very much visible in the present-day society.
country. Today not only countries but also continents depend upon one another. Likewise,
communities, social groups and nations are also interdependent.
Society possesses the following elements:
1. Likeness: 5. Cooperation:
Likeness is mutuality. Comradeship, intimacy, association of any kind or Cooperation is also another essential element to constitute society.
degree would be impossible without some understanding of each by the other, Without cooperation, no society can exist. If the members of the society do not
and that understanding depends on the likeness which each apprehends in the work together for the common purposes, they cannot lead a happy and
other. ‘Likeness is the one element which must have strongly stimulated the comfortable life.
group feelings in bringing men, women and children together.
6. Conflict:
2. The Reciprocal Awareness: Conflict is an ever-present phenomenon present in every human society.
Likeness is generative of reciprocity. Once some are aware of the mutual Not only cooperation, but also conflict in necessary for the formation of society.
likeness, they, certainly differentiate against those who are not like them. They must coexist in a healthy society. Conflict is a process of struggle through
Consciousness of this kind alone could make sense of likeness. All social action is which all things have come into existence. Harmony and disharmony, cooperation
based on reciprocal response. This alone, makes possible, the we-feeling. and conflict are needed for the society’s growth.
3. Differences:
Sense of likeness in not always sufficient. No two individuals are alike in
What is Politics?
their nature. They differ from each other in respect of their interests, capacities, The word politics comes from the Greek word politiká (Πολιτικά), which means
abilities, and tendencies etc. These differences do not imply mutual conflict; 'affairs of the cities'. Politics, in its broadest sense, is the activity through which
instead; by it, the organization of society is further strengthened. Society to run people make, preserve, and amend the general rules under which they live.
smoothly there must be some differences. If people were exactly alike their social Politics is the way that people living in groups make decisions. Politics is about
relationship would be very much limited. There would be little reciprocity, little making agreements between people so that they can live together in groups such
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as tribes, cities, or countries. In large groups, such as countries, some people may Gender
spend a lot of their time making such agreements. These people are called Socially constructed characteristics of being a male or female. It can refer to the
politicians. Politicians, and sometimes other people, may get together to form a role of a male or female in society, known as a gender role, or an individual’s
government. concept of themselves, or gender identity. In general terms, “sex” refers to the
Government is a concrete example of political institution. It exercises biological differences between males and females, such as the genitalia and
power especially in relation to governance and decision-making. One of the ways genetic differences. External manifestations of gender, expressed through one’s
the government leads the group is by making laws and rules which tell everybody name, pronouns, clothing, haircut, behavior, voice, or body characteristics.
what they can and cannot do. The government makes these laws so that society Society identifies these cues as masculine and feminine, although what is
will be safe and well-ordered. The law that "you must not drink alcohol while considered masculine and feminine changes over time and varies by culture.
driving a car" stops people from drunk driving, which could kill people. The law Socio economic status
"you must wear a helmet on a motorcycle" makes sure that people protect Refers to category of persons who have more or less same socioeconomic
themselves. They can also control people and what happens in a country in other privileges in a society. These privileges are due to inherited wealth and/or the
ways besides making laws. For example, how the government spends its money occupational, status of the breadwinner in the household
makes a big difference in what people will do or what will happen to people. If
the government spends a lot of money on hospitals and nurses, the people will Types of social class
probably become healthier. Upper Class: elite families that are considered as most productive in
terms of resource generation and oftentimes very successful in their respective
Power, as defined in democratic principles, is a status granted to fields of interest.
individuals or institutions to properly run the government and implement the rule Two types of elites
of the law in a society. It is also the ability to achieve a desired outcome,
• Traditional Upper class: acquired their wealth through inheritance.
sometimes seen as the ‘power to’ do something. This includes everything from
• New Rich: The Rags-to-riches turns of fortune.
the ability to keep oneself alive to the ability of government to promote
Middle Class: Composed of small business and industry operators mostly
economic growth. In politics, however, power is usually thought of as a
owners and managers, professionals. office workers, and farm owners with
relationship; that is, as the ability to influence the behavior of others in a manner
income sufficient enough to provide a comfortable and decent living. OFWs, who
not of their choosing.
contribute greatly to the remittance economy, are also included in the category.
Civil society originally meant a ‘political community’. The term is now
Lower Class: Unemployed, underemployed, Farm employees. Skilled and
more commonly distinguished from the state and is used to describe institutions
unskilled artisans, service workers or those who belong indigent families or
that are ‘private’, in that they are independent from government and organized
informal sectors fall on this category. Comparatively speaking, this group is the
by individuals in pursuit of their own ends.
largest in terms of number and relatively earns their living through subsistence.
Subsistence lifestyle is manifested through the following condition:
Culture, Society, and Politics are essential in understanding human
1. Family could hardly eat three decent meals a day.
behavior and social groups. They are interrelated and to some extent reflective of
2. Daily income of the breadwinner could hardly feed the entire family.
each other. Interrelatedness can be understood using your own experience.
3. Breadwinner does not have a permanent job.
Below are Information about yourself: your gender, socioeconomic status,
ethnicity, religion, exceptionality, and nationality.
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Ethnicity inappropriate, right or wrong. They set limits within individuals may seek
Expression of set of cultural ideas held by a distinct ethnic or indigenous alternative ways to achieve their goals.
group. This refers to people who collectively and publicly identify themselves as Norms are often in the forms of rules, standards, or prescription that are
distinct and unique based on distinguishable cultural features that set them apart strictly followed by people who adhere on certain conventions and perform
from others such as language, shared ancestry, common origin, customs, and specific roles. Often, norms indicate a society’s standards of propriety, morality,
tradition. ethics, and legality. In the conduct of social interaction, each person has sets of
expectation on how others will respond and react accordingly. These expectations
Religion are commonly known, understood, and agreed upon by the group. Although
Religion is a social-cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, conformity to these expectations is not totally absolute, since each member has a
morals, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations choice in the making, remaking, and unmaking of his or her own culture. Most
that relates humanity to supernatural, transcendental, or spiritual elements. often, these expectations relatively become sufficiently regulative and make
behavior in society quite predictable. These expectations comprise what society
Exceptionality regards as the range of the ideal and tolerable (or normal) behavior as opposed to
Refers to the state of being intellectually gifted and/or having physically the range of deviant (or abnormal) behavior that serves as the watershed of
or mentally challenged conditions. social norms of society.
The categories of exceptionality are:
1. Behavior
2. Communication including Autism, Deaf and Hard of Hearing,
Norms of decency and conventionality
3.Language Impairment and Learning Disability Norm of appropriateness and norm of conventionality are the most
4.Intellectual including Giftedness, Mild Intellectual Disability and adhered norms in society. Norm of appropriateness or decency is commonly
Developmental Disability exhibited on the type of clothing a person wears in a specific occasion. This norm
5. Physical including Physical Disability and Blind and Low Vision also includes the manners and behaviors that show a person’s refinement and
6. Multiple including Multiple Exceptionalities civility (for instance, how to treat guests accordingly).
In some society, norm of decency also includes the use of appropriate
Nationality words and gestures that convey politeness and courtesy. For example, In the
A legal relationship that binds a person and a country. It allows the state Philippines “pagmamano” and the use of “po” or “opo” is a sign of respect for the
to protect and have jurisdiction over a person. For a people who are legally born elders, Asian countries value proximity as a sign of intimacy and friendliness
of Filipino parent/s and those naturalized in the country after fulfilling the which opposes to Western countries , for them it is improper for a person to be
requirements of residence are granted the nationality of Filipino citizens or too close or near a guest when having a conversation.
naturalized Filipino. Norms of conventionality are beliefs and practices that are acceptable to
certain cultures but can be inimical to other cultures. For example, Bagobo
inhabitants of Davao bury their dead within their neighborhood and the T’boli of
Social, Political, and Cultural behavior and Phenomena South Cotabato hangs corpses of dead infants on trees. While traditional burial
Every society has its own norms to follow. These norms serve as guide or practices like these preserve indigenous culture, they are not approved by other
models of behavior which tell us what is proper or improper, appropriate, or
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societies, especially lowland communities that value sanitation and fear the Informal – refers to the violations to social norms that are not
spread of virulent diseases. codified into laws, such as pricking one’s nose, belching loudly, and
Moreover, respect for one’s religious belief are given paramount spitting on the streets.
considerations, especially those beliefs that deal with dietary restriction. As such,
Muslim believers are prohibited to eat pork; Hindus are not allowed to eat beef; Deviance is also seen as a form of power struggle. Determining what is
Jewish practitioners are only allowed kosher food. deviant and what is not is closely tied with the existing power structures of a
Individuals or groups can shape the norms and values of their society society In most capitalist countries, laws often tend to favor the interest of
through the concrete application of their beliefs, norms, and values in their wealthy and powerful groups. In the Philippines, the existence of political
everyday lives. Through the process of experimenting and appropriating these dynasties and monopolies and the rampant electioneering activities during polls
norms and values, whether as sets of laws or rules or guiding principles that are considered as manifestation of deviancy and a blatant reflection of the power
regulate actions or as social mechanisms that warrant approval or recognition in imbalance and inequality in Philippine society Rampant political dynasty building
the community. is a tactic of “self-preservation and expansion,” a means of preserving the
political powers of one’s self and family.
Conformity and Deviance
Every society has a form of social control, a set of means that ensure Taboo
people behave in expected and approved ways. All norms, whether codified or Taboo is an activity that is forbidden or sacred based on religious beliefs
not, are supported by sanctions: rewards for conformity and punishments for or morals. Breaking a taboo is extremely objectionable in society as a whole,
non-conformity. Nevertheless, most type of social control is not exercised hence, it is considered as a manifestation of deviancy. Around the world, an act
through the direct influence of other people. Thus, growing up in a society entails may be taboo in one culture and not in another. For example, when it comes to
the internalization of norms - the unconscious process of including conformity to food. Hindus are prohibited to eat beef since cows are considered sacred in Indi.
the norms of one’s culture and as part of one’s personality, so that an individual Muslims and Jews abstain from eating pork, as pigs are considered unclean.
often follows social expectations automatically and without question. Conformity, Drinking alcoholic beverages are not allowed in many religious faith and sectarian
therefore, defined as the state of having internalized norms as part of the social denomination. Among Western countries, dog or cat meat is considered deviant
expectation. since these animals are commonly kept as pets and small animals like rodents and
Despite the tendency of social control to enforce conformity as a potent insects are perceived as pests and disease carriers, especially rats because they
mechanism in the socialization process, there are forms of behavior that are are associated to the black death (bubonic plague). However, Africa and Asia
relatively or distinctly set away from a norm. This form of behavior can be widely utilize these animals as foods or food offering, insects are common fare in
referred to as deviant behavior or non-conformity. Deviant and non-conformist many parts of Asia such as crickets in the Philippines, spiders in Cambodia and
behavioral patterns can be tolerated, approved, or disapproved depending on black beetles and cockroaches in Thailand.
societal views. Here are some other examples of Taboos:
Deviant is divided into two parts • Abortion - terminating a pregnancy
Formal – includes actions that violate enacted laws, such as • Bestiality or Zoophilia - sexual relations between a human and an
robbery, theft, graft, rape, and other forms of criminality. animal
• Bigotry - speaking negatively about someone of another race
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• Blood products - Jehovah Witnesses are forbidden to use blood

products, including blood transfusions
• Cannibalism - a human being eating the flesh of another human being
• Head position - in Indonesia, it is taboo to have your head higher than
an elder person
• Illegal drugs - using or abusing illegal drugs
• Incest - sexual relations between relatives. Different cultures have
different definitions of how close a relative would be considered
taboo.
• Offensive language - obscenity or vulgarity
• Pornography - showing body parts for sexual excitement
These behaviors, regardless to conform or deviate from the traditional norms of

society may contribute to the changes in various aspects of society.
Reference links
MestroAbayan (2012) Pagmamano image retrieved from

https://images.app.goo.gl/chLbNRc8HvNCmfCt5
De Rossi C., Zimmerman K.A. (2017) - Culture retrieved from

https://www.livescience.com/
Barnes and noble – Society retrieved from

https://www.sparknotes.com/sociology/society-and-culture
Mondal P., - Elements of society retrieved from https://www.yourarticlelibrary.co
Examples of Taboos retrieved from https://examples.yourdictionary.com/
Santarita J., Madrid R. (2016) Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. 1253 G. Araneta
Avenue, Quezon city, Vibal Group, Inc.
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Important Reminders
• Tear this activity sheet and submit on the scheduled date
along with the other activity (ies) the instructor may have asked the
students to do on a separate paper.
• If you are sending something you’ve done online such as MS presentation (s),
pictures, pdfs and alike as an attachment, then you may send them to my email at
____________________________________________ following this format:
(SECTION_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME_ACTIVITYNAME (e.g. IC1MA_DELA CRUZ_JUAN
PEDRO_SELF-CONCEPT INVENTORY), or send a digital copy from your flash drive
Society
together with this activity sheet.
ACTIVITY 1: Person
Trace the relationship
Each person interacts meaningfully with one another as a member of society. Culture
encompasses the meaningful processes and products of these social interactions. People Culture Politics
interact in society as individuals and as groups with duties and privileges. In the exercise
of duties and privileges, a person as a member of society engages in political activities.
Use the diagram to show how a person experiences culture, society, and politics in your
everyday life. You can use the back of this paper or another set of paper. Your output will
be graded based on this rubric:
5 – Excellent 4 – Good 3 – Adequate 2 – Marginal 1 – No credit /

unacceptable Process Question
Criteria 5 4 3 2 1 How are culture, society, and politics interrelated with one another?
Relationship – connections demonstrate correct relationships

between the given terms.
Information – Accuracy of given information
Organization - Different relationships are identified and

organized.
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SOCIETY
ACTIVITY 2: _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Society, Culture and Politics _________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________
Using the picture below identify the concepts that you can associate with culture, society, _________________________________________________________________________
and politics. Write your answers on the space provided. You can also use another set of _________________________________________________________________________
paper.
Culture
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Politics
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Process Question.
From your answers, Give your own definition of Society, Culture and Politics.
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MODULE 1: Assessment (1 point each) (15 points)

____________________ 11. Social class composed of people who hold the highest social
Identification: Identify the following terms being asked and write your answer on the status, usually are the wealthiest members of class society, and wield the greatest
space provided. political power.
____________________1. An implicit prohibition on something based on a cultural sense ____________________12. An action or behavior that violates social norms, including a
that it is excessively repulsive or, perhaps, too sacred for ordinary people. formally enacted rule.
____________________13. A social-cultural system of designated behaviors and

____________________2. Set of activities that are associated with making decisions in practices, morals, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or
groups, or other forms of power relations between individuals, such as the distribution of organizations, that relates humanity to supernatural, transcendental, or spiritual
resources or status. elements
____________________3. Folkways; beliefs or practices that are acceptable to certain ____________________14. The identity that is considered with reference to social and
culture/s but can be inimical to others. cultural differences rather than biological ones.
____________________4. Type of social influence involving a change in belief or behavior ____________________15. Group of people that have the power to rule in a territory,
in order to fit in with a group. according to the law. This territory may be a country, a state or province within a country,
or a region.
____________________ 5. Category of people who identify with each other, usually on
the basis of presumed similarities such as a common language, ancestry, history, society,
culture, nation, religion, race or social treatment within their residing area.
____________________6. Manners and behavior that show a person's refinement &

civility.
____________________7. The Social group between the upper and working classes,
including professional and business workers and their families.
____________________8. Term used to describe those whose wealth has been acquired
within their own generation, rather than by familial inheritance.
____________________ 9. The characteristics of a particular group of people, defined by

everything from language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and clothing.
____________________ 10. Group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction,

or a large social group sharing the same spatial or social territory.
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Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science

UNIT ONE
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
MODULE • Acknowledge human cultural variation, social differences, social
change, and political identities.
2 • Appreciate the value of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political
Inclusive dates: Science as social science disciplines.
Overview:
A broad swath of people around the world relate with each other in the various facets of human life that explains sociocultural and political practices
different ways but a closer examination of these differences also reveal how of societies around the world across time and spaces. Understanding these
people are alike in terms of their biological features and what they do as they relationship means making sense of the unique situation and linkages that people
interact with each other. The difference and similarities by which people live, act, establish within and between societies.
and interact show the numerous aspects of human existence. In the discipline of
anthropology, these diverse but familiar manifestations of humanity are referred
to as culture. For anthropologists, culture is the reference point by which people
What is Anthropology?
organize themselves and make sense of themselves as members of their own The etymology or origin of the term anthropology can be traced back to
society. For that matter, anthropology regards culture as the “acquired cognitive two Greek words, ‘anthropos’ and ‘logos. When translated into English,
and symbolic aspects of human existence, whereas society refers to the social ‘anthropos’ means ‘human’ while ‘logos’ refers to ‘knowledge’ (Eriksen 2001: 2).
organization of human life, patterns of interaction and power relationships” In this sense, anthropology can be understood as the ‘knowledge about humans’
(Eriksen 2001: 4). Analyzing how people culturally differ and what they share (Ibid.). The subject of anthropological study is humanity but unlike other
deepens our knowledge of humans as biological and social beings. Being human disciplines in the human sciences, anthropology studies the diversity and
and becoming human is to be a social person shaped by culture but tempered or similarity of the way a person live and make connections as social and cultural
enabled by their own bodily anatomy. The anthropological discipline offers a beings. Anthropology as a discipline compares cultural and social life primarily
detailed study of human engagements that include family life, child raising, through participant observation, a research method that entails lengthy fieldwork
beliefs and religion, politics, material productions and innovations, laws, or immersion in a specific social setting. Through participant observation,
economic life and therelationship between menand women indifferent social anthropologists’ study the various aspect of society and then compare how that
settings and time periods. In a sense, anthropology ask big questions about the society differ and reflect other societies. For example, an anthropologist who
human condition but draws answers from the study of the particular experiences studies the sea faring communities of Sama Dilaut in the Sulu Archipelago would
of people living under different circumstances, be these in a small village deep in find ways of comparing them to the broader Bajao seafaring cultures across
the jungles, a farming settlement, a bustling metropolitan city or a string of Southeast Asia or elsewhere in the world. By doing these comparative studies,
communities across different countries. By looking at the general and aspects of anthropology as an academic discipline provides a more grounded, insightful, and
human social life, anthropology provides explanation of the interrelationship of deeper understanding of our common humanity.
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Anthropologist work within the four fields of the discipline. While physical in the provinces, cities, and localities outside the capital. The devolution of power
Anthropologists focus on humans as biological organisms, Cultural to the provinces is sanctioned by the local government code of 1991.
Anthropologists investigate the contrasting ways group of people think, feel and Central power is divided into three branches of government: executive,
behave, Biological Anthropologist, mostly archaeologist, try to recover legislative and Judiciary. The executive branch, which includes the president, vice
information about human cultures (often from the past) by studying material president, and cabinet secretaries, serves as the implementer of the laws while
samples, skeletal remains and settlements, Linguist study the nature and nuances the legislative branch (Senate and House representatives) make and codify the
of languages (communication system by which cultures are maintained and laws. The Judicial branch interprets the law.
passed on to succeeding generation. Meanwhile, the local power, which covers the governors of the provinces,
mayors of cities and municipalities, and barangay captains of villages, serves as
What is Sociology? implementers of the programs of the government to their respective constituents
Sociology is the study of society, a social science involving the study of the social
lives of people, groups, and societies. the study of our behavior as social beings,
covering everything from the analysis of short contacts between anonymous
individuals on the street to the study of global social processes. Sociology's
purpose of understanding how human action and consciousness both shape and
are shaped by surrounding cultural and social structures.It seeks to discover the
general principles underlying all social phenomena and social relationship and to
establish laws of change and growth in social changes. For an instance, many
consider suicide as a personal choice, but sociologist looks differently by
examining the various impersonal social forces at work in such a destructive act.
In short, the discipline tries to provide a vivid awareness of the relationship
between private experience and the wider society.
What is Political Science?

Political science is the body of knowledge relating to the study of the
state and government. It primarily focuses on the “power” that plays a crucial
part in the struggle in which the individuals and their groups may be found
involved according to their capability and degree of interest at all levels – local,
regional, national and international.
In the Philippine setting, for an instance, political power is divided into
two: central power and local power. Central power is focused on the national https://images.app.goo.gl/JbEUH3owC2fdtxM29
government based in Manila; while local power is centered on local governments
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ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)
https://images.app.goo.gl/JbEUH3owC2fdtxM29
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Social, Political and Cultural Change There are three causes of social change
I. Invention
Change is generally pervasive and takes place in culture, society and New combination or a new use of existing knowledge. It produces
politics. Changes in culture bring change in society and human beings; likewise, mechanical objects, ideas, and social patterns that reshape society to varying
changes in society and human beings bring change in culture and politics degrees. It can be classified into material inventions (Bow and arrow, Mobile
(Panopio: 263). These changes are even overlapping and interdependent in phone, airplane) and social inventions (alphabet, texting, jejemon).
contemporary times due to factors affecting social mobility such as:
Migration - movement of people from one place to another with the II. Discovery
intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location Takes place when people recognized existing elements of the
Urbanization - process by which rural communities grow to form world they had noticed before or learned to see in a new way. Oftentimes,
cities, or urban centers, and, by extension, the growth and expansion of those discovery contributes to the emergence of a new paradigm or perspective, and
cities. even reshapes and reinvents worldviews.
Transnationalism - The concept of transnationalism suggests a
weakening of the control a nation-state has over its borders, inhabitants, and III. Diffusion
territory. Increased immigration to developed countries in response to global Refers to the spread of culture traits from one group to another.
economic development has resulted in multicultural societies where It creates changes as cultural elements spread from one society to another
immigrants are more likely to maintain contact with their culture of origin through trade, migration, and mass communication. Culture spread through the
and less likely to absorb into the system process of
Globalization - the interconnectedness of people and businesses a. Enculturation – One culture spread to another through learning.
across the world that eventually leads to global cultural, political, and b. Socialization – Learning through constant exposure and experience to
economic integration. It is the ability to move and communicate easily with culture, which ultimately imbibes the latter to the system of values,
others all over the world in order to conduct business internationally beliefs, and practices of an individual or groups.
c. Association – Establishing connection with the culture thereby
Let us define each type of change either social, political, or cultural aspects. bridging areas of convergence and cultural symbiosis.
d. Integration – Total assimilation of culture as manifested by change of
Social Change worldviews, attitudes, behavior, and perspectives of looking things.
- Refers to the variation or modification in the patterns of social
organization, of subgroups within a society, or the entire society itself. Political Change
This may be manifested in the rise or fall of groups, community or This includes all categories of change in the direction of open,
institutional structures and functions or changes in the statuses and roles participatory, and accountable politics. It is the change that occurs in the realm of
of members in the family. Work setting, church, government, school, and civil and political societies and in the structure of relations among civil society,
other sub-systems of the social organization (Panopio: 364) political society, and the state (Alagappa: 10). Youth awareness and active
participation during elections belong to this type of change. The emergence of
civil society groups as “pressure groups” during crises in Philippine politics, such
14
as the Chief Justice Corona impeachment trial is also a concrete example on how to transport sector but even the prices of basic commodities and
political change works. rates of public utilities, such as electricity and water.
Cultural Change e. Technology – The impact of science and technology on social

Refers to all alteration affecting new traits or trait complexes and changes institutions like family, school, church, and state is a major stimulus
in a culture’s content and structure. These changes are caused by several factors, for change. For example, the invention of computer and internet
such as: access generated software applications like Facebook radically
a. Physical environment - Earthquakes, repeated flooding, severe transformed worldwide interaction even in remote Filipino
droughts, and other interruption in the physical environment barangays, public information can now spread like wildfire,
drastically alter people’s lifestyles. Disasters like these damage contributing to rapid diffusion of knowledge and ideas to all corners
properties and even claim human lives. People who are displaced by of globe; thus providing mass awareness with just a single facility.
disasters may have a different way of coping with their new
environment, such as new dietary preferences or consumption (from
lowland to upland and vice versa) as determined by available food
supply in their new neighborhood. Significantly, frequent exposures
to natural calamities make people develop a sense of resiliency, new
perspectives, and coping mechanisms in confronting the changes
caused by nature. For example, those affected by typhoon Yolanda in
Leyte are resettled in safe, elevated areas, which can be far away
from their previous residence. As such, they may need to adjust to
their new environment.
b. Population - brought by migration and transnational origins-whether Reference links

due to dislocation, deterritorialization or urban explosion - as well as Psychologypedia, what is anthropology? Above image is retrieved from:
an increase or decline in population also perpetuate change. https://images.app.goo.gl/UvkQsJgEVbeXtyNL9
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Philippine_government.png
c. War and conquest – constant fighting for territorial sovereignty and
even recognition of one’s political determination or identity. Wars www.ancient .eu>urbanization
significantly reduce population size, provide conditions for war
industry (weapon production) to flourish, and enable the victors to en.wikipedia.org>migration
lord over conquered territories and have the subjugated ones under
its control. https://www.britannica.com/topic/transnationalism
d. Random events – Acts of man that can lead to change. For example, Santarita J., Madrid R. (2016) Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. 1253 G. Araneta
the oil price hike that bring domino effect in public services not only Avenue, Quezon city, Vibal Group, Inc.
15
Important Reminders
(SECTION_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME_ACTIVITYNAME ) or send a digital copy from
your flash drive together with this activity sheet.
ACTIVITY 1:
Anthropology, Culture and Society
On a separate short bond paper, discuss the diagram below by defining and giving
examples to the terms related to anthropology. Your output will be graded based on this
rubric:
5 – Excellent 4 – Good 3 – Adequate 2 – Marginal 1 – No

credit / unacceptable
Criteria 5 4 3 2 1
Relationship – connections demonstrate correct relationships

between the given terms.
Information – Accuracy of given information
Organization - Different relationships are identified and

organized.
Process Questions
1. What are the objects of anthropological study?
2. What perspective does anthropology offer to the study of culture and society?
3. Why is it important to know the similarity and diversity of cultures and societies?
16
ACTIVITY 2:
Cultural, Social and Political change 19th Century 20th Century 21st Century
Directions: In another set of paper,make a timeline illustration of transportation means
across the eras in the Philippine society depicting their technological, cultural, social, and
political paradigms.Your output will be graded based on this rubric:

unacceptable
Criteria 5 4 3 2 1
Following the instruction of the activity.
Visual appeal (measurement, colors, creativity, neatness etc.)
Accurate illustration.
Overall impression.
17
MODULE 2: Assessment
Essay Writing. In 3-7 sentences, Answer the questions below. Your output will be graded
based on this rubric:

unacceptable
Criteria 5 4 3 2 1
Quality of writing (Informative, well organized

etc.)
Grammar usage and Mechanics (spelling,

punctuations, grammatical errors)
Following the instructions.
1. How diverse is your neighborhood?

2. Why do you need to know others?
3. What are some of the driving forces of cultural change in the world today?
4. How does anthropology, political science, and sociology help you understand
society, culture, and politics?
18
UNIT ONE Defining Culture and Society

• Identify the nature and dynamics of culture and society
3 • Distinguish key features of the three major approaches to
Inclusive dates: the study of culture,
• Determine how society and its institutions shape
individuals.
Overview:
Recent studies show that culture is not only present to human beings but and yet the cultural patterns involved in this trade relation are in integral part of a
also to other species in the animal kingdom, such as chimpanzees and other culture of the society itself. In most cases, the people’s entire set of social
primates. While these studies are on-going, one thing is certain: People can learn interaction occurs within a society. All social systems or as a system cutting across
many things, transmit what they have learned to the next generation, and even societies, either as part of them or as a system cutting across societies but
dependent upon them (Dash: 42-43)
control their environment
Human society is characterized by a territorial localized population; the
An individual’s culture is composed of his or her way of life and the members of which interact in a network of relationships, which are distinctive,
knowledge and techniques that enable him or her to survive and overcome space. culturally defined, and limited, and effectively bonded by a common linguistic
Man is the most recognized member of the animal kingdom to develop and patterns and other forms of symbolic representations (Dash: 42)
possess culture. Such culture, either personal or group level, may create Society arises only when individuals are knit together in a network of
mutual stimulus and response. In other words, society exists when social beings
commonality or difference to every member of a given society.
behave toward each other in ways determined by their recognition of one
Society and Culture another.

The most important characteristics that distinguish human form no-
Simply, society refers to a group of people sharing a common territory, human lies in the specific ways in people strive to meet their basic need. They
language, culture and who act together for collective survival and well-being. The need these needs for social survival primarily through learned behavior, which is
ways in which people depend upon one another can be seen in the features of invented. Generally agreed upon and transmitted through various mediums of
their society, such as their economic, communication, and defense system. They communication; the most prominent of which is the use of language. In general,
are also bound together by a sense of common identity (Haviland, et.al, 312). culture develops as a response to a society’s conditions and immediate solutions
Since culture and society are closely related concepts, anthropology, and to the problems of individuals and groups.
sociology study both.
Although culture and society are interrelated, these concepts are not
exactly the same. A society has more comprehensive sets of culture in the sense Social Reproduction or How Societies Persist
that the group is culturally self-sufficient. This means that diverse culture exists in If one defines society as “organization of groups that is relatively self-
a specific society. A society, for instance, may engage o trade with other societies contained,” then the next question is how societies manage to exist and persist
19
across time and space. The problem of explaining how societies manage to exist punishing incestuous behavior, sacrifice in religion, and celebration of
over a long period of time is called reproduction (Louis Althusser). No society can Christmas and other religious holidays
endure over time if it does not support its very own reproduction. To do this all
societies require the creation of institutions to perpetuate the existence of the c. Artifacts – Man-made products of ideas and activities.
society.
Culture as a concept has been defined in many ways. In capsule form, culture
Two types of institution that reproduce the condition of social life: may be defined as the complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art,
Ideological State Apparatuses – are institutions that are and used by morals, laws, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired, shared and
society to mold its members to share the same values and beliefs that a typical transmitted by man through interactions within a social group (Taylor:1)
member of the society possesses. They may include educational institutions (e.g. According to Taylor, Culture is:
schools), media outlets, churches, social and sports clubs and the family. a. Learned – Can be learned from parents, peers, teachers, leaders. Culture
Repressive state apparatuses– refer to those coercive institutions that is not biological or genetic; any person can acquire any person’s culture
use physical force to make the members conform the laws and norms society like (Kelly and Thomas:19). Somebody who recite Rizal’s “Mi Ultimo Adios”
courts, police, and prisons. and listens to Beethoven is no more cultural than one who reads Wattpad
stories and prefers Gloc 9.
Culture is “the complex whole which includes beliefs, practices, values, b. Shared – Although each person is endowed with critical mind to
attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything that a understand thing as well as cultivate his or her own values and
person learns and shares as a member of society” (Taylor 1920 [1871]). This set of worldviews, members of the human group also share some basic ideas
behavior and the fact that humans are characterized by them by virtue of being about the world and their place in it.
born as “human beings” apart from other creatures in the animal kingdom c. Symbolic – Often manifested in language, wherein meanings are socially
suggests the universal nature of the concept. They are behaviors that people constructed. In Ellen Rudolf’s study of the Japanese language culture, she
possess which other primates do not. As John Honigmann, an anthropologist, has found out that men and women used language very differently. Both
pointed out, there are three components that go together that make up culture: sexes are expected to be polite; but women used language more polite
than men.
a. Ideas - are thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and rules. Examples of ideas are
aversion to incest, the Holy Spirit, and food-sharing desires among
relatives. Ideas also include ways on how to make things, abstract Analyzing Culture
concepts such as love, peace and happiness and the Decalogue of The study of culture is a vast, complex task. There are so many aspects of
conduct, which is also known as the ten commandments. Ideas may be culture, and although many are widely accepted, not all sociologists agree on the
directly part of some behavior, the underlying cause or even by product way that culture should be studied. Let us examine three of the most common
of it. theoretical approaches used to analyze culture:
I. Structural-Functional Theory
b. Activities – The dynamic components of culture. It is what people do as This approach views society as a complex, interconnected system.
oppose to what they believe or feel. Such as may include the act of Think of the human body as an example, where all of our limbs, organs
and other parts all have their own individual functions but also work
20
together to create a fully functioning system. Structural-functional theory to their daily needs; for example, building temperate houses in tropical regions or
proposes that culture functions as the structure in society that exists to constructing an ice amusement park in countries like the Philippines.
meet human needs. For example, our culture gives our lives meaning and People can also borrow from other groups if their cultural behaviors are
direction, giving us cues for what to do and how to live. It encourages us found to have survival value: a sort of hyper-developed gene flow but with
to work together to find resources to help us survive and to make tremendously magnified results. This means, that some cultures through
connections with other people who provide care and comfort. experience have developed diverse ways in adapting to their environment, which
II.Social Conflict Theory is needed to their survival.
This proposes that cultural traits always benefit some members
of a society more than others. This theory is all about inequality and II. Shared and contested
proposes that laws and norms that are created as part of a culture reflect Various members of a society or group commonly share ideas, activities,
the interests of the most powerful members of society. For example, this and artifacts. Hence, the behavior of people in a group or society often become
is easy to see in American culture. They have a capitalist society that socially and conventionally standardized in form and manner.
values competitiveness and material wealth. This benefits those who Shared culture provides order and meaning in interpreting behavioral
obtain material success but hurts those who do not. This results in a patterns of individual in a society. In this sense, then, cultural behaviors are
drastic contrast between the richest and the poorest members of our considered as a “team player” phenomenon that creates shared expectations and
society. results. From sociological perspective, people do not only interact together to a
common culture but also to validate it.
III. Sociobiology Transmission of culture is not simply automatic but largely depends on
This proposes that culture is not only socially constructed but is the willingness of people to give and receive it. They usually alter ideas, activities,
also affected by human biology. Sociobiologist theorize that certain and artifacts if they no longer give them satisfaction. They can change ideas,
cultural behaviors have persisted and even evolved over time due to activities and artifacts prior to their transmission and even reject them
biological impulses that prioritize survival and maximize reproduction. afterwards. They may dislike some of their physical features but are powerless to
They suggest that some elements of culture, particularly values and alter much of it. There is no generation gap for human biological behaviors. Thus,
behavioral norms, are created because of human instinct, which is based cultural behaviors are shared by groups of people and depend much on those
on our biology. groups for validity and transmission, even if people do not always exercise that
privilege.
Aspects of Culture III. Learning through socialization or enculturation

Behavior patterns that constitute a specific culture are not genetically ort
I. Culture is dynamic, Flexible and Adaptive biologically determined. Every normal infant has the potential to learn any culture
as he or she grows and survives the various stages of life. Often, the culture that a
Cultural behavior allows people to fit into and adapt to their respective
child learns and imbibes is a result of chance or simply accidental because of
environments. For instance, people wear clothes to protect their body from harsh
his/her place of birth. Through the process of socialization or enculturation, the
climate. They also search food for nourishment and survival. In contemporary
child eventually acquires the prevailing attitudes and beliefs, the forms of
societies, where culture is highly developed, people ca even fit their environment
behavior appropriate to the social roles he or she occupies, and the behavior
21
patterns and value of the society into which he or she is born. Because culture is Acquired through learning, cultural ideas, activities, and artifacts are
learned rather than transmitted biologically, it is sometimes called man’s social handed down from generation to generation as a super organic inheritance which
heritage. means it is inherently passed through generations. For instance, epic chanting as
If culture stems from race, then changes can occur only as biological forms; in a super organic inheritance is passed on to the next generation of chanters
this case, and due to practical purposes, directed progress would be impossible. But through teaching the craft to younger ones
human mind, man not only learns a culture but also has capacity to abandon or set aside
parcels of it in certain conditions and gradually adapt new and often radically different VII. Requires Language and other forms of communication
behavior forms
Language is shared set of spoken (often written) symbols and rules used
in meaningful ways. Language has been called “the store house of culture.” It is
IV. Patterned Social Interactions
the primary means of capturing, communicating, discussing, changing, and
Social interaction, as commonly viewed, implies theories of reciprocity,
passing shared understanding to new generations (and new citizens). Language is
complementarily, and mutuality of response. For example, A question implies
the most important means of cultural transmission, process by which one
answer. A statement implies acknowledgement of the communication. A hostile
generation passes culture to the next. Through the unique power of language,
act is countered or allayed. These samples simply illustrate primary patterns of
people gain access to centuries of accumulated wisdom (OU: 10) Without
social integration. The patterns of social interaction may be viewed
language, people will not be able to inform others about events, emotions, and
- As inherent characteristics of the participants merely give the opportunity
other experiences that they did not experience (Haviland, et. al.: 316
to be exposed.
- As “emergent” in the sense that they arise in the interaction as a product
There is barely a shade of difference in these two views, one suggesting primarily
a notion of crystallization of individual patterns: the other an unfolding in group
process.
V. Integrated and at times unstable

For a society or group, ideas, activities, and are not only shared; their
arrangement more or less fit together and interlock to form a consistent whole.
For example, technology and its relationship with social and political patterns.
Certainly, the various behaviors we observe are different kinds of cultural Reference links
expressions and are acted for different reason and purposes. Nonetheless, they
can be viewed as patterned general responses to the problem of existence. In Hipolito, Dante. Art Circle Gallery (2020). Above image retrieved from
other words, the tools available, which include preconditioned impulses and https://www.pinterest.com.mx/pin/822399581924771838/
preconceived ideas or notions, the social behaviors associated with their use, Santarita J., Madrid R. (2016) Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. 1253 G. Araneta
concepts of ownerships, concepts of leaderships, and even religion must in some Avenue, Quezon city, Vibal Group, Inc.
degree be interrelated if the whole culture is to be effective.
Long-Crowell E. Analyzing culture retrieved from
VI. Transmitted through Socialization or Enculturation https://study.com/academy/lesson/cultural-analysis-theoretical-approaches
22
Culture Society
Important Reminders
• Tear this activity sheet and submit on the scheduled date Belief Social Interaction
Moral Social Class
(SECTION_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME_ACTIVITYNAME) or send a digital copy from your
flash drive together with this activity sheet. Law Social Grouping
ACTIVITY 1:
Pictionary Art Social Relation
Using another set of papers, define the following concepts or words using self-
taken pictures and give short description. Your output will be graded based on this rubric:
Habits Social Stratification
unacceptable
Criteria 5 4 3 2 1
ACTIVITY 2:
Originality
Poster Making
Creativity Make an illustrative interpretation of the theme; “Society and culture as a
Visual Impact complex whole”. Your output will be graded based on this rubric:
Relevance to the terms used 5 – Excellent 4 – Good 3 – Adequate 2 – Marginal 1 – No credit /

unacceptable
Description’s quality (relevance to the photo,
Grammar, Punctuations, spelling etc.) Criteria 5 4 3 2 1
Relevance to the theme
Originality
Creativity
23
Visual Impact 8. Various members of a culture share ideas, activities, and artifacts.
Answer:___________________
Color harmony
9. Reproduction is the reason how societies manage to exist over a long period of time.
Answer:___________________
MODULE 3: Assessment 10. Culture exists when social beings behave toward each other in ways determined by
Modified true or false. Write TRUE if the underlined word is correct, if not; change the their recognition of one another.
underlined word with your chosen answer. Answer:___________________
1. Society refers to a group of people sharing a common culture.

Answer:___________________
2. Culture is a “complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes,

laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns and
shares as a member of society.”
Answer:___________________
3. Society is composed of ideas, activities, and artifacts.

Answer:___________________
4. Activities are man-made products of ideas and activities.
Answer:___________________
5. Language is shared set of spoken (often written) symbols and rules used in meaningful
ways.
Answer:___________________
6. Society is composed of heritage that can be seen and touched.
Answer:___________________
7. Culture can be transmitted through socialization or enculturation.
Answer:___________________
24
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism

UNIT ONE

• Distinguish key features of the three major approaches to
4 the study of culture, society, and politics.
• Value cultural heritage and express pride of place
Inclusive dates:
without being ethnocentric.
Overview:
Each Culture differs from another as each defines reality differently. As a see a U.S.-style classroom firsthand. But as they experience unanticipated
result, some people find it difficult to get along with or understand other people’s differences from their own culture, their excitement gives way to discomfort and
ways of thinking and doing. Moreover, each group tends to believe that its view doubts about how to behave appropriately in the new situation. Eventually, as
of reality is right and proper and anything outside its context is absolutely people learn more about a culture, they recover from culture shock. Culture
opposite shock may appear because people are not always expecting cultural differences.
Ethnocentrism Cultural Relativism

Cultural Relativism is the ability to understand a culture on its own terms
The view of one’s group is superior compared to another.
and not to make judgments using the standards of others own culture. The goal
Inethnocentrism’s viewpoint, their group is considered as the center or core of
of this is promote understanding of cultural practices that are not typically part of
everything. They evaluate and judge another culture based on how it compares to
one’s own culture. Using the perspective of cultural relativism leads to the view
their own cultural norms. Almost everyone is a little bit ethnocentric. For
that no one’s culture is superior to another; different cultures should be
example, Americans tend to say that people from England drive on the “wrong”
accepted, tolerated, and appreciated rather than condemned. Culture must be
side of the road, rather than on the “other” side. Another example is the Chinese
viewed and analyzed on their own terms in the context of their own societal
people’s feeling of superiority anchored on so-called “middle kingdom complex”,
setting. No society has the right to use its own values and norms as yardsticks to
which they believed that their country is in the center or middle of the world and
view the traits of another society. In a holistic understanding of the term cultural
those outside their domains are considered barbarians. Ethnocentrism can be so
relativism, it tries to promote the understanding of cultural practices that are
strong that when confronted with all of the differences of a new culture, one may
unfamiliar to other cultures such as eating insects, genocides, or genital cutting.
experience disorientation and frustration. In sociology, we call this culture shock
A traveler from Chicago might find the nightly silence of rural Montana unsettling,
There are two different categories of cultural relativism:
not peaceful. An exchange student from China might be annoyed by the constant
- Absolute: Everything that happens within a culture must and should
interruptions in class as other students ask questions—a practice that is
not be questioned by outsiders.
considered rude in China. Perhaps the Chicago traveler was initially captivated
with Montana’s quiet beauty and the Chinese student were originally excited to
25
- Critical: Creates questions about cultural practices in terms of who is such as oral traditions, performing arts, social practices, rituals, festive events,
accepting them and why. Critical cultural relativism also recognizes knowledge and practices concerning nature and universe or the knowledge and
power relationships. skills to produce traditional crafts.
In particular, The UNESCO emphasized the preservation of intangible
Example of cultural relativism can be seen with the Chinese culture and cultural heritage. This nonmaterial form of cultural heritage can either be
their process of feet binding. Foot binding was to stop the growth of the foot and characterized as traditional, contemporary, and living, inclusive, representative,
make them smaller. The process often began between four and seven years old. A and community-base. Also, this type of heritage does not represent inherited
ten-foot bandage would be wrapped around the foot forcing the toes to go under traditions from the past but also contemporary rural and urban practices in which
the foot. It caused the big toe to be closer to the heel causing the foot to bow. In diverse cultural groups to take part. Whether they are form the neighboring
China, small feet were seen as beautiful and a symbol of status. The women village, from a city on the opposite side of the world or have been adapted by
wanted their feet to be “three-inch golden lotuses” It was also the only way to peoples who have migrated and settled in a different region, they are all
marry into money. Because men only wanted women with small feet, even after intangible cultural heritage.
this practice was banned in 1912, women still continued to do it. To Western Intangible cultural heritage has been passed from one generation to
cultures the idea of feet binding might seems torturous, but for the Chinese another. It has evolved in response to the changes in the community that it
culture it was a symbol of beauty that has been ingrained the culture for belongs to. It gives a sense of identity and continuity to people and his or her
hundreds of years. The idea of beauty differs from culture to culture. community. As such, intangible cultural heritage provides a link from mankind’s
past through the present and into the future
Cultural form and threats Intangible cultural heritage is shared and contributes to social cohesion it
helps individuals have a sense of identity and responsibility. It also gives a sense
In studying culture, it is important to determine its forms. A good portion of belongingness, making individuals feel part of different communities or society
of culture is visible and tangible since it consists of a huge number of products at large.
conceived and manufactured by people. The diversity of culture is a source of Intangible cultural heritage is not merely valued as cultural good, om a
creativity, innovation and renewal and is vital for the continuity of human comparative basis, for its exclusivity or it is exceptional value, which qualifies it as
development. Tangible cultural heritage includes all material objects, such as representative heritage. It thrives in its basis in communities and depends on
artifacts, buildings or landscapes, tools, furniture, bridges, and any physical those whose knowledge of traditions, skills and customs are passed on to the rest
substance which has been changed and used by people. In fact, tangible heritage of community, from generation to generation, or to other communities.
provides the physical space for the non-physical expression of culture. The other Furthermore, this non-material form of cultural heritage is also community-
form of culture is non-material or intangible. It consists of abstractions that based. Intangible forms of culture become heritage only when it is recognized as
includes knowledge, beliefs, values, rules for behavior, traditional skills and such by the communities, groups, or individuals that create, maintain, and
technologies, religious ceremonies, performing arts, and storytelling. Both the transmit it.
tangible and intangible forms of culture, according to the United Nations However, forms of intangible, cultural heritage have witnessed certain
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), are considered as changes, brought by globalization, technological revolution, and even cultural
“cultural heritage”. Cultural heritage does not end at sites, landmarks, homogenization through the years.
monuments, and collections of objects. It is also includes traditions or living There are expression and manifestation of intangible cultural heritage
expressions inherited from our ancestors and passed on to the next generation, that are under threat by the lack of support, appreciation, and understanding of
26
people. If intangible cultural heritage is not nurtured, it risks becoming lost

forever, or frozen as practice belonging to the past.
Preserving intangible cultural heritage and passing it on to future
generations strengthens and keeps it alive while simultaneously allowing it to
evolve and adapt. In order to safeguard intangible cultural heritage, it must
remain relevant to a culture and be regularly practiced and learned within
communities and between generations. By doing so, both tangible, if not all,
forms of cultural heritage developed along with the biological and cultural
evolution of early humans until the modern period.
Reference links
http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture
Lim, L. Painful Memories for China’s Foot binding Survivors, retrieved from
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=8966942
Crites, James Chinese Foot Binding retrieved from

http://www.angelfire.com/ca/beekeeper/foot.html
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/culturalanthropology/chapter/cultural-relativism/
27
ACTIVITY 2:
Important Reminders
• Tear this activity sheet and submit on the scheduled date Advantages and Disadvantages
along with the other activity (ies) the instructor may have asked the Complete the table below by determining at least three advantages and disadvantages of
students to do on a separate paper. the terms below.
Advantages Disadvantage
____________________________________________ following this format: Ethnocentrism
(SECTION_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME_ACTIVITYNAME), or send a digital copy from
ACTIVITY 1:
Detecting Ethnocentrism
Find foods that is usually prepared and not usually prepared in your community orregion.
Comment on the food and compare them to the food from the others place (please
indicate their name and place). Check if it’s a Strange food (if you’re not familiar or
haven’t tasted this food yet), Good food (you’ve tasted and liked it), Bad food (If you’ve
tasted it and give the reason why you don’t like it). You can use another set of paper.
Kinds of food Strange food Good food Bad food Reasons

Cultural Relativism
Food 1
Food 2
Food 3
Food 4
Food 5
28
MODULE 4: Assessment Test II. Essay writing. Identify at least two (2) Philippine cultural heritage under threat
(one tangible and one intangible). Briefly discuss in 3-5 sentences their threats and its
sources, and then come up with a plan of action on how to handle with these threats.
Test I. Multiple choice. Encircle the letter of the correct answer. (1 point each)
Your output will be graded based on this rubric:
1. What is the function of culture?
a. Determine what is proper to eat 5 – Excellent 4 – Good 3 – Adequate 2 – Marginal 1 – No credit /
b. Established the appropriate clothes to wear unacceptable
c. Determine who will have approved sexual contact with whom
d. All of the above Criteria 5 4 3 2 1
2. The idea that cultural elements can be understood in the culture in which they
are used is known as
a. Cultural universal etc.)
b. Cultural relativism
c. Cultural trait
d. Ethnocentrism
3. The tendency to view the norms and values of one’s culture as absolute and to Following the instructions.
use them as a standard to judge the practices of other cultures is known as
a. Cultural universal
b. Cultural relativism
c. Cultural trait
d. Ethnocentrism
4. Which of the following is not an example of intangible culture?
a. Belief in atheism
b. Belief in God
c. The commandment ‘thou shall not kill’
d. Crucifix
5. Which of these statements are ethnocentric?
a. I do not like Jazz
b. I believe I my religion
c. My religion is the only religion which embodies truth
d. I do not like pork
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UNIT ONE Tracing Human Cultural and Sociopolitical Evolution

• Analyze key features of interrelationships of biological,
cultural, and sociopolitical processes in human evolution that
5 can still be use and developed.
Inclusive dates: • Determine the differences of biological and cultural revolution
• Determine how hominids evolved into modern humans
Overview:
To study and understand the processes of becoming human, it is
important that we look back to the past. Anthropology offers two methods of next generation. It occurs when a DNA gene is damaged or changed in such a
doing this study. One is through the close examination of the material remains way as to alter the genetic message carried by that gene. A Mutagen is an agent
that early humans had left behind. The other is through the study of the genetic of substance that can bring about a permanent alteration to the physical
codes that were passed on across several generations. Through these composition of a DNA gene such that the genetic message is changed.
approaches, the story of human evolution can be told. It will be seen that humans
evolved as they made use of their peculiar biological features in harnessing the B. Migration - the movement of populations, groups, or individuals. In
natural environment and in propagating themselves widely across the planet as genetic terms, migration enables gene flow: the movement of genes from one
social beings. population into another. In gene flow, two populations mix genes. Over time
there is less distinction between those populations. So, let us say there are two
Microevolution Vs. Macroevolution populations of polar bears that have not met in the recent past. Each population
was existing on their own, separate chunks of land for a very long time. One
The tree of life has many branches that all connect to a common population lived to the south and one population lived in the north. There was no
ancestor, and the diversity of life on the tree results from evolutionary processes. reason, or perhaps no way, to have met before. Then, as the climate started to
Just as we organize life on earth into hierarchies, we would like to do the same change and more of the sea ice started to melt, the polar bears in the south were
for evolutionary processes and patterns. Thus, many scientists propose that not finding the habitats they needed to survive. They started to shift their
evolution can be divided into two distinct hierarchical processes -- microevolution population towards the north and met the other population of polar bears. Once
and macroevolution -- although the distinction between them is somewhat they started interbreeding, the genetic distinctions decreased.
artificial. Microevolution describes mechanisms that alter the frequencies of
alleles in gene pools within species (Rexnick & Ricklefs 2009). C. Genetic drift - is change in allele frequencies in a population from
These mechanisms include: generation to generation that occurs due to chance events. To be more exact,
genetic drift is change due to "sampling error" in selecting the alleles for the next
A. Mutation - happen just by chance. Somewhere along the line, a change in generation from the gene pool of the current generation. It refers to the change
a gene or a chromosome shows up as a physical or a behavioral difference in an in a type of genes in a population because of the random nature of reproduction.
individual. Because it affects a gene or chromosome, it can then be passed to the In other words, when people who have the gene causing a specific genetic trait to
30
reproduce with people who do not have the gene, the gene can become more
popular or totally disappear from the population. For example, a large group of
red poppies exchanges genetic material with white poppies. Over time, white
poppies become rarer and rarer while red poppies thrive.
D. Natural selection - the process through which populations of living

organisms adapt and change. Individuals in a population are naturally variable,
meaning that they are all different in some ways. This variation means that some
individuals have traits better suited to the environment than others. Giraffes,
lizards, and many other known species adapted to their environments through
genetic changes to their skeletons. This form of natural selection meant that
members of the population who did not develop and present these skeletal
changes died out. For example, giraffes developed long necks to reach food
sources higher up in trees, so members of the giraffe population who did not
develop a long neck died out. At the same time, certain lizards in one region
developed longer leg bones to help it climb up during periods of flood and to
escape predators in the ground; shorter legged lizards of the same population
died out until only the lizards with the long legs survived.
https://images.app.goo.gl/F7QPoTvj66HjjRXBA
Meanwhile, Macroevolution focuses on the formation of new species

(speciation) and on the evolutionary relationship between groups of species. The
term species is often defined as population capable of interbreeding (producing
viable, fertile offspring). Because speciation is a process, it can occur at various
rates. Speciation through the process of adaptive change to the environment as
proposed in Darwin’s Origin of species (1859) is generally considered to occur at a
slow rate. In this model, speciation happens as organisms become more adapted
to their environment. However, speciation can also take place quite rapidly. For
instance, a genetic mutation involving a key regulatory gene can lead to the
formation of a new body plan. Such genetic accidents may involve material that is
broken off, transposed, or transferred from one chromosome to another. Genes
that regulate the growth and development of an organism may have a major
effect on its adult form. Scientist have discovered a certain type of gene called
https://images.app.goo.gl/L9xPV2M2tfwA1xwP6 homeobox that is responsible for the large-scale on the growth and development
31
of organisms. If new body plan is adaptive, an organism will maintain its new form humans. Some of these ancient primates were relatively small; some, however,
during long periods of time rather than promote change because of natural were larger that present-day gorillas.
selection.
Early Humans
Humans and their ancestors are distinct among the hominoids for
bipedalism, a special form of locomotion on two feet. Larger brains and bipedal
locomotion constitute the most striking differences between contemporary
people and our closest primate relatives
Tracing the roots of human evolution is done by determining whether a
fossilized hominoid is bipedal (walks on two feet). There are several ways to
determine bipedalism such as looking at the curves of the spine, shape of the
pelvis and shape of the foot bones among others
As far as research can tell, the earliest ancestors of humans hailed from
the australopithecines which were bipedal but had small brain-size in proportion
to their bodies. It is theorized that from one species of Australopithecus, the
Homo habilis evolved. Compared to the australopithecines, the Homo habilis had
exercised higher anilities to learn and was better at processing information than
the australopithecine. In addition, dates of the projected time of existence of the
Homo habilis are close to the dates where early stone tools were discovered.
Following the Homo habilis in the line of human evolution was the Homo
erectus. With an even larger brain, the Homo erectus was more able to adapt to
https://images.app.goo.gl/byxLmV7sVvf3iSej9 the environment and provide solutions to problems of survival. The culture of the
The earliest primate like mammals came into being approximately 65 Homo erectus is mostly perceived through the tools they made.
million years ago when a new, mild climate favored the spread of dense tropical
and subtropical forest in most land areas around the world. The change in climate
and habitat favored mammal diversification, including the evolutionary
development of arboreal mammals from which primates evolved.
Approximately 40 million years ago diurnal anthropoid primates
appeared. Then 23 million years after, at the start of the geological epoch known
as the Miocene, the first fossil apes or hominids began to appear in Asia, Africa,
and Europe. Hominoids are broad-shouldered tailless primates that include all
living and extinct apes and humans. The word hominoid comes from the Latin root
words homo and homi (human being) and the suffix oxides (resembling). As a
group, the first fossil apes were called hominoids because of their resemblance to
https://images.app.goo.gl/iXkfM7b9z36KNnSj6
32
Paleolithic Period Cultural and Sociopolitical evolution

The Paleolithic period or Old stone age is divided into three divisions, The evolution of cultural and sociopolitical dimensions of humankind
each with a distinct tradition of tool making. The divisions are labeled according underwent several stages of change for a millennia. It started from the Neolithic
to the layers of ground the tools were found in: revolution until the development of states and, in contemporary times, the
a. The lower Paleolithic period marked the existence of the Homo practice of democracy.
erectus. The Homo erectus sought efficiency and made tools for The Neolithic Revolution literally means the New stone age revolution
specific tasks. During this period, the hand ax and other stone tools because of the polished stone tools and the techniques that produced such tools
were created. Tools during this period were made by chipping off emerged during this period. More importantly, the Neolithic revolution was a
flakes from a core of rock, from different angles. time of fundamental change; it was the period when food production started. The
b. The Homo sapiens lived during the Middle Paleolithic period. The invention of food production occurred in several independent parts of the world
Homo sapiens made more efficient tools, holding, and pulling. under different periods.
Further specialization of tools was also done by creating, uniform Before the Neolithic revolution, humans foraged, hunted, and gathered
flakes of rock and detailing each one for a particular task. food for survival. Food-producing habits began to change about 10,000 years ago.
c. Lastly, the homo sapiens sapiens lived during the Upper Paleolithic At first, our ancestor had supplemented the food they produced with food they
period. The blade, longer than a flake of rock, was the most distinct obtained from hunting and gathering. However, once agriculture was developed,
tool developed during this period. The expansion of specialized tools substantial changes in the lifestyle of humans took place. For example, human
reflected an increase in the population of the Homo sapiens and their society could now control the reproduction of plants and animals for different
exploration of new economic activities. purposes. Gradually they become less dependent on wild food sources as
domesticated plants and animals have increased in number and improved quality.
People had also started to settle in specific areas they called villages so they can
grow crops and raise animals, which, in turn, lessened nomadic practices. It
should be noted that the cultivation of plants and the raising of animals for food
required less effort than did hunting and gathering, contributing to dependable
food source for larger number of people to live together. Specialized social roles
in the community may have also started to develop during this period.
The Neolithic Revolution also resulted to a change in human attitude
toward the natural environment. People started willfully changing their
environment. Since they are now capable of producing food, they have also
started to create tools using the available resources around them, such as wood,
bamboo, and stone.
Moreover, as people learned the basics of food production and
abandoned foraging, the domestication of animals and crop production became a
https://images.app.goo.gl/jybrW3NC7iMLxPCy9
common practice in communities. Grains and grasses were experimented for
their edibility. Also, people started cutting timber for their abodes and cleared
33
forested areas for settlements. Eventually, communities were built as human

population increases which led to the rise of cities.
https://images.app.goo.gl/jn4aDnCtyzXgi7AW9
Reference links
Nulial T., Sociocultural and Political evolution. Above image retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/janenulial1/sociocultural-and-political-evolution
Natural selection retrieved from

https://www.softschools.com/examples/science/natural_selection_examples/26/
Genetic drift retrieved from

https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-genetic-drift.html
34
Important Reminders ACTIVITY 2:

Biological Timeline
In this activity, the learners should trace the biological evolution of the hominids and
hominin species using a timeline. The learners select the significant events and justify
these events within the period. For instruction, teachers may ask the learners to do the
following:
1. In another set of paper, create and illustrate a timeline of the evolution of hominins.
Draw a straight line in the middle of the paper.
2. Space the events out evenly with the earliest hominin below and the more recent on
ACTIVITY 1: the lines that follow.
The Idea Wheel 3. Label each hominin with a boxed title, the date, and a colored drawing representing
the hominin.
Identify the physical markers of hominins as suggested in the illustration provided in the 4. Write the dates for each event in time order from left to right. Add the details along
areas circle A. Explain these characteristics in circle B. the line.
35
MODULE 5: Assessment Test II. Essay Writing. In 3-7 sentences, Answer the questions below.
Test I. Identification. Identify the terms asked and write your answer on the space Your output will be graded based on this rubric:
provided. 5 – Excellent 4 – Good 3 – Adequate 2 – Marginal 1 – No credit /
_______________________1. Characterized by the use of polished stones implements, unacceptable
development of permanent dwellings, cultural advances such as pottery making,
domestication of animals and plants and the cultivation of grain.
Criteria 5 4 3 2 1
_______________________2. Characterized by the use of knapped stone tools, although
at the time humans also used wood and bone tools, they learned to build fire, kept record Quality of writing (Informative, well organized
and communicated through cave paintings. etc.)
______________________3. Form of terrestrial locomotion where an organism moves by Grammar usage and Mechanics (spelling,
means of its two rear limbs or legs. punctuations, grammatical errors)
______________________ 4. Process where new species evolved. Following the instructions.
______________________5. Evolution that occurs at or above the level of the species. It

may involve evolutionary changes in two interacting species, or it may involve the 1. Why does studying human evolution necessary?
emergence of one or more brand new species.
2. How does Neolithic evolution affect our lives?
36
Early civilization and the rise of the state

UNIT ONE

• Analyze how society become a civilization
• Identify and define the world’s earliest civilizations
6 • Identify the technological developments, as well as
Inclusive dates: developments in governmental, economic and belief
systems.
Overview: Characteristics of Civilization

The first civilizations appeared in locations where the geography was
favorable to intensive agriculture.It depended on the ability of some agricultural All civilizations have certain characteristics. These include:
settlements to consistently produce surplus food, which allowed some people to 1. Large population centers
specialize in non-agricultural work, which increased the production, trade, Large population centers, or urban areasallow civilizations to
population, and social stratification. develop, although people who live outside these urban centers are still
Governments and states emerged as rulers who gained control over larger part
areas and other resources, often through the use of writing (which is use for the of that region’s civilization. Rural residents of civilizations may include
codification of laws and record keeping) and religion to maintain social hierarchies farmers, fishers, and traders, who regularly sell their goods and services to
and consolidate power over larger areas and populations. urban residents.
2. Monumental architecture and unique art styles

Early Civilization All civilizations work to preserve their legacy by building large
The word civilization come from the Latin word civis, which refers to a monuments and structures. The ancient monuments are used as a symbol
person who lives in a city; and civets, which refers to the urban community in of their culture and political power. Buildings are not the only monuments
which one dwells. As defined by anthropologists, civilization refers to societies in that define civilizations, there are also distinct artistic stylesrepresenting
which large numbers of people live in cities. The inhabitants of the cities are native animals carved in a stone is also included.
socially stratified and governed by a ruling elite who work through centrally
organized political systems called states. 3. Shared communication
As Neolithic villages grew into towns, the world’s first cities developed. Shared communication may include spoken language; alphabets;
This happened between 4500 and 6000 years ago, first in Mesopotamia (modern numeric systems; signs, ideas, and symbols; and illustration and
day Iraq) then in Egypt’s Nile Valley, and Indus Valley (today’s Pakistan and India). representation.
In China, civilization started 5000 years ago. Independent of these developments Written language in particular allows civilizations to record their
in Eurasia and Africa, the first American and Indian cities appeared in Peru own history and everyday events—crucial for understanding ancient
approximately 4000 years ago and in Mesoamerica about 2000 years ago. cultures. The world's oldest known written language is Sumerian, which
developed in Mesopotamia around 3100 BCE. The most familiar form of
37
early Sumerian writing was called cuneiform and was made up of The key to the development of civilizations is the division of
different collections of wedges (triangle) shapes. The earliest Sumerian people into classes. This is a complex idea that can be broken down into
writing was record-keeping. Just like written records of modern two parts: income and type of work performed. Changing classes has
civilizations, Sumerian cuneiform kept track of taxes, grocery bills, and traditionally been difficult and happens over generations. Classes can
laws for things like theft. mean groups of people divided by their income. This division is
4. Infrastructure and administration sometimes characterized as “economic class.” Modern Western
All civilizations rely on government administration—bureaucracy.
Civilization often divides economic classes into wealthy, middle-class, and
Perhaps no civilization better exemplifies this than ancient Rome.
poor. In medieval civilizations of Europe, there were fewer economic
Romans used a variety of methods to administer their republic and,
later, empire. Engineering, for instance, was a key part of Roman classes. Kings and queens had enormous amounts of money and land,
administration. Romans built a network of roads so that communication merchant economic classand serfs or people who worked the land and
between far-away territories was as efficient as possible. Roads also had almost nothing.
made travel by the Roman military much easier.
Roman leaders relied on a series of legal codes for administration. 10 oldest ancient civilizations
These codes helped structure laws between different parts of Roman 1. The Mesopotamian Civilization
territory, as well as between rich and poor, men and women, slave and
free. Roman laws included restrictions on marriage, ownership of land,
and access to professions such as priesthoods.
One of Rome’s most lasting contributions to Western Civilization
was the establishment of legal culture itself. Roman law was largely
public, and jurists created such formalities as legal language and
procedure that would define European law for centuries. In fact, “Roman
law” describes the legal system used throughout Western Europe through
the 18th century.
5. Division of labor
Civilizations are marked by complex divisions of labor. This
means that different people perform specialized tasks. In a purely
agricultural society, members of the community are largely self-sufficient,
and can provide food, shelter, and clothing for themselves. In a complex
civilization, farmers may cultivate one type of crop and depend on other Civilization Name: Mesopotamian civilization
people for other foods, clothing, shelter, and information. Period: 3500 BC–500 BC
Original Location: Northeast by the Zagros mountains, southeast by the Arabian
plateau
6. Class structure
38
Current Location: Iraq, Syria, and Turkey the three, it was the most widespread, covering an area of 1.25 million
Meaning: Land between rivers (ancient Greek) kilometers.
Major Highlights: First civilization in the world
Mesopotamia is generally credited as being the first place where civilized 3. The Ancient Egyptian Civilization
society truly began to take shape. It was somewhere around 8000 BC that Civilization Name: Egyptian civilization
people developed the idea of agriculture and slowly started to domesticate Period: 3150 BC–30 BC
animals for both food and to assist in farming. Original Location: Banks of the Nile
Current Location: Egypt
2. The Indus Valley Civilization Major Highlights: Construction of pyramids
Civilization Name: Indus Valley civilization
Period: 3300 BC–1900 BC
Original Location: Around the basin of the Indus river
Current Location: Northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India
Major Highlights: One of the most widespread civilizations, covering 1.25 million
km
Ancient Egypt is one of the oldest and culturally rich civilizations on this list. The
ancient Egyptian civilization, a majestic civilization from the banks of the Nile, is
known for its prodigious culture, its pharaohs, the enduring pyramids, and the
This civilization flourished in areas extending from what is today northeast
Sphinx.
Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India. Along with Ancient Egypt and
Mesopotamia, it was one of three early civilizations of the ancient world, and of
39
4. The Maya Civilization 5. The Chinese Civilization

Civilization Name: Maya civilization Civilization Name: Chinese civilization
Period: 2600 BC–900 AD Period: 1600 BC–1046 BC
Original Location: Around present-day Yucatan Original Location: Yellow River and Yangtze region
Current Location: Yucatan, Quintana Roo, Campeche, Tabasco, and Chiapas in Current Location: Country of China
Mexico and south through Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, and Honduras Major Highlights: Invention of paper and silk
Major Highlights: Complex understanding of astronomy
The Yellow River civilization is said to be the beginning of the entire Chinese
The ancient Maya civilization flourished in Central America from about 2600 BC civilization as this is where the earliest dynasties were based. It was around 2700
and has been much talked about because of the calendar it introduced. Once BC that the legendary Yellow Emperor began his rule, which later led to the birth
established, the Mayan civilization went on to prosper and become highly of many dynasties that went on to rule mainland China.In 2070 BC, the Xia
sophisticated with a booming population of about 19 million at its peak. By 700 dynasty became the first to rule the whole of China as described in ancient
BC, the Mayans had already devised their own system of writing which they used historical chronicles. From then on, there were a number of dynasties that held
to create solar calendars carved in stone. According to them, the world was control during different periods of time until the end of the Qing dynasty in 1912
created on August 11, 3114 BC, which is the date from which their calendar AD with the Xinhai Revolution. This marked the end of more than four millennia
begins. The supposed end date was December 21, 2012. of ancient Chinese civilization. By this time, however, the Chinese had given the
world some of its most useful inventions and products such as gunpowder, paper,
printing, the compass, alcohol, cannons, and many more.
40
6. The Ancient Greek Civilization 7. The Persian Civilization

Civilization Name: Greek civilization Civilization Name: Persian civilization
Period: 2700 BC–479 BC Period: 550 BC–331 BC
Original Location: Italy, Sicily, North Africa, and as far west as France Original Location: Egypt in the west to Turkey in the north, and through
Current Location: Greece Mesopotamia to the Indus river in the east
Major Highlights: Concepts of democracy and the Senate, the Olympics Current Location: Modern-day Iran
Major Highlights: Royal road
The ancient Greeks may not have been the oldest civilization, but they are
doubtlessly one of the most influential. Even though the rise of ancient Greece
came from the Cycladic and Minoan civilizations (2700 BC–1500 BC), there is
evidence of burials in the Franchthi Cave in Argolid, Greece, dating back to There was a time when the ancient Persian civilization was, in fact, the most
around 7250 BC. The history of this civilization is spread over such a long period powerful empire in the world. Though only in power for a little over 200 years, the
of time that historians have divided it into different periods, the most popular of Persians conquered lands that covered over two million square miles. From the
them being the Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods. These periods saw a southern parts of Egypt to parts of Greece and east to parts of India, the Persian
number of ancient Greeks come into the limelight, many of whom changed the Empire was known for its military strength and wise rulers.
world forever and are still being talked about to this day.
41
8. The Roman Civilization Original Location: South-central region of pre-Columbian Mexico

Civilization Name: Roman civilization Current Location: Mexico
Period: 550 BC–465 AD Major Highlights: Nahuatl became the major language
Original Location: Village of the Latini
Current Location: Rome
Major Highlights: Most powerful ancient civilization
Roman civilization emerged around the sixth century BC. Even the story The Aztecs came on to the scene pretty much around the time when the
behind the foundation of ancient Rome is the stuff of legend and myth. At the Incas were emerging as powerful contenders in South America. Around the 1200s
height of its power, the Roman Empire ruled over a huge chunk of land, and all and early 1300s, the people in present-day Mexico lived in three big rival cities –
the present-day Mediterranean countries were part of ancient Rome. Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan. Around 1325, these rivals created an
Early Rome was governed by kings, but after only seven of them had alliance and the new state came to dominate the Valley of Mexico. Back then, the
ruled, the people took control over their own city and ruled themselves. They people preferred the name Mexica to Aztecs. The rise of the Aztecs was within a
introduced a council known as the Senate which ruled over them. From this point, century of the fall of another influential civilization in Mexico and Central America
Rome was referred to as the Roman Republic. – the Mayans.
Rome also saw the rise and fall of some of the greatest emperors in
human history, like Julius Caesar, Trajan, and Augustus. But eventually, the 10. The Incan Civilization
empire became so vast that it was simply not possible to bring it under single Civilization Name: Incan civilization
rule. In the end, the Roman Empire was overrun by millions of barbarians from Period: 1438 AD–1532 AD
the north and east of Europe. Original Location: Present-day Peru
Current Location: Ecuador, Peru, and Chile
9. The Aztec Civilization Major Highlights: Largest empire in South America in the pre-Columbian era
Civilization Name: Aztec civilization
Period: 1345 AD–1521 AD
42
yearly. Increased crop yields, resulting from agricultural innovations,

contributed to the high population densities of ancient civilization.
When farming became permanent, populations in farming
villages rose. Often, areas near bodies of water were developed into
agricultural lands. However, with the development of irrigation systems
even dry areas were able to participate in food production (Kottak, 2000)
b. Diversification of labor – In a Neolithic village without irrigation or plow

farming, every family member participated in the planting crops. High
crop yields made possible by new farming methods and increased
population permitted a sizable number of people to pursue non-
agricultural activities on a full-time basis.
Ancient public records document a variety of specialized workers.
For example, an early Mesopotamia document from the old Babylonian
city of Lagash (modern day Tell al-Hiba, Iraq) listed artisans, craftsmen,
The Incan Empire was the largest empire in South America in the pre-Columbian and people who store crops in the temple of granaries as examples of
era. This civilization flourished in the areas of present-day Ecuador, Peru, and specialized workers in ancient Babylonian civilization. Other workers
Chile and had its administrative, military, and political center at Cusco which lies included were coppersmith, silversmiths, sculptors, merchants, potter,
in modern-day Peru. tanners, engravers, butchers, carpenters, spinners, barbers,
cabinetmakers, bakers, clerks, and brewers.
The rise of cities Through specialization came the expertise that led to the
invention of new ways of making and doing things. In Eurasia and Africa,
If a person grew up in a rural village in Mindanao decided to move to civilization ushered during the Bronze age, a period marked by the
Makati, he or she would experience a different way of life. The same would be production of tools and ornaments made of bronze. Metals were in great
true for a Neolithic villager dweller who moved into one of the first cities in demand for the manufacture of tools used by artisans and farmers, as
Mesopotamia 5500 years ago. Below are the four basic changes that mark the well as weapons. Copper and tin were smelted, or separated from their
transition from Neolithic village life to life in the first urban centers: ores, the purified and cast to make plows, swords, axes, and shields. Later
a. Agricultural Innovation – Changes in farming methods distinguished early on, such tools were made from smelted iron. In wars, stone knives,
civilizations from Neolithic villages. For example, the ancient Sumerians spears, and slings could not stand up against metal spears, arrowheads,
built an extensive system like dikes, canals, and reservoirs to irrigate their swords, helmets, and armor.
farmland. Through an extensivewater infrastructure, they were able to Early civilizations also developed extensive trade systems to
control water resources at will – water could be held and then run off into procure the raw materials needed for their technologies. In many parts of
the field, as necessary. the world, boats provided great access to trade centers, transporting large
Irrigation was an important factor that increased crop yield. loads of imports and exports between cities at less cost than if they had
Freedom from seasonal rain cycles allowed farmers to harvest more crops been carried overland.
43
strong, centralized control. Other ancient sites where centralized

c. Social stratification - The rise large, economically diversified populations government exists include the Mesopotamian city-states od Sumer, Ur.
presided over by centralized governing authorities brought with it the Lagash, and Nippur.
fourth cultural characteristic of civilization: social stratification or the Another indicator of the existence of centralized authority is
emergence of social classes. For example, symbols of special status and writing, or some form of recorded information. Through written
privilege appeared in the ancient cities of Mesopotamia, where people documents and artifacts, central authorities disseminated information
were ranked according to the kind of work they did or the family into and stored, systematized, and transmitted memory and information for
which they were born. political, religious, and economic purposes.
People who stood or near the head of government were the
earliest holders of high status. As time passed by, the possession of
wealth and the influence it could but became in itself a requisite for high
Earliest form of Government
status, as it is in some contemporary cultures. A king and his advisors typically headed the earliest city governments. Of
many ancient kings in the world, it was Hammurabi (the Babylonian king who lived
d. Central government – The mergence of a governing elite also in Mesopotamia between 3700 and 3950 years ago) who issued a set of laws now
characterized early civilizations. The challenges new cities faced because known as the Code of Hammurabi. It prescribed the correct form of legal
of their size and complexity required a strong central authority. The procedures and determined penalties for perjury and false accusations. It
governing elite saw to it that different interest groups, such as farmers or contained laws applying to property rights, loans and debts, family rights, and
craft specialist, provided their respective services and did not infringe on even damages paid for malpractice by a physician. It defined fixed rates to be
one another. charged in various trades and branches of commerce and mechanisms to protect
Just as they do today, governments of the past ensured that cities the poor, women, children, and slaves against injustice.
were safe from their enemies by constructing fortifications and raising an
army. They levied taxes and appointed tax collectors so that construction
workers, army, and other public expenses could be paid. They saw to it
that merchants, carpenters, and farmers who made legal claims received
justice according to standards of the legal system. They guaranteed safety
for the lives and property of ordinary people and assured them that any
harm done to one person by another would be justly handled. In addition,
surplus food had to e stored for times of scarcity, and public works, such
as extensive irrigation systems or fortifications, had to be supervised by
competent, fair individuals.
Evidence of centralized authority in ancient civilization comes
from sources, such as law codes, temple records, and royal chronicles.
Excavation of city structures themselves provides additional evidence
because they can show definite signs of city planning. The precise
The code of Hammurabi retrieved from https://images.app.goo.gl/yVwh1xg8vNm7RRY59
astronomical layout of the Mesoamerican city Teotihuacan attest to
44
While some civilization flourished under a single ruler with extraordinary

governing abilities, other civilizations possessed a widespread governing
Democratization
bureaucracy that was very efficient at every level. The government of the Inca
The idea of democracy took shape and was seriously put into practice
empire is one such example.
The Inca civilization of Peru surpassed every other civilization of the before it collapsed and was replaced by more authoritarian and asymmetric
Americas and most of those of in Eurasia. An emperor, regarded as the divine son forms of government in Ancient Greece. Democracy is a system of government
of the Sun God, headed the government. Under him came the royal family, the which embodies, in a variety of institutions and mechanisms, the ideal of political
aristocracy, imperial administrators, and lower nobility, and below them the power based on the will of the people. It is said that democracy is the highest
masses of artisans, craftsmen, and farmers. human achievement in political development because it gives the people a
The Inca empire was divided into four administrative regions, them collective voice in the art of governance. Democratization is a process which leads
further subdivided into provinces, villages, and families. Agricultural and to a more open, more participatory, less authoritarian society.
harvesting. Teams of professional relay runners carried messages up to 250 miles
in a single day over a network of roads and bridges that remains impressive even The degree of democracy is formally defined based on two measurable
today. factors according to Robert Dahl:
The growth or early cities in the ancient times and the presence of strong
a. Political equality - the degree of citizen participation in the political
central authority have improved human civilization that evolved for millennia.
process.
b. Political Freedom - the degree of acceptance of public contestation.
The goal of democratization is the establishment of “free and fair

elections” (Dahl 2000). It also serves as opportunity in which the various civil
liberties and political rights (freedom of expression, freedom of association,
freedom of the press, suffrage, eligibility for candidacy, etc.), which represent
components of the two above-mentioned factors are tested. The increased
interest in democratization among academics, policy makers, and activists alike is
in large part due to the strengthening of international norms that associate
democracy with many important positive outcomes, from respect for human
rights to economic prosperity to security.
Democratization is the building of political institutions, common interests,

and a new form of legitimating. Consolidating a democracy requires building
political parties and alliances capable of establishing credible national agenda and
The Indian Caste system (example of social hierarchy) retrieved from https://images.app.goo.gl/
fGKPVXVQLh57gMi66 control of the military, making the security forces accountable to electoral
45
representatives, and crafting a constitutional arrangement (voting rules, right of the Council of Elders (Areios Pagos). However, the higher offices of the
distribution of powers, checks on arbitrary action) that will seem fair, open and in city remained in the hands of the elite since it is doubtful whether more than one
the interest of all major sectors, including old and new elites. Thus, fifteenth of the citizens belonged to the pentakosiomedimnoi (five hundred
democratization emerges from political process of clash and compromise and bushel producers), or the knights, from whom the nine archons were elected.
consensus building (Friedman, 1994). Even the very right to vote was not universal, since it belonged to those who were
enlisted in some family group (genos) and many Athenians at that time did not
Authoritarianism is characterized by a significant concentration of belong to a genos (Fotopoulos, 1992).
economic and political power. The land belongs to the a few big landowners
whilst the poor farmers who cultivated it, called Hectemoroi, were obliged to pay Athenian democracy took another 20 or 30 years before election by lot
as rent one sixth of their produce. According to research, the relationship of the was first introduced for the archons (with the exception of the office of the
Hectemoroi was not simply the result of economic pressures and debts; it general, which required specialized knowledge and experience) in 487 B.C. and
expressed a traditional social status of inferiority which came into existence for the property criterion, which excluded the lower strata from higher offices to
during Greek dark ages (1100-800 B.C.), when the weak and the poor offered be abolished after the Battle of Plataia, in 479 B.C. Finally, almost another 20
their services to the powerful in return for their protection. years had to pass for the Areios Pagos (whose members still belonged to the two
richer classes) to be deprived of its privileges, which were transferred to the
However, all the Hectemoroi who could not pay their rent – or, in Assembly of the People, the Council of the Five Hundred, and the jury courts (461
general, all debtors who could not pay their loans – lost their freedom. Political B.C.) (Fotopoulus, 1992)
power was still weak since real power rested to a few influential families who
controlled economic and military power. The few political offices (nine archons, The completion of Athenian democracy was associated with the era of
the council of the Areopagus, etc.) belonged, according to one theory, to a Pericles when both political and economic democracy reached their peak. Greek
hereditary ruling class, the noblemen. However, according to another theory, political democracy reached its climax when the polis or city state became
some property criterion had already ben introduced before Solon ruled Athens. autonomous (it sets its own laws); self-judging (jury courts decide on every
Yet one thing is certain: The right to be elected to the higher offices was dispute); and independent (the Assembly of the People makes all important
monopolized during that period by the upper social and economic classes decision). These three characteristics, according to the ancient historian
(Fotopoulos, 1992) Thucydides, make a city free (Fotopoulos, 1992)
Important steps towards economic democracy were accompanied by Thereafter, democracy gradually emerged as a working system of
corresponding political reforms. The Assembly of the People (ecclesia), in which governance. However, it was during the 20th century that democracy became the
all citizens participated irrespective of income, acquired the right to elect the normal form of government which any nation is entitled, be it in Europe, America,
leaders (archon) and the deputies (we are not dealing here with the disputed Asia, or Africa (Sen, 1999)
historical fact that Solon founded the Council of 400 Deputies Vouli, as mentioned
by Aristotle) as well as the right to scrutinize the archons, a previously exclusive
46
The idea of democracy as a universal commitment is quite new, and it is

quintessentially a product of the 20th century. The rebels who forced restraint on
the king of England through the Magna Carta saw the need as an entirely local
one. In contrast, the Americans who fought for independence and the
revolutionaries in France contributed greatly to an understanding of the need for
democracy as a general system. Yet the focus of their practical demands
remained quite local – confined, in effect, to the two sides of the North Atlantic,
and founded on the special economic, social, and political history of the region
(Sen, 1999).
Reference links
Characteristics of civilization retrieved from

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/key-components-civilization/
Democratization retrieved from

https://www.ide.go.jp/English/Research/Topics/Pol/Democratization/overview.html
10 oldest ancient civilization retrieved from https://www.ancienthistorylists.com/ancient-

civilizations/10-oldest-ancient-civilizations-ever-existed/
Avenue, Quezon city, Vibal Group, Inc
47
Important Reminders
• Tear this activity sheet and submit on the scheduled date Criteria 5 4 3 2 1
students to do on a separate paper. Quality of writing (Informative, well organized
• If you are sending something you’ve done online such as MS presentation (s), etc.)
1. Agricultural Innovation
ACTIVITY 1: ______________________________________________________________
Mapping ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Draw the map of the world on another set of paper an Identify the places where ______________________________________________________________
the earliest civilizations are located .Your output will be graded based on this rubric: ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
unacceptable 2. Diversification of labor
______________________________________________________________
Criteria 5 4 3 2 1 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Creativity ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Accuracy of given information ______________________________________________________________
Visual Impact
3. Social stratification
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
ACTIVITY 2:
______________________________________________________________
Knowledge Test ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Explain the following changes in societies that mark the transition from Neolithic village ______________________________________________________________
life to the development of first urban centers. Your output will be graded based on this
rubric:

unacceptable
48
4. Existence of centralized government _______________________3. This process includes the building of political institutions,
______________________________________________________________ common interests, and new forms of legitimating.
______________________________________________________________ _______________________4. Food Production was believed to have started in this
______________________________________________________________ period.
______________________________________________________________ _______________________5. It is considered
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Test I. Essay Writing. In 3-7 sentences, Answer the questions below.Your output will be
graded based on this rubric:

unacceptable
Criteria 5 4 3 2 1

etc.)

1. What is civilization? What are the characteristics of a civilization? Based on this

characteristic, did the Philippines develop into a civilization? Explain your answer.
2. How did democracy help improve the lives of people/ what are the key features of a
democracy?
Test II. Identification. Identify the terms asked and write your answer on the space
provided.
_______________________1. It refers to societies in which large numbers of people live
in cities.
_______________________2. Babylonian king who issued a set of laws between 3700-
3950 B.C.E.
49
UNIT ONE
Individuals and society

• Identify norms and values to be observed in interacting with
7 others in society, and the consequences of ignoring these rules
• Assess the rules of social interaction to maintain stability of
Inclusive dates:
everyday life and the role of innovation in response to
problems and challenges.
•
Overview: •
For an individual to become a functional member of society, he or she
should have a meaningful interaction with thee various social structures and epics of his or her forebears by listening to the stories of his or her elders in the
institutions of society - that is, a pattern of relationship among the basic community.
components of a social system. Enculturation, therefore, occurs when cultural knowledge is passed onto
The most potent representation is the process of socialization. the next bearer who will perpetuate and ensure the continuance of their tradition
Socialization is a form of interaction by which people considered the essential link and practices. Enculturation is also a diffusion of one’s culture to another through
between the individual and society. In fact, socialization slows the individual to diverse means, namely: learning, imposition by force, and conquest, among
learn he norms, values, languages, skills and beliefs, and other patterns of thought others.
and action that are essential for social living (Robertson, 1987: 115) Meanwhile, socialization takes place when prospective culture bearers
A non-concomitant and non-conformist attitude or behavior pattern of learn their culture’s body of knowledge and skills through education or
an individual towards society produces deviance because it primarily violates conscientization, training, exposure, and experience. In pre-modern societies,
significant social norms and as a result disapproved by a large number of people. socialization is an evolving process from apprenticeship to expertise in handling a
Thus, social control is imposed as an effective means of ensuring that people certain craft, e.g. pottery making and metallurgy. Overall, enculturation and
generally behave in expected and approved ways. It all starts on the socialization socialization results to
process, which ideally ensures that every individual internalizes and follows the ❖ Identity formation – An individual’s identity is formed through his
norms of society. interaction with other people. A person’s socializations with individuals or
groups allows him or her to imbibe certain characteristics and interest that
Enculturation and Socialization contribute to his or her identity (Newman 2012). For example, the centuries
of Philippine Chinese exposure to Filipino culture made them imbibe facets
In pre-modern societies, learning often takes place through a non-
of Filipino character in the same way Filipino learned to love Chinese
fragmented and integrated process of passing knowledge from one generation to
culture like food (e.g. preference for noodle-based cuisine like pancit)
another. For instance, an Ifugao child learns how to plant rice by becoming an
apprentice to his father, a skilled farmer, not from a structured and formalist
❖ Norms and values – On the other hand, norms are culturally determined
agricultural school. In the same way, a child from Bukidnon learns the treasured
rules that guide people regarding what is right, wrong, proper, or improper.
Norms create predictability in daily affairs and interactions, making it easier
50
to live with other members of society (Newman, 2012). These norms are
fundamental to the establishment of social order in any society (Newman, In the Philippines, there are two most popular norms.
2012).
Norms did not exist out of thin air. They were initially designed and I. Norm of appropriateness – wearing decent and appropriate
created by people who benefitted from their existence or suffered from their clothes for a particular occasion or event
absence (Coleman, 2000). Through the practice of such norms, a order was
established – an order which allows those who created the norms to benefit from II. Norm of tact and courtesy – When somebody makes a mistake or
the resulting status quo. slips in his or her words and actions, we do not laugh or make fun
People are subjected to norms when they become part of society. As of the person in order not to embarrass him or her and, at the
such, they are also subjected to the sanctions and rewards of a society’s norms – same time, express our respect and courtesy.
whether rewards for adherence to a norm or punishment for a violation of a
norm (Coleman, 2000). Filipinos are also noted for their excellent handling of human relations because
On the other hand, values are standards people use to determine they significantly value personhood and human goodness. On the other hand, the
desirable goals and outcomes (Hewitt and Hewitt, 1986 in Newman, 2012). most important values that Filipino possesses are:
Values are criteria on which people base their judgments regarding behaviors and • Value of industry – Filipinos take pride in their work because they toiled
decisions. In the Philippine setting, values are often used as parameters in hard for it, regardless whether in some instances, they fail along the way.
separating what is considered normal and moral from taboo and predatory. Filipinos credit success to love of one’s work and hardworking
Some examples of Filipino habits and practices that are considered normal
and moral include the following: • Reciprocity of debt of gratitude (utang na loob) – shown through good
- Respect for elders. will and thoughtfulness and being mindful and helpful to someone during
- Caring for one’s parents during old age. trying times. Filipinos, utang na loob cannot be repaid by money or
- Eating together as one family during meals. treasure. Utang na loob is priceless value that sustains and strengthens
- Praying the rosary and attending mass during Sundays (for Catholics). human relations beyond the individual, family, society, and even nation.
- Observing the five pillars of Islam (for Muslims).
- Sense of volunteerism during emergencies and disasters in the ❖ Statuses and roles– Status is any position that an individual can occupy in
community. society (Newman, 2012). It is not a ranked position, but simply a label that
implies certain roles that must be performed (Newman, 2012). For example,
Meanwhile, examples of taboos and predatory practices include the following: one can be a student, a singer, or a computer genius at the same time. While it
- Engaging to pre-marital sex and extra-marital affairs is true that some statuses are acknowledged and recognized as prestigious
- Involving one’s self to crime and illegal activities such as drug pushing and (e.g. chief justice, Hollywood star, etc.), there are of course exceptions to the
trafficking rule. During the Chou dynasty in China, court scholars were admired and
- Stealing neighbor’s property respected for their contributions in the development of Chinese civilization;
- Testifying falsely in court proceedings. yet the court scholars were considered a liability and even charged of causing
instability in the succeeding Ch’in dynasty that unified China into an empire.
Although some statuses are generally recognized as prestigious, prestige like
51
beauty is certainly relative or subjective (for example, a preschooler may think

that being a fireman holds a lot of prestige; or a comic book fan may see an However, the distinction between ascribed and achieved statuses is not
illustrator with tremendous prestige). always clear (Newman, 2012). For example, although winning an election
Every person can be simultaneously holding various statuses at any point could be considered as an achieve status, those who won because they
in time. For instance, a person can be a sibling, student, a citizen of a country, belonged to a politically elite family may have won because of their family
and a fan of basketball all at the same time (Kottak, 2012; Newman, 2012). In a name, not through their efforts to seek election.
specific situation, when a person’s different roles, his or her actions will reflect
which status is more important in that certain circumstances at that given time
Understanding Conformity and Deviance
(Newman, 2012). Conformity is where individuals attempt to change his/her behavior
However, there are times when people find it difficult to decide which of because of the desire to conform with the defined social norm.
their different statuses is the most important. This is especially true when Different types of conformity according to Kelman (1958).
multiple statuses provide numerous benefits to the individual. Thus, role 1. Compliance (group acceptance) - Occurs when an individual accepts
conflict occurs when two statuses, both applicable to the situation, require influence because he hopes to achieve a favorable reaction from another person
distinct and divergent roles from the individual. For example, being a politician or group. He adopts the induced behavior because he expects to gain specific
is a prestigious status because it gives recognition to the individual as a public rewards or approval and avoids specific punishment or disapproval by conformity.
leader, who is expected to be a public servant who is willing to share his or her
resources to his or her constituents, so he or she could maintain his or her 2. Internalization (genuine acceptance of group norms) - This occurs
resources to his or her status and power in society. Balancing the status of a when an individual accepts influence because the content of the induced
public leader or powerful politician and public servant sometimes create a role behavior—the ideas and actions of which it is composed—is intrinsically
conflict. rewarding. He adopts the induced behavior because it is congruent or consistent
In some situations, statuses do not have to compete for importance as with his value system.
only one or few may be relevant to the situation (Kottak, 2000). For example, a
girl in geometry class will not consider her being a member of the school’s 3. Identification - This occurs when an individual accepts influence
swimming team to be of much help in answering her teacher’s question about because he wants to establish or maintain a satisfying self-defining relationship to
the perimeter of a building. In the same way, a math geek will not mind being another person or group. Individuals conform to the expectations of a social role
called an introvert or anti-social by his peers every time he prepares for the (e.g. Nurses, police officers.)
school’s much anticipated Math Olympiad.
Two types of status 4. Ingratiation - This is when a person conforms to impress or gain
a. Ascribed status – Given at birth or assigned later in life (e.g. age, sex, favor/acceptance from other people. It is similar to normative influence, but is
ethnicity, and membership in a family) motivated by the need for social rewards rather than the threat of rejection.
Example group pressure does not enter the decision to conform.
b. Achieved status –Acquired willfully and consciously through effort,
talent, decisions, and accomplishments. (e.g. being someone’s Nonconformity of an individual would mean deviation from the
Boyfriend or Girlfriend, Being the top student in one’s class, and acceptable social norms which is known as social deviance. Social Deviance refers
being a black belter in Karate. to any behavior that differs or diverges from established social norms.
52
Many books in sociology define deviance in broad terms, ranging from

Mechanism of social control
defiance or violation of societal norms to breakage of conventions and realms of Deviance is checked through social control to ensure that norms and
morality. However, deviance centers on occurrences that violate mores. Mores conventions are safeguarded, and order preserved. Society controls individual
are one of the components of norms that are often taken very seriously by society ideas and behaviors through the following mechanism.
and sometimes codified as laws (Newman, 2012). Labeling theory – This theory states how members of society label others,
Mores are strong norms that are regarded as morally significant and whether they are deviant or not. (Newman, 2012). People label others as deviant
violations of them are considered a serious matter (Robertson, 1987:62). The when they defy or do not conform to social norms. Bob-conformity provides
word “mores” originated from a Roman term that means the “most respected and offensive signals to holders of norms; non-conformity is often tantamount to
sacred custom.” For instance, an individual who walks down the street wearing disagreement and disapproval
nothing is considered violating one of the most important universal mores – the Being labeled a deviant entails numerous consequences throughout an
requirement that people should cover their genitals and buttocks in public. In a individual’s life. After a group of people has labeled an individual as a deviant,
way, this applies to most modern societies where decency is equated with members of a community or society often treat the individual negatively and with
appropriate clothing. But in the pre-modern world, society valued nakedness as a feelings of hate, mistrust, or fear (Cohen, 1966 in Newman, 2012). Moreover, a
manifestation of beauty and even strength. As a whole, mores are crucial in the person’s chance of acquiring socially acceptable roles and relationships with other
maintenance of a decent and orderly society. people becomes limited when he or she is labeled as deviant.
So far, there is no existing list of universal deviant behaviors across
cultures because deviance is basically socially constructed and only determined by Gossip – This is often practiced in small-scale communities where people
members of society (Newman, 2012). In short, deviance is characterized for its know each other personally. Because small-scale communities heavily rely on
contextualized nature and relativity. Within a particular culture, deviance may be “getting along” with each other, outburst or confrontational situations are not
perceived and interpreted according to circumstances or preconditioned notions. ideal. By gossiping or talking behind someone’s back and spreading rumors about
Take sexual intercourse for example. The act is considered deviant in many him or her, society reinforces what norms should be followed and punishes the
cultures in Europe and Asia, especially those which strictly adhere to Judeo- deviants by putting them to shame. Lastly, gossip is also used to level the playing
Christian percepts, if it is done outside the formal rite of matrimony. In contrast, field – especially when the subject of gossips are successful people – by putting
pre-modern societies in Africa and some parts of northern Sahara practice achievers to shame or putting them to the same level as others. (Haviland, Prins,
“deflowering” ceremonies to prospective brides prior to marriage. In the same Walrath, and McBride, 2008).
way, sexual treaties like the famous Kama Sutra that are legally and religiously
read in India can appear pornographic and deviant representations of sex for Laws – Laws are formal codes of conduct that are met with negative
other cultures. sanctions (i.e. punishment) when violated (Haviland, Prins, Walrath, and McBride,
The most popular form of deviance is the commitment of crime, which is 2008). Laws are meant to guide the daily lives of members of society by providing
defined as the violation of norms that have been formally enacted into criminal clear definitions of relationships among individuals, including expectations on how
law. Criminal deviance itself is varied ranging from minor violation of traffic rules people should behave in particular contexts. Importantly, the law dictates to
to serious offenses like murder and rape. In modern societies, juvenile whom authority is given. Only those who exercise authority are recognized by the
delinquency is also considered a deviant crime being a violation of legal standards members of society to practice coercion in the exercise of sanction (Haviland,
by children or adolescents. Prins, Walrath, and McBride, 2008). Lastly, laws change as well. Old laws can be
53
revised or discarded according to the changing needs of a society. For example, 4. Civil Rights- These are rights specified under the Bill of rights. (Freedom
the Hammurabi laws codified for Babylonian citizenry underwent revisions in the of speech, right to information) Rights enjoyed by an individual by virtue of his
succeeding laws imposed by Assyrians, Chaldeans, and Persians in the citizenship in a state or community.
Mesopotamian city-states. 5. Economic Rights- rights to property, whether personal, real or
intellectual. (Right to use and dispose his property, right to practice one’s
Human Dignity, Rights and the common Good profession, right to make a living)
6. Political Rights- rights an individual enjoys as a consequence of being a
Whether the individual conforms to the norms imposed by the majority of member of body politic. (Right to vote and right to be voted into public office)
the society or otherwise, he or she should be given the appropriate space to
express himself or herself and possibly participate in democratic processes. “These rights derive from the inherent dignity if the human person” (ICCPR and
Societies through the years have crafted political or legal mechanisms to protect ICESCR, Preambles). This means that basic human rights are inherent to every
its members. One of these mechanisms is the Universal Declaration of Human person, thus, basic human rights cannot be taken away by authorities or
Rights (UDHR) of 1948, which states in its Preamble that “the inherent dignity” of governments.
all members of the human family is the “foundation of freedom, justice, and
peace in the world. “Thereafter, the idea of human dignity has been at the heart In the Philippines, the government has devised various mechanisms to advance
of the major human rights instruments, beginning with the two international human dignity and protect the rights of every Filipino. In fact, a department has
covenants on human rights adopted in 1966: the International Covenant on Civil been instituted to perform its mandate to put forward the common good of every
and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social Filipino.
and Cultural Rights (ICECSR), as well as in most treaties banning torture, slavery, The Commission on Human Rights (CHR0 of the Philippines was created in
inhuman and degrading treatments, and discriminations of all sorts (Andorno). 1987 through Executive order No. 163. An independent national human rights
Human Rights are natural rights of all human beings whatever their institution, the CHR ensures that the human rights of individuals, especially the
nationality, religion, ethnicity, sex, language and color. We are equally entitled to marginalized and vulnerable, are protected, promoted, and fulfilled – based on
our human rights without discrimination. equality and non-discrimination (CHR).
1. Natural Rights- rights inherent to man and given to him by God as Human dignity is also recognized by the Philippine government as
human being. (Right to live, love and be happy) manifested in Section 11 of Article II of the 1987 Constitution. Section 11 notes
that the state values the dignity of individuals and guarantees that human rights
2. Constitutional Rights- rights guaranteed under the fundamental charter will be upheld. Moreover Section 12 of Article III of the Constitution “prohibits the
of the country (rights against unreasonable searches and seizure, rights use of torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which
safeguarding the accused.) vitiate the free will and mandates the compensation and rehabilitation of victims
of torture or similar practices and their families”
3. Statutory Rights- rights provided by the law making body of a country
or by law, such as the right to receive a minimum wage and right to preliminary The Philippines also follows international human rights laws and
investigation. conventions and the UDHR, including the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights (ICCPR) and the Convention Against Torture (CAT) and other cruel,
inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
54
Moreover, the Philippine government has also passed laws that ensure in order for them to meet their daily needs (for example, paying bills and buying
the protection of human rights of people. food).
These laws include: Merton’s theory was further expanded by the study of Richard Cloward
A. Expanded Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2012 or Republic Act (RA) and Lloyd Ohlin who pointed that the criminal type of deviance can be result not
NO. 10364 - Aims to eliminate the trafficking of people, especially women and only from the lack of culturally approved means to achieve success but also from
children. It gives protection and support to victims of trafficking and punishes the availability of unconventional means to do so. For instance, a youth who has
those who commit the crime. It also aims to protect people from violence, substantial opportunities to achieve success through legitimate means can be
exploitation, stop involuntary migration and servitude. More importantly, it aims expected to do so, while those who have relatively more illegitimate opportunities
to rehabilitate victims of illegal trafficking and exploitation. are likely to use them. Thus, Cloward and Ohlin attempted to explain delinquency
in terms of the relative opportunity structure available to various categories of the
B. Human Rights Victims Reparation and Recognition Act of 2013 or youth.
Republic Act (RA) No. 10368. - “provides for the reparation and recognition of
victims of human rights violations” during the dictatorship of Ferdinand E. Marcos,
from September 21, 1972 to February 25, 1986. This law recognizes the “heroism
and Sacrifices” of Martial law victims who were tortured, summary executed, and
experienced enforced or involuntary disappearance, among others. Aiming to
restore the dignity and honor of Martial law victims, RA 10368 acknowledges the
moral and legal duty of the government to give reparation to the victims and/or
their families “for the deaths, injuries, sufferings, deprivations and damages they
suffered under the Marcos regime”
Strain Theory
Robert Merton claimed that the operation of society actually encourages
crime and other types of deviance, especially by people in certain situations. This
theory states that deviant behavior occurs when people experience strain or
tension when culture imposes goals that individuals should achieve, but the social
environment makes it hard or challenging for individuals to meet such goals
through a legitimate manner. Put in another way, when a society’s balance,
deviant behavior occur.
A good example is the popular notion that “poverty breeds crime.” This Members of society react to strain in five different ways:
presupposes that the very existence of poor people within the social structure a. Conformity (Hopeful poor) – Individuals still accept cultural goals and try
leads to deviance. In the Philippines, for instance, lawlessness is always blamed to to achieve them through culturally approved methods. For instance, many
poor people because the prevailing social conditions force them to commit crimes poor people in the Philippines generally accept their fate although many
55
are still hopeful that sending their children in school will uplift them from
impoverishment.
b. Innovation (Surviving poor) – Individuals still accept cultural goals but go

about in achieving it in a culturally disapproved way. For example, some
poor people resort to illegal activities (like stealing other’s property) in
order to survive.
c. Ritualism (Passive poor) – Individuals still live in society and follow it

culturally approved ways, but they no longer try to achieve cultural goals.
For instance, some poor people have already accepted – and content –
that they are poor. Resigned to their social condition, they live peacefully
with their neighbors and do not pose as threats to the latter.
d. Retreat (Retreating poor) – Individuals no longer desire to achieve cultural

goals and have abandoned the culturally approved ways of achieving
those goals. For example, some poor people no longer have the desire to
improve their lot. They commit illegal activities and crime to earn a living.
e. Rebellion (Resisting poor) – Individuals challenge the existing culturally

accepted goals by coming up with new ones and also challenge the
prescribed means in achieving cultural goals. For instance, some poor
people resist the prevailing notion of poverty. They use their
resourcefulness, ingenuity, and innovation to improve their lives. They Reference links
also follow decent and legal means.
Human dignity and rights retrieved from
http://www.lawphil.net/statuses/repacts/ra2013/ra_10368_2013.html
RA 10364 retrieved from http://www.gov.ph/2013/02/06/repblic-act-no-10364
RA10368 retrieved from http://www.gov.ph/2013/02/25/repblic-act-no-10364
Avenue, Quezon City, Vibal Group, Inc
56
ACTIVITY 3:
Important Reminders
• Tear this activity sheet and submit on the scheduled date Strain Theory
along with the other activity (ies) the instructor may have asked the Create a scenario which shows the “reaction” of the students towards the process of
students to do on a separate paper. achieving their goal (pass the class with high grades)
Reaction Scenario
(SECTION_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME_ACTIVITYNAME (e.g. IC1MA_DELA CRUZ_JUAN
PEDRO_SELF-CONCEPT INVENTORY), or send a digital copy from your flash drive Conformity
together with this activity sheet.
ACTIVITY 1: Innovation
Identifying deviance
Determine which among the following activities can be considered deviant behavior. Ritualism
Write D if it is a Deviant and N if it is a Norm.
________1. Walking naked in public places like parks and malls.
________2. Reading books in a school library.
________3. Answering long distance calls in a phone booth. Retreat
________4. Wearing sexy clothes during religious ceremonies.
________5. Driving at the wrong side of the road.
________6. Playing with younger sibling during weekends. Rebellion
________7. Indulging in alcohol and dangerous drugs.
________8. Tagging along with criminals.
________9. Listening attentively to the keynote speaker during a public forum.
________ 10. Visiting a sick friend in the hospital.
ACTIVITY 2:
Identifying deviance
Give at least 10 common law-breaking activities or actions that most people do not
consider serious, and the legal penalty in your area for each violation.
57
Test I. Essay Writing. In 3-7 sentences, Answer the questions below. Your output will be
graded based on this rubric:

unacceptable
Criteria 5 4 3 2 1

etc.)

Following the instructions.
1. Can learning take place in a society without the process of enculturation and
socialization? Explain your answer.
2. How does social status and roles determine a person’s level of interaction in a society?
3. How effective are social controls in checking and managing deviant behavior?
58
1st Quarter Project Relevance to the theme
Development of Advocacy Materials Overall impact (message and visual impact)

Directions: Create a Slogan, a Jingle, and a Poster on how to protect Human dignity,
Rights and the Common good. You will be graded according to the rubrics below
unacceptable For the Jingle
In 2-4 minutes, make a video of your Jingle performance that shows how we can
For the Slogan
encourage others to protect human dignity, rights and common good, and pass it through
In a 1/8 illustration board create a slogan with the theme: Protecting human dignity,
messenger, e-mail or flash drive together with its lyrics.
rights and the common good.
Criteria 5 4 3 2 1 Criteria 5 4 3 2 1
Creativity (thoughts and efforts used) Content (Message)
Relevance to the theme Execution (precision and discipline)
Craftsmanship (attractive in terms of neatness and Relevance to the theme

construction)
Video Quality
Grammar
Originality
Overall impact (message and visual impact)
Audience impact (overall performance)
For the Poster

In a 1/8 illustration board create a poster which shows ways on how we can protect
human dignity, rights and the common good.
Criteria 5 4 3 2 1
Creativity (thoughts and efforts used)
Graphic Clarity ( content is in focus, easily viewed/identified)
Craftsmanship (attractive in terms of neatness and

construction)
59

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Asian Institute of Computer Studies

UNIT ONE Defining Culture, Society and Politics

MODULE At the end of this module, you are expected to:

Overview: Constant change

• Blood products - Jehovah Witnesses are forbidden to use blood

These behaviors, regardless to conform or deviate from the traditional norms of

MestroAbayan (2012) Pagmamano image retrieved from

De Rossi C., Zimmerman K.A. (2017) - Culture retrieved from

Barnes and noble – Society retrieved from

Mondal P., - Elements of society retrieved from https://www.yourarticlelibrary.co

Examples of Taboos retrieved from https://examples.yourdictionary.com/

5 – Excellent 4 – Good 3 – Adequate 2 – Marginal 1 – No credit /

Relationship – connections demonstrate correct relationships

Information – Accuracy of given information

Organization - Different relationships are identified and

Society, Culture and Politics _________________________________________________________________________

MODULE 1: Assessment (1 point each) (15 points)

____________________13. A social-cultural system of designated behaviors and

____________________6. Manners and behavior that show a person's refinement &

____________________ 9. The characteristics of a particular group of people, defined by

____________________ 10. Group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction,

Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science

What is Political Science?

Cultural Change e. Technology – The impact of science and technology on social

b. Population - brought by migration and transnational origins-whether Reference links

5 – Excellent 4 – Good 3 – Adequate 2 – Marginal 1 – No

Relationship – connections demonstrate correct relationships

Information – Accuracy of given information

Organization - Different relationships are identified and

5 – Excellent 4 – Good 3 – Adequate 2 – Marginal 1 – No credit /

Following the instruction of the activity.

Visual appeal (measurement, colors, creativity, neatness etc.)

5 – Excellent 4 – Good 3 – Adequate 2 – Marginal 1 – No credit /

Quality of writing (Informative, well organized

Grammar usage and Mechanics (spelling,

Following the instructions.

1. How diverse is your neighborhood?

UNIT ONE Defining Culture and Society

Society and Culture another.

Aspects of Culture III. Learning through socialization or enculturation

V. Integrated and at times unstable

Relevance to the terms used 5 – Excellent 4 – Good 3 – Adequate 2 – Marginal 1 – No credit /

1. Society refers to a group of people sharing a common culture.

2. Culture is a “complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes,

3. Society is composed of ideas, activities, and artifacts.

4. Activities are man-made products of ideas and activities.

6. Society is composed of heritage that can be seen and touched.

7. Culture can be transmitted through socialization or enculturation.

Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism

MODULE At the end of this module, you are expected to:

Ethnocentrism Cultural Relativism

people. If intangible cultural heritage is not nurtured, it risks becoming lost

Crites, James Chinese Foot Binding retrieved from

Kinds of food Strange food Good food Bad food Reasons

UNIT ONE Tracing Human Cultural and Sociopolitical Evolution

MODULE At the end of this module, you are expected to:

D. Natural selection - the process through which populations of living

Meanwhile, Macroevolution focuses on the formation of new species

Paleolithic Period Cultural and Sociopolitical evolution