Earth and Life Science

Igneous Rocks: How Are They

Formed?
Earth and Life Science – Senior High School
Igneous Rocks: How Are They Formed?
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Jessa M. Ariola

Editors: Erwin R. Abrencillo, Jocelyn M. Manset

Reviewers: Dominic P. Almirez, Franz Kevin Manalo, Princess Paolah L. De Guzman, Marissa C. Betchaida,
Louie L. Alvarez, Gregorio M. De Chavez, Jr., Jocelyn M. Manset, Mario B. Maramot, Elaine T. Balaogan,
Job S. Zape Jr.

Illustrator: Ednelinda Robles, Cherry Amor Laroza, Lovely Joy La Rosa, Charles Erick A. Jusay, Sandro Carlo B. Tablizo
Layout Artist: Elizalde L. Piol, Anselma M. Ebero, Jocelyn M. Manset

Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Merthel M. Evardome, Nadine C. Celindro
Nicolas M. Burgos, Mario B. Maramot, Fe M. Ong-ongowan, Rosalinda A. Mendoza
,

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
E-mail Address: [email protected]

132
 Week

What I Need to Know 4

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the nature of Earth and Life Science. The scope of this module permits it to be used
in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module covers:

 Lesson 1 – Igneous Rocks: How Are They Formed?

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. compare and contrast the formation of different types of igneous rocks;
2. distinguish intrusive from extrusive igneous rocks;
3. differentiate igneous rocks based on silica content; and
4. differentiate the different textures of igneous rocks.

What I Know
Directions. Read the following questions and choose the letter of the best answer.
Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What classification of rocks is formed from solidification and crystallization of

molten rocks?

A. igneous rocks
B. metamorphic rocks
C. sedimentary rocks
D. all of the above

2. What Latin word was the term “igneous” derived from?

A. ignus
B. lithos
C. meta
D. sedere

3. Which of the following is/are the process/es to igneous rocks?

A. sedimentation
B. recrystallization
C. solidification and crystallization
D. solidification and recrystallization

133
4. Which type of igneous rocks based on composition has the highest amount of
silica content?
A. felsic
B. intermediate
C. mafic
D. ultramafic

5. What happens to the molten rocks when they reach the Earth’s surface?

A. They flow continuously.

B. They cool down and solidify.
C. Their temperature remains the same.
D. They remain semi-liquid molten rocks.

6. Which of the following is NOT an extrusive igneous rock?

A. basalt
B. granite
C. obsidian
D. rhyolite

7. Which type of igneous rock forms from lava on Earth's surface?

A. clastic
B. extrusive
C. intrusive
D. non-clastic

8. Which type of igneous rock forms when magma hardens beneath Earth's
surface?

A. clastic
B. extrusive
C. intrusive
D. non-clastic

9. What is the size of the crystals if the rock cools slowly and forms below the
Earth’s surface?

A. large
B. no crystal
C. small
D. none of the above

10. Which of the following is NOT an intrusive igneous rock?

A. diorite
B. gabbro
C. granite
D. obsidian

134
 11. Which of the following is NOT true about extrusive rocks?

A. They cool down quickly.

B. They have small crystals.
C. These are formed beneath the Earth.
D. Basalt and scoria are example of these rocks.

12. Which of the following is TRUE about intrusive rocks?

A. They have fine grains.

B. They are usually dark.
C. They are formed from lava.
D. They have usually low density.

13. What type of igneous rock texture has large minerals?

A. aphanitic
B. glassy
C. phaneritic
D. vesicular

14. How are igneous rocks classified based on their origin?

A. large or small crystals

B. plutonic and volcanic
C. coarse or fine grains
D. from magma or lava

15. How does the amount silica affect the color of igneous rock?

A. It has no effect at all.

B. It doesn’t matter what the color is.
C. The lesser the silica has, the lighter the color is.
D. The more the silica it has, the lighter the color is.

Igneous Rocks: How Are

Lesson 1
They Formed?
Have you tried mountain climbing? Did you notice different rocks in the mountain
trail? Do they look the same? Do they have different colors? Do they have crystals?
Do they undergo same process of formation? Some of you might think that all rocks
are just the same, however if we study it thoroughly, you will be surprised that they
are different in terms of their formation, physical and chemical characteristics.
In your previous lesson, you already learned that rocks can be classified as igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic. For this module, we will be focusing on igneous
rocks and how they are formed.

135
What’s In

Activity 1. Crossword Puzzle

In the previous lesson, you have learned about metamorphism of rocks. Let us review
first about this before proceeding to the next topic.
Directions. Fill-in the crossword puzzle with the words being described. Match the
number of the sentences to the boxes of placed across or down the grid.

ACROSS
1. It is the change that
takes place within a body
of rock as a result of being
subjected to conditions.
3. It is a type of
metamorphic rock which
is formed due to pressure.

DOWN
2. It is the main factor of
regional metamorphism.
4. It is a type of
metamorphic rock which
is formed due to heat.
5. It is the main factor of
contact metamorphism.

What’s New
Activity 2. Comic Strip Analysis
Directions. This comic presented below is about a short conversation of a
grandmother and her granddaughter. Read the comics and answer the given
questions.

Grandma,Grandma,
is that Taal
is that Yes,
Yes, mymy dear. That is Taal
Volcano?
Taal Volcano? dear.Volcano. It has rocks
That is
formed from solidified lava.
Taal
Volcano.
It has
rocks
formed
from
solidified
136
lava.
 This
This isis
a a granite. It is an
Wow! I want to learn more
Wow! I want to
granite.igneous rock. about rocks Grandma.
learn more
about rocks

Guide Questions:

1. Who are the characters in the comic?

2. Where do you think is the location of the characters?
3. What is the topic of their conversation?
4. According to the grandmother, Taal volcano is composed of what kind of rock?
5. What specific rock is mentioned in the conversation?

What is It
What are Igneous rocks?
Igneous rocks are one of the three major categories of rocks. The word igneous is
derived from the Latin word for fire, ignis or ignus.

These rocks are commonly found in the surface and beneath the Earth, specifically
in divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries, subduction zones and hotspots. Not
all igneous rocks have the same physical and chemical characteristics. They differ in
the origin, process of formation, color, density, size of grains, crystals and many
more.

How are igneous rocks formed?

Igneous rocks are formed through the process of solidification and crystallization
of molten rocks; magma and lava. When hot, molten rocks reach the surface of the
earth, they undergo changes in temperature and pressure causing them to cool,
solidify and crystallize. Moreover, there are also solidification and crystallization
magma beneath the earth.

What are the types of igneous rocks based on their formation?

In terms of formation, igneous rocks can be classified into two: intrusive and
extrusive rocks. Below is the comparison of these two types.

Table 1. Differences Between Intrusive and Extrusive Rocks

Point of Comparison Intrusive Rocks Extrusive Rocks

Other terminology plutonic rocks volcanic rocks
Location beneath the Earth surface of the Earth
Process of Formation plutonic volcanic
Origin formed from magma formed from lava

137
 Color usually dark usually light colored
Density usually dense usually low density (light)
mafic: magnesium and felsic: feldspar
Composition
iron (aluminum)
cools quickly
Rate of Cooling cools slowly
(with voids/holes)
fine/small or no grains
Size of Grains large/coarse grains
(fine/glassy)
Size of Crystals large crystals small or no crystals

These are some examples of intrusive and extrusive rocks.

Gabbro Diorite Granite

Figure 1. Examples of Intrusive Rocks

Basalt Obsidian

Rhyolite Scoria
Figure 2. Examples of Extrusive Rocks

What are the types of igneous rocks based on composition?

Igneous rocks can also be classified according to their composition. They are
composed of SiO2 or silica. Not all igneous rocks have the same silica content. If
there is oversaturation of silica in the magma, its minerals will precipitate. On the
other hand, if there is undersaturation of silica in the magma, its minerals will not

138
precipitate and will not be present in the igneous rocks. The viscosity of magma is
also affected because of silica content.
There are four classifications of igneous rocks based on silica content: ultramafic,
mafic, intermediate and felsic.

1. Ultramafic Igneous Rocks

 They have a very low silica content; less than 45% of SiO2.
 Before forming into igneous rocks, its magma has very low viscosity.
 Its color is ranged too black (peridotite) to olive green (dunite).
 Their density is very high.
 They are rich in pyroxene and olivine minerals.
 Examples of these rocks are peridotite and dunite.

2. Mafic Igneous Rocks

 They have a low silica content; 45-52% of SiO2.
 Before forming into igneous rocks, its magma has low viscosity; more
viscous than ultramafic magma.
 They have black color.
 Their density is high.
 They are composed of pyroxene, calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar
 Examples of these rocks are gabbro and basalt.

3. Intermediate Igneous Rocks

 They have a high silica content; 53-65% of SiO2.
 Before forming into igneous rocks, its magma has intermediate
viscosity; more viscous than the mafic magma.
 Their color is gray.
 Their density is intermediate.
 They are composed of biotite, alkali feldspar and quartz.
 Examples of these rocks are diorite and andesite.
4. Felsic Igneous Rocks
 They have a very high silica content; more than 65% of SiO2
 Before forming into igneous rocks, its magma has high viscosity; more
viscous than the intermediate magma.
 They have light color.
 Their density is very low.
 They are composed of quartz and alkali feldspar.
 Examples of these rocks are granite and rhyolite.

Granite Diorite Gabbro Peridotite

Rock types

Composition FELSIC INTERMEDIATE MAFIC ULTRAMAFIC

Light Dark
Color

139
 SiO2 70% 60% 50% 40%
MgO 0.95% 2.5% 15% 48%
Major Quartz Biotite Pyroxene Pyroxene
mineral Alkali Feldspar Alkali Feldspar Plagioclase Olivine
content Quartz Feldspar

Figure 3. Differences of Igneous Rocks based on Composition

Based on the illustration, you will notice the differences of these four classifications
of igneous rocks in terms of their color. Ultramafic has the darkest color and felsic
has the lightest color. To sum, the higher the silica content is, the lighter its color
while the lower the silica content is, the darker its color. Thus, amount of silica
affects the color of the rocks.

Composition FELSIC INTERMEDIATE MAFIC ULTRAMAFIC

Rock types Granite Diorite Gabbro Peridotite
Rhyolite Andesite Basalt
Percentage of mineral by volume

70% Silica content 40%

Sodium and potassium content

Iron, magnesium, and calcium content

700°C Temperature at which melting starts 1200°C

Figure 4. Differences of Igneous Rocks based on Composition
in Relation to Silica Content and Temperature

This is another illustration showing the differences of ultramafic, mafic, intermediate

and felsic igneous rocks; rock types, kind and percentage of minerals; percentage of
silica content; and ranges of temperature.

Felsic has the highest silica content while ultramafic has the lowest silica content.
On the other hand, felsic is exposed to 700 degree Celsius and ultramafic is exposed
to 1200 degree Celsius. It means when igneous rock is exposed to extreme high
temperature, its color is darker, while if it is exposed to lower temperature, its color
is light.

140
What are the types of igneous rocks based on texture?
Igneous rocks have different textures. Texture of a rock is the size and arrangement
of the minerals it contains.

 Phaneritic texture – Rocks have large minerals (example: granite)

 Aphanitic texture- The mineral grains are too small to see with the unaided
eye (example: basalt)
 Vesicular texture – Rocks have many pits from gas escape (example: basalt)
 Porphyritic texture – Rocks have two (2) distinct grain sizes, large and small
(example: andesite porphyry)
 Glassy texture- Rocks do have obvious minerals (example: obsidian)

What’s More

Activity 3. Types of Igneous Rocks, Described!

Directions. Given are the different examples of igneous rocks. Supply the missing
information to complete the table below.

Type of Formed Cooling Crystal

Igneous Rock from rate size (small,
Rock
(intrusive or (magma (fast or large or no
extrusive) or lava) slow) crystal)

Rhyolite extrusive 1. 2. small

Gabbro 3. 4. slow large

Granite intrusive 5. slow 6.

Scoria 7. lava 8. No crystals

141
 Obsidian 9. lava fast 10.

Activity 4. Concept Map

Directions. Complete the blank concept map by supplying the needed information
using the given terms and phrases related to igneous rocks.

composed of magnesium
Extrusive magma cools slowly
and iron
Intrusive lava cools quickly small or no crystal form
form from cooling and
large crystal form composed of aluminum solidification of lava and
magma

Igneous Rock

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

142
Activity 5. Venn Diagram
Directions. Compare and contrast the four classifications of igneous rocks based
on composition.

Ultramafic

Felsic Mafic

Intermediate

Activity 6. Crossword
Directions. Fill-in the crossword puzzle with the words being described. Match the
number of the sentences to the boxes of placed across or down the grid.

ACROSS
1. Rocks have two distinct
grain sizes.
2. The mineral grains are
too small to see with the
unaided eye.
3. Rocks have many pits
from gas escape.

DOWN
1. Rocks have large
minerals.
4. Rocks do have obvious
minerals

143
What I Have Learned

Activity 7. Complete Me!

Directions. Read the following statements and fill-in the blanks with the correct term
or phrase.
1. The word igneous is derived from the Latin word for _________, ignis or ignus.
2. Igneous rocks are commonly found in the _________and _________ the Earth,
specifically in divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries, subduction zones
and hotspots.
3. Igneous rocks are formed through the process of _________ and _________ of
molten rocks; magma and lava.
4. When hot, molten rocks reach the surface of the earth, they undergo changes
in _________and _________ causing them to _________, _________and _________.
5. In terms of formation, igneous rocks can be classified into two; _________ and
_________ rocks.
6. Intrusive rocks are formed solidified _________ while extrusive rocks are
formed from solidified _________.
7. Intrusive rocks cool _________ while extrusive rocks cool _________.
8. Intrusive rocks have _________ grains and crystals while extrusive rocks have
_________ grains and crystals.
9. Examples of intrusive rocks are _________, _________, and _________.
10. Examples of extrusive rocks are _________, _________, _________, and _________.
11. Igneous rocks can also be classified according to their composition. They are
composed of ________.
12. If there is ________ of silica in the magma, its minerals will precipitate.
13. If there is ________ of silica in the magma, its minerals will not precipitate and
will not be present in the igneous rocks.
14. There are four classifications of igneous rocks based on silica content;
________, ________, ________ and ________.
15. ________ has the highest amount of silica while ________ has the lowest.
16. ________ is the most viscous while ________ is the least.
17. ________ has the darkest color while ________ has the lightest
18. ________ is the densest while ________ is the lightest.
19. ________ is exposed to the highest temperature while ________ is exposed to
the lowest temperature.
20. The higher the silica content is, the ________ the color is and the ________ the
silica content is, the darker the color is.

144
What I Can Do

Activity 8. Apply It!

A. Directions. Go outside and collect 3 pieces of rock. Observe their color, shape,
texture and other physical characteristics. You may crack or scratch the rock to
observe them clearly. Then, record your data in the table below.

Type of Igneous Rock and its

Rocks (Drawing)
Characteristics

1.

2.

3.

B. Directions. Read the given statement and provide the answer.

You are in a community park. While walking, you have noticed that there are
many rocks on the ground. From these rocks, how will you know if they are igneous
rocks? What are the things you should consider in identifying igneous rocks?

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

145
Assessment
Directions. Read the following questions and choose the letter of the best answer.
Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What Latin word was the term “igneous” derived from?
A. ignus
B. lithos
C. meta
D. sedere

2. What classification of rocks is formed from solidification and crystallization of

molten rocks?
A. igneous rocks
B. metamorphic rocks
C. sedimentary rocks
D. all of the above

3. Which type of igneous rocks based on composition has the highest amount of
silica content?
A. felsic
B. intermediate
C. mafic
D. ultramafic

4. Which of the following is/are the process/es of igneous rocks?

A. sedimentation
B. recrystallization
C. solidification and crystallization
D. solidification and recrystallization

5. Which of the following is NOT an extrusive igneous rock?

A. basalt
B. granite
C. obsidian
D. rhyolite

6. What happens to the molten rocks when they reach the Earth’s surface?
A. They flow continuously.
B. They cool down and solidify.
C. Their temperature remains the same.
D. They remain semi-liquid molten rocks.

7. Which type of igneous rock forms when magma hardens beneath Earth's
surface?
A. clastic
B. extrusive
C. intrusive
D. non-clastic

8. Which type of igneous rock forms from lava on Earth's surface?

A. clastic
B. extrusive

146
 C. intrusive
D. non-clastic

9. Which of the following is NOT an intrusive igneous rock?

A. diorite
B. gabbro
C. granite
D. obsidian

10. What is the size of the crystals if the rock cools slowly and forms below the
Earth’s surface?
A. large
B. no crystal
C. small
D. none of the above

11. Which of the following is TRUE about intrusive rocks?

A. They have fine grains.
B. They are usually dark.
C. They are formed from lava.
D. They have usually low density.

12. Which of the following is NOT true about extrusive rocks?

A. They cool down quickly.
B. They have small crystals.
C. These are formed beneath the Earth.
D. Basalt and scoria are example of these rocks.

13. How are igneous rocks classified based on their origin?

A. large or small crystals
B. plutonic and volcanic
C. coarse or fine grains
D. from magma or lava

14. How does the amount silica affect the color of igneous rock?
A. It has no effect at all.
B. It doesn’t matter what the color is.
C. The lesser the silica has, the lighter the color is.
D. The more the silica it has, the lighter the color is.

15. What type of igneous rock texture has large minerals?

A. aphanitic
B. glassy
C. phaneritic
D. vesicular

147
 Additional Activities
A. Directions. Take some pictures of igneous rocks available in your barangay
and make a collage. Write a short paragraph or description about your
output.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

B. Directions. Read the quotation and write your interpretation about it.

“Sometimes we must be like stone, strong enough to stand on our own.”

- WhenEarthSpeaks
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

148
 149
Activity 5 6. silica
Answers may vary 7. oversaturation
Assessment
8. undersaturation
Activity 6
9. ultramafic, mafic, 1. A
Across
1. porphyritic intermediate, felsic 2. A
2. aphanitic 10. felsic, ultramafic 3. A
3. vesicular 11. felsic, ultramafic 4. C
Down 5. B
12. ultramafic, felsic
1. phaneritic 6. B
13. ultramafic, felsic 7. C
4. glassy 14. ultramafic, felsic 8. B
15. lighter, lower 9. D
What's in 10. A
What's More 11. B
Activity 1 Activity 3 12. C
Across 13. D
1. metamorphism 1. lava 14. D
3. regional 2. fast 15. C
3. intrusive
Down 4. magma
2. pressure 5. magma What I Can Do
4. contact 6. large
5. heat 7. extrusive Activity 8
8. fast A. Answers may vary.
What I Know 9. extrusive B. Their color, density,
1. A 10. no crystals grains, crystals, and
2. A location of the rocks
3. C Activity 4
4. A
5. B Activity 7
1. form from cooling
6. B 1. fire
and solidification of
7. B 2. surface, beneath
lava and magma
8. C 3. solidification,
2. intrusive
9. A 3. large crystal form crystallization
10. D 4. magma cools slowly 4. temperature,
11. C 5. composed of pressure, cool,
12. B magnesium and iron solidify, crystallize
13. C 6. extrusive 5. intrusive, extrusive
14. D 7. small or no crystal 6. magma, lava
15. D form
7. slowly, quickly
8. lava cools quickly
What's New 9. composed of 8. large, small or no
Activity 2 aluminum 9. gabbro, diorite,
granite
1. grandmother and 10. basalt, obsidian,
her granddaughter rhyolite, scoria
2. place where Taal
volcano can be seen
3. They are talking
about rocks found in
Taal volcano.
4. igneous rocks
5. granite
Answer Key
References

“How to Classify Igneous Rocks Into (Ultramafic, Mafic, Intermediate and Felsic)?”, Geology
In, accessed May 31, 2020, http://www.geologyin.com/2014/12/how-to-classify-
igneous-rocks-into.html

“Igneous Rocks Worksheet”, Study Resource, accessed May 28, 2020,

https://studyres.com/doc/959258/igneous-rocks-worksheet

“Igneous Rocks”, Columbia Education, accessed May 31, 2020,

http://www.columbia.edu/~vjd1/igneous.htm

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https://ops.instructure.com/courses/10087/pages/introduction-to-the-rock-cycle

“Intrusive Igneous Rocks”, Minerals4Kids, accessed May 27, 2020,

http://www.mineralogy4kids.org/?q=rock-cycle/intrusive-igneous-rocks

“Lesson 3: “The Big Rock” Lesson: Introduction to Rocks

”, Lehigh University, accessed May 28, 2020,
http://www.ei.lehigh.edu/envirosci/geology/rocks/pdf/lesson3.pdf

“Question: Because Magmas And The Igneous Rocks That Form From”, Chegg Study,
accessed May 31, 2020, https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-
answers/magmas-igneous-rocks-form-large-range-chemical-compositions-
geologists-use-classifications-q17090207

C.E. Jones, “Igneous Rocks by Composition “, Department of Geology and Planetary Science,
accessed May 31, 2020,
https://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/2IgneousRocks/IgneousCompositions.h
tml

David Michaud, “Igneous Rocks Formations”, 911metallurgist, published October 15, 2015,
https://www.911metallurgist.com/blog/igneous-rocks

Fran Anderson, “When Earth Speaks”, Pinterest, accessed May 25, 2020,
https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/393713192409577434/
Hobart M. King, Ph.D., RPG. “What are Igneous Rocks?”, Geoscience News and Information
Geology.com, accessed May 27, 2020, https://geology.com/rocks/igneous-
rocks.shtml

Matt Williams, “Igneous Rocks: How Are They Formed?”, Universe Today, published
December 16, 2015, https://www.universetoday.com/82009/how-are-igneous-
rocks-formed/

Stephen A. Nelson, “Classification of Igneous Rocks”, Tulane University General, updated

January 12, 2011, https://geology.com/dictionary/glossary-u.shtml

“An Introduction to Geology”, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, accessed May 31, 2020,
http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/coasts/lecture/gg101/powerpoints/Minerals_Igneous
.pdf

150
 Earth and Life Science
Movement of Plates and
Fomation of Folds and Faults
Earth and Life Science
Movement of Plates and Formations of Folds and Faults
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines.
However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of
such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are
owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials
from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Chris B. De Jesus

Editors: Erwin R. Abrencillo , Jocelyn M. Manset
Reviewers: Dominic P. Almirez, Franz Kevin Manalo, Gregorio M. De Chavez, Jr., Jocelyn M. Manset, Mario B. Maramot,
Princess Paolah L. De Guzman, Marissa C. Betchaida, Louie L. Alvarez, Elaine T. Balaogan, Job S. Zape Jr.
Illustrator: Ednelinda Robles, Cherry Amor Laroza, Lovely Joy La Rosa, Charles Erick A. Jusay, Sandro Carlo B. Tablizo
Layout Artist: Elizalde L. Piol, Anselma M. Ebero, Jocelyn M. Manset

Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Merthel M. Evardome, Nadine C. Celindro
Nicolas M. Burgos, Mario B. Maramot, Fe M. Ong-ongowan, Rosalinda A. Mendoza

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
E-mail Address: [email protected]

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Week

5 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you, the learner in mind. This aims to
help you master the Nature of Earth and Life Science. The scope of this module
permits can be used in different learning situations. The language used recognizes
the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module included lesson about the Movements of Plates and Formation of Folds
and Faults.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify the three types of plate movements from a short excerpt.
2. Expound three types of plate movement based on plate tectonics theory
using an illustration.
Cite specific examples of land forms as outcomes of plate movement

What I Know
Directions. Read and analyze each statement and choose the letter which
corresponds to the correct answer by shading the circle before each number.

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153
154
 Lesson 1 Movement of Plates and Formation of
Folds and Faults
This module contains topics about plate movement leading to the formation of folds
and faults. Students must explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation
of folds and faults by doing different activities included in this module. Likewise,
concept about the Plate’s movement is available for the students reference in doing
each activity incorporated in the procedure.

What’s In
Directions. Cross out the words which are not associated with plate tectonics. Then,
put the remaining words and write your understanding below the box.

FAULT WEATHERING CONVERGENT

PLATES SUBDUCTION VOLCANIC ARC
RIDGE MOUNTAIN MESOSAURUS
FOLD DIVERGENT

Words Your Own Understanding

Score:
_______

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What’s New
Directions. Read and analyze the excerpt. Identify the three indicated types plate
movements. Illustrate it on the box provided below (10 points).

TYPE OF PLATE BOUNDARIES

Studying plate boundaries is important because along these boundaries

deformation of the lithosphere is happening. Divergent plate movement occurs when
plates pull apart from each other. When two (2) plates diverge, pieces from such
plates sink towards the Earth’s mantle. On the other hand, convergent movement
occurs when plates crush into each other and land crumples, forming trenches and
mountains. Lateral or transform fault movement occurs when plates move alongside
each other in different directions.

Illustration 1. Illustration 2. Illustration 3.

_________ _________ _________

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What is It

A. Directions. Complete the diagram below by filling in the blank boxes with the
corresponding terms/phrases.

PLATE TECTONICS

Three types of Plates’

Movement

CONVERGENT

‘
Plates move
Plates pull apart alongside each other
from each other in different
directions

Land formation or Land formation or Land formation or

geologic features: geologic features: geologic features:
____________________ ____________________ ____________________

Score:
_______

157
A. Directions. Read and analyze the diagram below which will provide you
background information about Plate Boundaries.

Transform
Plate
Boundary

It is also called as strike slip fault boundary, the plates slide past each other
horizontally. This is a type of boundary that cuts through California, the well-
known San Andreas Fault. The San Andreas fault zone, which is about 1300
km long and is tens of kilometer wide, slice through two thirds of the length
of California. Along with it, the Pacific Plate has been for 10 million years, at
an average rate of about 5cm/yr (Pavico and Faraon, 2007, 193).

Convergent
Plate
Boundary

The heavier oceanic crust sinks below the lighter continental crust. It
happens along convergent boundaries where plates are moving toward each
other and sometimes one plate sink under another (subduction). Marianas
Trench marks where the fast moving Pacific Plate converges against the
slower moving Philippine Plate. This boundary is often sits of major volcanoes
such as Mount Fuji in Japan. In a collision of two pieces of oceanic crust, the
result is a chain of volcanic islands, of which Indonesia is a prime example.
Where oceanic crust collides with a plate carrying continent, the result is a
chain of volcanoes on the continent such as the Cascade of volcanic chain in
Pacific Northwest of the US and the Andes Mountains of South America.
When two continental crusts collide, the result is a range of mountains such
as Himalayan Mountain yr (Pavico and Faraon, 2007, 193-194).

158
 Divergent Plate Boundaries are boundaries where the earth’s tectonic plates
are moving apart. For most part, these boundaries are located on the ocean
floors, where they form a continuous chain of volcanic mountains and rift
called mid-ocean ridges that extend throughout the earth’s oceans. Mid-
Atlantic Ridge is good example which runs down the middle of the Atlantic
Ocean. As the plates move apart, magma wells up to fill the space between
them, and this is why divergent plate boundaries are the sites of volcanic
activity. It is also a set where the earth’s crust is growing (Pavico and Faraon,
2007, 194).

What’s More
Activity A: Crossword Puzzle
Directions. Fill out the crossword puzzle with the correct terms using the given
clues.
Across
3
2. Fracture or discontinuity in a volume of
rocks.
4. Plates are moving away from each other.
1
6. Horizontal motion movement of plates.
2
9. A chain of mountains.
8

Down
5 10 1. Earth’s crust and uppermost mantle
3. Chain of volcanoes formed from
4 subducting plates.
5. Plates are moving toward each other
9
and collide.
7. Occur when flat surface bent or curved.
8. A large landform formed from tectonic
7
forces.
6
10. Low area between hills and mountain

Score:
_______

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Activity B: My Understanding of Plate Movement
Directions. Complete the paragraph below. The first part is already given.

Faults, folding, ridges, mountains, valleys and volcanic arc are formed when
the plates move because
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________(5 points).

Criteria: 3 points: Appropriateness and relation to the topic

Score:
2 points: Neatness and free from grammatical errors.
_______

Activity C: Plate Boundaries

Directions. Perform the activity below by following the instructions.

A. There are two tables below. Table A includes three types of plate boundaries
with their respective descriptions and illustrations while Table B is blank table
where you can put your answer.
B. Observe Table A by making sure that all the descriptions and illustration
referring to specific type of plate boundaries are properly placed.
C. In case you notice errorrs, rewrite the content of table A into table B with
correct cclassification of all the descriptions.
Table A

CONVERGENT DIVERGENT TRANSFORM

When it occurs between Most of it are found in the
two oceanic plates, one of ocean basin and connect
those plates will subduct offsets in the mid ocean
beneath the other. ridges

When it happens, the new

crust is forming from
Plates move apart
magma that rises to the
earth surface between the
two plates
Two plates are moving Also known as strike slip or Best example of this plate
toward each other sliding boundaries is San Andreas fault

Often sites of major

Creating a zone of tension
volcanoes

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 Table B

CONVERGENT DIVERGENT TRANSFORM

Activity D: READ! ASK! RESPOND!

Directions. Read and Analyze the the diagram below. Take note of some important
details which will be used in next activities or questions

Plates move relative to each other and to fixed location in the

mantle of the Earth. The absolute motion of the plates can
lead to the formation of strings of volcanoes. On the other
READ
hand, their relative motion can lead to the different types of
plate boundaries. If three plates meet in one place, they form
a triple junction (Kasten 2012, 241)

1. What motion or movement can lead to the formation of

strings of volcanoes?
ASK
2. What will be formed if the three plate boundaries meet
in one place?

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 1
RESPOND

2.

Currently, the size of oceans and shape of continents are

changed due to the movement of plates. Because of the
movement of plates in North and South America, Pacific
Ocean is becoming smaller. However, the Atlantic Ocean is
becoming larger as North and South America move away
READ from Europe and Africa. The Himalayas Mountains are
becoming taller. The plate that includes Australia is now
beginning to collide with the plate that includes Southeast
Asia. India’s plate is also colliding with Asia while Australia
is moving farther away from Antarctica (Kasten 2012, 241).

1. What will happen to the Pacific Ocean if the North and

South American Plates continue to move to the west?
2. What caused the enlargement of Atlantic Ocean?
ASK 3. What will happen to the Himalayas Mountains when
READ two large landmasses, Eurasia and India driven by
plate movement and collide?

1.

RESPOND 2.

3.

Score:
_______

162
What I Have Learned

Directions. From the word pool given below, identify the term being described in the
following statements.
__________1. This phenomenon is created during transformation of plate’s movement
and it is a kinematic phenomenon caused by the relative density of
oceanic lithosphere and relative weakness of asthenosphere.
__________2. This plate’s movement creates mountain and volcanic arc. Marianas
Trench is also created by this movement.
__________3. The movement of this plate is towards the opposite direction or moving
away from each other.
__________4. It is a process of rising up hot, dense liquid materials and creates new
seafloor.
__________5. This is a theory that supports that supports continental drift theory and
seafloor spreading.

Plate Tectonic Seafloor Spreading

Transform fault Divergent
Score:
Convergent _______

What I Can Do
Directions. Supply the needed information by writing it on the space provided.

A. “Everything happens for a reason.” How will I relate the given quotation to
the lesson?

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

163
B. In your area, what natural scenery do you think is a result of colliding
plates?

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

C. How will you justify that plate tectonics or movement of plate boundaries
is also beneficial to us?
(Cite you reference)

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

164
Assessment
Directions. Read and analyze each statement and choose the letter which
corresponds to the correct answer by shading the circle before each number.

⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 1. Movement plate boundaries results too many events or

A B C D land formations, which of the following is the reason of
mountain formations.
A. Converging Plates
B. Both A and B
C. Diverging Plates
D. Neither A

⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 2. It is a region where plates meet.

A B C D A. Fault
B. Plate Boundary
C. Mountain
D. Volcanic Arc

⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 3. There are three distinct types of plate boundaries, which of

A B C D those types creates zone of tension by moving the plates
apart?
A. Convergent Boundary
B. Transform Fault
C. Divergent Boundary
D. None of these

⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 4. When two tectonic plates collide, the continental crust

A B C D usually rise up over the oceanic crust because it is______.
A. Denser than continental crust
B. Thicker than continental crust
C. Thinner than continental crust
D. Less dense than oceanic crust

⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 5. Predict what geologic features could result out of this

A B C D boundary.

165
⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 6. Which of the following diagrams shows the strike slip fault
A B C D wherein San Andreas Fault which is bounded by North
American Plate and the Pacific Plate is the best example?
A.

B.
C.
D.

⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 7. Which of the following resulted to the formation of new crust

A B C D from magma that rises to the earth’s surface between the two
plate boundaries?
A. convergent boundary
B. divergent boundary
C. strike fault
D. transform boundary

⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 8. Which of the following resulted to the formation of new

A B C D oceanic lithosphere?
A. Convergent Boundary
B. Divergent Boundary
C. Transform Boundary
D. None of these

⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 9. Which type of plate boundary does the shallow focus

A B C D earthquake occur wherein it appears to be associated with
mid ocean ridges and mountain ranges?
A. Convergent
B. B. Divergent
C. Transform
D. All of these

⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 10. Which of the following land formation or events is not

A B C D connected to convergent plate movement/margin?
A. deep-focus earthquake
B. Trench
C. Valleys
D. Volcanic Arc

166
⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 11. Which of the following is associated with discovery of seafloor
A B C D spreading?
A. Mountains and Volcanoes are denser than mantle
B. Rotational pole of the earth has migrated or moved.
C. The crust of the continents is denser than the crust of
the ocean
D. The crust of the oceans is very young relative to the
age of the crust of the continents

⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 12. Convergent plate boundary creates land formations which

A B C D later become scenery. Which of the following is one of the best
examples of the land formations due to convergent plate
boundary?
A. Arc
B. Boundary
C. Valley
D. Volcanic Arc

13. Divergent: Plates pull apart_________: Plates move alongside

14. Faults: A fracture or discontinuity in volume of rocks

Folds: ___________________________________.
A. It forms from subducting plates
B. It occurs when flat surface bent
C. Occur when plates moving alongside and toward to
each other.
D. Occur when plates moving alongside and away from
each other.

________________ 15. _______: Low area between hills or mountains

RIDGES: A chain of mountains.
CLUE: YLLVAE

Score:
_______

167
Additional Activities
A. Directions. Conduct a short interview with one or two of your family members.
Ask them about how they think the mountain, valley, ridges and volcanoes are
formed. List all their responses. Afterwards, inform them on how those formations
formed based on what you have learned from the lesson.

Interview Guide Format:

Questions Responses Your Feedback

B. Based on the results of your interview, make a wide dissemination on how

different landforms were created based on what you have learned into this
module. You have two options to do it.

1. Flyers
2. Vlog which will be post on your social media account.

Rubrics:
5 points: Innovation (It should shows creativity)
10 points: Content (It should include explanations based on the lesson)

168
 169
What is it? What’s More
Assessment
A. A
1. A
1. Plate
2. Fault 2. B
3. Volcanic Arc 3. C
4. Divergent 4. A
5. Convergent 5. Mild Ocean Ridge
6. Transform 6. B
7. Fold 7. B
8. Mountain 8. B
9. Ridge 9. D
10. Valley 10. C
B. Your answer should touch 11. D
the three movements of plates. 12. D
Divergent, convergent and 13. Transform
What’s New
transform fault movement. 14. B
15. Valley
Note: Rubrics is attached after
the activity.
What I can Do
C
B.
Students own understanding
What’s in
or based on research.
Words to be crossed out:
Weathering
Mesosaurus
What I Know
1. B
2. B
3. B
4. A D.
5. Mountains, Volcanoes,and
1. Absolute motion
Trench 2. Triple Junction
6. B 3. Smaller
7. D 4. North and South America
8. B move away from Europe
9. D and Africa
10. C 5. Taller
6.
11. D
What I have Learned
12. A
13. Divergent 1 Transform Fault
14. B 2 Convergent
15. RIDGE 3 Divergent
4 Seafloor Spreading
5 Plate Tectonics
Answer Key
References

A. Books

Acosta Herma D.,et al. Science Learners Material Grade 10,2015

Commission on Higher Educvation. Earth and Life Science for Senior High
School. C.P. Garcia Ave., Diliman, Quezon City Philippines. Commission
on Higher Education, 2016

Kasten Lileth P. Secondary Education Curriculum: Integrated Science, 2012

Pavico-Ferriols Josefina and Faraon-Darvin Genevieve, Exploring Life Though

Science: Integrated Science, 2007

Vengco Lilia G. and Religioso Teresita F. You and the Natural World: Integrated
Science, 3rd Edition 2008.

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