I.

Introduction
IOT is a technological trend that relates to the development of the systems that make life much
easier. IOT is the most revolutionary topic in the research field and relates to the development of
the sensors that can be embedded in different devices of different sizes ranges from car, ACs or
even phones. The devices that include sensors and can be useful for different purposes and also
can become the necessity of the users.
The field of IOT is the mixture of the field electronics as well as embedded systems. The field of
electronics relates to the flow of current between the different devices so that these devices can
work to perform numerous functions. In other context, fields of embedded systems relate to the
attachment of the electronic devices with a computer like systems so that it become easy to
perform certain task from electronic devices.

II. Embedded Systems Categorization

Embedded system can be consider as a mini computer with dedicated functions and used in the
real time environment. The embedded system includes different components such as:

• Processor: Processor is the main component of any embedded system. It is also known as
IC microcontroller. In the embedded system IC is responsible for performing the entire
task that are required to operate by the system.
• Memory: The memory part is also attached with the embedded systems that can be used
to store data and programs or set of instructions that are to be executed to perform
certain task onto the submitted data item. The memory an embedded system can have is
RAM, ROM or Cache memories and the size of memory varies from system to system. The
memory in embedded systems ranges from bytes to even MBs.
• System Clock: System clock is a multi vibrator system circuit that is responsible for
performing certain task onto the particular frequency. The circuit used for system clock is
555 multi-vibrator IC.
• Peripherals: The embedded system includes different ports that can be used to take input
from outside world or can be used to provide output to the output world. By using these
ports we can attach sensors and can send and receive data to or from the sensors.

III. Features of Embedded System

Embedded systems provide number of features and make easier to design an electronic device
within even short period. The features of embedded systems vary from system to systems. The
features of the embedded system includes:
a) Single Functioned: An embedded system is a special type of computer system that can be
used to perform certain task for which it is designed. It can perform different task by
sensor to create a full fledged IOT based smart device.
 b) Tightly constrained − All computing systems have constraints on design metrics, but those
on an embedded system can be especially tight. Design metrics is a measure of an
implementation's features such as its cost, size, power, and performance. It must be of a
size to fit on a single chip, must perform fast enough to process data in real time and
consume minimum power to extend battery life.
c) Reactive and Real time − Many embedded systems must continually react to changes in
the system's environment and must compute certain results in real time without any
delay. Consider an example of a car cruise controller; it continually monitors and reacts to
speed and brake sensors. It must compute acceleration or de-accelerations repeatedly
within a limited time; a delayed computation can result in failure to control of the car.
d) Microprocessors based − It must be microprocessor or microcontroller based.
e) Memory − It must have a memory, as its software usually embeds in ROM. It does not
need any secondary memories in the computer.
f) Connected − It must have connected peripherals to connect input and output devices.
g) HW-SW systems − Software is used for more features and flexibility. Hardware is used for
performance and security.

IV. Types of Embedded Systems

This section deals with the different types of embedded systems that can be used in creation of
various IOT based smart device.
a) Arduino: Arduino is an open source hardware that can be used to create electronic
customized electronic systems. Arduino is a chip that is made from different components and
it can be used to create different electronic systems ranges from LED blinking to large IOT
based smart systems that can be used to create smart homes or smart offices. Every
component in arduino is capable of different functions and we can also attach number of
sensors to it so as to extend the functionality of the system. Arduino creates the electronic
systems on the behalf of digital signals. It perform required function by writing code in C, C++
language. The coding part is done with the help of Arduino IDE which is mostly used. We can
even use other IDEs suits to our requirement.
 Figure1: Arduino IDE with simple program of LED blink

➢ Structure of Arduino The arduino chip is made up from different components. The mostly
used arduino is “Arduino UNO”. This section discusses the components of the arduino.

Figure 2: Arduino UNO Structure

The above picture is a simple arduino chip that includes different components work in a
collaborative manner to make some useful electronic component. The component can be
attached in the female burger strips given at top or down in black color and the coding can be
done to perform certain task by some sensor attached to it.
b) RasberryPi: The RasberryPi is the computer itself that can perform any task that can be easily
performed by computer. The main difference between RasberryPi and a computer is that its
speed is slower and memory is lower than that of the computer system but more than
arduino. Although we can also extend the memory size of RasberryPi by attaching external
memory device. Like other computer system, RasberryPi needs to install operating system to
perform certain operations. The operating system used by RasberryPi is Linux and the code
of this embedded system is written in Python programming language. Tonny is most useful
RasberryPi IDE, its interface is shown below

Figure 3: Tonny ResberryPi IDE

➢ Structure of RasberryPi
The RasberryPi chip is made up from different components. The mostly used RasberryPi is Char

Figure 4: RasberryPi 3
The above picture is a simple RasberryPi chip that includes different components work in a
collaborative manner to make some useful electronic component. The component can be
 attached in the male burger strips given at top in black color and the coding can be done to
perform certain task by some sensor attached to it.

V. Comparison of Arduino and RasberryPi

This section enlists some of the comparison points between arduino and RasberryPi.

Characteristic Arduino RasberryPi

Definition Arduino is a microcontroller It is a mini computer itself and
that is the part of the computer can perform any task that can
system. It runs the program in be performed by the computer
loop. system.
Battery Pack It is easy to connect arduino It is difficult as it consumes come
with battery pack. current as compare to arduino.
Complexity Easy to use and large number of It is complex as it requires libraries
libraries available to perform and software to connect it with
different tasks sensors.
Cost It is available at low cost It is expensive.
Network Connectivity To connect Wifi or network to the Wifi or other network like Zigbee
arduino we need an external can be easily connected.
hardware to get connection to the
sensors and other devices.
Number of Ports Arduino have only 1 USB port to RasberryPi have 4 USB ports for
connect with devices connectivity.
Processor Atmega328 processor is used in ARM is used in RasberryPi
arduino.
Programming Language C,C++,Wire Python, C,C++
Processor Speed 16MHz 700 MHz

Table 1. Comparison between Arduino and RasberryPi

VI. Conclusion
In nutshell, we can say that the embedded systems can be used to create the smart systems that
can perform numerous tasks with the help of sensors attached to it. In this study, we have studied
most popular embedded systems used to create different electric circuit in easy an efficient
manner. We have discussed, arduino, RasberryPi, besides this other systems like Beagle bone
microcontroller can be used which is more powerful than that of the discussed systems. The
future perspective of this study, is the implementation of sensors using analog and digital
techniques which will be applied using arduino.
VII. References
[1]. Arduino - Home, Arduino.cc, 2018.
[2]. Y. Badamasi, "The working principle of an Arduino", 2014 11th International Conference on
Electronics, Computer and Computation (ICECCO), 2014.
[3].RaspberryPi", En.wikipedia.org, 2018. [Online]. Available:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi. [Accessed: 25- May- 2018].
[4]. H. Chaudhari, "Raspberry Pi Technology: A Review", International Journal of Innovative and
Emerging Research in Engineering, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 83-87, 2015. View publication stats