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Remarks on Dense Set

Article · January 2011

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 International Mathematical Forum, Vol. 6, 2011, no. 44, 2153 - 2158

Remarks on Dense Set

Shyamapada Modak

Department of Mathematics
University of Gour Banga
Malda-732103, West Bengal, India
[email protected]

Abstract: In this paper dense set and its definition are discussed in aspect of
generalized sets in topological space.

Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 54D15; Secondary 54D20, 54D30.

Keywords: dense set, semi-open set, semi-continuity, preopen set, semi-closure,

semi-interior, pre-closure, pre-interior.

1. Introduction
The study of generalized open set(or only generalized set) has been started from 1963,
when N. Levine [13] introduced semi-open set and semi-continuity in literature.
From 1963 to till date so many mathematician like Andrijevic[1], [2], Crossely and
Hildebrand [5], Dorsett [7], Maheshwari and Prasad [14], Hatir et al [12] and Noiri
[18] and many others have worked on this field. Again in1987 B.K. Lahari and P.
Bhattacharyya[3] have also introduced as like similar generalized set by the name of
semi-generalized open sets using semi-open set where Levine used open set in his
semi-open set. This is the generalization of semi-open sets. So semi-open set is an
important part in topological spaces. As the motivation of this generalized set, a
group of mathematicians have introduced different types of generalized open set.
Some of the generalized open sets are; Preopen set[15] on 1984, α - set [17] on 1965,
Semi-preopen set[2] on 1986, δ - set[4] on 1992, Semi – I- open set, α -I- open set, β
- I –open set[9] on 2002 , Pre - I- open set[6] on 1999 and ψ - C set [16] on 2007 etc.
2154 S. Modak

In this paper we have discussed about dense set in aspect of semi-open sets and
preopen sets and we try to introduce as like a new definition of dense set.
We shall denote closure, interior, semi-interior, semi-closure, pre-interior and pre-
closure with respect to the topological space (X,τ) as cl, int, sint, scl, pint and pcl
respectively.

2. Semi-open set
In this section we shall discuss dense set in topological space in front of semi-open
set. At first we are considering following definitions:

Definition2.1.[10]. A subset D of a topological space (X,τ) is said to be dense if

clD=X.
The collection of all dense sets in a topological space (X,τ) is denoted as D(X,τ).

Definition2.2.[13]. A set A in a topological space (X,τ) is called semi-open if A⊂

clintA.
Its equivalent Definition is:

Definition2.3.[13]. A set A in a topological space (X,τ) is called semi-open if there is

an open set O such that O⊂ A⊂ clO.
The set of all semi-open sets in a topological space (X,τ) is denoted as SO(X,τ).

A set A in a topological space (X,τ), A⊂ sclA⊂ clA [14].

The relation with dense set and semi-open set in a topological space is as follows:

Theorem2.4. Let (X,τ) be a topological space and D⊂ X . Then D is dense in (X,τ)

if and only if U∩D ≠ φ, for every nonempty U ∈ SO(X,τ).
Proof. Let D∈D(X,τ). Then for any nonempty open set O, O∩D ≠ φ -----(i).
Now for a semi-open set U, there is an open set O such that O⊂ U ⊂ clO. Hence
U∩D ≠ φ, from (i). Conversely suppose U∩D ≠ φ for every nonempty U ∈ SO(X,τ).
We shall show that D∈D(X,τ). If possible suppose that p∈X but p ∉sclD, so p∈(X-
sclD). So D∩(X-sclD) = φ, a contradiction to the fact that (X - sclD) is semi-open.
Hence p ∈sclD. Therefore X⊂sclD⊂ clD and hence clD = X.

From this Theorem, we get following corollary:

Remarks on dense set 2155

Corollary 2.5. Let (X,τ) be a topological space and U∈SO(X,τ), O∈τ and O∩U ≠ φ.
Then for dense set D, O∩U∩D ≠ φ.
Proof. This follows from Theorem6 of [13] and Theorem2.1 of [14].

From above, another definition of dense set can be introduced.

Definition2.6. A subset D of a topological space (X,τ) is said to be dense if sclD=X.

In fact two definitions, Definition2.1 and Definition2.6 are equivalent.

Now we shall discuss following results which are related to the closure and interior.

Result 2.7.[11]. Let (X,τ) be a subset of a topological space. Then for any A⊂ X,
intA = X – cl(X – A).

Similar result also hold in semi-closure and semi-interior.

For this we shall use the following theorem owning to D. Andrijevic.

Theorem 2.8.[1]. Let A be a subset of a topological space (X,τ). Then

(i). sclA = A∪int(clA)
(ii). sintA = A∩cl(intA).

Result 2.9. Let (X,τ) be a subset of a topological space. Then for any A⊂ X,
sintA = X – scl(X – A).
Proof. X – sintA = X - A∩cl(intA) = (X – A)∪(X – cl(intA)) = (X – A)∪ int(X –int
A)=(X – A)∪intcl(X – A)[Result2.7] = scl(X – A). Therefore sintA = X – scl(X – A).

A problem has been given by J.L.Kelley in [10], the problem is:

Problem 2.10. If D is dense in the topological space (X,τ) and O is open in (X,τ),
then O⊂ cl(D∩O).
Proof. If possible suppose that x∈O but x∉cl(D∩O). Then x∈(X - cl(D∩O)), this
implies that x∈int(X - (D∩O)). So x∈int((X – O) ∪(X – D)) and hence x∈(X – O)
∪(X – D). Hence x∈(X – D), implies O⊂(X – D). Therefore O∩D = φ, a
contradiction to the fact that D is dense in (X,τ). Hence O⊂ cl(D∩O).

Using this problem we get following remark:

Remark 2.11. If D is dense in the topological space (X,τ) and O is open in (X,τ),
then cl(D∩O) is a semi-open set.
2156 S. Modak

Proof. Given that O⊂ cl(D∩O), then O⊂ cl(D∩O) ⊂clO. Since O is open hence
semi-open then from Theorem3 of [13], cl(D∩O) is semi-open.

Similar problem as like J.L. Kelley’s is:

Problem 2.12. If D is dense in the topological space (X,τ) and U∈SO(X,τ), then U⊂
scl(D∩U).
Proof. If possible suppose that x∈U but x∉ scl(D∩U). Then x∈(X - scl(D∩U)),
this implies that x∈sint(X - (D∩U)) [Result2.9]. So x∈sint((X – U) ∪(X – D)) and
hence x∈(X – U)∪(X – D). So x∈(X – D), implies U⊂(X – D). Therefore U∩D =
φ, a contradiction to the Definition2.6 .Hence U⊂ cl(D∩U).

Due to this problem following holds:

Remark 2.13. If D is dense in the space (X,τ) and U∈SO(X,τ), then U⊂

scl(D∩U)⊂cl(D∩U).

Now we concentrate about semi-continuity:

Definition 2.14[13]. Let (X,τ) and (X/,τ/) be two topological spaces. The function
ƒ:(X,τ) → (X/,τ/) is said to be semi-continuous if for every O∈τ/ , ƒ-1(O) ∈SO(X,τ) .

Theorem 2.15. Let ƒ: (X,τ) → (X/,τ/) be the semi-continuous function. Then for any
dense subset D of (X,τ), D∩ƒ-1(O) ≠ φ, for every O∈τ/.
Proof. The proof is obvious from Definition2.14. and Theorem2.4.

3. Preopen Set
In this section we shall try to redefine dense set in aspect of preopen set.
For this we discuss following:

Definition3.1[15]. A set A in a topological space (X,τ) is called preopen set if A⊂

intclA.
The set of all preopen sets in a topological space (X,τ) is denoted as PO(X,τ).

Similar result of the Result2.7 is also hold in preopen set.

Theorem 3.2.[1]. Let A be a subset of a topological space (X,τ). Then

(i). pclA = A∪cl(intA)
(ii). pintA = A∩int(clA).
Remarks on dense set 2157

Result 3.3. Let (X,τ) be a topological space.Then for any A⊂ X, pintA=X–pcl(X–A).

Proof. X – pintA = X - A∩int(clA) = (X – A)∪(X – int(clA)) = (X – A)∪cl(X – clA)
=(X – A)∪clint(X – A) [Result2.7] = pcl(X – A).Therefore pintA = X – pcl(X – A).

Using this result we get following Theorems:

Theorem 3.4. Let (X,τ) be a topological space and D⊂ X. If D∩A ≠ φ for every
A∈ PO(X,τ), then D is dense in (X,τ).
Proof. Since τ⊂ PO(X,τ), then the theorem holds.

For converse of the above theorem we shall discuss following:

Theorem 3.5. Let D∈ D(X,τ) with intD ≠ φ. Then pclD = X.

Proof. If possible suppose that, there is an x∈X but x∉pclD. So x∈(X – pclD),
implies that x ∈ pint(X – D) ⊂ cl(X – D) [Theorem3.2]. So x ∈(X – intD)
[Result2.7]. Hence x∉intD. So there is no open set Vx (containing x ) such that Vx⊂
D, and so Vx∩D = φ, a contradiction that D is a dense set. Hence pclD = X.

Following example shows that the condition intD≠ φ, of the above Theorem is an
essential condition.

Example 3.6. Let X = {a,b,c,d}, τ = {φ, X, {a,b}, {a,b,c}}. Here {b,d}∈PO(X,τ),

{a}∈D(X,τ) with int{a}= φ and {a}∩{b,d}= φ.

So we can not say that a subset D of a topological space (X,τ), is dense if pclD= X.
For similar problem of the Section 2, we discuss following:

M. Ganster have shown in [8];

Theorem 3.7.[8]. Let (X,τ) be a topological space and A⊂ X. Then A∈ PO(X,τ)

if and only if A is the intersection of an open set and a dense set.

Remark 3.8. From above Theorem it is obvious that D∩O is always a preopen set
where D∈ D(X,τ) and O∈τ for the topological space (X,τ).

From this Remark3.8 and Problem2.10, we get that O⊂ cl(D∩O), where D∩O is a
preopen set. Hence we conclude that every preopen set contains an open set and in the
definition of preopen set, it is maintained.
Ganster has also shown that in [8], every dense set is a preopen set.

Again in [1], we get following:

 2158 S. Modak

Theorem 3.9.[1]. If O ∈ τ and A∈ PO(X,τ) then O∩A ∈ PO(X,τ).

The question is; Is cl(A∩O) or cl(D∩A) preopen ? where O ∈ τ, A∈ PO(X,τ) and
D∈ D(X,τ). Actually these are the closure of the preopen set. In particular intersection
of two preopen sets, i.e., A∩O or D∩O are also preopen set. But intersection of two
preopen set may not be a preopen set in general. For this Ganster[8] have shown that,
PO(X,τ) forms a tpology if and only if intersection of any two dense sets is a preopen
set. That is, intersection of two preopen sets is a preopen set. In this context he used
submaximal space[8] and open hereditarily irresolvable space[8].

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Received: March, 2011

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