Maritime Data: Transport and Logistics Data
Maritime Data: Transport and Logistics Data
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Business
is at the present day carried by sea. In fact, the vast majority of
the goods that form our daily lives depend upon the shipping
industry.
As ships sail in the seas and oceans of the world, and as ports
are nowadays hidden away and not part of the everyday life of
people in port cities, much of the shipping business is invisible
and remains so to the mainstream business and management
literature.
Maritime business since, at least, the early modern period has
evolved as a main factor for the communication and formation
of the international and eventually global markets.
Summary
! What is statistics?
! What is a mean?
! Data types
! The research study process
! The statistical analysis process
! Some basic statistical concepts
! Benefits of good study design
! Comparison of two study designs
Peter%Samuels% Reviewer:%Ellen%Marshall%
www.statstutor.ac.uk% Birmingham%City%University% University%of%Sheffield%
What is statistics?
The word “statistics” is used in 3 main ways:
1. Common meaning: factual information involving
numbers. A better word for this is data.
2. Precise meaning: quantities which have been
derived from sample data, e.g. the mean (or
average) of a data set
3. Common meaning: an academic subject which
involves reasoning about statistical quantities
⇒ In order to use statistics properly you need to be
able to think about statistics in the right way
Peter%Samuels% Reviewer:%Ellen%Marshall%
www.statstutor.ac.uk% Birmingham%City%University% University%of%Sheffield%
The three main areas of the
subject of statistics
1. Descriptive statistics – describing and summarising
data sets using pictures and statistical quantities –
see Workshop 3
2. Inferential statistics – analysing data sets and
drawing conclusions from them – see Workshops 8
to 12
3. Probability – the study of chance events governed
by rules (or laws) – see Workshop 6
Inferential statistics is based on probability because it
often uses random samples of data sets drawn from a
population (a chance event)
Peter%Samuels% Reviewer:%Ellen%Marshall%
www.statstutor.ac.uk% Birmingham%City%University% University%of%Sheffield%
Data types
In statistics it is vital to understand what types of data
you are working with.
There are three main types:
! Nominal – categories that do not have a natural
order, e.g. gender, eye colour, types of building
! Ordinal – categories which have a natural order but
are not numerical, e.g. Likert scales
! Scale/continuous – numerical data ordered against
a constant scale, e.g. date, temperature, length, weight,
frequency
Peter%Samuels% Reviewer:%Ellen%Marshall%
www.statstutor.ac.uk% Birmingham%City%University% University%of%Sheffield%
The research study process
Define Design
Conduct
objectives study
survey,
Start and draft and plan
study or
research statistical
experiment
question(s) analysis
Peter%Samuels% Reviewer:%Ellen%Marshall%
www.statstutor.ac.uk% Birmingham%City%University% University%of%Sheffield%
How statistical analysis can
help you
! It allows you to make 'sense' of data
" Descriptive (e.g. numerical or graphical,
etc.)
! It allows you to evaluate uncertainty and make
valid inferences
" Make comparisons (e.g. between two
groups)
" Model orientated (e.g. model how blood
pressure is affected by gender and age)
Peter%Samuels% Reviewer:%Ellen%Marshall%
www.statstutor.ac.uk% Birmingham%City%University% University%of%Sheffield%
Basic statistical concepts
! Reliability and validity
! Bias and precision
! Data richness
! Populations and samples
! Parameters and estimates
! Random selection
! Robustness
Reliability and validity
Valid and potentially also reliable,
depending upon how it is used and
whether the object / person being
measured is always the same
Biased
Unbiased
Peter%Samuels% Reviewer:%Ellen%Marshall%
www.statstutor.ac.uk% Birmingham%City%University% University%of%Sheffield%
Populations and Samples
Sample:
We can learn nearly as much
by studying a suitably large
Population: randomly chosen sample of
May be too big / a population as we can from
expensive to study studying the entire population
Peter%Samuels% Reviewer:%Ellen%Marshall%
Parameters and estimates
Sample Estimates
?
Population mean
(unknown) Parameter
Population of students at
Birmingham City University
Peter%Samuels% Reviewer:%Ellen%Marshall%
www.statstutor.ac.uk% Birmingham%City%University% University%of%Sheffield%
Random selection
! Most research study designs require a sample to be
randomly selected from a population
! Research1 suggests humans cannot generate random
numbers and thus cannot make random selections
! Suggested methods:
" Select numbered balls out of a bag (as in the National
Lottery)
" Use an online random number generator, such as
www.random.org/integers
" Use the RAND or RANDBETWEEN functions in Excel
! More details in Workshop 13
Robustness
! Parameter-
based
statistical tests
make certain
assumptions
in their
underlying
models
! However, they
often work
well in other
situations when these assumptions are violated
! This is known as robustness
Peter%Samuels% Reviewer:%Ellen%Marshall%
www.statstutor.ac.uk% Birmingham%City%University% University%of%Sheffield%
Why is study design
important?
! Ensures you collect 'good' data
! Allows you to draw valid conclusions and
answer your research question(s)
! Reduces potential bias
" E.g. Staff stress survey – Perhaps staff who have
been stressed are more likely to respond
More reasons why good
study design is important
! Reduce variability in your data
" Reduces 'noise‘
" Enables you to see the big picture
! Improves accuracy (precision) of results
! Reduces amount of data needed
! Reduces cost (time or money)
! Surveys or observational studies cannot
identify causes and effects
! Designed experiments can!
Peter%Samuels% Reviewer:%Ellen%Marshall%
www.statstutor.ac.uk% Birmingham%City%University% University%of%Sheffield%