FACULTY BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UiTM) CAWANGAN KEDAH

ADS560
AIR POLLUTION IN INDONESIA AND MYANMAR

PREPARED BY

AISHAH BINTI FAZIL 2019219702

NUR ANIS SYAMIMIE BINTI MOHD FISOL 2019252226
FATIN NUR FADILAH BINTI AZMAN 2019627164
ANIS AIMUNI BINTI BUKHARI 2019219146
NURUL IZZAH BINTI JAAFAR 2019207134
NUR SYAFIQAH BINTI ZAINUDDIN 2019423098
GROUP
KBA2434A

PREPARED FOR
MADAM IRWANA NOORIDAYU BINTI MUHAMAD HAKIMI
INTRODUCTION

 Pollution is the introduction of hazardous chemicals into the atmosphere or environment. Pollutants are the
term for these harmful materials.
 Pollutants may come from the environment and can also be caused by human activity.
 According to Pure Earth, a Blacksmith Institute, more than 200 million people are affected by pollution
around the world
 There are five types of pollution that often happen in countries around the world.
a) Air pollution
b) Water pollution
c) Land pollution.
d) Noise pollution
e) Plastic pollution
 Southeast Asia consists of 11 countries which are Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar,
Laos, Brunei, Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, and Timor-Leste.
 As has been studied by researchers, air pollution is the most common pollution in Southeast Asian
countries, followed by water pollution, noise pollution, and plastic pollution.
 The most common source of air pollution in Southeast Asia is biomass burning and followed by vehicle
emissions.
 In 2018 and 2019, Indonesia or more specifically Jakarta, is the city with the worst air quality in Southeast
Asia.
 According to Leonard Simanjuntak, the Head of Greenpeace Indonesia, the severe air pollution that
occurred at that time was due to two and four -wheeled vehicles that exceed the Jakarta’s capacity.
 According to Greenpeace, there is also another factor, which was coal-fired steam power plants (PLTU)
that are located around Jakarta.
MAIN FACTOR

AIR  Harmful effects on human health and other living things such as nature
POLLUTION  Silent killer
 2 types of air pollution: indoor and outdoor
 Open burning of peatlands and deforestation
i. Purpose: agricultural development
ii. Indonesia
 Increase of motor vehicles
i. Development of the industrial sector
ii. Nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide gases
iii. Vietnam
 High usage of solid fuel
i. Unstable finance
ii. Weather
iii. Myanmar

NOISE  Defined as an unwanted or unattractive sound

POLLUTION  Effects of noise: three groups: physiological effect, performance effects and physical
effects.
 Motor vehicle noise
i. Unavoidable
ii. Thailand
 Development in certain industry
i. Residential-industrial noise
ii. Mechanical ventilation systems
iii. Modern construction
iv. Singapore

WATER  Countries in Southeast Asia include large hilly or mountainous areas and flood plains
where water accumulates during the monsoon season
POLLUTION
 Water quantity and water quality
 Irregular sewer drainage systems
i. Provide a healthier and easier method of managing liquid waste
ii. Manila
 Lack of ability to manage the growing demand for wastewater treatment facilities
i. Unable to manage wastewater treatment facilities
ii. Costly
iii. Less expert in this field
iv. Hanoi

PLASTIC  Useful material, but it is also made from toxic compounds known to cause disease
POLLUTION  Limited awareness
i. Poor awareness of the use of plastics
ii. Indonesia
 Took a lot of time to dispose
i. Chemical bonds that make up the plastic are strong and durable
ii. 500 and 600 years
iii. Vietnam
PARTIES INVOLVED
AIR POLLUTION

Introduction

 Air quality is heavily polluted with smoke and so on

 To overcome this problem there are several responsible parties have taken several initiatives to solve this
air pollution

1. Malaysian government and another Southeast Asia countries

 Malaysia is determined to reduce its carbon emissions by 45 per cent by 2030.

 Therefore, various operational measures have been introduced to improve air quality for vehicles in line
with European standards.

 As an example, Indonesia as the main cause of this pollution, needs to monitor companies, farmers'
activities and territories more effectively.

 Therefore, the Malaysian government cannot act alone in tackling this form of air pollution and needs the
full support, cooperation and action of all its neighboring countries in Southeast Asia, so that the problem
can be resolved in the long run.

2. World Health Organization (WHO)

 Air pollution is a global concern.

 One an estimated 92% of the world's population is living in a place that exceeds the air of the WHO
environment quality guidelines.

 Air quality monitoring has been conducted by WHO air quality monitoring is a technical process carried
out for investigating pollutants in the air.

 During the course of the investigation, the WHO has compiled data with respect to annual air quality
through a global database of nearly 4,000 cities worldwide.

NOICE POLLUTION

Introduction

 Noise pollution in Southeast Asia has caused people in Southeast Asia to become physically,
psychologically, sleep and behavioral disorders as well as memory and concentration.

 This results in a decline in population productivity in a country with high noise pollution.

 A comfortable environment and away from noise interference from vehicle horns, construction and so on
has ruined the era of people who need focus to work, rest and so on.

1. World Health Organization (WHO)

  International bodies like the WHO agree that awareness of noise pollution is essential to defeating this
invisible enemy.

 For example: avoiding very noisy leisure activities, choosing alternative modes of transportation such as
bicycles or electric vehicles while riding in a car, doing housework at recommended times, protecting the
house with noise -blocking materials and so on.

2. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

 According to Article 116 of the Development Law 2014 on construction project management regulates the
rights and obligations of construction contractors "including anti-dust, noise control, waste treatment and
site cleaning".

 This law is further strengthened in rural zones where everything must be done to ensure that site
construction “does not produce dust, heat, noise, vibration, and light beyond environmental standards”

 This best effort task will also be done in the urban zone. Developers must not only take precautions to
reduce noise pollution but must do everything possible to prevent the crisis from getting worse.

WATER POLLUTION

 Water pollution in Southeast Asia is in a tight state stress due to population growth, urbanization and
climate change.

 Rapid economic development and urbanization has resulted in decline and depletion of natural resources,
including water and related ecosystem services.

 Therefore, to overcome this problem there is a collaboration between the private sector and international
donor’s society to control this pollution.

1. Private sector and international donor’s society

 The private sector and the international donor community have raised awareness, especially among young
people.

 everyone needs to understand environmental problems around them, especially on water pollution, and
actively participate in resolving this problem, starting from their own community.

 Thus, the younger generation must be appointed as agents of change.

 This may be a slow process, but if the older generation does not take the initiative with teaching the
importance of protecting natural resources, the school system should make this a priority.

2. Foreign governments and non-governmental organizations

 Foreign governments and non -governmental organizations plays an important role in increasing capacity
development for local government agencies dealing with water quality issues.

 through this foreign development assistance, it will be a substance for change in developing countries and
should support efforts by these countries to implement better standards in water quality management
through capacity building and knowledge as well as technology transfer.
PLASTIC POLLUTION

 Plastic pollution in Southeast Asia is in a critical state and has caused a lot of plastic have been found by
the sea and also everywhere else.

 many rivers in cities in the Southeast Asian region that are polluted with things made of this plastic.

 to overcome this problem the authorities and the government need to work together in controlling this
pollution.

1. From Communities to Government

 The government of each Southeast Asian countries should make a bold action and impose the regulation in
controlling the manufacture of single use-plastics.

 It should be followed as well with the proper application.

 Furthermore, the waste management system which focuses on exclusion concept in cities also need to be
improved.

 Besides, the government already gave the mandate to all of stakeholders to take part and contribute in
solving the national challenges on waste and plastics.

2. Industries

 The industries should take this matter as a serious situation and developing a strategy to phase out from
single-use plastics and move into sustainable business practice which relies on refill and reuse system
rather than other disposable packaging materials.

 For the initial phase, they should be more transparent for their plastic footprints and responsible for the
pollution caused by the plastic packaging they produced.
IMPLICATION

According to the WHO, air pollution is responsible for one-third of death from heart disease, stroke and lung cancer,
in addition to respiratory disease. Southeast Asian children are especially vulnerable. Researchers in Southeast
Asian have now examined the connection between air pollution and the risk of wheezing-related disorders in
Children.

The social, economic, and ecological implications of climate change are potentially massive and
unprecedented. With climate change comes rising sea levels, warming oceans, higher global temperatures, and
tropical storm surges, along with corresponding social and economic crises at a global level on two countries in
Southeast-Asia which is Indonesia and Myanmar

Clean air an environmental right, and every child has the right to grow up in an atmosphere that is clean,
secure and sustainable. As a result, every country must protect its citizens’ environmental rights and Indonesia is one
of the countries that has formally adopted the norms. However, since Indonesia, especially Jakarta has some of the
highest levels of air pollution, the aim of this is to highlight the effects of air pollution on children’s right in
Indonesia

AIR POLLUTION

IMPLICATION ON SOCIAL IN INDONESIA

 “Every child has the right to relax, play and take part in a wide range of cultural and artistic activities.” (UNICEF,
2020) Children’s right to play is crucial in their healthy development and adequate learning experience. In other
words, children should be ensured with a safe environment to engage in playing activities outside, which is many
times jeopardized by air pollution

Moreover, UNICEF noted that small children are especially vulnerable to air pollution because they breathe
more rapidly, and their physical defence and immunity systems are not fully developed. It is estimated that 2.4
million children under the age of five live in the areas most affected by haze and wildfires which have been
occurring in Indonesia since July 2019. (UNICEF, 2019).

IMPLICATION ON ECONOMIC IN INDONESIA

Implication from economic in Indonesia, it reduced labour efficiency, increased health costs, and crop yield losses
are the three business effects of air pollution. They all lead to a GDP estimate that is lower than the projection that
removes the economy’s emission feedbacks. The effects of the three different impact categories cannot just be added
up to calculate an overall effect of the market impacts of air pollution on economic growth as there are interaction
effects that need to be taken into account. In theory, these interaction effects can be both positive and negative.

IMPLICATION ON POLITICS IN INDONESIA

In 2015, Indonesia experienced one of its most destructive fire seasons to date, further worsening the country’s air
pollution. On October 14, 4,719 fires were observed burning simultaneously in the peatlands and forests of the
archipelago, emitting approximately 80 million metric tons of carbon dioxide during a single day—five times the
average daily emissions from the entire U.S. economy. 

Indonesia must boost energy protection and reduce carbon dioxide emissions in order to protect strategies
reserves, improve energy production and use quality, increase dependence on non-fossil fuels, and maintain
domestic oil and gas supplies by reducing fossil fuel consumption. In addition, the government must encourage the
use of proposed breakthrough technologies, such as clean-energy diffusion and implementation. High efficiency
power generation, such as renewable coal technology and combined heat and power technology, must be used to
generate electricity and machinery and the industrial sector must improve their energy efficiency.
 According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), long-term exposure to high environmental noise
levels such as traffic, above 53 decibels can result in adverse health effects such as elevated blood pressure,
coronary artery disease, hearing loss and even heart attacks. Noise levels across Asia and Oceania’s major cities,
including Bangkok, Ho Chi Minh City, Jakarta, Hong Kong, Manila, Melbourne, Singapore, almost four times
louder than the recommended noise levels by WHO. Noise at these levels are scientifically proven to affect the
health of a city’s residents over time and are equivalent to the noise from a ringing alarm clock. Conversely,
decreased levels of noise pollution can bring auxiliary advantages such as fewer road rage instances, increased
cognitive performance and productivity

NOISE POLLUTION

IMPLICATION ON SOCIAL IN THAILAND

Nowadays, noise pollution is increasing without skipping a beat in Thailand as a result of industrialization,
population growth, urbanization and technological developments. This rise in noise pollution can affect in several
major ways: Sleep Disturbances and Cardiovascular Issues Sleeping in a noisy environment can lead to serious
problems. It is found that continuous exposure to noise while sleeping can cause high blood pressure and increased
heart rate. This could be one of the reasons that hypertension is very common among the population of Thailand.
According to a survey, one out of four Thais was suffering from hypertension.

IMPLICATION ON ECONOMIC IN THAILAND

Transport by air, road, ship and rail is rapidly increasing in response to the rising number of tourists and their greater
mobility. Transport emissions and emissions from energy production and use are linked to acid rain, global warming
and photochemical pollution. Air pollution from tourist transportation has impacts on the global level, especially
from carbon dioxide emissions related to transportation energy use. And it can contribute to severe local air
pollution. Some of these impacts are quite specific to tourist activities Noise pollution from airplanes, cars, and
buses, as well as recreational vehicles such as snowmobiles and jet skis, is a problem of modern life. In addition to
causing annoyance, stress, and even hearing loss for humans, it causes distress to wildlife, especially in sensitive
areas Today, Pattaya is considered one of the “Unhealthy” areas for sensitive groups. Too many tourists’ buses, cars
and heavy traffic has polluted the air of this beautiful small city. The city is too noisy as there is a constant traffic in
all parts of Pattaya. The nightlife in Pattaya has made the city too noisy.

WATER POLLUTION

IMPLICATION ON SOCIAL IN INDONESIA

 Water pollution that occurred in the Citarum River, Indonesia has caused disruption to hydroelectric power
plants and causing the communities in the area to live without electricity.
 Citarum River is one of the important resources in the generation of electricity and there are three
hydroelectric power-plant dams along the river.
 As result of the escalating pollution issue, these plants are unable to operate.
 Agricultural, fisheries, water supply, and industrial activities by the community also declined.
 This water pollution issue has also caused health problems in the community.
 According to WHO 2016, typhoid, dengue fever, leptospirosis, and diarrhea are some of the most common
waterborne diseases that ever happened.
IMPLICATION ON ECONOMIC IN INDONESIA

 The Indonesian government needs to spend a lot of money to rehabilitate the river area and also provide a
lot of money in order to fix the hydroelectric power-plant dams so that it functions as usual.
 If they do not take action to fix the plant, residents in the area will inevitably continue to live without
electricity.
 The government also had to incur substantial costs for medical purposes to help the population that are
suffering from health problems as a result of the pollution.
PLASTIC POLLUTION
IMPLICATION ON SOCIAL

 Plastic pollution has left many adverse effects on the environment, especially to the biodiversity of marine
ecosystems.
 Sabine Matallana-Surget, of Stirling University’s Faculty of Natural Sciences has also stated that the region
of Southeast Asia is experiencing one of the world's most severe marine plastic pollution crises,
endangering marine ecosystem biodiversity.
 This threat to marine ecosystems occurs when contaminated plastics in the sea release microplastics,
causing the marine ecosystem to ingest those fragments and passed on through the food chain.
 This will lead to health problems especially to community who consume seafood as a major source of
animal protein.
 According to some research, humans may develop immune system problems as a result of eating
microplastic on a regular basis, which could eventually lead to brain damage.
 Some other research also stated that males may be at risk for neurobehavioral disorders, and females may
be at risk for early sexual maturation due to this issue.
IMPLICATION ON ECONOMIC

 Plastic pollution has resulted in a decrease in national income while simultaneously increasing social
spending, especially in cleaning and prevention programs.
 The economies that depend heavily on tourism and agriculture are also affected by this issue.
 Research has also stated that marine plastic pollution that the region of Southeast Asia had faced has
threatening the coastal tourism, fisheries and aquaculture, which are very important for the economic
development.
SUGGESTION OR RECOMMENDATION

 ASEAN implement the ASEAN 2025: Forging Ahead Together roadmap's environmental-related
activities, especially the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC) Blueprint 2025.
 The ASEAN Strategic Plan on Environment (ASPEN) is being designed to serve as a systematic
roadmap for ASEAN environmental cooperation over the next decade, with the aim of
promoting regional sustainable growth.
 Roadmap towards ASEAN Cooperation on Transboundary Haze Pollution will serve as a strategic, action-
oriented and time-bound framework for the implementation of the collaborative actions to control
transboundary haze pollution in the ASEAN region to achieve a vision of Transboundary Haze-free
ASEAN by 2020.

CONCLUSION

 Each of the countries in Southeast Asia did not fully manage their acts to protect the environment.
 The issues become spotlight in other countries and had grew concern among them
 Need to prioritize their environment together with the development of their country
 Government need to take cautions steps and refine the strategy
 Society have to play role and increase awareness over this matter