CVE 112 (Hydraulics 2) : Lecture 1: Principles of Hydrokinetics
CVE 112 (Hydraulics 2) : Lecture 1: Principles of Hydrokinetics
CVE 112 (Hydraulics 2) : Lecture 1: Principles of Hydrokinetics
(Hydraulics 2)
Friction
“There can be no motion between two substances in contact
without friction.”
- To overcome frictional resistance in a flowing water requires
an energy, an energy transformed into heat which cannot
ordinarily be reconverted into any useful form of energy. This
often referred to as lost energy.
Viscosity
The friction between the moving particles of water (or liquid)
themselves.
Discharge (Volume Flow Rate), Q
The rate of flow or the volume of water passing a cross-section
of a stream in unit time.
Working Equations:
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
[1] Q = [2] Q = 𝑎𝑣 where v = mean velocity
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
a = cross-sectional area
Steady Flow
The same quantity of water passes any cross-section of a
stream during equal successive intervals of time (in short,
constant flow with respect to time).
Unsteady Flow
The quantity of water passing any cross-section changes during
successive intervals of time.
Non-uniform Flow:
The average velocity changes with the reach.
Continuous Flow/Discharge
The discharge is the same past every cross-section.
In equation: Q = 𝑎1 𝑣1 = 𝑎2 𝑣2 = 𝑎3 𝑣3 …
Turbulent Flow/Motion
The paths of the individual particles are irregular curves which
continually cross each other and form a complicated network.
Energy:
It is defined as ability to do work.
𝑣2 where v = velocity
2𝑔 g = acceleration due to gravity [9.81 m/s2 or 32.2 ft/s2]
𝑣2 𝑝
Total Energy Head: 𝐸= + +𝑧
2𝑔 γ
Bernoulli’s Theorem:
“In any stream flowing steadily without friction, the total energy
contained in a given mass of water is the same at every point in
its path of flow.”
Bernoulli’s Equation (Original):
𝑣1 2 𝑝1 𝑣2 2 𝑝2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
2𝑔 γ 2𝑔 γ
Bernoulli’s Equation (with Head Loss due to Friction):
𝑣1 2 𝑝1 𝑣2 2 𝑝2 where ℎ𝑓 = head loss due
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + ℎ𝑓
2𝑔 γ 2𝑔 γ to friction
𝑣2 2 − 𝑣1 2 𝑝1 − 𝑝2
=
2𝑔 γ
Using continuity eq’n, establish relation between v2 and v1:
π 2
π 2
𝑎1 𝑣1 = 𝑎2 𝑣2 12 𝑣1 = 4 𝑣2
4 4
𝑣2 = 9 𝑣1
Solution: (cont.)
Sum up pressure head from pt.1 to pt.2, to solve for pressure head
difference:
𝑝1 𝑝2
+ 𝑥 + 9 − 9 (𝑆. 𝐺.𝐻𝑔 ) − 𝑥 =
γ γ x
𝑝1 − 𝑝2
= 9 (𝑆. 𝐺.𝐻𝑔 − 1)
γ
where 𝑆. 𝐺.𝐻𝑔 (Specific Gravity of Mercury) = 13.6
𝑝1 − 𝑝2
= 𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟒 𝒊𝒏. 𝑜𝑟 𝟗. 𝟒𝟓 𝒇𝒕
γ
Back to re-arranged B.E.:
𝑣2 2 − 𝑣1 2 𝑝1 − 𝑝2 where 𝑔 = 32.2 ft/s2
=
2𝑔 γ 𝑣2 = 9 𝑣1
(9𝑣1 )2 − 𝑣1 2 𝑓𝑡
= 9.45 𝑓𝑡 80𝑣1 2 = 2 32.2 (9.45 𝑓𝑡)
𝑓𝑡 𝑠2
2 32.2 𝑠
2
𝑣1 = 2.76 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐
Solution: (cont.)
Solve for Discharge:
π 2
𝑄 = 𝑎1 𝑣1 = 1 𝑓𝑡 2.76 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟕 𝒇𝒕𝟑/𝒔𝒆𝒄
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