ISSN 2278-3091

VolumeTrends
Ramonsito B. Adducul et al., International Journal of Advanced 9, No.1.3, 2020 Science and Engineering, 9(1.3), 2020, 189- 196
in Computer
International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering
Available Online at http://www.warse.org/IJATCSE/static/pdf/file/ijatcse2891.32020.pdf
https://doi.org/10.30534/ijatcse/2020/2891.32020

Mobile Bus Ticketing System: Development and Adoption

Ramonsito B. Adducul1, Ian Monel C. Adducul2
1
University of La Salette, Inc., Santiago City, Philippines, [email protected]
2
University of La Salette, Inc., Santiago City, Philippines, [email protected]

ABSTRACT are relatively small, individual software units accessed on

mobile devices with restricted functions [1]. Modern
The adoption of mobile applications on smartphones and businesses have used information technology and mobile
tablet computers has become increasingly common among apps to increase consumer usability rates for their processes.
businesses and service providers. It has been proven to be The goal is to communicate and engage with customers,
rapid and successful in engaging the attention of consumers, making it a powerful resource for most companies and
communicating new technologies, and developing processes businesses.
such as ticketing systems for transport companies. This
research employed agile methodology in developing an In their paper, Tulaev, et al. conditionally defined
Android-based mobile ticketing system that involves information technology as maintaining, rationalizing, and
assessing current processes, suggestions for improving and developing. Technology saves energy, material resources,
optimizing processes, designing software, creating, time and a system that produces knowledge, utilizes and
implementing, and system evaluation. The ISO 9126 manifests it. Advances in information technology indicate
Software Quality Characteristics were used as a survey the need to create more application systems, such as mobile
questionnaire to determine the user's acceptance level on the apps, that would increase labor productivity and boost
quality of the develop system in terms of functionality, efficiency rates [2]. Song, et al. offered evidence that
reliability, usability, efficiency, maintainability and perceived technical features, human characteristics and
portability where participant ratings were scaled, mean social impact all play a role in the adoption of IT
scores were measured and interpreted qualitatively using a technologies such as mobile phone applications. The paper
5-point Likert scale. Results indicate that mobile bus refined understanding of factors affecting platform adoption
ticketing system (MBTS) implementation and adoption is that emphasizes not only the functions of user-friendliness
generally acceptable using the ISO 9126 characteristics as and utility-related factors but also the theoretical growth of
viewed by system users and were participants in this the system itself and its network effects [3].
research work. Therefore, for the adoption by the bus
operator, MBTS is highly recommended for successful and Agile methods are used for designing mobile applications.
more efficient transactional processes, knowledge generated Santos, et al. investigated problems in the development of
is readily accessible and useful for taking decision. In the mobile apps and benefits of designing mobile applications.
future, further development of this research can be Defining the user interface and user experience followed by
considered and work on the incorporation of other emerging meeting the expectations of different users is the main
technologies. Widespread use of mobile apps allows the challenge in developing mobile applications. The benefits
production of more sophisticated mobile applications and pose enhancements to management and control as well as
more potential to be explored. Researchers working on pace of growth.
similar study can find operators of large bus companies
operating in the northern part of the Philippines. The project supplied numerous fields such as games, public
transport, services and productivity. Their analysis can be
Key words: mobile application, bus ticketing system, Agile used to assist developers in choosing the software
methodology, Android technology, Android Studio development approach for creating a project for mobile
applications [4]. The implementation of agile development
1. INTRODUCTION also stated by Flora and Chande makes processes of
application systems more versatile, helps in continuous
The development and advancement of information learning and incremental delivery, adapting quickly and
technology is moving rapidly, as most application systems easily to changes in requirements and technologies [5].
are now enabled utilizing the capabilities of mobile devices,
such as smart phones and tablets. A mobile application, or Ceipidor, et al. mentioned that the creation and acceptance
generally referred to as apps, created to operate on mobile of mobile applications for user-friendly online transactions
gadgets, often serving to deliver services that can be had been growing globally without frontiers. Users can buy
accessed through personal computer systems. Applications tickets via their smartphones, transportation tickets and can
189
Ramonsito B. Adducul et al., International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 9(1.3), 2020, 189- 196

pay online directly when they book their travel itinerary, scattered islands in the region, and most areas are
validate and retrieve tickets using mobile application [6]. mountainous. Government, however, has been pushing an
Mobile phone use and usage have extended considerably initiative to upgrade the transport system through various
from single-purpose use to various applications such as infrastructure projects [16]. Busses are one of the most
online booking, shopping, browsing, etc. [7]. The green commonly used modes of public transportation for long-
mobile products should, however, be included in the range distance commuting commuters across provinces in the
of smartphones. Users must have a clear interest in using the Philippines. Fares for the use of bus transport networks are
app and consider the mobile phone's eco-friendly charged depending on the distance the commuter travels.
features[8]. Passenger fares are charged by the bus ticketing booths
before the scheduled departure or by the bus conductor when
At the other hand, with the support of mobile devices and on board in exchange for the bus tickets. A modern ticketing
technology, Skarica et al. describes mobile ticketing as being system makes the preparation of tickets inconvenient for the
used for booking, acquisition and related services [9]. Eicher conductor. This research project aims to develop an
et al. reported that mobile ticketing is a relatively recent and integration of mobile application and technology as an
growing part of the rapidly developing e-commerce sector alternative method to be adopted for bus ticketing and to
[10]. Apanasevic and Markendahl lately examined the overcome the inconveniences of current processes.
interest that mobile ticketing services generate for
companies in the public transport sector. The paper suggests The literatures examined have helped the project proponents
that mobile ticketing services generate multiple value assess the scope of this research project in relation to the
dimensions, namely enhanced technological functionality; development and adoption of an Android-based mobile
financial value; improved working environment; operational ticketing application system for the bus transport network.
value; and value for the credibility and relationship between Adopting this Android-based system will considerably boost
customers. Its passenger importance takes the form of the processes involved in handling and securing the ticket
greater comfort and operation. These factors force public for passengers.
transit companies to introduce mobile ticketing and mobile
payment services[11]. This research project aimed at developing a mobile bus
ticketing application system for a local bus company. The
The mobile revolution is continuing to influence the way adoption of a mobile application system would enhance the
businesses understand and communicate with consumers. current processes of preparing tickets for passengers through
Son, et al. contributed intellectually and practically to the use of Android-enabled mobile devices or smart phones.
experiencing the upside and downside of rapid mobile- In the following phases, the rationale for this project is
driven innovation. Mobile platforms have allowed retailers discussed:
to communicate regularly with customers and understand
their needs accurately, while serving as key outlets for The first phase involves studying and identifying the bus
promoting company products and collecting customer data. company's bus fare ticketing system problem. In order to
Furthermore, while mobile technology improves develop the mobile bus ticketing system, it focuses on
connectivity and customer interaction, innovation does not understanding and gives a simple sense on problems of the
guarantee a return on relationships [12]. In this way, present ticketing system. This phase will provide a strong
technology can help small businesses boost interaction with understanding and analysis of the problems faced in the
their customers. The web and mobile device usability modern bus ticketing system processes.
assessment indicates consumers are ready in terms of
technology and competencies. Customers perceived that the The second phase aims to design and develop the prototype
communication capabilities of the mobile application tools of the mobile ticketing system through the identification of
could be used to foster engagement and provided with less the necessary specifications, analyze, design, production and
intervention the information they needed [13]. The concept testing of the application system prototype. In this phase, an
of an integrated Android mobile application and web-based agile approach to software development [17] was used to
system was addressed by Alfred and Kaijage, as a solution to guide the project proponents in the design and coding of the
commuter problems that use bus rapid transit system for mobile application system. With this approach, the
public transport. It offers a solution by designing and requirements gathered, database relationships, application
creating a prototype framework of an integrated Android system analysis and the development of the system required
Mobile application and Web-based network capable of were the outcomes of this phase.
communicating with a central database [14], and using a wi-
fi receiver to incorporate Android system works [15]. The third phase includes evaluation of evaluation of the
mobile bus ticketing application system. Upon finalization
In the Philippines, especially in the northern part of Luzon, of the developed system, this is being tried-out to the actual
the possibilities of applying information technology to users and assessed using Software Quality Characteristics
transport systems need to be explored. Transportation within (ISO 9126) to assess the consistency of the application
the country is quite underdeveloped. It may be due to the system being developed [18].

190
Ramonsito B. Adducul et al., International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 9(1.3), 2020, 189- 196

In the context of this study, it seeks answers to the following international standard model of software quality which helps
questions concerning the development and adoption of to build a solid framework for software evaluation.
mobile bus ticketing (MBTS) system: Document analysis was also used to classify different types
1. What are the processes and problems encountered in the and documentation used in the program and online tools
manual bus ticketing system of the bus company? were used to collect relevant information and guide the
2. What tools can be used to improve the manual proponents in the design and implementation of the mobile
processes? application system.
3. How would the MBTS be designed and developed using
software development tool? 2.4 Data Gathering Procedure
4. What is the level of acceptability of users regarding the The proponents of this research project employed three types
quality of the mobile application system being of procedure for collecting data. (a) The proponents checked
developed? similar materials from various journals, books, papers, and
web pages for the initial data collection. (b) In the course of
2. METHODOLOGY planning, designing, developing, testing and implementing
the system, permission to conduct interview was granted
2.1. Research Design through formal communication with the participants of this
The research project was performed through an Agile study.
software development approach to build an Android-based
ticketing application system for mobile devices, for which Based on the feedback collected, the proponents created a
the project proponents adopted it. Shrestha defined Agile as prototype program that was subjected to attempts to gather
a software design methodology with focus on incremental participants' suggestions for further improvement of the
delivery, team cooperation, continuous planning, and system before its final implementation. (c) During final
ongoing learning [17]. Adopting Agile methodology testing, participants were floated with a survey questionnaire
includes reviewing the company's existing processes and to assess the quality of the mobile bus ticketing system
structure; recommendations for enhancing and optimizing delivered. Any form of data obtained from the participants
processes; designing applications together with the client; was kept confidential.
creating and implementing applications; and analyzing and
tracking the software being built. Some of the concepts used 2.5. Data Analysis
by papers [19], [20], [21] were also used in crafting the Diagrams were used to present the schema of these data in
methodology of this research. the analysis of the data collected. They were also used to
present the transformation of data to information in the
The proponents of this research project have made use of a developed system. Data obtained from the survey
qualitative approach to assess the quality of mobile questionnaire administered from the participants were
application system being developed. Because this tabulated and analyzed employing the 5-point Likert scale of
application system is implemented using Android 1 to 5 with numerical interpretation as 1 - Very
technology smart phones, user application and acceptance Unacceptable, 2 - Unacceptable, 3 - Slightly Acceptable, 4 -
testing are needed to check the quality and performance of Acceptable, and 5 - Very Acceptable, respectively. The data
the systems using a survey questionnaire tool. According to obtained from the questionnaire were analyzed using a
Mukadam and Logeswaran, several participants should be weighted mean formula. This formula is represented as
involved in user acceptance testing and focused on the
application and ease of use when performing some tasks[22].

2.2. Participants
The participants of this research project involves managers where Xw = weighted item,
or operators, inspectors, bus drivers, and conductors who are wi = weight of ith item X, and
the primary users of the developed mobile bus ticketing Xi = value of ith item X.
system. These participants are from Northern Luzon Bus
Line and 3rd Generation Trans (NLBL3GT) located at 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Santiago City, Region 02, Philippines.
3.1. The processes and problems encountered in the
2.3. Data Gathering Instrument manual bus ticketing system
The research project employed an interview and the use of a The bus company (NLBL3GT) under research with travel
survey questionnaire. The ISO 9126 Software Quality routes throughout northern Luzon for more than 30 years
Characteristics [18] was used as a survey questionnaire tool now. Since then, two (2) ways of issuing ticket fares to
to determine the user's level of acceptance of the quality of passengers have been practiced on the bus line. Bus ticket
the mobile application system being built with respect to its fares can be purchased through the ticket booths of the
functionality, reliability, usability, efficiency, company located at their designated terminals, particularly
maintainability and device portability. ISO 9126 is an for longer distance travel. However, tickets are issued by the

191
Ramonsito B. Adducul et al., International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 9(1.3), 2020, 189- 196

conductor inside the bus when on board for short distance In implementing a desktop based ticketing system operating
travel. Ticket fares purchased from ticket booths were on a client-server application system, the specified
prepared manually by writing ticket information such as the specifications for both hardware and software were also
date of travel, kilometer point of departure to kilometer point being used. Such specifications will be used at the bus line's
of destination, departure time and the estimated amount of central office to produce reports for a given time span on
fare based on the passenger's distance traveled. Once on different transactions such as inventories of transactions.
board, tickets were prepared by a bus driver using a single Such devices will also be installed and used at the bus
hole puncher to mark the ticket with the date of travel, company's ticket booth areas to buy passenger tickets.
kilometer point of departure to kilometer point of destination
and the estimated amount of fare based on a passenger's Table 2: Smart Phone Hardware and Software Tools
distance travel. used in the implementation of mobile bus ticketing system

These procedures and problems require a new system to Smart Phone Hardware Tools
handle the bus company's ticketing system. This is deemed Particulars Minimum Requirements
necessary to automate ticket fare computations correctly and Processor 1.3 GHz Quad Core
to store ticket details digitally for company purposes such as Memory 16 Gb ROM + 2 Gb RAM
ticket sales inventory and for reference purposes. Storage 16 Gb Micro SD card
Screen size 5.0” HD
3.2. Tools used to improve the manual processes of bus Wireless Wifi 802.11 b/g/n
ticketing system. Bluetooth 4.0
2G: 850/900/1800/1900 MHz
Table 1: PC Hardware and Software Tools used Network 3G: 900/2100 MHz
in the development of mobile bus ticketing system 4G: B1/B3/B5
Battery 2800 mAh
PC Hardware Tools Mini Portable Handheld POS
Particulars Minimum Requirements Thermal Bluetooth Receipt Printer
Printer
Processor Intel Core i3 6100 3.30GHz with 58mm Width Thermal Paper for
Motherboard DDR4 HDMI M-ATX Android iOS Windows System
Memory/RAM 8GB DDR4 PC2133MHz Software Tools
Storage 1.0 Tb SATA HDD Particulars Minimum Requirements
Mouse USB Optical Mouse Operating
Keyboard USB Keyboard Android 4.4
System
Monitor 15.6" 16M37A LED Mobile Bus
AVR/UPS 500VA Ticketing mT-Bus Mobile App
Network 1 Gb LAN, USB 2.0 System
(1) Mini Portable Handheld POS DBMS SQL lite
Thermal Bluetooth Receipt
Printer Printer with 58mm Width
Thermal Paper for Android Table 2 indicates the minimum specifications for
(2) Inkjet Printer smartphone hardware devices when implementing a mobile
Software Tools bus ticketing system with their corresponding software
Particulars Minimum Requirements requirement. The conductor will use these tools in preparing
OS Windows 10 and issuing tickets for passengers when they are on board.
Web Server Apache 2.4.25 To ensure successful implementation of the program, there
DBMS MySQL 5.6.30/ SQL lite should be an Android smartphone device with enabled
IDE Android Studio mobile bus ticketing application system and a handheld
Web Browser Mozilla Firefox/ Google Chrome thermal printer. Implementing the above tools mentioned in
Client-Server Application System Tables 1 and 2 as contrasted with the ticketing system,
MBTS
Desktop-based system manual processes increases the bus company's processes and
services.

The hardware and software tools used to help the

development and implementation of the Mobile Bus
Ticketing System are listed in Table 1. Developing the
application system needs the hardware requirements listed
while the software requirements listed, which include
Android Studio and MySQL/SQL lite, are sufficient for the
design and production of the actual application system

192
Ramonsito B. Adducul et al., International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 9(1.3), 2020, 189- 196

3.3. The MBTS design and development The contextual framework for the MBTS developed is
shown in Figure 2. It describes how external entities
communicate with the mobile-based application system. The
manager and the inspector have the primary access to the
system while the conductor handles the passenger ticket
preparation, printing, and release. The bus manager or
operator has the responsibility to manage device
configurations and user accounts. The inspector’s access to
the system is to track and check ticket purchases and print
summary of released tickets.

Figure 1: MBTS Work Breakdown Structure

Figure 1 demonstrates design of work breakdown structure
of Mobile Bus Ticketing System (MBTS). The mobile
application project design consists of three (3) users: the
operator or manager, the inspector and the conductor whose
main role is to access the application system. The role of the
bus company's operator or manager shall handle ticket
inventories and collections of bus drivers' and passengers' Figure 3: Sample Screenshots of MBTS
fares handed down. The operator is also responsible for Figure 3 displays sample screenshots from developed
maintaining user accounts and settings for the usage of MBTS. The system was built on Android operating systems
mobile-based application systems. The inspector shall using an integrated development environment platform such
conduct summary printing of the distances travelled by as Android Studio and SQLite as their database management
passengers and carry out detailed inspections of the total tool. These tools enable the system accessible to users on
number of passengers that are on board. This is to ensure Android enabled mobile smart phones once installed.
passengers have obtained tickets and are dropped to their
destinations properly. The conductor is responsible for 3.4. Users’ level of acceptability of the developed mobile
handling passenger ticket preparations. By entering application system
kilometer post where a passenger comes from and kilometer
post where a passenger is dropped-off, he establishes a ticket Table 3: Users’ level of acceptability on the functionality
record. The system shall save the record automatically, of the mobile bus ticketing system
INS CON INTER
measuring the distance and its corresponding fare. Fares are FUNCTIONALITY MANAGERS
PECTORS DUCTORS
MEAN
PRETATION
available for two categories of passengers: regular and Suitability 4.50 4.67 4.31 4.49 Acceptable
discounted, which extends to students, disabled people and Accuracy 4.50 4.67 4.19 4.45 Acceptable
senior citizens. The record may be changed by the conductor Very
before printing the ticket record when an incorrect entry has Compliance 5.00 5.00 4.25 4.75
Acceptable
been made. After the ticket has been printed via the thermal Very
Interoperability 5.00 5.00 4.19 4.73
handheld printer, the ticket will be issued to the passenger, Acceptable
and payment for the fare will be collected by the conductor. Very
Security 5.00 5.00 4.81 4.94
Acceptable
Very
TOTAL 4.80 4.87 4.35 4.67
Acceptable

Table 3 demonstrates user expectations about the

acceptability functionality characteristics of ISO 9126 on the
developed application system. Table indicates that
accessibility requirements of suitability, accuracy,
compliance, interoperability and security have a total mean
of 4.67 with a qualitative interpretation in a five-point Likert
scale of "Very Acceptable." The result means that the mobile
application system developed meets the users requirements
Figure 2: MBTS Contextual Framework and specifications.

193
Ramonsito B. Adducul et al., International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 9(1.3), 2020, 189- 196

The conductors, who are the direct users of the developed Table 6: Users’ level of acceptability on the efficiency
system, rated the functionality with a mean of 4.35 among of the mobile bus ticketing system
the three groups of participants, results indicate that the form INS CON INTER
EFFICIENCY MANAGERS MEAN
PECTORS DUCTORS PRETATION
of their smartphones where the application was activated and
Time Behavior 4.50 4.33 3.81 4.22 Acceptable
tested is below the minimum requirements. The application
Resource
system, however, could still respond to their mobile devices, Behavior
5.00 4.33 3.63 4.32 Acceptable
and the functions run smoothly. The application system also
TOTAL 4.75 4.33 3.72 4.27 Acceptable
includes a security feature, which prevents unauthorized
access.
As shown in Table 6, the user-level results of acceptability
Table 4: Users’ level of acceptability on the reliability on the efficiency characteristics of the developed application
of the mobile bus ticketing system system based on ISO 9126 have a mean value of 4.27 and
INS CON INTER are qualitatively interpreted as "Acceptable." This means
RELIABILITY MANAGERS MEAN
PECTORS DUCTORS PRETATION that the developed mobile application system is able to react
Maturity 4.50 4.33 4.25 4.36 Acceptable quickly and use its resources according to user needs.
Fault Tolerance 4.50 4.33 4.25 4.36 Acceptable Nevertheless, the system's behavior differs depending on the
Recoverability 4.50 4.00 4.31 4.27 Acceptable type or model of mobile devices that users are using.
TOTAL 4.50 4.22 4.27 4.33 Acceptable
Table 7: Users’ level of acceptability on the maintainability
of the mobile bus ticketing system
Results shown in Table 4 that the user level of acceptability
MAINTAIN INS CON INTER
on the developed system under the ISO 9126 reliability MANAGERS MEAN
ABILITY PECTORS DUCTORS PRETATION
characteristics has a total mean of 4.33 with a "acceptable" Analyzability 4.50 4.00 3.94 4.15 Acceptable
qualitative interpretation, implies that the developed Changeability 4.50 4.33 3.94 4.26 Acceptable
application system has the capability to recover missing data
Stability 4.50 4.33 4.31 4.38 Acceptable
after system breakdown. In addition, the system is consistent
on maturity, fault tolerance and recoverability. Testability 4.50 4.67 3.94 4.37 Acceptable
TOTAL 4.50 4.33 4.03 4.29 Acceptable

Table 7 shows the features of the application system when it

comes to maintainability characteristics of ISO 9126 with a
total mean of 4.29 and qualitatively interpreted as
Table 5: Users’ level of acceptability on the usability "Acceptable," which implies that the developed mobile
of the mobile bus ticketing system application allows easy analysis of design documents and
INS CON INTER programs when a bug is found. It allows simple expansion
USABILITY MANAGERS MEAN
PECTORS DUCTORS PRETATION
and system alteration. In addition, alteration of the system
Very
Understandability 5.00 4.33 4.56 4.63 does not affect others, and after adjustment, laborious tests
Acceptable
Very are not necessary. While end-users of the developed system
Learnability 5.00 5.00 4.19 4.73 can easily manage the overall operation.
Acceptable
Very
Operability 5.00 4.33 4.19 4.51
Acceptable Table 8: Users’ level of acceptability on the portability
Very of the mobile bus ticketing system
Attractiveness 4.50 4.67 4.38 4.51
Acceptable PORTABILITY MANAGERS
INS CON
MEAN
INTER
Very PECTORS DUCTORS PRETATION
TOTAL 4.88 4.58 4.33 4.60 Adaptability 5.00 4.00 3.94 4.31 Acceptable
Acceptable
Installability 5.00 4.33 4.00 4.44 Acceptable
Table 5 indicates users' level of acceptability of the Conformance 4.50 4.33 3.81 4.22 Acceptable
developed system on the usability characteristics of ISO Replaceability 4.50 4.00 4.06 4.19 Acceptable
9126 has a total mean of 4.60 and is qualitatively translated TOTAL 4.75 4.17 3.95 4.29 Acceptable
as "Very Acceptable" According to the three user groups,
they can use the developed mobile application system with
Table 8 results show that the portability characteristics of the
better understanding and learning of device operations. The
developed system under ISO 9126 are capable of adapting
operability and usability of the developed application system
with a qualitative interpretation called "Very Acceptable" wherever it is installed on an Android-enabled smartphone
according to the level of user acceptability. In a qualitative
means that users like the system's interface design.
interpretation, it has a total mean of 4.29, or "Acceptable."
This could be due to the robust development of the system,
which meets the requirements of portability among Android-
enabled smartphones. This can also be modified to extend
the competencies related to the functional capabilities and

194
Ramonsito B. Adducul et al., International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 9(1.3), 2020, 189- 196

cope with evolving conditions of the mobile application In an Android Studio IDE software tool, the agile software
system created. development approach has guided the proponents in the
design specifications, programming, and system coding. The
Table 9: Summary of users’ level of acceptability on the developed application system can provide tickets for
Software Quality Characteristics of the developed mobile bus
ticketing system
passengers while on board and could be printed using
QUALITY INS CON INTER thermal handheld printer. It provides necessary information
MANAGERS MEAN
CHARACTERISTICS PECTORS DUCTORS PRETATION and processes of the operation of the bus company.
Very
Functionality 4.80 4.87 4.35 4.67
Acceptable
In general, the development and adoption of the MBTS is
Reliability 4.50 4.22 4.27 4.33 Acceptable
acceptable as perceived by system users using the
Very
Usability 4.88 4.58 4.33 4.60 assessment tool ISO 9126 Software Quality Characteristics.
Acceptable
Efficiency 4.75 4.33 3.72 4.27 Acceptable The assessment consists of functionality, reliability,
Maintainability 4.50 4.33 4.03 4.29 Acceptable usability, efficiency, sustainability and portability of the
Portability 4.75 4.17 3.95 4.29 Acceptable systems. Thus, the developed mobile application system is
TOTAL 4.70 4.42 4.11 Acceptable
highly recommended for the local bus company to
4.41
implement for faster and more effective transactional
Results in table 9 provides a description of the acceptability processes, information generated is readily accessible and
level of the users on the different system quality useful for decision taking by the bus company operators.
characteristics of ISO 9126. Features such as functionality,
usability, reliability, efficiency, maintainability, and This research project's output could be considered for
portability have an overall average of 4.41 and are enhancement in future studies that would focus on
qualitatively defined in a 5-point Likert scale as incorporating other mobile technologies. In the age of the
"Acceptable" The results suggest that the developed fourth industrial revolution, in which widespread use of
application system for mobile bus ticketing is found to be mobile devices, it is possible to explore more opportunities
very useful to bus operators and/or managers including their and challenges in developing mobile application systems for
bus conductors and inspectors. The opportunity to develop future research work. Researchers who would work on
required mobile application system is considered a timely similar study can also include in their participants the
and cost-effective method that could affect technology
operators of major bus companies operating across regions
acceptance and deployment. This also helps enhance
teamwork, assisted with research using different automation in the northern part of the Philippines.
that involves computer-aided system design. The developed
application system is therefore useful, appropriate and able REFERENCES
to work efficiently for the bus company's numerous users.
1. Mobile Application (Mobile App), May 3, 2018
4. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2953/mobile-
application-mobile-app
Integrating emerging developments in mobile technology 2. Tulaev, B. R., Daminov, O. O., Oktyamovich, K. J., &
with advanced application infrastructure will be of great help Ugli Turdiev, J. P. (2020). Developing Competencies in
in enhancing service quality, saving time, expense and the Development of Information and Communication
preserving data that is stored in every company's system. Technologies. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(2), 296-
Using various technology and the presence of open source 298. doi:10.31838/jcr.07.02.55
software, integrated development environment tools and http://www.jcreview.com/index.php?fulltxt=87046
various methodologies, the project proponents have been 3. Song, J., Baker, J., Wang, Y., Choi, H. Y., &
driven to achieve their goal of developing a mobile bus Bhattacherjee, A. (2018). Platform Adoption by Mobile
ticketing application system for a local bus company. Application Developers: A Multi Methodological
Approach. Decision Support Systems, 107, 26-39.
Analyzing the problems encountered in the existing https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2017.12.013
processes surrounding the bus company's ticketing system 4. Santos, A. R., Kroll, J., Sales, A., Fernandes, P., &
has helped the proponents define the conditions for Wildt, D. (2016, April). Investigating the Adoption of
designing a new system that would improve those processes Agile Practices in Mobile Application Development. In
and eliminate those problems. The Mobile Bus Ticketing ICEIS (1) (pp. 490-497).
System (MBTS) implementation was designed as an https://eprints.staffs.ac.uk/2770/1/ICEIS_2016_Volume
Android mobile application system running on Android– _1.pdf#page=511
enabled smartphones. 5. Flora, H. K. and Chande, S. V. (2013). A Review and
Analysis on Mobile Application Development Processes
195
Ramonsito B. Adducul et al., International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 9(1.3), 2020, 189- 196

Using Agile Methodologies. International Journal of International Conference on E-business and Mobile
Research in Computer Science, 3(4):9 – 18. Commerce (pp. 6-11).
6. Ceipidor, U. B., Medaglia, C. M., Marino, a., Morena, https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3332324.3332327
M., Sposato, S., Moroni, A.,Morgia, M. La. (2013). 14. Alfred, R., & Kaijage, S. F. (2019). Development of an
Mobile Ticketing with NFC management for transport Integrated Android Mobile Application and Web-based
companies. Problems and solutions. 5th International System (IAMA-WBS) as a Passenger Problem Solution
Using a Rapid Public Transit System in Dar Es Salaam.
Workshop on NFC 2013.
International Journal of Information Technology and
http://doi.org/10.1109/NFC.2013.6482446 Computer Science, 11(2), 30-37. http://j.mecs-
7. Böhmer, M., Hecht, B., Schöning, J., Krüger, A., and press.net/ijitcs/ijitcs-v11-n2/IJITCS-V11-N2-4.pdf
Bauer, G. (2011). Study on the Usage of Mobile 15. Sornnen, T., & Nicrotha, S. (2019). Small Survey
Application in a Large Scale.. Proceedings of the 13th Vehicle Used Android Operating System Control.
International Conference on MobileHCI 2011 Journal of Critical Reviews, 6(6), 225-228.
http://doi.org/10.1145/2037373.2037383 doi:10.22159/jcr.06.06.31. http://www.jcreview.com/
8. Vijayanagar, S. R., Manikandan, A., Padmanabhan, D. index.php?fulltxt=302645170
S., Mandal, S., & Misra, S. (2019). Knowing Green 16. "Government Keen on Improving Public Transport
Customers: A Priority Study on Mobile Phones. Journal System"
of Critical Reviews, 6(6), 98-102. doi:10.22159/ http://www.philstar.com/nation/150795/government-
jcr.06.06.14, http://www.jcreview. keen-improving-public-transport-system.
com/index.php?fulltxt=302645083 17. Shrestha, Buddhi Kumar, Agile Methodology,
http://sthbuddhi.com.np/agile-methodology/
9. Skarica, D., Belani, H., and Illes, S. (2009).
18. ISO 9126 Software Quality Characteristics,
Implementation and Evaluation of Mobile Ticket http://www.sqa.net/iso9126.html.
Validation Systems for Value-Added Services. 19. Arispe, Maria Charmy A., Integrating Spatial Data
SoftCOM 2009 - 17th International Conference on Analysis for Road Traffic Incident Response System,
Software, Telecommunications & Computer Networks. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer
http://www.ieee.hr/_download/repository/softcom09.pdf Science and Engineering, Volume 9, No.1.2, 2020
10. Eicher, R. B., Nh, U. S., Eicher, R. B., and US, M. A. https://doi.org/10.30534/ijatcse/2020/3291.22020
(2012). United States. 20. Dellosa, Rhowel M., An Efficient Position Estimation
11. Apanasevic, T., & Markendahl, J. (2018). The value of of Indoor Positioning System Based on Dynamic Time
mobile ticketing from a public transport perspective. Warping, International Journal of Advanced Trends in
Journal of Payments Strategy & Systems, 11(4), 292- Computer Science and Engineering, Volume 9, No.1.2,
305. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?id= 2020
diva2:1199232 https://doi.org/10.30534/ijatcse/2020/0491.22020
12. Son, Y., Oh, W., Han, S. P., & Park, S. (2016). The 21. Alcober, Geliza I.. Revano Jr., Teodoro F., Garcia,
adoption and use of mobile application-based reward Manuel B., E-Safety in the Use of Social Networking
systems: Implications for offline purchase and mobile Application, International Journal of Advanced Trends
commerce. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/65c4/ in Computer Science and Engineering, Volume 9,
6234f364c4b787cc89d786057978b7a832e9.pdf No.1.2, 2020
13. Red, E. R., Velasquez, J. A., Cruz, J. M. C., & Figueroa, https://doi.org/10.30534/ijatcse/2020/1291.22020
J. E. G. (2019, May). Web and Mobile Ticketing and 22. Mukadam, Z., & Logeswaran, R. (2020). A Cloud-
Service Tracking for Customer Engagement of a Small Based Smart Parking System Based on IOT
Accounting Firm. In Proceedings of the 2019 5th Technologies. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(3), 105-
109. doi:10.31838/jcr.07.03.20
http://www.jcreview.com/index.php?fulltxt=90755

196