Lecture III

Discuss/Analyze:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ApC0faRYabI&ab_channel=FightMediocrity

12 rules for life by Dr. Jordan Peterson

Rule 1- Stand up with your shoulders back;

Rule 2- Treat yourself like you are someone responsible for helping;

Rule 3-Make friends from those people who want the best for you;

Rule 4-Compare yourself to who you were yesterday and not to who someone else is today;

Rule 5-; Don’t let your children do anything that makes you dislike them

Rule 6-Put your house in perfect order before you criticize the world;

Rule 7- Do what is meaningful and not what is expedient;

Rule 8- Not to lie; Tell the truth or at least don’t lie;

Rule 9-Assume that the person you are listening to knows something you don’t;

Rule 10- Be precise in your speech; Knock and the door will open;

Rule 11- Don’t bother children when they’re skateboarding; Do not do anything for anyone
they can do for themselves;

Rule 12- Pet a cat when you encounter one on the street; What to do when you don’t know
what to do;

After discussion:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHD3oCoPX34&ab_channel=ProductivityGame
THE HUMAN BRAIN AND ITS FUNCTIONS

Grammar:A review of basic grammatical structures:

Past Tenses, question types

Reading 1

1) Which areas of the brain might a person use to compose music? To throw a ball? To paint
a picture?- right hemisphere
2) If you feel cold and want to put on a sweater, which area ofthe brain is probably active?
3) It has been observed that little boys and little girls play, speak,and act differently from
each other. Do you think these differencesmight be caused by differences in the brain?-yes
4) What part of the brain is called “the post office” and why?
5) How do we call the part of the brain that is responsible for thought and planning?- left
hemisphere

2. Asking yourself questions before and during reading oftenhelps you understand and
remember the material. Lookagain at the diagramand at the subheads of the text below.
Then check the questions on the following list that youthink, from your surveying, the
reading selection mightanswer.
1) __ What is the function of different parts of the brain?
2) __ How are human brains different from animal brains?
3) __ Why do some people seem to be more creative thanothers?
4) __ What is the difference between the left and right side ofthe brain?
5) __ Are the happiest memories of most people’s lives fromtheir childhood?
6) __ Is it possible to have a memory of something that neverhappened?
7) __ How can we improve our memories?
8) __ Are teenagers’ brains different from adults’ brains?
9) __ How domen and women communicate with each other?
10) __ How does the brain influence a person’s ability withmusic?
11) __ Can the brain cause people to get sick or become well?

As you read the following text, think about the answers tothe questions that you have just
checked. Read quickly, donot use a dictionary.

The human brain — new discoveries

.
VOCABULARY CHECKА. Parts of the brain. 1.Most of us learn basic facts about the human

brain in our middle or high school biology classes. 2-2We study the subcortex, the “old
brain,” which is found in the brains of most animals and is responsible for basic functions
such as breathing, eating, drinking, and sleeping. We learn about the neocortex, the “new
brain,” which is unique to humans and is where complex brain activity takes place. We find
that the cerebrum,which is responsible for allactive thought, is divided into two parts, or

hemispheres. 4-4The left hemisphere, generally, manages the right side of the body; it
is responsible for logical thinking. The right hemisphere manages the left sideof the body;
this hemisphere controls
emotional, creative, and artistic functions. And we learn that the corpus callosum is the
“bridge” that connects the two hemispheres. Memorizing the names for parts of the brain
might not seem thrilling to many students, but new discoveries in brain function are
exciting.Recent research is shedding light on creativity, memory, maturity, gender, and the
relationship between mind and body.

B. Left brain/Right brain: creativity. 3-3 Psychologists agree that most of us have creative
ability that is greater than what we use in daily life. In other words, we can be more creative
than
we realize! The problem is that we use mainly one hemisphere of our brain — the left. From
childhood, in school, we’re taught reading, writing, and mathematics; we are exposed to very
little music or art. Therefore,many of usmight not “exercise” our right hemisphere much,
except through dreams, symbols, and those wonderful insights in which we suddenly find
the answer toa problemthat has been bothering us—and do so without the need for logic.
Can we be taught to use our right hemisphere more?Many experts believe so. Classes at some
schools and books claimto help people to “silence” the left hemisphere and give the rightone
a chance to work.

<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VY0E01G6ZWE&ab_channel=GeniusTest>

C. Memory — true or false? In the 1980s in the United States, there were many cases of
adults who suddenly remembered,with the help of a psychologist, things that had happened
to them in childhood. These memories had been repressed —held back—for many years.
Some of these newly discovered memories have sent people to prison. As people remember
crimes(such as murder or rape) that they saw or experienced as children,the police have re-
opened and investigated old criminal cases. In fact, over 700 cases have been filed that are
based on these repressed memories.
D. However, studies in the 1990s suggested that many ofthese might be false memories. At a
1994 conference at Harvard Medical School, neuroscientists discussed how memory is
believed to work. It is known that small pieces of memory (sound,sight, feeling, and so on)
are kept in different parts of the brain;in the limbic system, in the middle of the brain, pulls

these pieces together into one complete memory. 6 But it’s certain that people can
“remember” things that have never happened. Evena small suggestion can leave a piece of
memory in the brain. Most frightening is that there may be no structural difference in the
brain between a false memory and a true one.

E. The teen brain. Parents of teenagers have always known that there is something, well,
different about the teen years.Some parents claim that their teenage children belong to a
different species. Until recently, neuroscience did not support this belief. The traditional

belief was that by the age of 8 to 12 thebrain was completely mature. 8 However, very
recent studies provide evidence that the brain of a teenager differs from that ofboth children
and adults. According to the National Institute ofMental Health, maturation does not stop at
age 10, but continues into the teen years and beyond. In fact, scientists found thatthe corpus
callosum continues growing into your 20s. Because,it is believed, the corpus callosum is
involved in self-awarenessand intelligence, the new studies imply that teens may not be as
fully self-aware or as intelligent as they will be later. Other researchers have found that
teenagers are not able (as adults are) to read emotions on people’s faces.

F. Differences in male and female brains.Watch a group ofchildren as they play. You’ll
probably notice that the boys and girls play differently, speak differently, and are interested
in different things. When they grow into men and women, the differences do not disappear.
Many scientists are now studying theorigins of these gender differences. Some are searching
for an explanation in the human brain. Some of their findings are interesting.For example,
they’ve found that more men than womenare left-handed; this reflects the dominance of the
brain’s right hemisphere. By contrast, more women listen equally with bothears while men
listen mainly with the right ear. Men are betterat reading a map without having to rotate
it.Women are betterat reading the emotions of people in photographs.

<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zu1b54RtSE8&ab_channel=BBCEarthLab>
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9EbaIOSSzk&ab_channel=DevelopingHumanBrain.

G. 9One place to look for an explanation of gender differencesis in the hypothalamus, just
above the brain stem. This , thirst, hunger, and sexual desire. One recent study shows that
there is a region in the hypothalamus that is larger in heterosexualmen than it is in women
and homosexual men. Another area of study is the corpus callosum, the thick group of nerves
that allows the right and left hemispheres of the brain to communicate with each other. The
corpus callosum is larger inwomen than in men. This might explain the mystery of “female
intuition,” which is supposed to give women greater ability to “read” and understand
emotional clues.

H. Wired for music? 10It might seem logical to believe thatour appreciation of music is
learned — that nurture, not nature,determines this. However, it is now clear that nature also
plays
a role; recent studies indicate that the human brain is “wired”for music. At the University of
Toronto, Canada, psychologists have been studying infants age 6—9 months. Surprisingly,
these babies smile when researchers play consonant (pleasant) music,but they appear to hate
dissonant music. As adults, most people can remember only a few poems or pieces of prose
but have the capacity to remember at least dozens of musical tunes and to recognize
hundreds more. Even more interesting, perhaps, is the possibility that music might actually
improve some forms of intelligence. A 1999 study proves that music can help children
do better at math — not, oddly, other subjects, just math. It is probably not surprising that
much of the brain activity that involves music takes place in the temporal lobes. It may be
more surprising to learn that the corpus callosum might also beinvolved. Researchers at
Medical Center in Boston have discovered that the front part of the corpus callosum is
actually larger in musicians than in non-musicians.

I. The mystery of the mind-body relationship. 11There is more and more evidence
every day to prove that our minds and bodies are closely connected. Negative emotions, such
as loneliness, depression, and helplessness, are believed to cause a higher rate of sickness and
death. Similarly, it’s possible that positive thinking can help people remain in good physical
health or become well faster after an illness. Although some doctors are doubtful about this,
most accept the success of new therapies(e. g., relaxation andmeditation) that help people
with problems such as ulcers, high blood pressure, insomnia (sleeplessness),and migraine
headaches
Look over this list of words and expressions from thereading that follows.

Nouns:hemisphere ,expose, consonant,neuroscientist, rotate, dissonant;

Verbs: insight, repress, mature,maturation, wire, emotional;
Adjectives:intuition, relax, unique,insomnia, disappear, dominant;

COMPREHENSION CHECK
2. Write Т on the lines before the statements that are true,according to the Reading.Write F
on the lines before thestatements that are false. Write I on the lines before thestatements
that are impossible to know from the Reading.
1) _t_ Different parts of the brain control different activities orparts of the body.
2) _t Most people probably don’t use all their creative ability.
3) _t_ Newly discovered memories from childhood are falsememories.
4) _t_ The human brain is mature by the age of twelve.
5) _f_ There is no real difference between the brains of malesand those of females.
6) i_ Music appears to be the result of education alone.
7) _t_ Emotions may affect people’s physical health.

VOCABULARY QUIZ
3. Оn the reading section of standardized exams, there is, ofcourse, no opportunity to use a
dictionary. Such examsare testing your ability to guessmeaning fromthe context.
Often, you need more than the information in one sentencein order to figure out what a
word means. You need toconsider the entire paragraph. Take this practice test.Guess the
meaning of the underlined words. You may lookback at the reading selection “The Human
Brain — NewDiscoveries,” but don’t use a dictionary.
1) In Paragraph B, “We are exposed to very little music or art”probably means … .
a) “We are not often in concert halls or museums”
b) “We are taught a little music and art”
c) “Music and art are uncovered”
d) “Music and art are not taught much”

2) In Paragraph B, insights are … .

a) dreams that we have while we’re sleeping
b) moments when we suddenly understand something
c) logical moments
d) vision

3) In Paragraph C, the two meanings of the word cases are … .

a) examples and situations
b) memories and crimes
c) examples and events that need police attention
d) situations and people who murder or rape

4) In Paragraph F, rotate probably means … .

a) “read” c) “understand”
b) “look at” d) “turn”

5) In Paragraph G, intuition is … .
a) mystery
b) the ability to read
c) the power of understanding without logic
d) female emotion

6) The word read as it is used in Paragraphs E and G, probably

means … .
a) “understand the meaning of ”
b) “understand written language”
c) “show”
d) “see”

7) In Paragraph H, wired probably means … .

a) “with electrical wires”
b) “musical”
c) “tense with excitement”
d) “programmed or equipped”

8) In Paragraph H, prose is probably … .

a) poetry c) language that is not poetic
b) songs d) music without words

4. Read the passage and complete it using the words fromthe box. Pay attention to the
abbreviations (CNS, PNS,ANS) and what they stand for;

Reflex, involuntarily, components, unconscious,conscious, brain, areas, receptors

Basic nervous system organization.

The nervous systemconsists of central and peripheral __________. The central nervous
system — CNS includes the __________ and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system —
PNS includes all theother nerves found in the body.
Functions of the CNS. The CNS in its __________ areas of the medulla and cerebellum in
control of many __________actions and __________ functions of the body including
heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing, and the endocrine system.In the conscious areas, i.e. the
cerebrum, the CNS is wherethought and reasoning occur, as well the perception of sensoryin
put and the actions needed to control the ________ muscles.

Pleasure and pain centers of the brain. It has been known for decades that there are
________ of the brain which appear to cause pleasure, and other areas which appear to cause
pain.This has been studied during surgery where the patient wasawake as there are no pain
__________ within the brain, and also in experiments on animals where stimulation to
certain__________ was found to be desirable and stimulation to other areas was found to be
undesirable.

Functions of the PNS. The PNS connects to the muscles and organs in the body, driving their
actions by stimulating them either to do—an agonistic stimulus, or not do—an antagonistic
stimulus.
Somatic and autonomic branches of the PNS. The somatic nervous system innervates the
skeletal muscles as well as the sense organs including the skin. The skeletal muscles are also
called voluntary muscles.
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) innervates the organs of the body, including the heart.
Autonomic means“working on its own” and another term for the muscles in nervated
by autonomic nerves are involuntary muscles.

5. Match a word in the text to the following definitions:

1) science of the physical life of animals and plants;
2) study of the mind and its processes;
3) science of the structure of animal bodies;
4) science of the normal functions of living things.

The study of the brain is known as neuroscience, a field of biology that is aimed at
understanding the functions of the brain at every level, from the molecular up to the
psychological.There is also a branch of psychology that deals with the anatomy and
physiology of the brain, known as biological psychology.This field of study focuses on each
individual part of the brainand how it affects behavior. The brain innervates the
headthrough cranial nerves, and it communicates with the spinalcord, which innervates the
body through spinal nerves. Many functions are controlled by coordinated activity of the
brain andspinal cord. Moreover, some behaviors such as simple reflexesand basic locomotion
can be executed under spinal cord controlalone.

GRAMMAR CHECK
Types of questions
Type 1: Special Questions: These are what, when, how,where, and who questions. They ask
you to define, list, locate,identify, recall, describe, and so on.
Type 2: Questions that develop concepts from the data.These questions ask you to discuss the
data, point to relationshipsbetween different parts of the data, compare and contrast,analyze,
predict, and so on.
Type 3: Questions that call for critical judgment. These questionsask you to evaluate, rank,
rate, or assess aspects of thedata, and to justify your answer.
Write four questions about this text. Try to use all three questiontypes. Exchange questions
with a partner. Аnswer eachother’s questions orally and then discuss with your partner
whether the answers were satisfactory or not.

Vocabulary:

Nouns:hemisphere ,expose, consonant,neuroscientist, rotate, dissonant;

Verbs: insight, repress, mature,maturation, wire, emotional;
Adjectives:intuition, relax, unique,insomnia, disappear, dominant;

Hemisphere-ნახევარსფერო
Expose-გამოაშკარავება
Rotate-როტაცია; ბრუნვა
Dissonant-უსიამოვნო
Insight-გამჭრიახობა
Repress-რეპრესირება
Mature-მომწიფებული, სრული
Involuntarily-უნებურად
brain stem-ტვინის ღერო
cranial nerves-ქალას ნერვები
innervates -ანერვიულებს
spinal cord-ზურგისტვინი
temporal lobes-შუბლის წილი
cranial nerves-
Maturation-მომწიფება-1. the biological processes involved in an organism’s becoming functional or fully
developed. 2. Naturallyoccurring time-related changes in a participant (e.g.,growth, aging, fatigue, boredom,
attention shifts)
Insomnia-difficulty in initiating or maintaining a restorative sleep, which results in fatigue, the severity or
persistenceof which causes clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning. Such sleeplessness may
becaused by a transient or chronic physical condition or psychological disturbance. Also called agrypnia;
ahypnia; ahypnosia; anhypnia.
Callosum-corpus callosum a large tract of nerve fibers running across the longitudinal fissure of the brain and
connecting the cerebral hemispheres: It is the principal connection between the two sides of the brain. The
largest of the inter hemispheric commissures, it is known as the great commissure.-კორძიანი სხეული;
კომისურა;

The mental edge

Read and find the details in the text.

1) What does the phrase once considered signal here? Whatwas the old view? What is the
new view?
2) In paragraph 3, can you guess the meaning of the workmarksmen based on the context?
3) In paragraph 4, how can parallel construction help you understandthe word adept?
4) The names of what sportsmen are used in the text?
5) In paragraph 5, what training is mentioned?
6) What is self-talk and how can it help?
7) Are there any words that you don’t understand? Where canyou look for information to
help you guess their meaning?
8) What do you think the Reading is going to be about?

The brain is the key to peak performance, in sports andlife.

There is a new emphasis in the sports world on trainingathletes’ minds as well as their
muscles. Once considered a formof psychic voodoo, sports psychology is rapidly becoming
animportant part of nearly every serious athlete’s normal routine,right along with weight
lifting and nutrition. The new focus onthe “mental game” is increasingly finding an
enthusiastic audiencein business,medicine and themilitary aswell. The implications gofar
beyond sports, whether it’s an airline pilot, musician, or surgeon,everyone’s goal is achieving
a peak performance.
The importance of controlling thepower of the mind has long been part offolk wisdom.
Today, scientists are revealingthat such age-oldwisdomhas biologicalbasis.Over the years
people havefound that certain psychological techniquesseem to work. Now we’re beginning
to find out that there is a basic“brain reason why.”Scientists are showing, for instance,that
one crucial aspect of peak performance—going into a state of intense concentration—is
associatedwith profound changes in the brain. In the University ofMaryland they gave
skilled marksmen tiny electrodes thatmeasure the brain’s electrical activity and monitored
theirminds as they shot at a target. They found that just before anexpert shooter pulls the
trigger, the left side of the brain givesoff a burst of so-called alpha waves, which are
characteristic ofa relaxed, dream-like state. Similar results have been found ingolfers as they
putt, archers releasing an arrow and basketballplayers shooting a free throw. This sudden
change in brainwaves seems to reflect a dramatic change in the athlete’s mentalstate at the
moment of peak performance.
Neuroscientists have long known that each hemisphere, orside, of the human brain
specializes in certain activities. The leftbrain is better at language and analytical skills and
the rightbrain is more adept at spatial relations and pattern recognition.
Research suggests that during peak performance, the mindrelaxes its analytical side and
allows its right side to control thebody. The result is the dreamlike “flow” state that many
athletes,musicians and other people report experiencing whenthey are intensely engaged in
an activity.The ability to enter a state of deep concentration at the rightmoment is a key part
of acquiring an athlete skill, even thoughpeople typically are not aware that they are doing
it. So importantis this flow state to peak performance that athletes canactually improve their
performances by learning to controltheir brain waves. The archers who learned to control
the brainwaves in their left hemisphere shot significantly better, while
those who trained their right hemisphere did far worse.
At the moment of peak performance, athletes, musicians andother performers speak of being
“in the zone,” a state of totalattention to the task at hand. One way to help reach this zone of
deep concentration is to select several “focus” words to repeatto oneself. “Self talk” — the
running commentary that athletescarry on in their minds can have a profound effect on the
body.
Negative thoughts can lead to anxiety or depression, changingone’s breathing pattern and
heart rate. Psychologists train athleteto think positively by reminding themselves of their
pastsuccesses.
HOMEWORK:
1.Read and analyze the text “The mental edge”;
About 6 questions(4 types of questions);
2. Vocabulary;
3. Activities and exercises from lecture III;
4. Grammar Review-Tenses pp.374-385;

1acoustic trauma -აკუსტიკური ტრამვა physical injury to

the inner ear resulting from exposure to intense noise, such as
explosions, or continuous prolonged loud music or machinery
noise. It is a common cause of sensorineural deafness. 1
აკუსტიკური ტრავმა - აკუსტიკური ტრამვა შიდა ყურის
ფიზიკური დაზიანება, რომელიც გამოწვეულია
ძლიერი ხმაურის ზემოქმედებით, როგორიცაა
აფეთქებები, ან უწყვეტი ხანგრძლივი ხმამაღალი
მუსიკა ან აპარატების ხმაური. ეს არის
სენსორევრალური სიყრუის საერთო მიზეზი.

2. action theory -მოქმედების თეორია all those

theories, collectively, that explain behavior in terms of
goal-directed human beings acting intentionally with
reference to the environment and present situation.
Action theory was known originally as will psychology,
founded in Germany by Wilhelm wundt, action tremor 14
A who emphasized and distinguished between
motivation and volition of human behavior.
მოქმედების თეორია - მოქმედების თეორია,
ყველა ის თეორია, რომელიც ერთობლივად
გამოხატავს აშკარა ქცევას მიზნისკენ
მიმართული ადამიანების მიმართ, რომლებიც
განზრახ მოქმედებენ გარემოსა და ამჟამინდელი
სიტუაციის გათვალისწინებით. მოქმედების
თეორია თავიდანვე ცნობილი იყო როგორც
ფსიქოლოგია, რომელიც გერმანიაში დააარსა
ვილჰელმ ვუნდტმა, მოქმედების ტრემორი 14 ა,
რომელიც ხაზს უსვამს და განასხვავებს
ადამიანის ქცევის მოტივაციასა და ნებისყოფას

3. activity cage an enclosed space in which animals move

activity cycle 16 A freely while their behavior is observed,
recorded, or measured.