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Camera: I) History

- Cameras have evolved significantly from early pinhole cameras to modern digital cameras. Some key developments include Nicephore Niepce creating the first permanent photographic image in the 1820s, George Eastman inventing the first roll of photographic film in 1884, and Steven Sasson inventing the first digital camera in 1975. - The basic workings of a camera involve using a convex lens to project an inverted real image onto a surface, such as film or an image sensor, much like the human eye forms an inverted image on the retina. - Cameras function similarly to the human visual system, with components like lenses, apertures, and light-sensitive detection elements that allow the formation and capture of images

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32 views8 pages

Camera: I) History

- Cameras have evolved significantly from early pinhole cameras to modern digital cameras. Some key developments include Nicephore Niepce creating the first permanent photographic image in the 1820s, George Eastman inventing the first roll of photographic film in 1884, and Steven Sasson inventing the first digital camera in 1975. - The basic workings of a camera involve using a convex lens to project an inverted real image onto a surface, such as film or an image sensor, much like the human eye forms an inverted image on the retina. - Cameras function similarly to the human visual system, with components like lenses, apertures, and light-sensitive detection elements that allow the formation and capture of images

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Nguyễn Huy Đạt
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© © All Rights Reserved
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CAMERA

I)History
-In 1021, Camera Obscura or Pinhole image
was created, it can project and image through
the small hole because light can get in. The
image will be reversed.
+During the Renaissance, artists used its light
projections to sketch added depth to their
‘3D’ art.
+In Victorian times, large camera obscuras
became popular

-During the 1800s, Britain and France were opponents to get


early photographic technology
+Nicephore Niepce was French inventor who was the first to
make a permanent photographic image. First image

+Louis Daguerre took the first snap of a human being in his


pic ‘Boulevard du Temple’, came up with 'Daguerreotype'
photographic processes.
=>French beat Britain in 2” first” of the photographic
technology
First image with human beings

-In 1884, American inventor George Eastman came up


with an idea that changed the photography industry. The
invention was the photographic roll – one of the first ever
to be used in a camera.  He helped his company, Kodak,
create the first mass-produced cameras ever sold.

First photographic roll

First photographic roll


-Despite the fact that SLRs had been around
since the nineteenth century, the earliest
cameras were not popular. Scientists and
journalists only began to use cameras as
technology advanced and cameras became
smaller and smaller. Because of their more
accurate viewfinders, they'd become the go-
to camera for expert photographers by the
1950s and 1960s.
-Edwin Land was on vacation with his family
in 1943 when his daughter asked as to why
she couldn't see the photograph he'd just
taken of her. He came up with the idea for an
instant camera the same day thanks to her
One of the first SLR
innocent question. Only five years later, when his
camera was released, it was the first time in history
that customers could snap and develop film
themselves.
-Steven Sasson, an Eastman Kodak engineer,
invented a self-contained digital camera in 1975. It
made advantage of Fairchild Semiconductor's
innovative solid-state CCD image sensor chips, which
were introduced in 1973.   The camera weighed 8
pounds (3.6 kg), took 23 seconds to capture its first 1965 Polaroid Swinger
image, recorded black-and-white photos on a
compact cassette tape, and had a 0.01-megapixel
resolution.

First self-contained digital camera

2)Brief history of camera in a picture


3)How camera works?

Or simply this

-We need a real image to record an


image on film or on a digital camera's memory card. As a result, we'll need a
convex(converging) lens in our camera, as well as a distance between the object
and the focal length of the lens. So light ray through the converging lens will
intersect at the real inverted image. The diagram above is simply the one that we
have learnt. The further away, the smaller the image will be on the sensors. This is
just a SLR camera so it’s very simple. So, have you ever wondered how could you
see the image through the viewfinder? Let me introduce about it.

-The viewfinder has a 45-degree mirror. The image is reflected off the lower
mirror on to the translucent glass, which works like a screen. The pentaprism's
function is to orient the image on the screen so that it looks right side up, and then
redirect it to the viewfinder glass so that you can see what you're capturing.
However, our eyes and the camera bear striking resemblances which I will
summarize in a table below.
4)Compare our eyes and the camera i
Human Eye Camera Functions
Eyelid Shutter Is a light-blocking covering that
prevents light from entering the
viewing system.
Iris Iris An adjustable circular aperture. The
eye automatically adjusts the hole in
the center of this to allow the correct
amount of light through to the
system.

Pupil Aperture Hole in the iris that lets light enter


the system.
Retina Film or array Convert light energy into electrical
of photosite energy in a manner similar to our
sensors eyes. Light sensitive cells like cone
and rod cells, these allow us to
record the image by changing the
light energy to electrical energy so
that a message can be sent to the
brain.
cone cells Filtered Cones are special light-sensitive
photosite cells found in the human eye that
sensors are only sensitive to one of three
frequency ranges of visible light.
rod cells photosite The rods are cells that only work
sensors like unfiltered photosites.
cornea Lens In the human eye, the cornea is the
main refractor. When light enters
the image processing system, it is
refracted.
lens Additional The lens of the human eye allows
lenses and/or the imaging system to fine-tuning
system to the image so that a sharp image is
move the lens obtained
towards or This effect can be achieved in a
away from the camera by moving the lens to the
recording optimal position by extending the
medium lens housing

optic nerve Connections Carries electrical impulses to the


to the memory brain or transfer pixels to the
card memory card
The visual cortex (where Memory card Visual memories can last a long
visual data is processed) and of a digital time or fade away in a matter of
the visual memory storage area computer seconds. If put on a photograph or
of the brain saved digitally, camera ‘memories'
can be kept for a very long time.

5)Some calculations
- The equation relates the object-to-lens distance (do), the image-to-lens distance
(called di), and the lens focal length (called f) is:
1 1 1
= +
f do di

+ This equation demonstrates how a lens can focus on an item. The problem is that
this equation only applies to perfect lenses, or lenses with "zero thickness."
+The focal length will be inversely proportional with the depth of field
- The circle of confusion (CoC) is a term used in photography to describe a point
of light directed onto a camera's focal plane by the lens. (This is not what I have
learnt so I will just briefly write about what
understand)

Different rays affect the circle of


confusion

Diameter of the circle of confusion (C) as a function of object position, focal


length, aperture radius (A), and sensor position (S) and also includes the object
height (ho) and image height (hi)
First, find the diameter of the circle of confusion using θ1, θ2, di, and S:

Next, we can find the angles using A and hi and trigonometry:

The image height cancels out when these three equations are combined.:

5)Conclusion
-The camera is one of the biggest inventions in the world because of its
convenience and the ability to capture things that you want to remember.
-But in physic, an SLR is not that complicated as it may seem. We actually need a
converging lens to make all the rays intersect and a point on a ray diagram where
rays intersect is an image.
-The camera is very similar to our eyes when you compare the functions of
different parts of the eyes and the camera
-Some calculations may be used to calculate the focal length or the diameter of the
circle of confusion which are essential in photography.

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