RRL

This section presents the theoretical underpinnings, concepts, principles and related studies

which will deepen the understanding of the researchers with the research at hand.

One of the ways for enhancing skills in terms of electrical field is to create innovative

experiments based on the demands of the local community. One example is a charging booth

which cuts some cost and provides convenience for households. The design of the charging

stations to deliver optimum power and the components used for it is one of the crucial steps at

the initial level. The location and ease of charging stations is also another important impact on

early adopters and volunteers who will eventually become mainstream consumers. In this

transition, national planning needs to take into account to develop policies to facilitate the

transition of vehicles to electric vehicles, making the best solution for country. This paper does a

comprehensive study of the entire EV Charging Station Infrastructure. In the first half of the

study we elaborately discussed the methods of charging and the charging station component

details with technical specifications. The second half of the study highlights the cost of the

installation of the different types of charging stations with various real time conditions. In

conclusion, we proposed a modelled guidelines for the installation of the EV Charging stations

with optimum installation cost. (Pal, 2016)

Another innovation which gives an ease for the modern society today is the cooling system,

three different active cooling systems were investigated to control the heat generated by the

powering of high-power multichip LEDs in two different configurations (30 and 2 × 15 W). The

following cooling systems were used in the study: an integrated multi-fin heat sink design with a

fan, a cooling system with a thermoelectric cooler (TEC), and a heat pipe cooling device.

According to the results, all three systems were observed to be sufficient for cooling high-power
LEDs. Furthermore, it was observed that the integrated multifin heat sink design with a fan was

the most efficient cooling system for a 30 W high-power multichip LED. The cooling system

with a TEC and 46 W input power was the most efficient cooling system for 2 × 15 W high-

power multichip LEDs. (Kaya, 2014)

Based on the study of Subbiah, et.al. (2016), cooling system of the engine is one of main

essential systems for automobiles, which maintains the engine temperature to the sustain

conditions. This is designed to propose a simple piping design with lesser number of connecting

hoses and also to reduce coolant leakage. It is also proposed to change the piping material from

aluminum alloy to mild steel which reduces the overall cost of the engine cooling system.

Furthermore, it is also important to consider some sources of power to make innovations

work. By converting solar energy into electrical energy, photovoltaic cells utilize the properties

of semiconductor materials, mostly silicon, which when combined with chemical elements such

as boron and phosphorus, give rise to the PN function, concentrating on the one hand the positive

charges and the another, negative charges. This permanent electric field prevents the passage of

electrons from side to side. When a photon has enough energy to excite an electron, there is the

circulation of electric current, and then the generation of continuous energy, obtaining the

photovoltaic effect. (Junior, J.H et.al, 2019)

To make a solar panel work, as stated by Kondracki et.al. (2014), a solar powered charging

station is designed so that devices can be charged outdoors and in an environmentally friendly

way. This system converts solar energy to electricity and stores it in a battery bank. A

microcontroller prevents the batteries from being overcharged and prevents the system from

being used when the batteries need charging. This project further aims to reduce our dependence

on fossil fuels as a means to generate electricity. If our system can charge several devices
without having external power from the national grid, it will be able to reduce the demand for

energy. As a result, electricity consumption lessened. On the one hand, ongoing researches in the

enhancement and improvement of the solar energy as an alternative source of energy should be

pursued. This project will aid global research efforts in helping protect our environment. The use

of oil and natural gas as a source of energy and their alarming effect on the environment is a

world phenomenon. Fuel energy causes harm on the Earth’s atmosphere and ecosystems. The

process of extracting energy from them is harmful to human health and the environment and

alternative sources of energy reduces the risk.

This paper proposes a novel design for a solar-powered charger for different devices. The

level of the charging current is controllable and any residue power is savable to a rechargeable

9V battery. Two power sources (AC and solar) are used, and two charging speeds are possible.

Quick charging is 20% of the battery output current (almost 180mA/hr) so the current is limited

to 34 mA. Two types of cellular batteries (5.7V and 3.7V) can be charged. Normal charging is

10% of the cellular battery output current (almost 1,000mA/hr), so the charging current is limited

to 100mA. The design uses only a few components so the system is cost effective besides being

highly portable. It was simulated on MultiSim Ver. 11 before being implemented practically to

validate it. The results from the simulation and the experiment show the design’s sufficient

feasibility for practical implementation. Depleting fossil fuel and increased demand for energy

have spurred the search for other sources of energy such as solar, wind, ocean thermal, tidal,

biomass, geothermal, nuclear energy, etc. The abundance and widespread availability of solar

energy, however, make it the most attractive among other energies that can be feasibly extracted.

It can be converted into electricity through low-power PV energy systems, for portable
applications (charging of mobile phones) and used in rural areas (solar lamps). The high cost of

PV panels and their low efficiency, however, reduce solar energy’s competitiveness in the energy

market as a major source of power generation. It still, however, is better than conventional energy

sources where portability is required. This paper considers a novel design for, and the physical

implementation of, a solar-charger- based PV energy system for charging of cellular and

rechargeable batteries. The charger current can be controlled and any residue power saved in a

rechargeable battery (9V). Sources for the design area solar panel (3W, 18V) and an AC power

supply. Two charging speeds are possible (slow and fast). The paper next presents the design of

the novel system and its simulation, the experiment results, and the practical implementation.

(Mashhadany and Attia, 2012)

Power generation and storage control mechanism is one of the significant and a

crucial factor in the generation and controlling system. There are various classical methods

are available in the electronics. In such areas controlling the system in remote way with

efficiency is becoming a hurdle and to overcome it in last few years. However, numerous

alternative control techniques have been developed. There are various methods of

controlling of solar power generation and battery storage system on which efficiency is being

worked out as a major issue. If the electricity losses in between PV cell - Consumption unit

and Battery storage – Consumption unit are at a comparatively large scale then it became a

crucial factor. At present, as the problem of fossil energy depletion becomes more severe,

photovoltaic source of energy arouses much interest as the secondary energy source. The

term photovoltaic refers to the phenomenon involving the conversion of sunlight into

electrical energy via a solar cell. Performance of a photovoltaic-based system strongly

depends upon the capability to determine an optimal operating point of the solar array at
which the maximum power can be drawn for any given load. Under certain temperature and

light intensity, there is only single maximum-power point in a normal cell. Therefore,

maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of the solar cell is essential as far as the system

efficiency is concerned. The Pulse width modulated (PWM) adaptive intelligent power

converter (inverter) has been designed and developed where the input DC power stored in

the battery bank obtained through PV and/or grid sources, has been digitized to produce

a sequence of PWM pulses (approximate to a sine wave) at the output of power converter and

deliver power to the load. (Raut et.al., 2013)

References
Junior, J.H., et. al. (2019, November 30). A Solar Powered Electronic Device Charger.

International Journal for Innovation Research and Education. file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads

/editor,+PB-1963.pdf.

Kaya, Mehmet. (2014, August 5). Experimental Study on Active Cooling Systems Used

for Thermal Management of High-Power Multichip Light-Emitting Diode.

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2014/563805/

Mashhadany, et. al. (2012). Novel Design and Implementation of Portable Charger

through Low-Power PV Energy System. https://www.scientific.net/AMR.925.495

Pal, Rohan et.al. (2016). A Comprehensive Analysis of Electric Vehicle Charging Station

Infrastructure in an Urban Area. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350038650_A_

Comprehensive_Analysis_of_Electric_Vehicle_Charging_Station_Infrastructure_in_an_Urban_

Area.
 Raut, Shweta A., et.al. (2013, September) International Journal of Scientific and

Technology Research. http://www.ijstr.org/final-print/sep2013/A-Solar-powered-Battery-

Charging-System-Using-Levenberg-marquard-Algorithum.pdf

Subbiah, Palani, et.al. (2016, January). Study of Cooling System in I.C. Engine

Improving Performance with Reduction of Cost.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295898741_Study_of_Cooling_System_in_IC_Engine

_Improving_Performance_with_Reduction_of_Cost.