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Earthing & Shock

The document discusses electric earthing and shock protection. It explains that earthing electrical equipment connects it to the earth's mass, bringing it to zero potential to avoid shocks. Earthing the neutral wire ensures its potential is also zero. Proper earthing requires a direct discharge path without danger. The document then discusses why earthing is required, comparing earthed versus unearthed equipment. Earthing divides fault current between the body and earth, reducing shock risk. Bonding connections provide a low resistance path directly to the neutral, enhancing safety. Fuses are not used in neutrals as that could still allow shocks after fuse melting.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
110 views20 pages

Earthing & Shock

The document discusses electric earthing and shock protection. It explains that earthing electrical equipment connects it to the earth's mass, bringing it to zero potential to avoid shocks. Earthing the neutral wire ensures its potential is also zero. Proper earthing requires a direct discharge path without danger. The document then discusses why earthing is required, comparing earthed versus unearthed equipment. Earthing divides fault current between the body and earth, reducing shock risk. Bonding connections provide a low resistance path directly to the neutral, enhancing safety. Fuses are not used in neutrals as that could still allow shocks after fuse melting.

Uploaded by

samyuldarosa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELECTRIC EARTHING AND ShOCK;

The meaning of the term earthning or grounding is to connect the electrical


equipment to the general mass of earth by wire of negligible resistance. This brings
the body of the electrical equipment to zero potential and thus will avoid the shock
to the operator. The neutral of the supply system is also solidly earthed to ensure its
potential equal to zero. According to Indian Electricity Rules, "the earthed or
connected with earth means connected with the general mass of the earth in such
manner as to ensure at all time an immediate discharge of energy without danger."

NEUTRAL WIRE:

In India the general distribution is by means of AC. 3-phase 4-wire distributors.


The potential between any two phases is 440V, and the potential between any
of the three-phases and the fourth-wire known as neutral is 230V, and this
neutral is connected to the junction of the three-phases at the generating end.
The neutral wire is always grounded at the generating station. The residential
electrical appliances such as lamp, radio, heater, iron etc., all operate at 230V, so
for the residential wiring, one of the outer phases and neutral are brought into
the house. If the consumer's load is quite high, then all the three-phases and
neutral are brought in, but the appliances are connected between a phase and a
neutral and whole of the load is equally distributed on all the phases.

WHY GROUNDING IS REQUIRED:

Let an electrical apparatus of resistance R be connected across the supply mains


and let it be not earthed as shown in Fig 6.13. Let us assume that the potential
between the live wire and neutral V. If the insulation resistance between the
electrical element of the apparatus and its metal case be R i and resistance of the
body of a person, who happens to touch the apparatus be Rb . If the person who
touches the apparatus standing on the earth, then the current from the supply main
will have an alternative path through the insulation resistance R i of the electrical
apparatus resistance Rb of the body to earth, and finally through the earth resistance
Re to the neutral of the supply. The electrical circuit for the above is shown in Fig.
6.14. The current lb in the second shunt path depends upon the insulation
resistance Ri , Rb , Re and the applied voltage V. However, mostly it is dependent
upon Ri since it varies from infinity when the insulation is quite sound and zero
ohms when there is a dead short circuit between the element and the metal case
respectively. No current will pass through alternative circuits , if the insulator
resistance is infinity.

When the apparatus is sound

Ri = infinite

V
Ib= =0
∞+ Rb+ ℜ

Hence no current passes through the body and no shock is experienced by the
person.

F ig. 6.13 An unearthed apparatus F ig. 6.14 Electric circuit ant the
being touched by a person standing time of getting a shock
on the ground or earth.

When the insulation of the element becomes defective, the insulation resistance of
the apparatus will approach zero, and then the value of lb will be much dependent upon
the resistance Rb of the body and it may be quite sufficient to give a fatal shock to the
person. In this case, I b = V/ R b + Re
Now let the metal case be earthed as shown in fig. 6. 15 (a ) and fig. 6. 15 ( b )
represents the electrical circuit when any person standing on the earth touches the
apparatus.
Again the leakage current will largely be determined by the resistance R i , when the
insulation of the element is sound , the value of R i will be very high and the leakage
current I b will be almost negligible. When the insulation resistance deteriorates , the
value of R i approaches zero ; the value of the leakage current no doubt will be quite
sufficient to give a fatal shock , but at the junction A before it passes through the body ,
it divides into two paths open for it , one through the body offering resistance R b and
the other through the earth resistance R e 1 which is negligible. The resistance R e 1
comprises of the resistance of the earth electrode and resistance of the general mass of
earth which is denoted as R e . As R b and R e 1 are parallel, the effective resistance will be
approximately equal to R b .
Thus the equivalent resistance of the alternative path will be :
R = R i+ 1/ (1/R e 1 + 1/ R b ) = R i + ( R e1 x R b ) / ( R e1 +R b )
I b = V / R = V / [R i + ( R e1 x R b ) / ( R e1 +R b ) ] --------- ( i )

Fig. 6.15 (a) Illustrating and earthed


Fig. 6.15 (b) Electric circuit when the
apparatus
apparatus is earthed

The current for which value has been arrived at in eq n. --- ( i ) will be divided in two
parts at junction A. If the value of the current through the body and earth be I e and I d
which adjust themselves in the inverse ratio of their resistance , then
I e = I b / (R e1 x R b ) x R e1 ---------- (ii)
I d = I b / (R e1 x R b ) x R b ---------- ( iii)
Eqn ( ii ) / ( iii ) I e / I d = R e1 / R b
Since the maximum value R e1 is of the order of 5 ohms , R b under worst condition
will be 1000 ohms, thus current I d will be much more than that of I e and this current will
not be sufficient to cause any shock.

Bonding Connection :
It will be observed from the above that the effective isolation of the plant from
the supply mains depend upon the earth resistance comprising the resistance of
earth electrodes and the resistance of general mass of the earth in between these
two points. If due to some reasons , the earth resistance rise above the safe limits, it
will cause the current through the body to increase to thus the possibility of the
shock further increases. Hence the arrangement is not fool-proof .

In order to make the arrangement absolutely safe from shock point of view,
an alternative arrangement is to run an earth wire between the electrical
apparatus to be protected and the neutral of the sources of supply called a
bonding connections, as shown in Fig.6.16(a). When any person touches the
metal case of the electrical apparatus, the circuit reduces as shown in Fig.
6.16(b).

Fig.6.16(a) Fig. 6.16(b)

Fig.6.16(a). Illustrating an earthed apparatus and bonding connection

6.16(b). Show its equivalent Electrical circuit.

Thus, it will provide an alternative low resistance path to the neutral.

The salient feature of the bonding are (must be) :


(i) The earth wire acting as a bonding connection must be of sufficient cross-
section to carry the fault current under worst conditions .
(ii) The bonding must be continuous from the appliance to be protected to the

neutral of the source.


(iii) The resistance of the bonding must be very low.
(iv) The bonding wire must be strong enough so that it cannot be broken
easily at any point.
(v) The connection of the bonding wire must be perfect at both ends.

(vi) All bonding connection should be protected against corrosion.

Comparison between neutral and earth wire:

Sl. Neutral wire Earth Wire


1. It is directly connected to the neutral It may be directly connected to the neutral
point of the supply system . Point to the supply system.
2. It serves as a return conductor .
It may carry current only in case of a fault.
3. Its potential at some point may be It is supposed to be at zero potential. It is
substantially far from zero. It is therefore not mounted on any insulator and is in direct

insulated from the pole on which it is metallic contact with the support metals
supported. In this case, the insulator is work.
smaller in size than the one supporting
the phase conductors .
4. It may not be connected to earth at an It must be connected to earth at least at 3
intermediate point in the line . places in a Km or at 4 places an a mile.
Fire Hazards From Electricity :
Whenever there is a breakdown of insulation over the wires it is always accompanied by
generation of heat and increase of temperature near about the fault. If there is a fault
earth and there is no isolation of circuit due to fault current, then the fault persists which
further increases the temperature of the surrounding and if the temperature reaches
ignition point, the insulation starts burning , and fire breaks out.

Hence to avoid the fire hazard earthing or bonding is a necessity.

Why The Fuse Is Not Used In The Neutral:

In order to prove it, Let a fuse be inserted in the neutral of the supply as shown
in fig. 6.17 and let the metallic body of the electric appliance be earthened to
avoid electric shock . Let the insulation of the appliance deteriorate and there is
a leakage current and this makes the fuse in the neutral to melt first. But as soon
as the some one touches the electric appliance in order to know what was
happened, he will complete the circuit through his body to earth and source
and thus will get a severe shock since it is still not disconnected from the live
mains.

Hence for safety reasons, a fuse should never be used in the neutral

fig. 6.17
EARTH ELECTRODE : The conductor embedded in the ground for the purpose
of making connection with the general mass of earth is known as earth
electrode and the wire which connects overheads earth wire ( or any other
equipment to be earthed ) with earth electrode is known as earthing lead.

VALUES OF EARTH ELECTRODE RESISTANCE AND FACTORS ON


WHICH IT IS DEPENDENT:

The earth resistance is dependent upon many factors as detailed below and as
such its value can vary:
(a) Material of electrodes and earth wire.
(b) Size of electrode and earth wire.
(c) Temperature of the soil.
(d) Moisture of the soil.
(e) Depth to which it is embedded .
(f) Quantity of coal and charcoal in t he earth electrode pit.
Maximum value beyond which the earth electrode resistance should not be
increased in 5 ohms. However for better performance at Power house and
substation, its value should be 0.5 ohm and 1.00 ohm respectively. Water is
poured in the earth pit containing electrode to improve the resistance.
POINTS TO REMEMBER WHILE PROVING EARTHING :

Following points should be remembered while providing earthing to an installation and


premises :-

i.Distance : The distance of the electrode from the installation at the premises should
be more than 1.5 meters.
ii.Cross- section of the earthing lead : It should never be less than half the
cross-section of the mains wire or conductor. The selection should be made in such a
way that even in worst condition it shall not fuse out. The minimum size of the earthing
lead should not be less than electrical equivalent of copper conductor of 8 SWG (12.97
sq. mm cross-section ). Size of electrodes and earthing leads are different for different
type of loads.
iii.Cross -section of the earth continuity conductor :The size of the earth
continuity conductor should not be less than 14 SWG ( 2.894 sq. mm ).
iv. Electrode : earthing can be down either with plate or pipe electrode. It should be
remembered that the material for earth electrode and earth lead should be same and
the electrode should always be placed in vertical position.
V. Earth resistance : The earth resistance of any earthing should not br more than 5
ohms. For better performance at power house and substation or for high horse power
motor beyond 100 HP. The earth resistance should be upto .5 ohm and 1 ohm
respectively.
The resistance of earth is dependent upon area of electrode in contact with the
general mass of earth, the quantity of earth, coal and salt.
The resistance of an existing earth can be increased by pouring water for G.I.
plate earthing, salted water for copper plate earthing or by replacing the coke and
salt.
The low earthing resistance can be obtained by increasing the cross-sectional area
of electrodes and this can be achieved by connecting a number of electrodes in
parallel.
Plate Earthing.

The earth connection can again be provided with the help of a copper plate or a G.I.
plate. When G.I. plate is used it should not be less than 60 cm x 60 cm x 6.35 mm while
for copper plate these dimensions may be 60 cm x 60 cm x 3.18 mm. However , the use
of copper plate in these days, is limited.
The plate is kept with its face vertical at a depth of 3m.(10ft.) and is so arranged that it is
embedded in an alternate layer of coke and salt for a minimum thickness of about 15
cm. in case earthing is done by copper plate and in coke layers of 15 cm. if it is done
with G.I. plate.
The earth wire is securely bolted to the earth plate with the help of bolt nut and washer,
the details of which are shown in fig. 6.20 (a). It should be remember that the nuts and
bolts must be of copper for copper plate and should be of galvanized iron for
galvanized plate. The other details of plate earthing are same as that of G.I. pipe
earthing.

Fig. 6. 20 (a) 6.20 (b)

Fig. 6.20 Plate Earthing

Earth Electrode: The conductor embedded in the ground for the purpose
of making connection with the general mass of earth is known as earth
electrode and the wire which connects overheads earth wire ( or any other
equipment to be earthed ) with earth electrode is known as earthing lead.
Where available underground water pipes or lead sheathed and steel armoured
cables should not be used as earth electrode . These are prohibited by ISI.
“ Sprinkler pipes or conveying gas, water or flammable liquid, conduit, metallic
enclosures of cable, conductors and lightning protection system, shall not be
used as a means of earthing an installation, or even as a link in earthing system”.
The reason is, the water pipes are not usually in direct contact with earth,
particularly if no-conducting joining have been used between section of water
main. The same is the case with lead sheath or steel armouring of cables.

There are 3 types of artificial electrodes , following the


specifications of ISI:

(i) Driven Electrodes i.e. Pipe or Rod electrodes: The electrodes is


made of metal rod or pipe having a clean surface line, not covered by any poorly
conducting material such as paint or enamel. Rod electrodes of steel or iron shall
have a minimum dia. Of 16 mm and those of copper be at least 12.5 mm dia. Pipe
electrodes shall not be less than 38 mm internal diameter if made of iron or steel,
(galvanized.). The length of this electrodes shall be not less than 2.5 m. The
electrodes shall normally be driven to a depth of at least 1.25 meters. But if rock is
encountered, they may be buried in a horizontal trench and shall be not less than
2.5 m. in length.

(ii) Strip Electrodes. These consist of copper strips, not smaller than 25 mm x
1.6 mm in cross-section of bare copper conductor not less than 3 mm 2 in section.
They are buried in horizontal trenches, not less than.2.5 m deep. The length shall be
such as to give required earth resistance.

(iii)Plate Electrodes. A plate of copper or galvanized iron of (0.6 x 0. 6


x 0.006 m for iron or 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.003 m for copper) is buried with its face
vertical in an alternate layer of coke and salt for a minmum thickness of
about 15 cm. The earthing lead is enclosed in a G.I. pipe of 12.7 mm dia. and is
bolted to the earth plate with the help of bolt, nut and washer.
Each conductivity is electrolytic in nature and is affected by moisture content of
the soil and its chemical composition. Therefore electrodes shall use as far as
possible, practicable, be embedded below permanent moisture level. Even then the
earth resistance may increase appreciably during summer when the moisture in the
soil decreases considerably. Arrangement, must therefore be made to keep the
electrode wet, even during such periods by pouring 3 to 4 buckets of water in to the
sump once for every few days. Further to reduce the soil resistivity, some common
salt is dissolved in the moisture by packing it all around the electrode.
The electrode material does not affect earth resistance and so a material which
can resist corrosion is to be chosen. For a.c. circuit, zinc coated iron electrodes
should normally be used, as the price of copper is very high. But in d.c. system, the
electrolytic electrodes are generally used.
For a low protective fault current, pipe electrodes are used. For a large protective
fault current, plate electrodes are used.

(v)Earthing lead or the main earthing conductor :The wire


connecting the earth electrode with the main switch board or with the
continuous earth wire run along the distribution, transmission or the service line
is known as earthing lead or the main earthing conductor.

(vi) Sub-main earthing conductor : The earth wire which runs between
the main switch board to the distribution board or in other words along the sub-mains is
known as sub-main earthing conductor.
(vii).Earthing continuity conductor :The wire running between the
distribution board and various plugs and appliances is known as earth continuity
conductor.

The resistance of earth is dependent upon area of electrode in contact with the
general mass of earth, the quantity of earth, coal and salt.
The resistance of an existing earth can be increased by pouring water for
G.I. plate earthing, salted water for copper plate earthing or by replacing the
coke and salt.
The low earthing resistance can be obtained by increasing the cross-sectional
area of electrodes and this can be achieved by connecting a number of
electrodes in parallel.
Various size of earth lead and electrode for different type of loads are given in
table 1 below :

Type of loads and Size of the earth lead Size of the earth electrode
installation copper G.I wire
SWG Area in SW Area Copper G. I
sq. mm G in sq.
mm
Consumers residential 8 12.97 8 12.97 60 cm x 60 60 cm x 60
premises cm x 3.18 cm x 6.35
mm mm
Pole earthing of do do 8 12.97 do do
transmission or distribution
lines
Industrial loads upto 10 HP do do 8 12.97 do do

Industrial loads between 10 do do 6 18.68 do do


HP. to 15 HP.
Industrial loads between 15 6 18.68 2 38.60 do 90 cm x 90
HP. to 30 HP. cm x 6.35
mm
Industrial loads between 30 4 27.27 not used do 90 cm x 90
HP. to 50 HP. cm x 6.35
mm
Industrial loads between 50 (i)2 (ii) 38.60 not used do Not used
HP. to 100 HP. Copper 12.7 mm
strip 2.54 mm
Industrial loads above Copper 25.4 mm not used do Not used
100 HP strip 2.54 mm

Power houses and Copper 25.4 mm not used do Not used


substations house 2.54 mm
CONNECTION WITH EARTH TO WHICH: According to Indian Electricity
Rule 61. The following provisions shall apply to the connection with earth of a system at
low voltage in cases where the voltage normally exceeds 125 volts and of the systems at
medium voltage :

(a)The neutral conductor of a 3-phase four-wire system and the middle conductor of a
two phase 3-wire system shall be earthed by not less than two separate and distinct
connections with earth both at the generating station and at the substations. It may also
be earthed at one or more points along the distributions system or service line in
addition to any connection with earth which maybe at the consumer’s premises.

(b)The frame of every generator, stationary motor and so far as is practicable, portable
motor, and the metallic parts ( not intended as conductors ) of all transformers and any
other apparatuses used for regulating or controlling energy and all medium voltage
energy consuming apparatus shall be earthed by the owner by two separate and distinct
connection with earth.

(c)All metallic covering containing electric supply wires, metallic apparatus viz. iron clad
switches, distribution fuse boards, down rod of fan, water- tight switches etc. should be
earthed. In addition to running earth conductor, the main switch board at consumers
premises should be earthed with an earth electrode.

(d)All apparatus viz. refrigerator, energy meters, cooking range, oven, electric heaters,
press etc. should be earthed.

(e)In an underground cable, metallic sheath should be earthed by two separate and
distinct connection with earth.

(f)Iron clamps, brackets, steel poles, steel tower stay wires of a distribution and
transmission system should be earthed.

(g)No earth connection is made to that gas pipe.

(h)In case of d.c. supply, the middle conductor should be earthed at the generating
stations
ELECTRIC SHOCK:

The effect of electric shock may be death-


1. due to fibrillation of heart, i.e. damaging the heart to small pieces causing the
stopping of breathing:
2. due to stopping of breathing action caused by blockade in the nervous
system causing respiration;
3. due to local overheating or burning of the body.

The fibrillation of the heart is the most serious cause of death and there is no cure,
although there is possibility of rescuing a man who has suffered by the latter two
causes. The seriousness of the electric shock is depend upon the following factors.

(i)The Current Strength. It has been experienced that in alternating currents of


low frequency the current between 1mA and 8 mA are jest bearable, but currents
between 8 mA and 15 mA give a painful shock which sometimes contract muscles
too. If the leakage current is between 20 mA and 50 mA and it passes through chest
it may stop breathing currents between 100 mA and 200 mA may cause fibrillation
of heart. Current beyond 200 mA will cause burn and if it passes through heart even,
it will not cause fibrillation but may stop breathing temporarily.
Thus it is seen that it is the current which gives shock although it depends upon
the voltage. The leakage current is given

E
I= --------------- ( 1 )
R

Where E is the supply voltage and R is the body resistance.


The body resistance is different under different conditions. When the body is dry, its
resistance varies between 70000 ohm and100000 ohm per sq. cm. (the skin resistance is
high while the internal resistance is low), but when the body is wet, its resistance
reduces to between 700 ohm and 1000 ohm per sq.cm. The average effective resistance
of the body may be taken as 50000 ohm when dry and 1000 ohm when wet. The high
voltage causing currents beyond 200 mA punctures the outer skin causing burns.
Hence it is concluded that when body is wet 100 V supply is as dangerous as 10000 V
when the body is dry. .

(ii)Thefrequencyofcurrents:The lower the frequency, the more dangerous is the


shock, and the direct current shock is the most sever.

iii) The path taken by the cur rent through the body. If the bath of the leakage
current is without involving the chest or heart, survival is possible but there are
severe burns on the parts of the body involved in the shock depending upon the
value of the current.

Table - 1 gives the results of shock under different conditions and under different
voltages. TABLE – 1( BELOW )
100 V 500 V 10000 V
Electric Curre Effect Current Effect Current Effect
Condition of nt A A
resistance of
body A
..
the body
ohms
Certain Burns, 10 Severe burns,
death and may survive
Totally wet 1000 0.1 0.5 A probable
· slight burns death

No burns 2 Severe burns


Neither wet 5000 0.02 or jury 0.1 Certain may survive
nor painful death ,
dry shock slight burns

Dry Sure death,


100000 0.001 Very light Light 0.1
Shock , 0.005 slight burns
shock, .,
· ..
.. no burns no burn
Cure of shocks : In the most of the cases the electric shock due to accidents is
momentary and the contact with the live wire is imperfect, in such case breath stops
momentarily. But if due to the shock the victim becomes unconscious, stop breathing
and his heart still beats, the most urgent and immediate cure for this victim is that
should be given immediate artificial respiration. It should be borne in mind that if the
artificial respiration is stopped just after the victim recovers, he is liable to become
unconscious again. In some cases the artificial respiration is to be continued for 6 to 8
hours.
If due to shock the heart stops beating it means that fibrillation of the heart has
occurred and death is certain.

FAULTS
Introduction . The electrical energy or power generated at the power station and is
conveyed by transmission and distribution system before being delivered to the
consumers. There are various faults which may occur in the system during transmission
and distribution of electric power. Theses faults reduce the reliability of electric power.
To ensure better service, every effort is made to design the power system in which the
frequency of faults is minimum.

Types of Faults in Overhead system : The most common fault in the overhead
lines is short circuit fault. This may occur in the system due to insulation failure ( earth
fault ) caused by overvoltage ( i.e. due to lightning or surges ) or due to broken
conductors. The various types of faults that occur in a 3- phase overhead system are
given below :

1.Single phase to earth : This may occur when insulation of one of the line
conductor fails or when one of the line conductor breaks and falls on the ground or
guard wire.

2. Phase to phase : This may occur when one of the line conductor breaks and falls
on the other line conductor.

3. Two phases to earth : This may occur when insulators of two line conductor fail
simultaneously or when two line conductors break and fall on the ground or guard wire
simultaneously.

4.Phase to phase and third phase to earth :This may occur when one of line
conductor breaks and falls on the other conductor and simultaneously the insulator of
the third conductor fails.

5. All three phases short circuited : This may occur when two of the line
conductors break and fall on the third conductor.

6. All three phases to earth : This may occur when insulators of all the three line
conductors fail simultaneously.
All the above faults are shown in fig . 10. 9 . Whenever any one of the

above faults occurs, the line is disconnected from the power system by the protective
devices placed at the substation. Some times there may be a temporary fault which
may be developed by the birds. Therefore,
Fig. 10.9 Fault’s incircuit breaker
Over head Line is operated to energies the
line. If the circuit breaker could not hold, it means there is a permanent fault on the line .
Since the overhead line conductors are nacked, the fault is dected by patrolling the line.

Types of Faults in Underground Cables. The main faults which are likely to
occur in underground cables are :

1.Ground or earth faults : When the insulation of the cable between core and
armoring (armouring) fails or get damaged, current starts flowing from core to cable
sheath or earth. Such faults are known as ground or earth faults .

2. Short circuit faults : When the insulation between two cores of the multicore
cable fails or get damaged current starts flowing from one core to other instead of
flowing through the load. Such faults are known as short circuit faults.
However in single core cables such faults only occur when the insulation between the
two cables fails or get damaged

3. Open circuit faults : When a joint of the cable conductor is pulled out or when
the cables conductor breaks, no current flows in the cable. Such faults are known as
open circuit faults.
Before locating the point of fault in the cables it is necessary to determine the
nature of fault. For determination of fault, the insulation resistance of each core to
ground and between the cores is measured with the help of megger. If megger shows
low insulation resistance between any core and earth that indicates ground fault.
Whereas, if megger shows low insulation resistance between any two cores, keeping far
ends of the cable is isolated from load, that indicates short circuit fault.
To determine open circuit fault, the far end of a single core cable it earthed whereas the
far ends of the two cores of a multicore cable are interconnected and an ammeter is
connected in series with the cable. Then a low voltage supply it connected across core
and earth or between two cores. If the ammeter gives zero deflection that indicates
open circuit fault in the cable.

BLAVIER’S TEST

This test is used to locate the underground fault of a single core cable.

If L1 = length of cable or distance from test end to fault point


r1 = Conductor resistance of the cable for the length, L 1
L2 = length of cable or distance from fault point to far end, T 2
r2 = Conductor resistance of the cable for the length, L 2
r = resistance of fault

Fig. 10.10

In this test, the resistance between test end of the cable T 1 and earth is measured first
with far end T2 isolated from the earth as shown in fig-10.11. let this value of resistance
be R1.
R 1 = r1 + r ---------------- ( i )

Fig. 10. 11
Second time again resistance between test of the cable T 1 and earth is measured
with far end T2 connected to earth as shown in fig-10.12, let this value of
resistance be R2.
R 2 = r1 + R p [ r and r 2 parallel, 1/ R p = 1/ r + 1/ r 2
= r 1 + r x r 2 / r +r 2 ----- (ii) Or, 1/ R p = r + r 2 / r xr 2
Or, R p =r x r 2 / r +r 2 ]

Fig. 10.12

And from fig. 10 .10 , R = r1 + r 2 ---------- (iii)


By solving equation (i), (ii) and (iii) we can determine the value of r, r 1 and r 2
Considering the cross section of conductor uniform
r1  L1 or r1 = K L1 ...............(A)
Similarly
r2  L2 or r2 = K L2 .............(B )
Now ( A ) / ( B ) r1/ r2 = K L1 / K L2
Or, r1/ r2 + 1 = L1 / L2 +1 ( add 1 both sides )
Or, r1+r2/ r2= L1+L2/L2
Or, L 2 = (L 1 + L 2 ) x r 2 / r 1 + r 2
Or, L 2 = L x r 2 / ( r 1 + r 2)
Similarly , Or L 1 = L x r 1 / ( r 1 + r 2)
Where L is the total length of the cable.
Thus , the distance of fault point from test end can be determined

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