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Chapter 1 - Introduction-The Biosphere and The Evolution of Life

This document provides an introduction to introductory biology. It discusses: 1) The biosphere which is made up of the nonliving and living parts of Earth including the three domains of life - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota. 2) Links within the living world including the chemistry of organisms, food chains, and biogeochemical cycles. 3) An overview of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection where organisms gradually change over generations through a process of variation and natural selection.

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QUÂN CAO ĐÌNH MINH
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42 views30 pages

Chapter 1 - Introduction-The Biosphere and The Evolution of Life

This document provides an introduction to introductory biology. It discusses: 1) The biosphere which is made up of the nonliving and living parts of Earth including the three domains of life - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota. 2) Links within the living world including the chemistry of organisms, food chains, and biogeochemical cycles. 3) An overview of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection where organisms gradually change over generations through a process of variation and natural selection.

Uploaded by

QUÂN CAO ĐÌNH MINH
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTORY BIOLOGY

By
HOANG ANH HOANG, Ph.D.
Department of Biotechnology,
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 0906.318.412; Rooms: 114B2
How the subject evaluated?
• Lecture and seminar
• 6 weeks of experiments
• Score:
+ 20% mid-term exam (written test)
+ 5% seminar
+ 25% experiments
+ 40% final exam (multiple-choice test)
+ “bonus” point: quiz
• Seminar:
- One group: 3-4 members
- Topics: to be given at week 8
Outline of the subject
• Chapter 1: The Biosphere and The Evolution of Life
• Chapter 2: Chemical bonds and Macromolecules
• Chapter 3: Cell organelles
• Chapter 4: Cell metabolisms
• Chapter 5: Enzymes
• Chapter 6: Microbiology
• Chapter 7: Molecular biology
• Seminar
References
1. Lecture slides

2. Carol Leth Stone (2004) The Basics of Biology, Greenwood


Press, USA

3. Harvey Lodish (2008) Molecular Cell Biology, 6th edition, W.


H. Freeman Publisher (2008)

4. Gerard J. Tortora et al. (2013) MICROBIOLOGY - An


Introduction, 11th edition, Pearson Publisher, USA.

5. Other sources….
Chapter 1:
The Biosphere and The Evolution of Life
I. The Biosphere
• The Earth = Nonliving part + Living part
• The nonliving parts of Earth: the hydrosphere (water),
the atmosphere (air), and the lithosphere (rock).
• The living part is the biosphere (3 domains)

Phylogenetic tree
• Bacteria:
- Shapes and arrangements: very diverse…
• Bacterial distributions
- soil
- water
- waste
- acid or base condition
- hot or cold temperature
- ….
• Archaea
- For much of the 20th century, TWO domains (Bacteria and
Eukaryota) are classified based on their biochemistry, morphology,
and metabolism
- In 1977, Dr. Carl Woese , Archaea were first classified as a separate
group of prokaryotes
- genome structure different from that of bacteria…
- Archaea are prokaryote but they can survive at very adverse
conditions: very hot, very acidic, very high salty,…

The hot springs, Yellowstone


National Park, USA
Phylogenetic tree
Halophiles Sulfolobus

Methanobacterium
• Eukaryota
- Fungi
- Microalgae
- Animals
- Plants
• Fungi:
- unicellular microorganisms: yeasts and molds

Penicillium chrysogenum

Bread yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Orange infected by molds
• Fungi:
- multicellular fungi: mushrooms
• Microalgae
Animals & Plants
Length of biological objects in Biosphere
Virus?
• Nonliving or living parts of the Earth??!!

HIV virus Ebola virus Zika virus

• A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates


only inside the living cells of other organisms
Virus shapes

• Virus types
- Animal virus
- Plant virus
- Bacterial virus
- Archaea virus

• DNA or RNA genome (DNA or RNA virus)


• All virus are harmful ?
• Bacterial virus (bacteriophage)

Life cycle
II. Links within the Living World
• The Chemistry of Organisms
- Like all matter in the universe, organisms are made
up of chemicals

Ex.: Saccharomyces cerevisiae has formula:


C3921H6365O2070N597P40S6

Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Elements of Life
• Atomic component
H 60%; O 20%; C 12%; N 5%; and
other elements
• Macromolecules
- Proteins 50%
- Nucleic acids 15%
- Carbohydrates 15%
- Lipids 10%

• Chemical bonds: covalent and non-


covalent bonds
Food chain
• In terms of food, organisms
fall into three main categories:
producers, consumers, and
decomposers.
• Producers: plants and micro-
organisms
• Consumer: animals
• Decomposer: Micro-organisms
 A series of organisms
beginning with producers and
continuing through one or more
consumers is a food chain.
• No organism is a link in just
one food chain.
Biological control
• Predator–Prey interaction

- Natural
- Selective
- Safe
Cycle of matters
Carbon Cycle
• Producers take in CO2 for
manufacturing food (carbon atoms
become part of glucose and other
compounds
• When plants are eaten by animals,
the carbon atoms become part of
compounds in the animals and are
passed along food chains through
several orders of consumers.
• Plants and animals that die are
broken down by decomposers, and
their atoms are returned to the
environment.
• Global warming…
III. EVOLUTION OF LIFE

Charles Darwin
A Summary of Darwin’s Theory
• All life evolved from one simple kind of organism.
• Each species arose from another species that preceded it in
time.
• Evolutionary changes were gradual and of long duration.
• Each species originated in a single geographic location.
• The greater the similarity between two groups of organisms,
the closer their relationship
• Extinction of old forms (species, etc.) is a consequence of
the production of new forms or of environmental change.
• Once a species or other group has become extinct, it never
reappears.
• Evolution continues today in generally the same manner as
during preceding geologic eras.
Evolution by natural selection
• Every species has a potential
to increase in number by the
production of offspring.
• The offspring are genetically
variable, so they have variable
abilities to use resources.
• The resources needed for
survival in each environment
are finite.
• Each environment selects
offspring that are best able to
survive.
ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT BACTERIA

• Nearly 100% of bacterial infections caused by


Staphylococcus were susceptible to penicillin in
1952. By 1982, less than 10% were susceptible.
Artificial (directed) evolution
Conclusion
• Biosphere
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukaryota
• Links within the Living World
The Chemistry of Organisms
• Evolution by natural selection

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