Breathing

Movements:
Remember,
gases move from
an area of high
pressure to an
area of low
pressure.
Inspiration:
Occurs when
pleural pressure
(lungs) is less
than the
atmospheric
pressure. (air into
lungs.
Expiration:
Occurs where
there is a higher
When do we use the internal intercostal muscles?
pressure in the
Used during times of extreme exercise and are used to pull
pleural cavity
the rib cage down. Not used in normal breathing.
than the
atmosphere (air out of lungs)
What would happen if
someone was stabbed
Inspiration:
or shot in the chest?
Diaphragm Contracts: Flattens and pulls downward.
Pneumothorax
Chest volume increases. Pressure decreases. Atmospheric
collapsed lung
pressure is greater and air moves into lungs.

External intercostal muscles (between ribs) contract:

Pulls the rib upward and outward. This increases chest
volume and lowers pleural pressure.

Expiration:
Diaphragm relaxes: Returns to dome shape due to force
of organs in the abdominal cavity. Chest volume decreases.
Pressure increases. Pleural pressure greater than How can you figure out your lung volume?
atmospheric and air move out of lungs. Spirometer: An apparatus for measuring the volume of air
External intercostal muscles relax: Rib cage falls. Fluid inspired and expired by the lungs.
within the pleural membrane pushes against lungs and air
is forced out.
 Chemoreceptors:
Carbon dioxide
chemoreceptors are
also called acid
chemoreceptors as
carbon dioxide is
combined with
water and
converted to
carbonic acid,
which forms
hydrogen and
bicarbonate ions.

Can a person hold their breath indefinitely?

Spirogram: Graph of the measurement of your lung Carbon dioxide levels reach a certain level the medulla
capacity. takes over and automatically restores the oxygen levels. In
Tidal Volume: Amount of air that’s inhaled and exhaled in a a drug overdose, the drug impedes the actions of the
normal breath. medulla oblongata to a point where the oxygen levels can
Vital Capacity: The amount of air that can be inhaled and no longer sustain life.
exhaled in a single breath.
Expiratory Reserve Volume: The maximum volume of How does gas exchange occur?
additional air that can be expired from the end of a normal Remember, “equal volumes of gases at the same
expiration. temperature and pressure contain the same number of
Inspiratory Reserve Volume: Maximum amount of molecules.” - Avogadro. If this is true, then gases will diffuse
additional air that can be inspired from the end of a normal from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure.
inspiration. Dalton’s law of partial pressure states that each gas exerts
Residual Volume: The volume of air remaining in the lung its own pressure, which is proportional to the total volume.
after a maximal expiration (can’t be measured with
spirometer) Gas Exchange:
In respiration oxygen
When carbon dioxide increases in the blood flow is a has a higher partial
person’s breathing regulated? pressure in the
Medulla Oblongata: Controls breathing movements by atmosphere than
detecting oxygen and carbon dioxide levels with alveoli and the
chemoreceptors. alveoli is higher than
blood.
Where does oxygen
go?
From the
atmosphere to the
tissues. Once in the
bloodstream oxygen
does to cells and is
combines with
glucose in the
mitochondria.
In respiration carbon
dioxide has a higher partial pressure in the blood than
alveoli and the alveoli is higher than atmosphere.
Where does carbon dioxide go?
Tissues to Atmosphere
 What do you call Emphysema “Over-inflated”:
a hemoglobin Chronic inflammation of the bronchioles. Difficulty exhaling
molecule causing a built up pressure in the lungs. Alveolar wall
attached to stretch and rupture. Causes increased breathing rate, heart
oxygen? rate, smaller lung volume.
Oxyhemoglobin:
Blood can only Lung Cancer:
dissolve so much Most common cause of death in Canadian men. Third for
oxygen (0.3 mL of women. Characterized growth of cells. The solid mass
O2/100mL of causes a decrease in SA for diffusion. Tumors may block
blood) and the bronchioles.
body requires
more than it can Pg.66-75:
store. The result id Discuss the movement of the rib cage and diaphragm
hemoglobin during inhalation and exhalation. Use these diagrams to
forming a weak support your answer.
bond with oxygen
producing
oxygehomb
loadbin callowing more oxygen to be carried to the body for
consumption.

How does CO2 get to the lungs?

Carbon Dioxide Transport: ~26% of CO2 combines with
hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin
64% of CO2 combines with water in the plasma to form
carbonic acid H2CO3.
Carbonic Anhydrase: Increases this chemical reaction
causing a lower partial pressure of CO2.
During inhalation the rib cage moves outward, and the
diaphragm moves down, expanding the lungs and lowering
the pleural pressure. During exhalation, the diaphragm
moves up, the rib cage moves in, causing the lungs to
contract and raise the pleural pressure.

How is oxygen and CO2 exchanged between the alveoli

and capillary? In your answer be sure to discuss diffusion,
cell wall thickness, and how blood travels through the
capillary.
Gases in the alveoli move into or from the capillaries due to
the concentration difference. Diffusion moves gases along
the concentration gradient, so if there is more carbon
dioxide in the capillaries, it’ll move into the alveoli. Both the
capillaries and alveoli are only one cell thick, which
increases SA for gas exchange. Blood is pushed forward by
What are pressure, so the process is continuous.
some diseases of the respiratory system?
Bronchitis (itis-inflammation):
Inflammation of the bronchioles. Infection increases mucus
production and tissue swelling occurs. Bronchial asthma
and emphysema are associated with bronchial
inflammation. Causes a difficulty in echaling, due to a lower
pleural pressure on inhalation.
 Disorders:
Asthma: Laboured breathing due to decreased diameter of
bronchial passage.
Bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchi/bronchioles.
Emphysema: Over-inflammation/rupture of the alveoli
Lung Cancer: Cell mass (tumour) in lungs

The Respiratory System:

1. What 3 things happen to the air as it passes through
the nasal cavity? Warm, filter, moisten
2. What is the name of the area in which both food and air
pass through? Pharynx
3. Why does the trachea have rings of cartilage
surrounding its walls? So the airway does not collapse -
maintains constant diameter.
Identify the areas of the human respiratory system which 4. What is the purpose of the epiglottis? Prevents food
correspond to the Thoracic Cavity - Diaphragm model from entering trachea
5. Explain how the larynx produces the sounds you hear
when you speak or sing. Air passes across ligaments ->
produces sound
6. The trachea branches into 2 bronchi which are lined
with cilia to help filter the air. Later these branch into
many smaller tubes called bronchioles.
7. Why do we have millions of small alveoli rather than 2
large lungs? If there’s damage to a small area, we still
have millions of backup alveoli.
8. Why are the alveoli covered in lipoprotein?To prevent
them from sticking shut (keeps airways open)
9. Why must the internal surface of the alveoli be kept
moist? Decreases friction and increases O2 diffusion
10. Define diffusion. Movement down a concentration
gradient (from high to low concentration)
11. Explain why CO2 and O2 diffuse back and forth
between the alveoli and the capillaries. Alveoli: High
O2/low CO2. Capillaries: High CO2/low O2. Diffusion
12. Explain how the respiratory system helps maximize the
process of diffusion, by controlling the following factors:
surface area: Alveoli provides lots of SA for gas exchange
concentration gradient: Gases move along the
concentration gradient to/from the capillaries.
distance to diffuse: Short distance (alveoli is right next to
cap)
13. What is the function of the pleural membrane? Air tight
compartment for lungs- creates plural pressure.
14. Your breathing rate is first monitored by
chemoreceptors that detect high levels of CO2. A back
up system of oxygen receptors detect low levels ofO2.
Both types of receptors then send a message to the
medulla oblongata to either increase or decrease the
breathing rate.
15. How are oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in the
blood? By RBCs, attach to hemoglobin.
16. How is the diaphragm involved in the processes of
inhaling and exhaling air? Contracts or relaxes to
increase or decrease cavity pressure.
17. How does a puncture through the chest wall (not into 21. In what way is the
the lung itself) affect the rate of oxygen absorption in structure indicated X designed
the lungs? Explain Disrupts pleural pressure so lungs to ensure that the
cannot function properly. As a result, O2 absorption passageway remains open
decreases. always?
18. In an experiment, a person's breathing rate was C-rings (cartilage)maintain
recorded immediately after engaging in a number of constant diameter.
activities. What two features of the
structure indicated by the
Activity Breathing rate
letter X are responsible for
(breaths/min)
reducing the chance of
dust particles reaching the
Running 45
lungs?
Cilia, mucus.
Resting 15
How does cigarette smoke
affect the 2 features identified
Climbing stairs 50
above?
Damages cilia, thickens mucus which narrows lungs.
Hyperventilating (take 8
In what two ways are the structures indicated by the letter
rapid deep breaths while at
W designed to enhance the diffusion of gases?
rest)
Thin walls, moist.
Which activity produced the highest CO2 concentration in In people who have smoked cigarettes heavily, alveolar
the blood? Explain. tissue is destroyed, resulting in fewer but larger alveoli. In
Climbing stairs because of CO2 build up in blood what two ways does this decrease the efficiency of gas
Why is the breathing rate after hyperventilating reduced? exchange in the alveoli?
Hyperventilation decreases CO2 because of deep breaths Decreased SA of each alveolus. Decreased total # of
out and increases oxygen because of deep breaths in -> alveoli.
chemoreceptors sense that and adjust breathing.
What happens to the pH of someone who is
hyperventilating and why?
Hyperventilation decreases CO2 concentration, so less
carbonic acid in blood -> higher (more basic) pH.
19. Why is it necessary to give an individual suffering from
severe CO (carbon monoxide) inhalation, a blood
transfusion?
CO binds to RBC instead of O2 or CO2. The CO binds so
tightly it cannot be removed, so new RBC are needed for
the person to be able to transport O2 and CO2 around the
body.
20.
a. What happens to the
rubber balloons when the
membrane is pulled
downwards? Balloon inflates.
b. Explain how pulling the
rubber membrane downward
produces this change in the
rubber balloons. Decrease in 22. Which number represents the maximum amount of gas
pressure in tubes so air moves that can be expired after a maximum inspiration?
in and inflates balloons. 3
c. What part of the human What name is given to the volume of air represented by
respiratory system is number 1, and how would you describe this volume
simulated by the rubber of air?
membrane? Diaphragm. Residual volume: Amount of air left over after max
exhalation.
What name is given to the volume of air represented by the Pleural cavity pressure decreases, less iar going into lungs.
number 2, and how would you describe this volume Why does he gasp?
of air? Desperately trying to get O2.
Expiratory reserve: Max air you can expire after normal What could be done to restore normal breathing?
breath out Cover wound. Give O2 (breathing mask)
Which of the volumes or capacities indicated by number 4. During mouth to mouth resuscitation, exhaled air is
would someone with severe emphysema have the forced into the victim's trachea. As you know, exhaled
greatest difficulty in moving? Explain air contains higher levels of CO2 than atmospheric air.
2: Emphysema causes trouble with exhalation. Would the higher levels of CO2 create problems or
would they be beneficial? Provide your reasons.
The ribs move up Increased CO2 in exhaled air will trigger increased signals
and down, the from patients medulla oblongata to breath-> beneficial.
diaphragm moves 5. Prior to swimming underwater, a diver breathes deeply
down. and rapidly for a few seconds. How has
Volume is hyperventilating helped the diver hold her breath
increased. longer?
Pressure in the Hyperventilation decreases CO2 in blood. This decreases
lungs is the urge to breathe because there will be less CO2 sensed
decreased. by medulla oblongata.
Air enters the
lungs to equalize Definitions:
pressure. 1. Oral Cavity: Also known as the mouth
2. Nasal Cavity: Area located within nose
3. Pharynx: Location where numbers 1 and 2 meet
4. Larynx: Also known as the voice box
The ribs move 5. Voice Box: Composed of ligaments to produce sound
down and in, the 6. Epiglottis: Covers the trachea during eating
diaphragm 7. Trachea: Carries air from the pharynx
moves up. 8. Cartilage Rin: These ensure number 7 will not collapse
Volume 9. Broncht: Divisions of number 7 that carry air to each
decreases. lung
Pressure 10. Bronchioles: Divisions of number 9 within each lung
increases. 11. Smooth Muscle: Lining number 10, contract during
Air is forced out asthma
of the lungs. 12. Alveoli: Blind ended sac where oxygen is exchanged
13. Capillary: Wraps around number 12, exchanges CO2
and O2
14. Oxygen: Gas that enters body tissues
15. Carbon Dioxide: Gas that controls breathing rate
16. Erythrocytes: Red blood cells
17. Diaphragm: Sheet of muscle separating abdominal and
1. Why do breathing rates increase in crowded rooms? thoracic
Increased CO2 in air causes increased breathing rate 18. Intercostal: Muscles between the ribs
(chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata sense increases in 19. Medulla Oblongata: Part of brain controlling breathing
CO2) 20. Vital Capacity: Max volume of air exhaled after max
2. A patient is given a sedative that inhibits nerves leading inhalation
to the pharynx, including those that control the 21. Asthma: Chronic disease of respiratory system in which
epiglottis. What precautions would you take with this the airways narrow
patient? 22. Bronchitis: Inflammation of number 9
Supervise when eating/drinking because trachea may not 23. Residual Volume:Amount of air present after max
be covered when swallowing. Tell them not to talk while exhalation
eating/drinking. 24. Emphysema: Disease associated with over inflation of
3. A man has a chest wound. The attending physician the alveoli
notices that the man is breathing rapidly and gasping 25. Dome: Shape of number 17 when relaxed
for air. 26. Flat: Shape of number 17 when contracted
Why does the man's breathing rate increase? 27. Warm: What we do to air along with moisten and filter