MathNotes_rev 7/17/06 10:06 AM Page 1

M AT H N O T E S
A Study Chart for Technical Mathematics
JOHN JENNESS BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
m

n


a
mn


ALGEBRA a logb (xn)
nlogbx
n
 
ORDER OF OPERATIONS (BEDMAS)
a
n

b

____
n a__
b
(b0) logb1
0
logbb
1
1. Simplify contents of Brackets [ ], parentheses ( ),
logb(bn )
n
and braces { } working from the innermost out- FACTORING AND SPECIAL PRODUCTS
ward, and working separately above and below Changing bases of logarithms:
F.O.I.L. rule: (ab)(cd)
acadbcbd logax
the fraction lines. logbx
_____
a(xy)
axay logab
2. Simplify Exponents and Roots working from
left to right. (xy)(xy)
x2y2
logx
3. Do Multiplication and Division in the order (xy)2
x22xyy2 1nx
____
loge
that they appear from left to right. (xy)2
x22xyy2
lnx
4. Do Addition and Subtraction in the order that (xa)(xb)
x2(ab)xab logx
____
1n10
they appear from left to right. (axb)(cxd)
acx2(adbc)xbd
(xy)3
x33x2y3xy2y3 VARIATION, RATIO AND PROPORTIONS
PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS (xy)3
x33x2y3xy2y3 a c
Commutative Law: ab
ba and x3y3
(xy)(x2xyy2) ratio or proportion: _
_
b d
ab
ba x3y3
(xy)(x2xyy2) direct variation: y
kx
Associative Law: a(bc)
(ab)c and
inverse variation: y
k/x
a(bc)
(ab)c QUADRATIC EQUATION


b
b24ac joint variation: y
kxz
Note: Commutative Law does not apply to ax2bxc
0 has solution form x
___________
2a where: x, y, z are variables,
Subtraction or Division.
Four possible solutions based on discriminant k is constant of proportionality, and k0
Distributive Law: a(bc)
abac
Signs: a(b)
ab and D
b24ac GEOMETRY
a(b)
ab and – If D  0 and a perfect square, then roots are
real, rational, and unequal. PLANE SHAPES
ab
(ba)
– If D  0 and not a perfect square, then roots Triangles: 3 sides, all angles add to 180°
NUMBER SET DEFINITIONS are real, irrational, and unequal. Scalene: no two sides are equal in length
– If D
0, then roots are real, rational, and equal.
Natural (or Counting) Numbers: {1, 2, 3, 4, ...} Isosceles: two sides are equal in length
– If D  0, then roots contain imaginary numbers,
Whole Numbers: { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...} Equilateral: all sides are equal in length
and are unequal.
Integers: {... , –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...} Right: one angle is 90°
Rational Numbers: {x/y such that x, y are integers COMPLEX NUMBERS Area: A
1/2bh
but y
0} – The symbol j represents the imaginary number Hero’s formula: A


s(sa)(sb)(sc)
Irrational Numbers: x is a real number but not a 1 such that j 2
1

 1
where s
_ (abc)
Rational number {e.g.
, e} – Note:
a
j
 a where a0 2
Real Numbers include both Rational and Operations with complex numbers: Quadrilaterals: 4 sides
Irrational Numbers. Addition: (abj)(cdj)
(ac)(bd)j Square: all sides are equal in length, all
Imaginary Numbers: of the form xi (or xj) Subtraction: (abj)(cdj)
(ac)(bd)j angles 90°
where x is a real number and i is a number Multiplication: Area: A
s2
such that i2
1 (abj)(cdj)
(acbd)(adbc)j
Complex Numbers: of the form: x  yi Division: s
where x is a real number and yi is an abj ___________
____ (abj)(cdj) ________________
(acbd)(bcad)j



imaginary number. cdj (cdj)(cdj) c2d2
Rectangular form: xyj Rhombus: all sides are equal in length, angles
EXPONENTS, ROOTS AND RADICALS Polar form: r(cos jsin )
r
not 90°
aman
amn Product in polar form: Area: A
bh
m am
a__

amn, a0 or n
____
1
, a0 r1(cos 1jsin 1)r2(cos 2jsin 2)

an a anm (r1
1)(r2
2)
r1r2
( 1 2) h
(am)n
amn Quotient in polar form:
(ab)n
anbn r

r1(cos 1jsin 1) _____ r
_____________
1 1
__1
( 1 1) b

 
a n __
__ an r2(cos 2jsin 2) r2
2 r2

n (b0) Rectangle: opposite sides are equal in length,
b b
all angles 90°
a0
1 (a0) EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS
Area: A
lw
1 Exponential function: y
bx
an
__ (a0) l
an Logarithmic function: y
logbx
a1/n
n
 a Properties of logarithms: w
am/n
n
 am
(n

a )m logbxy
logbxlogby
n 

a
a
n
logb _x
logbxlogby
n 

a n

b
n
ab y
MathNotes_rev 7/17/06 10:06 AM Page 2

Parallelogram: opposite sides are equal in Surface area: A

r 2
rs Half-angle formulae:

length, angles not 90° 1
Volume: V
_
r 2h sin 
 1cos

Area: A
bh 3 2 2
Lateral surface area (excluding base): S

rs   
h Regular pyramid:
cos

2
1cos
2

Inverse trigonometric functions:



b y
sin1x  2 y 2 
Trapezoid: sides of unequal length, angles s



not 90° h  2 sin1x 2
Area: A
1/2h(b1b2) 0cos1x

b1


Lateral surface area (excluding base):  2 tan1x 2

h S
1 (base perimeter)s 0cot1x

2


Volume: 1 (base area)h 0sec1x
sec1x  2 
b2 3



Circle: 360°
2
radians
1revolution Sphere:  2 csc1x 2 csc1x  0
180°
and 1radian
___ 57.30° TRIG FUNCTIONS OF ANY ANGLE

r
Perimeter (or circumference): c
2
r – Unless specified otherwise all angles are
Area: A

r2 measured counter-clockwise from the positive
Arc length: s
r where r is radius,  is x axis.
Surface area: 4
r2
– Note: When manipulating angles using a
angle in radians Volume: 4
r3 calculator, verify the quadrant of the answer.
3
SOLIDS Positive functions:
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS First quadrant: all
Rectangular solid:
y Second quadrant: sin and csc
(x, y)
Third quadrant: tan and cot
h
r Fourth quadrant: cos and sec
y a b c
Law of Sines: sin A
sin B
sin C
w

l x Law of Cosines: a2
b2c22bc cos A
O x
Surface area: A
2lw2lh2wh b2
a2c22ac cos B
Volume: V
lwh Basic relationships: c2
a2b22ab cos C
Cube: y side opposite 
sin
r
hypotenuse
VECTORS ADDITION
x side adjacent 
cos
r
hypotenuse Step 1: break original vectors into
→
x and y components: A
AxAy
e y side opposite 
tan
x
side adjacent  Step 2: add x pieces to x pieces to get Rx, add y
Surface area: A
6e2 r hypotenuse pieces to y pieces to get Ry
Volume: V
e3 sec
x
side adjacent  Step 3: apply Pythagorean formula to get
Right circular cylinder: r hypotenuse magnitude resultant R,
csc
y
side opposite  R
Step 4: use 
tan1 y to get angle.
x side adjacent  Rx
cot
y
side opposite 
h
GRAPHS OF TRIG FUNCTIONS
r
csc 
1 y
sin 
2

sec 
1 a
b

Surface area: A
2
r22
rh cos 
Volume: V

r2h 1 b
c 0 2
c
b
x

Lateral surface area (excluding base): S
2

rh cot 
b
tan  a
y
a sin (bx  c), c  0
Right prism:
tan 
sin  For each
cos  y
(a)
a  0, b  0

cot 
cos  2

sin 
b
Since c  0, a
h c/b is positive

sin2 cos2
1 0 c
b
2

b
c
x
b
1tan2
sec2 a
y
a sin (bx  c), c  0
1cot2
csc2
Lateral surface area (excluding ends): (b)
Sum and difference identities:
S
(base perimeter)h
sin()
sin coscos sin amplitude
a 
Volume: V
(base area)h
cos()
sin coscos sin
Right circular cone: period
2

tantan b
tan()

1tan tan c
displacement
 b
Double-angle formulae:
s
h sin2
2sin cos PLANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
cos2
cos2sin2 
distance formula: d

(x
2x1) (y2y1)
2 2
r
2cos21 y2y1

12sin2 slope: m
and m
tan (0°180°)
x2x1
MathNotes_rev 7/17/06 10:06 AM Page 3

parallel lines: m1
m2 Basic laws for matrices:

1
an
L

-L
f(x)cos n
x dx
L
perpendicular lines: m2
 m1 or m1m2
1 Commutative law: AB
BA
straight line: point slope
1
Associative law: A(BC)
(AB)C
1
bn
L

-L
f(x)sin n
x dx
L
form: yy1
m(xx1) or k(AB)
kAkB
slope-intercept form: y
mxb or A0
A STATISTICS
general form: AxByC
0 AA1
A1A
I
BASICS
circles: centred on origin: x2y2
r2 A system of linear equations: a1xb1y
c1 x1f1x2f2…xnfn xf
Arithmetic mean x


centred on: (h, k): (xh)2(yk)2
r2 a2xb2y
c2 f1f2…fn f
parabolas: centred on origin parallel to x axis: can be represented in matrix form as: AX
C
Standard deviation:
y2
4px
   
a b x c
centred on origin parallel to y axis:

where A
a12 b12 , X
y and C
c21
s

(xx)2



n(x2)(x)2
n1 n(n1)
x2
4py and using the inverse: X
A1C 2 2
e(x) 2
ellipses: centred on origin major axes parallel to Normal distribution: y


x2 y2
SEQUENCE AND SERIES 2

x axis: 2  2
1, a  b 1 2
a b SEQUENCES AND SERIES Standard normal distribution: y
 ex 2

2

centred on origin major axes parallel to Factorial notation: n!
n(n1)(n2)…(2)(1)
y2 x2 Standard (z) score: z
x
y axis: 2  2
1, a  b Arithmetic sequences: an
an1d 
a b 
nth term: an
a1(n1)d Standard error of x : x

hyperbolae: centred on origin foci on x axis: n
n
x2 y2 Sum of n terms: Sn
2 (a1an)

1, a  b 
Standard error of s: s

a2 b2
2n
Geometric sequences: an
ran1
centred on origin foci on y axis: Least-squares line: y
mxb
y2 x2 nth term: an
a1r n1

1, a  b a (1rn) nxy(x)(y)
a2 b2 Sum of n terms: Sn
1 m

1r
where (r
1) nx2(x)2
translation of axes: x
x'h and y
y'k
a1 (x2)(y)(xy)(x)
Sum of geometric series: S
nlim S
→  n
1r
b

FUNCTIONS nx2(x)2
where (r1)
BASIC DEFINITIONS Binomial formula: DERIVATIVES
A function is defined as a relationship between (ab)n
annan1b n(n1) an2b2…bn
2! BASICS RULES
two variables such that for every value of the first
(independent) variable, there is only one corre- Binomial series: The limiting value of the ratio x y is known as
sponding value of the second (dependent) variable. (1x)n
1nx n(n1) x2 the derivative of the function. The derivative can
2!
The complete set of possible values of the be interpreted as the instantaneous rate of change
n(n1)(n2) x3… where (x1)
independent variable is called the domain of the 3! of the dependent variable with respect to the inde-
function. The corresponding complete set of pendent variable.
EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS IN SERIES dc
dependent variable values is called the range of  Derivative of a constant: dx
0
Infinite series:  an
a1a2a3…an…
the function. n
Derivative of a polynomial: dx
nxn1
n
1
Linear equation in one unknown: axb
0 lim Sn lim Sn 
n dx
Linear equation in two unknowns: axby
c Sum of series: S
n→
n →  i
1 ai Derivative of a constant times a function:

LINEAR EQUATIONS AND

Power series: f(x)
a0a1xa2x2…anxn… d(cu)
dx
c dx
du
 
MacLaurin series: f(x)
f(0)f'(0)x
DETERMINANTS f"(0)x2  f"'(0)x3 … f (n)(0)xn … Derivative of a sum: d(uv)
du  dv
2! 3! n! dx dx dx
Given two linear equations of the form:
d(uv) dv du
a1xb1y
c1 Taylor series: f(x)
f(a)f'(a)(xa) Product rule: dx
u v
dx dx
a2xb2y
c2 f"(a)(xa)2 …
2! v du u dv
 
The determinant of the second order is defined as: d u
Special series: Quotient rule: dx v
d(u v)
dx 2 dx
a 1 b1 2 3
dx v
a 2 b2
a1b2a2b1 ex
1x x  x … dy dy du
2! 3! Chain rule: dx
du dx
Cramer’s Rule gives solution forms: 3 5 7
sin x
x x  x  x …
 
n du
c1 b1 a1 c1 3! 5! 7! General power rule: du
nun1 dx and
c2 b2 a2 c2 2 4 6
dx
x
and y
cos x
1 x  x  x …
a1 b1 a1 b1 2! 4! 6! du p q
dx

p u(p q)1 du
q dx 
a2 b2 a2 b2 2 3 4
1n(1x)
x x  x  x … where (x1)
2 3 4 APPLICATIONS
EQUATIONS OF HIGHER DEGREE Fourier series: f(x1)
Newton’s Method: x2
x1
Polynomial function: f(x)
a0xna1xn1…an f(x)
a0a1cosxa2cos2x…ancosnx… f'(x1)
Remainder theorem: f(x)
(xr)q(x)R b1sinxb2sin2x…bnsinnx… Curvilinear motion:
dx dy
where f(r)
R Fourier coefficients for period 2
: Velocity components: vx
dt and vy
dt
factor of an
Rational roots: rr

factor of a0
1

a0
2
f(x)dx dvx d2x

-

Acceleration components: ax

2 and
dt
MATRICES
1
an




f(x)cos nx dx
dt
dvy d2y
-

ay

2
A matrix is any rectangular array of numbers. If dt
the number of rows and columns is equal, then it
1
bn




f(x)sin nx dx
Magnitude: v

 
dt
-

vx2vy2 and a

a2xay2
is a square matrix. A determinant is a specific Fourier coefficients for period 2L:
vy ay
value associated with a square matrix. 1 L

a0
2L f(x)dx
-L
Direction: tanv
v and tana
a
x x
MathNotes_rev 7/17/06 10:06 AM Page 4

Differential form of a function y
f(x) is defined Between two curves on y axis: Cosine double angle substitutions:
as dy
f '(x)dx A

x2  x1dy
c
d
2 cos2 x
1  cos2x
Linearization: L(x)
f (a)f '(a)(xa) 2 sin2 x
1  cos2x
Volumes of rotation:
DERIVATIVE OF TRANSCENDENTAL About x axis: V


y2 dx


fx 2 dx
b

a a
b
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
FUNCTIONS
About y axis: V


x2 dy


gy dy BASICS
d 2 d

c c
d(sin u) du General form for nth order differential equation:

cos u  Disk method: dV
2
(radius)  (height) 
dx dx dny dn1y dy
du (thickness) a0 n a1 n1 …an1 any
b
d(cos u) dx dx dx

sin u 
dx dx Shell method: dV

(radius)2  (thickness)
d(tan u) du alternately expressed using the differential

sec2 u  Centre of mass: m1d1  m2d2  …  mndn

dx dx operator notation D:
d(cot u)

csc2 u 
du m1  m2  … mnd a0Dny  a1Dn1y … an1Dy  any
b
dx
d(sec u)
dx
du
x(y2  y1)dx
b Solving first-order differential equations:
From given form: M(x, y)dx  N(x, y)dy
0

sec u tan u  Centroid of area: x
 and
a
dx
d(csc u)
dx
du
(y2  y1)dx
b
Algebraically manipulate into general form:

csc u cot u  a
A(x)dx  B(y)dy
0
dx
d(sin1 u) 1
dx
du

y(x2  x1)dy
d
Using one of three methods:
 y

c



(x2  x1)dy
1. Separation of variables
dx 
1  u2 dx
d

c 2. Integrable substitution combinations:

d(cos1 u) 1 du d(xy)
xdy  ydx

 2  Radius of gyration: m1d12 m2d22  …  mnd n2

dx 1  u dx (m1  m2  … mn)R2 d(x2  y2)
2(x dx  y dy)
d(tan1 u) 1 du x dyy dx

2  y
dx 1  u dx Moment of Inertia of area: Iy
k
x2 y2  y1 dx
b

a
d x 

x2
d(logb u) 1 du

 logb e  and Ix
k
y2 x2  x1 dy
d
y dxx dy
dx u dx c d x 

y y2
d(1n u)

 
dx
1 du
u dx Work: W

f(x)dx
b

a 3. PQ Method for inseparable forms:

d(bu)

b 1n b 
dx
u du
dx
Force due to liquid pressure: F
w lh dh
b
dy  Py dx
Q dx where P,Q are
a functions of x with solution of the form:
d(eu)

e 
dx
u du
dx

y dx
b

yev
Pdx
Qe
Pdxdx  C
Average value: yavg
w 
a
Solving second-order differential equations:
ba
INTEGRATION General form: a0D2y  a1Dy  a2y
b
1
y dx

  Homogeneous linear form where (b
0)
T
BASIC RULES Root-mean-square: yrms
 2
T 0 non-homogeneous form where (b
0)

Indefinite integral: f (x)dx
F(x)  C Three possible homogeneous solution forms (see
Integral of a constant: c du
cdu
cu  C INTEGRATION OF TRANSCENDENTAL quadratic discriminant) using auxiliary equation:

Integral of sum: (du  dv)
u  v  C

FUNCTIONS a0m2  a1m  a2
0

nn1
Power formula: undu
  C

dduu
lnu C 1. If discriminant  0, then 2 real roots,
n1 solution form: y
c1em x  c2em x

eudu
eu  C
1 2

where (n  1) 2. If discriminant
0, then 2 identical real roots,

b
Area under a curve: Aab
f(x)dx
F(b)  F(a)
sin u du
cos u  C solution form: y
emx (c1  c2x)

f(x)dx
F(b)  F(a)
a
3. If discriminant  0, then 2 complex roots,

cos u du
sin u  C
b
Definite integral:
a solution form: y
ex (c1sinx c2sinx)
Trapezoid rule:
f(x)dx  2x y0  2y1 
b

sec2 u du
tan u  C Non-homogeneous forms: y
yc  yp

csc2 u du
cot u  C
a
where: yc is homogeneous solution,
2y2  …  2yn1  yn

sec u tan u du
sec u  C yp is particular solution based on initial
Simpson’s rule:
f(x)dx  3x y0  4y1  2y2 
a
b

csc u cot u du
csc u  C
conditions.

4y3  2y4 …  4yn1  yn

tan u du
lncos u  C APPLICATIONS
d2q dq q
where n is even
cot u du
lnsin u  C Electric RLC circuits: L
dt2
R
dt

C

E

APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
sec u du
lnsec u  tan u  C dv

velocity: v
a dt
at  C1 and
csc u du
lncsc u  cot u  C Motion in a resisting medium: m
dt

F  kv
displacement: s = v dt



du u
1 
dq a2  u2
sin a
C LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
electric current: i
 and
dt F(s)
L(f)

estf(t)dt


electric charge: q
i dt


du
a2  u2
1
a
u

 tan1   C
a
0

af(t)  bg(t)
a
(f)  b
(g)
1
voltage across a capacitor: Vc
 i dt
C

INTEGRATION METHODS

(f')
s
(f)  f'(0)

(f")
s2
(f)  sf(0)  f'(0)
Areas:

Integration by parts: u dv
uv  v du

1(F)
f(t)
Between a curve and the x axis: Trig substitutions:
A

b

a
y dx

a
f(x)dx For a
2  x2 use x
a sin www.pearsoned.ca
Between a curve and the y axis: For a
2  x2 use x
a tan Copyright © 2005 Pearson Canada Inc.
A

d

c
x dy

c
g(y)dy For x
2  a2 use x
a sec 3 4 5 09
ISBN 0-13-128739-7

™xHSKBNBy287396z
Square relation substitutions: ISBN 0-13-128739-7
Between two curves on x axis:
cos2 x  sin2 x
1
A

y2  y1dx
b

a 1  tan2 x
sec2 x
1  cot2 x
csc2 x