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22 views4 pages

BDA Exp7 Removed

big data experiment

Uploaded by

momin arzan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Expt.No.

Aim: Implement predictive Analytics techniques (regression / time series, etc.) using R
Theory:

Regression analysis is a very widely used statistical tool to establish a relationship model between two
variables. One of these variable is called predictor variable whose value is gathered through
experiments. The other variable is called response variable whose value is derived from the predictor
variable.
In Linear Regression these two variables are related through an equation, where exponent (power) of
both these variables is 1. Mathematically a linear relationship represents a straight line when plotted as a
graph. A non-linear relationship where the exponent of any variable is not equal to 1 creates a curve.
The general mathematical equation for a linear regression is −
y = ax + b
Following is the description of the parameters used −
 y is the response variable.
 x is the predictor variable.
 a and b are constants which are called the coefficients.

Steps to Establish a Regression


A simple example of regression is predicting weight of a person when his height is known. To do this we
need to have the relationship between height and weight of a person.
The steps to create the relationship is −
 Carry out the experiment of gathering a sample of observed values of height and corresponding
weight.
 Create a relationship model using the lm() functions in R.
 Find the coefficients from the model created and create the mathematical equation using these
 Get a summary of the relationship model to know the average error in prediction. Also
called residuals.
 To predict the weight of new persons, use the predict() function in R.

Input Data

Below is the sample data representing the observations −


# Values of height
151, 174, 138, 186, 128, 136, 179, 163, 152, 131

# Values of weight.
63, 81, 56, 91, 47, 57, 76, 72, 62, 48

lm() Function
This function creates the relationship model between the predictor and the response variable.
Syntax

The basic syntax for lm() function in linear regression is −


lm(formula,data)
Following is the description of the parameters used −
 formula is a symbol presenting the relation between x and y.
 data is the vector on which the formula will be applied.

Create Relationship Model & get the Coefficients


x <- c(151, 174, 138, 186, 128, 136, 179, 163, 152, 131)
y <- c(63, 81, 56, 91, 47, 57, 76, 72, 62, 48)

# Apply the lm() function.


relation <- lm(y~x)

print(relation)

Results:

Call:
lm(formula = y ~ x)

Coefficients:
(Intercept) x
-38.4551 0.6746

Get the Summary of the Relationship


x <- c(151, 174, 138, 186, 128, 136, 179, 163, 152, 131)
y <- c(63, 81, 56, 91, 47, 57, 76, 72, 62, 48)

# Apply the lm() function.


relation <- lm(y~x)

print(summary(relation))

Results:

Call:
lm(formula = y ~ x)

Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-6.3002 -1.6629 0.0412 1.8944 3.9775

Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) -38.45509 8.04901 -4.778 0.00139 **
x 0.67461 0.05191 12.997 1.16e-06 ***
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Residual standard error: 3.253 on 8 degrees of freedom


Multiple R-squared: 0.9548, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9491
F-statistic: 168.9 on 1 and 8 DF, p-value: 1.164e-06

predict() Function
Syntax

The basic syntax for predict() in linear regression is −


predict(object, newdata)
Following is the description of the parameters used −
 object is the formula which is already created using the lm() function.
 newdata is the vector containing the new value for predictor variable.

Predict the weight of new persons


# The predictor vector.
x <- c(151, 174, 138, 186, 128, 136, 179, 163, 152, 131)

# The resposne vector.


y <- c(63, 81, 56, 91, 47, 57, 76, 72, 62, 48)

# Apply the lm() function.


relation <- lm(y~x)

# Find weight of a person with height 170.


a <- data.frame(x = 170)
result <- predict(relation,a)
print(result)

Result: 1
76.22869

Visualize the Regression Graphically

Live Demo
# Create the predictor and response variable.
x <- c(151, 174, 138, 186, 128, 136, 179, 163, 152, 131)
y <- c(63, 81, 56, 91, 47, 57, 76, 72, 62, 48)
relation <- lm(y~x)

# Give the chart file a name.


png(file = "linearregression.png")

# Plot the chart.


plot(y,x,col = "blue",main = "Height & Weight Regression",
abline(lm(x~y)),cex = 1.3,pch = 16,xlab = "Weight in Kg",ylab = "Height in cm")

# Save the file.


dev.off()
When we execute the above code, it produces the following result −

Conclusion: Thus Implementation of predictive Analytics techniques (regression / time series, etc.) using
R is done

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