Iso+22232 3 2020

Copyrighted material licensed to University of Toronto by Clarivate Analytics (US) LLC, subscriptions.techstreet.
com, downloaded on 2020-11-10 08:13:23 +0000 by

No further reproduction or distribution is permitted.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22232-3
First edition
2020-10
Non-destructive testing —
Characterization and verification of
ultrasonic test equipment —
Part 3:
Combined equipment
Essais non destructifs — Caractérisation et vérification de
l'appareillage de contrôle par ultrasons —
Partie 3: Equipement complet
University of Toronto User.
Reference number
ISO 22232-3:2020(E)
© ISO 2020
Copyrighted material licensed to University of Toronto by Clarivate Analytics (US) LLC, subscriptions.techstreet.com, downloaded on 2020-11-10 08:13:23 +0000 by
ISO 22232-3:2020(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

ISO 22232-3:2020(E)

Contents Page
Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 General requirements for conformity............................................................................................................................................. 2
5 Personnel qualification.................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
6 Description of tests and reporting...................................................................................................................................................... 2
6.1 Baseline measurements of characteristic values....................................................................................................... 2
6.2 Physical state and external aspects........................................................................................................................................ 3
6.2.1 Procedure................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
6.2.2 Acceptance criterion...................................................................................................................................................... 3
6.2.3 Frequency of testing...................................................................................................................................................... 3
6.3 Tests for angle-beam probes........................................................................................................................................................ 3
6.3.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
6.3.2 Probe index point............................................................................................................................................................. 3
6.3.3 Beam angle............................................................................................................................................................................. 4
6.3.4 Simultaneous determination of probe index point and beam angle.................................... 4
6.4 Vertical linearity..................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.4.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.4.2 Procedure................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
6.4.3 Acceptance criteria......................................................................................................................................................... 7
6.5 Sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio...................................................................................................................................... 7
6.5.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
6.5.2 Procedure................................................................................................................................................................................ 8
6.6 Pulse duration........................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
6.6.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

6.6.2 Procedure................................................................................................................................................................................ 8
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved iii

ISO 22232-3:2020(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/
iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by ISO/TC 135, Non-destructive testing, Subcommittee SC 3, Ultrasonic
testing, in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee
CEN/TC 138, Non-destructive testing, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation
between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
A list of all parts in the ISO 22232 series can be found on the ISO website.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22232-3:2020(E)
Non-destructive testing — Characterization and

verification of ultrasonic test equipment —
Part 3:
Combined equipment
1 Scope
This document specifies methods, tolerances and acceptance criteria for verifying the performance
of combined ultrasonic test equipment (i.e. instrument, probes and cables connected) by the use of
appropriate standard calibration blocks.
These methods are specifically intended for manual test equipment, i.e. ultrasonic instruments
according to ISO 22232-1, and for manual ultrasonic non-destructive testing with single- or dual-
transducer probes according to ISO 22232-2. This document is also applicable for multi-channel
instruments. For automated test equipment, different tests can be needed to ensure satisfactory
performance.
The specified methods are intended for the use by operators working under site or shop floor conditions.
These methods are not intended to prove the suitability of the equipment for particular applications.
This document excludes ultrasonic instruments for continuous waves.
This document also excludes ultrasonic phased array systems, see e. g. ISO 18563-3. If a phased array
instrument is used in combination with single- or dual-transducer probes, this document is applicable
to this combination.
2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 2400, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Specification for calibration block No. 1
ISO 5577, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Vocabulary
ISO 7963, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Specification for calibration block No. 2
ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of NDT personnel
ISO 22232-1, Non-destructive testing — Characterization and verification of ultrasonic test equipment —
Part 1: Instruments
ISO 22232-2, Non-destructive testing — Characterization and verification of ultrasonic test equipment —
Part 2: Probes
3 Terms and definitions

For the purpose of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5577 apply.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 1

ISO 22232-3:2020(E)

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://w ww.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://w ww.electropedia.org/
4 General requirements for conformity

The combined equipment complies with this document if it fulfils all of the following requirements:
a) the ultrasonic instrument shall comply with ISO 22232-1;
b) the probe shall comply with ISO 22232-2;
c) the combined equipment shall comply with Clause 6;
d) the results of the baseline tests, 6.1, shall be reported including the instruments settings of the
relevant parameters used for the baseline measurements.
The tests specified in this document, together with the frequency of testing, are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1 — Tests to be performed

Title of test Frequency of testing Subclause
Physical state and external aspects Daily 6.2
Probe index point Daily 6.3.2/6.3.4
Beam angle Daily 6.3.3/6.3.4
Vertical linearity Weeklya 6.4
Sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio Weeklya 6.5
Pulse duration Weeklya 6.6
a It may be more convenient for the user to perform the weekly tests each time the equipment is used.
Non-compliance with the requirements in this document shall result in replacement, repair and/or
verification according to ISO 22232-1 Group 2 tests or to ISO 22232-2 for the affected component.

5 Personnel qualification
Personnel performing the verifications in accordance with this document shall be qualified to an
appropriate level in ultrasonic testing in accordance with ISO 9712 or equivalent.
6 Description of tests and reporting
6.1 Baseline measurements of characteristic values

For each set of combined equipment (instrument, cables and probe), base values shall be determined
and reported. The later measured values are to be compared against the base values.
For angle-beam probes, initially the user shall establish base values for the probe index point
(6.3.2.2/6.3.4.2) and the beam angle (6.3.3.2/6.3.4.2), unless these values are available for new probes.
For all systems, initially the user shall establish base values for the sensitivity, the signal-to-noise ratio
and the pulse duration using the methods given in 6.5.2 and 6.6.2. These shall either be measured for
the actual probe and instrument to be used for subsequent testing or for each combination of probe
type and instrument type to be used.
2 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

ISO 22232-3:2020(E)

During the baseline measurements, the relevant parameters of the instrument controls, e.g. frequency,
pulse energy, suppression/reject, pulse repetition frequency, shall be the same as those to be used for
subsequent tests.
The type of test block, cable type and cable length used for these baseline measurements shall also be
the same as those used for subsequent tests.
For the measurement of base values, it is assumed that the probe(s), cable(s) and instrument are in
proper condition, especially for used parts.
6.2 Physical state and external aspects
6.2.1 Procedure
Visually inspect the outside of the ultrasonic instrument, probe(s), cable(s) and calibration block for
physical damage or wear which can influence the system’s current operation or future reliability.
In particular, inspect the probe contact surface for physical damage or wear.
If the probe is assembled from separate components, test that the components are assembled correctly,
e. g. provide suitable coupling.
Test for instability of electrical contacts.
6.2.2 Acceptance criterion
Any damage or wear which can influence the system’s current operation or future reliability, e. g. by
instability of electrical contacts, shall result in replacement, repair and/or verification according to
Group 2 tests of ISO 22232-1 or to ISO 22232-2 for the affected component.
6.2.3 Frequency of testing
The equipment shall be tested once per day for the equipment to be used during that day.
6.3 Tests for angle-beam probes

6.3.1 General
The probe index point and the beam angle shall be determined either:
— separately as specified in 6.3.2 and 6.3.3; or
— simultaneously as specified in 6.3.4.
These tests shall be performed for each angle-beam probe to be used during that day.
The geometry, surface conditions and material of the reference block shall be documented.
6.3.2 Probe index point
6.3.2.1 General
The probe index point shall be verified on calibration blocks according to ISO 2400 or ISO 7963. The
probe index point shall be verified prior to the determination of the beam angle.
6.3.2.2 Procedure
Position the probe on the appropriate side of the block to obtain a reflection from the quadrant.

ISO 22232-3:2020(E)

Move the probe backwards and forwards to maximize the amplitude of the reflected signal, taking care
to move the probe parallel to the block sides.
When the amplitude is at its maximum, the true probe index point corresponds to the engraved line on
the block which marks the geometrical centre of the quadrant.
6.3.2.3 Acceptance criterion
The measured probe index point should be within ±1 mm of the nominal position. For new probes, the
specified nominal value shall be used as the base value.
If the measured position differs from the existing mark or from the provided probe index value by more
than 1 mm, the new position shall be documented and preferably marked on the probe sides and used
in subsequent probe tests and plotting of discontinuities.
6.3.2.4 Frequency of testing
The frequency of testing depends on the rate of probe wear due to usage and the roughness of the
test surface. When a probe is in continuous use, the test shall be carried out at least every few hours;
otherwise, a daily test shall be performed for probes to be used during that day.
6.3.3 Beam angle
6.3.3.1 General
The calibration blocks specified in ISO 2400 or ISO 7963 provide a means for rapidly verifying the beam
angle. If a higher accuracy is needed, the angle shall be determined using one of the methods specified
in ISO 22232-2.
The beam angle shall be determined after verification of the probe index point.
6.3.3.2 Procedure
Place the probe on the calibration block and generate a signal from the selected side-drilled hole. Move

the probe backwards and forwards to maximize the signal from the side-drilled hole.
When the signal is at its maximum amplitude, the beam angle can be read from the engraved scale on
the calibration block at a point directly below the measured probe index point.
The measured angle shall be documented.
6.3.3.3 Acceptance criterion
The measured beam angle shall be within ±2° of the nominal beam angle. For new probes, the specified
nominal value shall be used as the base value.
6.3.4 Simultaneous determination of probe index point and beam angle
6.3.4.1 General
This method requires the use of a reference block containing at least 3 side-drilled holes at different
depth positions.

ISO 22232-3:2020(E)

6.3.4.2 Procedure
Maximize the direct echo amplitude from each side-drilled hole di in turn and measure the reduced
projection distance ai between the orthogonal projection of the axis of the side-drilled hole di on the
test surface and the front of the probe (e. g. with a ruler) in each case.
Plot these distances against the depth positions of the side-drilled holes di on a scale drawing and draw
a straight line through the points.
Both the probe index and the beam angle now can be determined simultaneously (see Figure 1).
The position of the probe index point corresponds to the distance X in Figure 1.
Calculate the beam angle θ by using Formula (1):
 a −a 
θ = arctan  i 1  (1)
 di − d1 

a) Test setup
b) Plot of measurement results

Key
Θ slope = beam angle
ai reduced projection distance
di depth position of the side-drilled hole
X distance between probe front and probe index point
Figure 1 — Simultaneous determination of the probe index point and the beam angle

ISO 22232-3:2020(E)

6.3.4.3 Acceptance criteria
The measured probe index point should be within ±1 mm of the position of the base value. If the
measured position differs from the existing mark or from the provided probe index value by more than
1 mm, the new position shall be documented and preferably marked on the probe sides, and used in
subsequent probe tests and plotting of discontinuities.
The measured beam angle shall be within ±2° of the base value.
6.4 Vertical linearity
6.4.1 General
This test monitors the combined result of two characteristics that affect the linearity of the instrument
gain, i.e. the linearity of the amplifier and the accuracy of the calibrated gain control. Any standard
calibration block can be used for this test, preferably in conjunction with a probe that will be used in
subsequent testing.
This test shall be performed with one probe only.
The linearity shall be tested with the ultrasonic instrument controls (frequency, range, pulse energy)
switched to positions to be employed in subsequent testing. Variable suppression and swept-gain
controls, e. g. time-corrected gain, shall be switched to “off”.
If in the subsequent testing a gate is used for determining the amplitude, the vertical linearity of the
gate shall be verified according to Table 2.
In case A-scan presentation is used only, the vertical linearity of the display shall be verified according
to Table 3.

6.4.2 Procedure
The ratio method discloses only non-linearity that occurs in the instrument circuitry between the gain
controls being used to set the amplitudes and the display.
Position the probe on a calibration block to obtain a reflected signal from a small reflector, e.g. the
5 mm side-drilled hole in calibration block No. 2 according to ISO 7963.
For verification of the display linearity, adjust the gain to set this signal to 80 % of the full screen height
(FSH) and note the value of the calibrated gain control, expressed in dB.
Then increase the gain by 2 dB and confirm that the signal rises to approximately 100 % of the FSH.
Reset the gain to its original value and then reduce it by 6 dB.
Confirm that the signal amplitude falls to approximately 40 % of the FSH.
Successively reduce the signal by three further increments of 6 dB and confirm that the signal amplitude
falls respectively to approximately 20 %, 10 % and 5 % of the FSH.
For verification of the gate linearity, for equipment capable of measuring signal amplitudes with a gate
above 100 % of FSH, e. g. displayed as a value, the vertical linearity shall be tested up to the maximum
possible amplitude value, e. g. above 100 % of the FSH.
Adjust the gain to set the signal to 80 % of the maximum gate amplitude value as a reference value.

ISO 22232-3:2020(E)

Decrease the gain in steps of 6 dB according to Table 2.

Confirm that the signal amplitude in the gate falls to approximately the expected gate amplitude value.
6.4.3 Acceptance criteria
To be acceptable, the signal amplitude value in the gate shall be within the limits given in Table 2. When
the signal amplitude on the display is used, the signal amplitude shall be within the limits given in
Table 3.
Table 2 — Acceptance criteria for vertical linearity of the gate

Gain Expected gate amplitude value Limits
dB (% of the maximum value) (% of the maximum value)
+2 100 not less than 95
0 80 (reference value)
−6 40 37 to 43
−12 20 17 to 23
−18 10 8 to 12
−24 5 below 8
Table 3 — Acceptance criteria for vertical linearity of the display

Gain Expected screen height Limits
dB (% of the FSH) (% of the FSH)
+2 100 not less than 95
0 80 (reference line)
−6 40 37 to 43
−12 20 17 to 23
−18 10 8 to 12
−24 5 visible, below 8

The test shall be carried out at least once per week for ultrasonic instruments to be used during that week.
6.5 Sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio
6.5.1 General
The objective of these tests is to provide the operator with a simple method which allows identifying
deterioration in the performance of the combined equipment. These tests are only intended to monitor
the continuing performance of a fixed combination of equipment that has been previously shown to
operate satisfactorily.
The measured signal-to-noise ratio is compared with the base value established for the type of
ultrasonic instrument and probe. A simple method for testing the sensitivity is given but it is not
intended as a method of defining a test sensitivity which shall be set according to the requirements of
the testing standard being applied.
To perform the tests, the 3 mm diameter side-drilled hole of calibration block No. 1 according to
ISO 2400 or the 5 mm diameter side-drilled hole of calibration block No. 2 according to ISO 7963 are
suitable.

ISO 22232-3:2020(E)

Uncalibrated gain controls shall be set at the maximum or at previously determined positions. The type
and length of cable used shall be the same as that used during the baseline measurements. The same
ultrasonic instrument settings shall be used for the subsequent testing.
6.5.2 Procedure
Place the probe on the chosen calibration block and adjust its position to maximize the signal from the
side-drilled hole to be used for the sensitivity test.
Adjust the calibrated control (dB) to set this signal to 20 % of the FSH and note this value as the first
setting of the gain control.
Remove the probe from the test block, wipe the probe contact surface dry of couplant and keep the
probe contact surface in the air, e. g. place the probe on its side.
Using the calibrated control, increase the gain until the overall system noise reaches 20 % of the FSH at
the same horizontal range as the target side-drilled hole, and note the second gain setting.
The first gain setting noted provides a test of the sensitivity of the probe and ultrasonic instrument,
and the difference between the first and second gain settings (dB) gives the signal-to-noise ratio.
In each case, check these parameters at the particular range selected for the baseline measurements.
The noted gain setting for the side-drilled hole and the calculated signal-to-noise ratio shall each
be within ±6 dB of the baseline measurements made by the user for this combination of probe and
ultrasonic instrument.
If the gain setting for the side-drilled hole has increased and/or the signal-to-noise ratio has reduced
but the signal-to-noise ratio is still suitable for the application, the equipment can be used but additional
tests, replacement or repair are recommended.

The test shall be carried out at least once per week for the probe(s), cable(s) and ultrasonic instrument
to be used during that week.
6.6 Pulse duration
6.6.1 General
This test measures the effects of the instrument, probe and cable(s) on the duration of the displayed
signal. It is used to identify issues with the combined equipment, e. g. caused by defects in the probe,
cable(s) or instrument.
The measured pulse duration is compared with the base value established by the user for the used type
of instrument and probe.
The test should be made with the relevant parameters of the instrument controls, e.g. frequency, pulse
energy, suppression/reject, pulse repetition frequency, range setting, set to the positions used during
the baseline measurements. The type and length of cable used shall be the same as that used during the
baseline measurements. Where practical the same ultrasonic instrument settings and cables shall be
used for the subsequent testing.
6.6.2 Procedure
The pulse duration test requires only the display of the signal of a large reflector on the calibrated
time base.

ISO 22232-3:2020(E)

Use the reflected signal from the quadrant of the calibration block, e. g. according to ISO 2400 or
ISO 7963, for angle-beam probes, or a back-wall echo for straight-beam probes.
Having adjusted the time base to an appropriate setting for travel distance in steel to measure the pulse
duration, adjust the amplitude of the reflected signal to 100 % of the FSH.
Determine the length of the signal in millimetres at 10 % of the FSH.
If required, the measurement result in millimetres can be converted to microseconds.
The pulse duration shall not be greater than 1,5 times the base value, measured with the same
instrument setting, for this type of instrument, probe and cable(s).
The test shall be carried out at least once per week for the probes to be used during that week.
For angle-beam probes, the measurement can be performed in conjunction with the test of the probe
index point using a quadrant (see 6.3.2).

Copyrighted material licensed to University of Toronto by Clarivate Analytics (US) LLC, subscriptions.techstreet.com, downloaded on 2020-11-10 08:13:23 +0000 by University of Toronto User.
ISO 18563-3, Non-destructive testing — Characterization and verification of ultrasonic phased
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

Bibliography

array equipment — Part 3: Combined systems
ISO 22232-3:2020(E)
10
[1]

© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

ISO 22232-3:2020(E)
Price based on 10 pages

ICS 19.100

Iso+22232 3 2020

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Iso+22232 3 2020

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Iso+22232 3 2020

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Copyrighted material licensed to University of Toronto by Clarivate Analytics (US) LLC, subscriptions.techstreet.

com, downloaded on 2020-11-10 08:13:23 +0000 by

University of Toronto User.

University of Toronto User.

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

ii ﻿ © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

University of Toronto User.

© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved ﻿ iii

University of Toronto User.

iv ﻿ © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

Non-destructive testing — Characterization and

University of Toronto User.

3 Terms and definitions

© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved ﻿ 1

4 General requirements for conformity

Table 1 — Tests to be performed

University of Toronto User.

6 Description of tests and reporting

6.1 Baseline measurements of characteristic values

2 ﻿ © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

6.2 Physical state and external aspects

6.2.2 Acceptance criterion

6.2.3 Frequency of testing

6.3 Tests for angle-beam probes

University of Toronto User.

6.3.2 Probe index point

© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved ﻿ 3

6.3.2.3 Acceptance criterion

6.3.2.4 Frequency of testing

6.3.3 Beam angle

University of Toronto User.

6.3.3.3 Acceptance criterion

6.3.3.4 Frequency of testing

6.3.4 Simultaneous determination of probe index point and beam angle

4 ﻿ © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

University of Toronto User.

b) Plot of measurement results

© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved ﻿ 5

6.3.4.3 Acceptance criteria

6.3.4.4 Frequency of testing

6.4 Vertical linearity

University of Toronto User.

6 ﻿ © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

Decrease the gain in steps of 6 dB according to Table 2.

6.4.3 Acceptance criteria

Table 2 — Acceptance criteria for vertical linearity of the gate

Table 3 — Acceptance criteria for vertical linearity of the display

University of Toronto User.

6.5 Sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio

© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved ﻿ 7

6.5.3 Acceptance criterion

6.5.4 Frequency of testing

University of Toronto User.

6.6 Pulse duration

8 ﻿ © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

6.6.3 Acceptance criterion

6.6.4 Frequency of testing

University of Toronto User.

© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved ﻿ 9

ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved iii

iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 1

2 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 3

4 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 5

6 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 7

8 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 9

© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved