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Introduction To Reservoir Engineering: - by Dr. M Prince

This document provides an introduction to reservoir engineering. It discusses why reservoir engineering is important for hydrocarbon exploration and production. It describes the key stages in a reservoir's life from exploration and delineation, through development and production, to abandonment. The roles of the reservoir engineer at each stage are outlined. Key reservoir properties that must be characterized like porosity, permeability, fluid properties and drive mechanisms are also introduced.

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Benyamin Elilaski Nababan
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150 views29 pages

Introduction To Reservoir Engineering: - by Dr. M Prince

This document provides an introduction to reservoir engineering. It discusses why reservoir engineering is important for hydrocarbon exploration and production. It describes the key stages in a reservoir's life from exploration and delineation, through development and production, to abandonment. The roles of the reservoir engineer at each stage are outlined. Key reservoir properties that must be characterized like porosity, permeability, fluid properties and drive mechanisms are also introduced.

Uploaded by

Benyamin Elilaski Nababan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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“ Introduction to Reservoir

engineering
”
- By Dr. M Prince
Introduction

Why it is important?

How oil is generated?

Time taken to generate


matured oil.

Role of reservoir engg.

Reservoir engineering is a key branch for hydrocarbon exploration and production.


It will objectify the pathway to produce oil economically.
A reservoir engineer has to define and predict its heterogeneity.
He has to avoid drilling unnecessary and expensive wells.
Should posses sound knowledge on directional permeability
Life of a Reservoir as an infant

Exploration phase – confirming


pregnancy by geologists

Delineation phase – defining


boundaries for appraisal

Development phase – well testing


For any allergies

Production phase – primary,


secondary or Enhanced
normal delivery

Abandonment – closing the well


and discharge
Max. production
Development or plateau region
Production rate

5-7 y 10-15y
Exploration Decline Phase
15-25 y

Deleaniation
And appraisal Role of reservoir engineering

Decommissioning
or Abandonment

2-5 y
2-5 y
3-5 y

Time
Geological (E)
Structure contour map: connection of equal
depth points
Topography map: height or elevations
Isopach map: thickness of stratigraphy
Geophysical survey (E )
Geophysical methods are more quicker
and cheaper
They provide thorough coverage of entire
area.
The results are less definitive so it has to be
correlated with other techniques.
Gravitimetric
magnetometric
Seismics
Seismics (E )

Two way travel time


‘S’ and ‘P’ wave
Reflection and refraction
Acoustic impedance
(seismic velocity * density layer)
Gravitimetric and magentic
 These are Airborne and offshore
geophysical surveys
 Provide geological information at
initial stages of exploration
 Low flying helicopters 25m to 60m
from the ground.

Faults and igneous intrusions


Wild cat drilling

 Exploration activity outside of  Successful stories


existing known fields, is inherently
2019 - ConocoPhillips Scandinavia AS
risky.
in the Norwegian side-one ten million
 Lack of information. standard cubic feet of recoverable
oil equivalent was discovered
 Uncertainty and gap
 One in three are successful
2020 – Guyana –Exxonmobil-six billion
 Some times rewarding
barrels.
 Failures
2019 – cairne energy – Scotland
abredeen – fruitless.
Delineation

 During appraisal, delineation wells  Additional seismic surveys


might be drilled to determine the
 Drilling of appraisal wells
size of the oil or gas field and how
to develop it most efficiently.  Reservoir simulation studies
 Refine OOIP and OGIP
 Perform initial Field Development
Plan (FDP)
 Build up
Production  Plateau
 Decline

•Additional Development wells

•Primary recovery
•Secondary recovery
•Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) for
tertiary oil recovery
Plug and abandon

 Permanently close the well

 Isolate fresh water zone and


protective zones

 No income in this phase

 Two days to a week


Reservoir Fluid distribution

Overall fluid saturation = Total volume PV = Pore or void space in


of the fluid / PV reservoir rock

So = Vol. of Oil/PV So = saturation of oil

Sg = Vol. of Gas/PV Sg = Saturation of Gas

Sw = Vol. of Water/PV Sw = Saturation of water

So + Sg +Sw = 1
Connate water saturation (Swc) Movable oil saturation (Som)

Critical Oil Saturation (Soc) Som = 1-Swc-Soc

Critical gas saturation (Sgc) With gas presence

Residual (irreducible) Oil Som = 1-Swc-Soc-Sgc


Saturation(Sor)
Drive mechanisms

Five Ultimate Recovery


 Water drive  35-60%
 Depletion drive  5-30%
 Gas drive  20-40%
 Rock and fluid expansion drive  5-10%
 Gravity  35-75%
 Combination  20-35%
Water Drive

 Pressure remains High


 GOR remains low
 Wells flows freely until excessive
water production.
Gas Cap

 Pressure drop continuously


but slowly
 GOR rises conitinously
 Long life of wells depends on
the gas volume
 Negligible water cut
Depletion Drive
Gravity drainage

 Adjustment of the
fluids according to
specific gravity.
 Mobility happens
naturally.
 Location of wells
plays a significant
role
 Maximum recovery
Combination drive

 Rapid declination of reservoir


pressure.
 Depletion and gravity drive has to
be managed
 Recovery is 20-35%
Comparison between drive
mechanism
Recoveries
Recover y

80

70
Maximum Minimum
60
RECOVERY OIIP

50

40

30

20

10

0
water depletion gas rock gravity combination

DRIVE MECHANISMS
Properties of reservoir rock and fluid

Porosity viscosity
Permeabilty Density
Capillary pressure Formation volume factor
Compressibility Pour point
Wettability Flash point
Compressibility
Solution gas
Porosity
Porosity = void volume / bulk volume
Void volume = Bulk – grain matrix

Matrix = cement + mineral grains and


other debris
Good porosity = 10% - 30%
Effective porosity is also known to be
permebilty
Permeabilty

The ability of a rock to bypass fluids

K = - Q μ L/ A Δ P
Types

Effective permeability
Absolute permeability
Relative permeability
Capillary pressures

Capillary pressure = Pressure of Non


wetting phase – pressure of Wetting
phase.
Water
oil
Pc = 2 *σ *cos θ / Rc
Rc
θ
σ = surface tension between oil and
reservoir surface.
θ = Contact Angle
Rc = Radius of capillary tube
Compressibility

It is the fractional reduction of pore


volume with little change in pressure.

C = 1/V ( dV/dP)
Wettabilty

Θ > 90
w.r.t oil Θ = 90
to w.r.t oil to Θ < 90 >90
surface surface w.r.t oil to surface
<90 Θ =90
Θ Θ

Water wet intermediate wet oil wet


Thankyou

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