1

Basic Vocabulary

Tremendous – Great
Enormous – Very big, Huge
Audacious – Very bold
Miser – Kanjoos
Orator – Good public speaker
Absorbing – Interesting
Narrate – Describe
Narrative – Description
Affluent – Wealthy
Taunt – Tease
Cheer up – To please
Placate – To calm down someone
Pacify – To cool down someone
Recite – Read aloud
Acknowledge – Accept, Admit
Concede – Accept, Acknowledge (e.g.: Concede defeat)
Surrender – Accept defeat in battle
Curious – Taking interest in other people’s lives
Curious – Strange
Monument – Big historic object
Relic – Small historic remain
Obnoxious – Undesirable (e.g.: obnoxious phone call)
Mischief – Trouble
Mischievous -
Nasty – Very bad
Brutal – Very cruel
Lush – (e.g.: Greenery)
Plush – Expensively comfortable
Cozy – Very comfortable
Environment – Surroundings
Colleagues – Associates
Disciple – Follower (e.g.: ___ of Jesus)
Productive – That producing
Envy – Jealousy
Envious – Jealous
Substantial – Significant, Quit a lot (e.g. aid to Pakistan)
Significant – Less than important
Crucial – Very, very important
Vital – More important than crucial
Limbs – Arms & Legs
Veto – A powerful person says no to something
Sanctuary – Refuge
Charisma – Power of personality (e.g. Imran khan has charisma)
Tête-à-Tête – Chat
Shady (negative word) – Non transparent, arousing suspicious
(e.g. Zardari is ____ politician with ____ deals)
Suspicion – Doubt, Serious doubt (e.g. doubt for a bad thing)
Suspicious – A person or act that arouses suspicion
Prime – Main
Primitive – Very very old, Thousands of year old
Dominate – To lead someone
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Bully – Threatening behaviour to unnerve other person. To get

them to do what you want them to do
Adapt – Adjust
Adopt – To Accept (e.g. __ child, __ home, __ habits)
Adept – Expert in something physical
Multitude – Crowd
Humanitarian. Something done for human welfare. (e.g. __ aid)
Object – Target
Destiny – manzil
Destination – Last stop of journey
Moron – Who is mentally thick. Dumb
Mount – Climb
Surmount – Overcome a difficult task
Mansion – Large house
Smirk – Smiling at anyone with contempt
Contempt – Hatred
Monstrous – Very bad
Profound – Deep
Superficial – Not deep
Mellow – Soft
Align – Adjust according to something (wheal alignment)
Sorrow – Sadness
Mustang – Young male horse
Overcome – Over power
Overwhelm – Overcome with
Subdue – Overcome dominate (e.g. __voice)
Suppress – Control, put down
Awe – Amazing, extreme respect
Awe – Great, very impressive
Sky Scraper – Very tall building
Scrape – Clean with
Breach. Opening. Breaking something.
Rupture. ……… (e.g. __ in the skin)
Transgression. Breaking.
Violation. Violating. Breaking. (e.g. law)
Infringement. Breaking. Violating. (e.g. law)
Breadth. width
Expansive. huge
Expansiveness. Hugeness
Expensive. Thing having a high price
Dear. Expensive (e.g. this cloth is too ___)
Opportunity. chance
Breakthrough. Immediate success. (e.g. ___ in technology)
Invent. To make something new. A new instrument, a machine. (e.g.
Galileo invented telescope)
Discovery. Find something that was not known before (e.g.
Columbus discovered America)
Inhale. Breath in
Exhale. Breath out
Gasp. Immediate breath in because of surprise or shock.
Breathe. inhale, exhale, gasp
Breath. inhalation, exhalation
Pant. Panting. Breathlessness. Rapid breathing
Sigh. One long breath of sadness
 3

Offspring. Child of parent. (e.g. ___ of our cat)

Breed. Give birth to children or offspring
Breed. a kind, a race, a brand, a variety (e.g. __ of horses)
Breeze. light wind
Waft. Puff of air
Brief. Short. Not long
Concise. …..
To the point. …..
Brevity. conciseness, shortness
Precise. Short. To the point. Focused. exact
Precision. Exactness.
Brusque. Short to the extent of rudeness
Brusqueness. …
Focused. To the point (e.g. ____ discussion)
Brew. to cook, to make
Concoct. Make something by mixing things. (e.g. __ a drink)
Ferment.
Mull over. Think.
Ponder. Think
Intend. Aim. Target.
Intention. Aim, target
Deliberate. Intentional. (e.g. he punched me deliberately not
accidentally)
Deliberate. Think seriously
Consider. Think. Take into account
To Bribe. To pay illegal money to get something done.
Corrupt. Someone who dishonestly takes money for doing
something.
To influence. To affect something.
To tempt. To encourage someone to do something by playing on that
person’s weakness for money or food, etc. (e.g. I am going to
tempt him with an offer of a promotion).
To entice. To tempt someone to do something
To coax. ………
Temptation. Enticement. (e.g. food is a big temptation during a fast)
Bulletin. Notice, report, newsletter, statement
Release. To let go. To set something free.
Bully. Threaten
Intimidate. Threaten. Scare. Create fear
Dominate. Overpower. Exercise control
Harass. Scare. Threaten
Abandon. leave
Abandoned. Left. (e.g. ___ ship)
Bum. Abandoned person. beggar
Loafer……….
Tramp……..
Vagrant………..
Bump. knock, hit
Whack…………
Bumper. Guard, absorber, cover, protector
Bread. muffin, roll, pastry
Bunch. bundle, collection, group (e.g. ___ of grapes)
Cluster…… ( e.g. ____ of stars)
Sheaf (e.g. ________ of paper)
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Tuft (e.g. _____ of hair)

Bungalow. house, cottage
Lodge. Bungalow.
Accommodation. Residence. Place to stay and live
Abode. Place to reside. (e.g. animals’ natural abode is a jungle)
Habitat. Natural place of living. (e.g. It is jungle and not a city that is
a natural ___ of monkeys and lions)
Boarding and lodging. Day-to-day eating and living/sleeping. (e.g.
Sadiq Public School provides boarding and lodging facilities for
students but their charges for boarding and lodging are high)
Bungle. botch, fumble, mishandle, fail
Error. Small mistake
To err. To make mistake. (e.g. ‘to err is human’)
Blunder. Big mistake
Bungler. Mishandler (e.g. ___ of money)
Meddle. to get into other people’s matters (negative word) (e.g. he is
a meddlesome person)
Interfere. To get into other people’s matters in a big way so that
things get stopped. Interfere is a stronger word than meddle
(negative word) (e.g. America’s interferes into Pakistani
national matters)
Intervene. Interfere with good intention. (positive word) At the time of
earthquake in Kashmir, all rich countries of the world intervened to
provide help and support in humanitarian efforts)
Bunk. berth, cot
Nonsense. rubbish
Rot. Become rotten. Become useless by lying in some open or dirty
place. (e.g. rotten milk. Rot iron)
Stale. Old. Lost taste because of not being fresh. (e.g. stale milk)
Burden. load
Encumber. Carry burden
Debt. loan
Bear. Lift. carry
Bear. Pregnant. (e.g. she is bearing his child)
Bear. Bore. give birth to. (e.g. she bore him two sons)
Oppress. Pressurize. Put down cruelly.
Oppression. Zulm. (e.g. we must struggle against ___)
Hamper. Stop. Create hurdle
Obstruct. Stop. Create hurdle
Strain. Pressure. burden
Burglar. thief, housebreaker, robber, criminal
Intruder. Burglar. Who enters some place without permission
Burglary. robbery, theft, stealing
Burial. funeral
Imitate. copy (e.g. ____ Jinnah)
Mock. Copy. Pretend. (e.g. ___ trial. ____ anger)
Burly. strong, muscular
Burn. incinerate, blaze, scorch
Ignite. Start fire.
Kindle. …….
Burnish. polish, shine, wax
Scorched. Burnt.
Singed. …
Scalded. ….
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Blistered..
Burrow. hole, shelter, tunnel
Lair. place where lions rest
Burrow. dig, hide
Burst. explode, erupt
Split. Break into pieces
Fracture. Crack (e.g. bone ___)
Rupture. Crack (e.g. ___ in the pipe)
Integrate. To bring together. Assemble.
Disintegrate. Break into pieces
Burry. cover, conceal
Bush. thicket, shrub
Hedge. barr
Busy. active
Occupied. Filled
Occupied. Busy
Butcher. One who cuts meat into pieces and sells it
Slaughter. kill by cutting up someone
Slay. kill
Mutilate. Damage. Cut up (e.g. killer mutilated the body)
Spoil. Damage. (e.g. spoiled child)
Spoils. Loot. Booty. Things captured upon raid
Brat. Spoiled child
Guilty. Person who has committed a crime. (e.g. the jury found him
guilty of murder)
Guilty. Feeling of regret on doing a wrong thing. (e.g. I am feeling
___ for having hurt her feelings)
Guilt. Crime.
Innocent. Person who has not committed a crime
Innocence. Opposite of guilt. (e.g. his innocence can be proven by
showing that at time of murder he was in a different town)
Accuse. To blame someone of having done a wrong thing
Accused. Person facing blame of a crime or wrong thing.
Harmony. Things or sounds that are in agreement or in balance with
each other. (e.g. nature wants human beings and animals
and plants to exist in harmony with each other)
Rhythm. Sound that is in harmony. (e.g. Rhythm is the difference
between noise and music)
Rhyme. Two lines of a poem that end with similar sounds and words
Synchronise. Adjust two things to make them exactly the same. (e.g.
Before launching an attack, all soldiers ___ their watches)
In tandem. In rhythm. In balance. (e.g. the players moved in tandem
with each other)
Tempo. Speed. (e.g. the ____ of our study is satisfactory)
Momentum. Speed. Newly acquired speed. (e.g. In US Presidential
elections, Obama has got momentum)
Accelerate. Increase speed.
Stream. Small river
Rivulet. Small river
Spring. Fresh water gushing out of earth
Pond. Small lake
Dam. Man-made blockage
Implore. Humbly request for something. (e.g. I ___ you to avoid fast
driving)
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Solicit. Encourage. Invite something. (e.g. I am soliciting your advice)

Cafeteria. Café. Small restaurant
Cage. Small prison for animals
Fortune. luck
Fortunately. luckily
Unfortunately. Unluckily. Out of bad luck
Misfortune. a bad thing or event. Bad luck
Disaster. a very bad thing
Calamity. disaster
Debacle. Disaster. something that has gone awfully wrong
Cataclysm. Disaster.
Catastrophe. Big disaster
Hurricane. a severe tropical storm with torrential rain and extremely
strong winds. Hurricanes originate in areas of low pressure
in equatorial regions of the Atlantic or Caribbean, and then
strengthen, traveling northwest, north, or northeast having a
speed of above 119 miles per hour
Tornado. an extremely destructive funnel-shaped rotating column of
air that passes in a narrow path over land
Cyclone. a large-scale storm system with heavy rain and winds that
rotate around a centre.
Windstorm. Strong storm
Whirlwind. Storm
Twister. a tornado or cyclone or whirlwind
Avalanche. a rapid downhill flow of a large mass of something
dislodged from a mountainside, especially snow or ice
Precipice. High, steep edge of mountain or hill
Steep. Going up very quickly. Ground rising too fast
Altitude. height
Glacier. Large block of ice floating in the ocean
Coast. Land on the edge of ocean waves
Beach. Coast line that is fit for bathing or swimming in the ocean
Bathe. To take a bath
Gauge. estimate. work out, assess
Analyze. Assess, estimate, weigh up,
Evaluate. assess. estimate
Determine. Find out. Assess. (e.g. doctors conduct various tests to
determine the cause of someone’s medical problems)
Determined person. Someone who is solid in his beliefs and
intentions.
Determination. (e.g. to succeed in life, you first need determination
to succeed)
Attributes. Qualities. (e.g. determination and courage are two
necessary attributes of a successful person)
Post mortem. Procedure done on a dead body to determine the
cause of death
Catalogue. A brochure or magazine of some products for sale
Astute. Clever. a person who evaluates things quickly
Shrewd. Clever. a person who evaluates things quickly. Who is a
quick judge of people
Sharp. Clever. astute. intelligent
Smart. clever
Sustain. Bear. Receive (he sustained injuries).
Fatal. In which someone gets killed (e.g. the accident was fatal)
 7

Minor. Small. Unimportant. (i.e. he sustained minor injuries)

Major. Main. Important (e.g. he sustained major injuries. Open
heart surgery is a major operation)
Minority. Smaller in number (e.g. Christians are in minority in
Pakistan)
Majority. Most in number (e.g. Muslims are a majority in
Pakistan. Majority of children in my class are boys)
Minor. Age below 18 years
Major. Above 18 yeas of age
Adult. Fully developed, grown and mature
Adolescent. Some whose age is just preceding adulthood
Teenage. Boys and girls between age of 13 to 19
Infant. A very young child who can neither walk nor talk
Puberty. A stage in the age of a boy or a girl when he is she
becomes capable of having sexual reproduction. (At puberty, boys
start growing beard and girls start growing breasts)
Testicles.
Revenge. (negative) intaqam. Damage someone in return for
damage that he has caused
Justice. Insaaf.
Avenge. Get justice for someone. (e.g. No one avenged the
murder of Imam Hussain)
Vindictive. Someone full of poison and revenge
Duty. Something that you are supposed to do
Duty. tax
Apply. Submit. (e.g. she applied for admission. She submitted
application to the Principal)
Impose. Apply. (e.g. a condition. Government has imposed a
duty/tax on petrol)
Inflict. Apply. (e.g. don’t inflict pain on animals)
Distress. Tension
Severe. extreme
Grief. Severe sadness (e.g. grief on someone’s death)
Grieve. Feel grief (e.g. I am going through a grieving period)
Afflict. Cause severe pain or mental distress on someone (e.g.
She is afflicted by a serious illness)
Malady. illness
Manipulate. Use a situation or people to achieve a target (Negative
word)
Impersonate. To copy another person. Act as another person.
(e.g. he was arrested for impersonating as a policeman). In Geo
program Ham Sab Umid Say Hain, actors do a great
impersonation of famous politicians)
Imposter. Someone who pretends to be another person.
Callous. Who does not care. hard-hearted, unsentimental,
unfeeling
Sequence. Manner in which events unfold or happen (In MI3,
there are some great action sequences)
Chronology. Date wise list of historical events
Sneak. To watch and observe from a hidden place
Career. Profession. Line of work
Calling. To call
Calling. Profession suitable to a person’s temperament and
attributes
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Authentic. Genuine
Schedule. Plan of doing things. (e.g. where is the schedule of my
meetings for today)
Calculate. Do mathematics. Add, subtract etc.
Calculating person (negative) a person who is selfish, always
assessing his advantage before doing something
Manipulate. Cleverly using a situation to achieve something (e.g.
Zardari has manipulated Nawaz Sharif to obtain all
advantages without giving in to any of Nawaz Sharif’s
demands
Former. The one that has gone before (e.g. Musharraf is former
President of Pakistan)
Ex. Also means former. (e.g. Ex President. Ex Army Chief)
Former. That has been mentioned earlier
Latter. That has been mentioned later. (e.g. Haseeb and Nazif
both study at City School. While former joined just now, the latter
was admitted a few years ago)
Agenda. A topic for discussion or meeting. (e.g. what is the
agenda of Bush-Zardari meeting?)
Mono. Single
Bi. Two
Tri. Three
Multi. Many
Monosyllable. Word consisting of only one syllable (sound).
Such as yes or me or go
Monopoly. Complete control over something. (e.g. Microsoft
Windows program has a monopoly over word processing all over
the world)
Participant. A person who takes part in something
Monologue. A boring talk in which the tone of voice remains
unchanged
Bilingual. Someone knowing two languages
Biannual. Twice in a year
Partisan. One sided. Not independent or honest. (e.g. a judge should
always be non-partisan)
Bipartisan. Something in which more than one view is taken into
Consideration (e.g. government should set up a
bipartisan committee to solve load shedding problem)
Partial. One sided
Impartial. Independent. Fair
Partial. Incomplete. (e.g. Exam results are partially good)
Triangle. A figure having three corners
Triangular. Having three participants
Triple. Three times. Increase three-fold
Trinity. Christian belief in three Gods
Multiple. Several. many
Multiple questions.
Multi-dimensional. a thing having any sides and angles
Multi-storey building. A building having many stories
Dispute. Jaghra (e.g. Kashmir dispute)
Controversy. Dispute
Quarrel. Exchange of hot words. Verbal dispute (e.g. everyone is
asleep, stop quarrelling)
 9

Ubiquitous. present everywhere at once or seeming to be (e.g.

ubiquitous supporters of CJ Iftikhar Chaudhry)
Fondness. Liking for something
Illustration. Example
Illustrate. Explain through an example
Illustrious. Great (e.g. Jinnah had an illustrious career as a
lawyer)
Remarkable. Great
Resolve. Solve (Pakistan wants to resolve Kashmir dispute with
India)
Settle. Resolve. Decide (e.g. amicable settlement of Kashmir
dispute)
Castle. qila
Bolster. Strengthen something. (Foundations were repaired to
bolster the castle walls)
Assault. Attack
Embattled. Under assault. (e.g. embattled castle)
Titans. in Greek mythology, one of the twelve children of Uranus
and Gaia, supreme rulers of the universe until they were
overthrown by Zeus. A very powerful person whose power,
intellect or achievement is extraordinary
Trip. A journey. Outing
Excursion. Picnic. outing
Feeble. weak
Aesthetic. Appealing to a person’s sense of beauty and
harmony. (e.g. artist, musicians, sculptors, painters have a
strong aesthetic sense)
Cardio. Relating to heart.
Aerobics. an active exercise program done to music, often in a class
Naïve. Too innocent. Not sharp.
Commotion. Noise of crowd
Indifferent. Uncaring about things
Serene. Relaxed. Not tense. Calm
Nonchalant. Indifferent. Calm and unconcerned about things
Poise. Confident, dignified style when meeting people
Ruffle. Makes a bird’s feather stand. Annoy someone
Unruffled. Calm and poised
Reticent. A person who is not willing to talk freely. A reserved
person
Erect. Straight. (e.g. soldiers stand erect when
tranquil, peaceful, easy-going
Pacify. To calm down
Placate. To pacify
Appease. To calm someone down
Mollify. pacify
Conciliate. placate
Culminate. Final stage of something. Climax
Ultimate. Final (ultimately, it was midnight when we arrived at
Bahawalpur)
Vilify. to make malicious and abusive statements about somebody
Malign. to criticize somebody or something in a spiteful and false or
misleading way
Dishonour. insult
Demolish. Destroy
 10

Camouflage. Hide something. Cover

Shroud. Burial cloth
Veil. naqab
Shield. dhal
Campaign. a planned and organized series of actions intended to
achieve a specific goal
Campaign. Convincing people to win their votes
Canvass. Visit somebody to solicit something
Urge. Request someone.
Insist. Urge strongly
Defy. Violate. Disobey orders or law.
Canal. neher
Conduit. Way
Channel. Means of communication
Strait. Channel joining large bodies of water
Annul. Cancel. call off
Annulment. Cancellation
Terminate. Cancel. Sack someone
Detrimental. Damaging (e.g. smoking is detrimental to health)
Candid. open, straightforward. frank
Candour. Openness. frankness
Candidate. applicant, claimant
Vigilant. Careful. watchful
Vigilante. A person who starts punishing criminals directly. Protecting
the weak and killing bad people
Deceive. To mislead someone. (e.g. Zardari deceived Nawaz Sharif
by promising that he would restore judges)
Canny. Too shrewd to be deceived
Pious. Very good human being
Piety. Goodness of a person
Solemn. Serious (e.g. ‘I solemnly swear allegiance to the state of
Pakistan’)
Sacred. Serious thing relating to religion or faith (e.g. we all have a
sacred duty to love fellow human beings)
Sanctity. Holy status of something (e.g. sanctity of home, mosque,
graveyard)
Hallowed. Sanctified. Regarded with great respect
Revere. To look up to something. To worship
Irreverent. disrespectful
Sanctuary. Refuge (e.g. dacoits were given sanctuary by their family)
Refuse. To say no to something
Refuse. garbage
Affront. Open insult
Inept. Unable to handle something
Haunt. To visit someone repeatedly to make him feel uneasy. (e.g.
ghosts and bad memories keep haunting him)
Haunt. A place where someone goes frequently (e.g. Seaview beach
is our favourite haunt)
Strive. Struggle (e.g. we must all strive to be good human beings)
Norm. ordinary thing or habit. Normal thing. (e.g. regular studying is a
norm in our home)
Verdict. Final judgment. decision
Canon. Tope
Refectory. A dining hall at a college etc.
 11

Convent. a building occupied by a community of religious women

Portrait. Painting of a person
Canopy. Umbrella
Canvas. Cloth used for painting
Aptitude. Capability to do something
Capability. Ability
Capacity. Size. Power. (e.g. capacity of our car engine)
Competent. Efficient
Proficient. Efficient (e.g. I am proficient in mathematics)
Petulant. (negative) Finding small faults
Pedantic. (negative) going into small details
Minute. Small
Pester. To irritate someone with something
Canyon. A deep narrow valley, often with stream running through it
Ravine. A deep, narrow valley
Gorge. a deep, narrow valley
Chasm. A deep crack or hole in the ground
Jut. Something that stands out. (e.g. his nose juts out of his face)
Peninsula. a narrow piece of land that juts out from the mainland into
an area of water (e.g. Indian Peninsula)
Cape. a point of land that juts out into water. (e.g. Cape Canaveral)
Facility. Something with particular function (e.g. the club has various
sports facilities
Negotiate. Discussing something with a view to achieve something.
(e.g. before we purchase anything, we need to negotiate and
settle the price)
Skill. Ability to do something well. Technical know how (e.g. skill of
negotiating)
Skilful. Having skill (e.g. he is a skilful carpenter)
Faculty. Department at a college or university. (e.g. faculty of
science)
Faculty. Ability that someone is born with (e.g. he has great faculty
for learning new languages)
Wrap. Cover into something. (e.g. wrap the gift in a special paper)
Robe. A long, lose garment. Or a woman’s outer dress worn in 17 th
and 18th century
Estate. Land. Immovable property such as plot, house, building, flat
Real estate. Immovable property. Plot, house, flat, building
Apartment. American word for flat
Boisterous. Someone full of noisy enthusiasm and energy, and often
roughness or wildness (e.g. boys at school were boisterous
today)
Romp. to run around or play in a boisterous way (e.g. kids are
romping in the playground)
Reckless. Careless
Escapade. Something adventurous or reckless, specially disregard
for authority
Brash. Self assertive in an aggressive or rude manner
Capital. Money for doing business. (e.g. to start a business, we need
some capital)
Wealth. Money and property
Invest. Spend money in a business to make money
Investor. The person who invests
Industrialist. A person who owns and operates an industry like
 12

Textile mill, sugar mill etc.

Farmer. Owner of small agricultural farm
Landlord. Big farmer.
Landlord. Owner of a house or flat (e.g. who is landlord of our
house?)
Methodical. A person who does everything very carefully and
seriously
Meticulous. A person who does things very carefully, paying
attention
to small things. (e.g. he is a meticulous tailor)
Demanding. A teacher of coach who expects too much performance.
(e.g. my teachers are very demanding. A fast bowler’s schedule is
very demanding for his health)
Alert. Mentally quick and aware about what is going on (e.g. a driver
should always be alert)
Wary. Cautious and alert for problems (e.g. police is already wary of
suicide bombers)
Vigilant. Alert and watchful
Painstaking. Showing great care and attention to detail
Conscious. Aware. Awake.
Unconscious. Not conscious. behosh
Conscience. zamir
Conscientious. A person who has zamir
Discrete. Someone who is not loose with words. who can keep
secrets
Indiscrete. Someone who is loose with his tongue. Who cant keep
secrets
Indiscretion. Doing something wrong or scandalous e.g. In young age,
Zardari used to indulge in all kinds of crimes and fights but
his father ignored all his indiscretions
Discretion. Wisdom. Prudence
Discretion. Sawab deed. Freedom to decide anything. E.g. PCB
selection committee had an absolute discretion to choose
World Cup team
Lax. Not strict (e.g. security in this building is too lax)
Prudent. Wise
Imprudent. Unwise
Heed. Pay attention. (e.g. you must heed what your teachers tell you)
Negligence. Carelessness
Casual. Relaxed. Not serious. (e.g. I am dressed casually)
Formal. Serious. (e.g. I am dressed formally to go to school)
Rash. Dangerously careless. (e.g. you must avoid rash driving)
Pat. Very light touching or tapping someone out of love
Scrub. To clean something by rubbing and brushing
Scrape. Pick something from the floor or bottom of a pot
Fondle. Play with something with fondles and love (Mother fondled
the body of her little boy)
Caress. Rub
Embrace. To take someone into arms when meeting.
Cuddle. To embrace a younger person or pet playfully
Nonchalant
Disregard. Ignore
Cargo. luggage
Shipment. Cargo. luggage
 13

Consignment. cargo
Mimic. To copy someone’s style of talking. (Don’t make fun of elders
by mimicking their way of talking)
Caricature. Small cartoon in which fun is made of someone
Comic. Children’s story books with pictures like Batman, Superman
Comical. Like a cartoon. Something that makes you laugh
Humorous. Something that makes you laugh
Satire. A story which is not true but is symbolic and sarcastic
Ridicule. Make fund of. Show disbelief
Ridiculous. Unbelievable
Disbelieve. Not believing in something
Carnival. mela
Ceremony. Rasm. Ceremony of marriage took place at 10 pm
Festival. A great ceremony of celebration
Fair. While colour. Her colour is fair
Complexion. Colour. Her complexion is fair
Fair. True. Correct. Your demand is fair. There should be fair play in
cricket.
Fair. Mela. e.g. Books Fair
Flair. style
Fowl. Unfair tactics. Fowl in cricket
Fowl. Bad. (e.g. Fowl mouthed boy. Fowl smell)
Slaughter. Cut or slit an animals throat with a knife
Carnage. Murdering many people
Bloodbath. Murdering many people
Massacre. Killing of many innocent people
Flesh. Human body’s meat or muscles
Carnal. Fleshy. Worldly. Bodily
Carnal desires. Bodily desires
Sensuous. Sexual. Carnal
Lewd. (negative) dirty (language) dirty talk
Vulgar. dirty (language) dirty talk
Resort. Place (Hocksbay is a good picnic resort)
Leisure. Free time (leisure resort. Place to relax for holidays etc.)
Hymn. Christian religious song in praise of Christ and God
Carol. Joyful and happy hymn
Ballad. a song or poem, especially a traditional one or one in a
traditional style, telling a story in a number of short regular
stanzas, often with a refrain
Imbibe. Absorb. Take in something mentally
Revel. To enjoy in a party
Carriage. A tonga like thing that used to be used for transport
Leisure. Relax and enjoy (e.g. leisure centre)
Stroll. Walk leisurely. Without hurry.
Convey. Transport. Transmit from one point to other
Fetch. Get. Bring from someone
Haul. To or drag something
Relay. Passing of something to somebody (relay race)
 14

Cartel . group of businessmen (negative word)

Alliance. Relationship, partnership
Coalition. Bilateral relationship
Federation. A body with members that is set up for doing something
Carve. Cut into shape or form.
Chisel. Carve out something with a hard edged instrument and
hammer
Sculpture. A form of art in which different shapes are either carved
out of stone or built with mud etc.
Cascade. A small waterfall or a series of water falls
Cataract. A condition of eye in which a layers develops on top of eye
which has to be removed through operation
Casket . box, trunk, coffin box for dead bodies
Fax. Facsimile
Model. Professional men and women who are used in ads
Model. The make of a car or any other thing for a specific year. Our
Corolla car model is 2007
Aspect. Angle. (e.g. the only aspect of Shahid Afridi’s personality is
that he is a moody person)
Hue. Shade
Tint. Hue. Shade. (Our jeep has black tinted glasses)
Hurl. Throw (hurling stones)
Caste. status of a person based on his birth. (Our caste is pathan)
Celebrity. Important and famous person.
Notable person. Important person of a village or town
dignitary, personage, luminary

Celibate. unmarried person

Abstain. To avoid, to stay away (e.g. we should abstain from
smoking)
Tar. look
Adhesive, glue. Material used to join things
Cement. Building material to harden sand
Cement. Join things
Cemetery. Graveyard. mortuary
Censor. restrict, suppress, withhold (e.g. censorship of newspapers)
Censure. criticize, disapprove, rebuke, reprove
Census. enumeration, tabulation
Centre. nucleus, core
Metropolis. City
Mart. Plaza
Focus. Pay close attention to something
Ponder. think
Cerebral. brainy, intelligent
Ceremony. A function of happiness e.g. birthday ceremony
Ceremonial. Just formal not real. In England, the Monarch is just a
ceremonial head of state; the real power is exercised by the Prime
Minister
Formal. Serious and very proper
Ritual. a formal thing. Just a formal gesture. A rasm like qurbani
Stately. formal
Solemn, formal
 15

conclusion. Ending (e.g. of a book or story or film)

Close. bring to a close. Bring to an end
Shut. Close. block
Bar. Stick.
Bar. Restriction (e.g. there is no bar on children playing cricket on
street)
Concur. Agree with.
Fasten. Tie up. (e.g. fasten your seat belt)
Slam. Hit. Clash. (e.g. he slammed the door shut)
Bolt. Latch of door
Bolt. Bolt of lightening.
Closely. Carefully (e.g. watching the situation closely)
Clot. Lump. Knot in the body (e.g. blood clot)
Fabric. Cloth
Clothe. wrap, dress
Attire. Clothes. Dress. Garments
Costume. Attire
Clown. buffoon, joker
Clumsy. awkward
Cluster. group, batch, bunch
Clutch. grab, take hold of, grip, hold, grab hold of
Clutter. disarray, jumble, disorder, confusion
Coach. teach, train
Coagulate. clot, congeal, thicken
Coalition. association, group (coalition of friends)
Ally. Supporter. Allied forces
Amalgamation. Mixture.
Cluster. Gathering (e.g. of stars)
Galaxy. Huge gathering of stars
Raw. Uncooked. Kaccha. (e.g. raw meat)
Coarse. crude, ordinary
Base. Dirty. Of lower class
Instinct. Sixth sense (e.g. base instinct)
Obscene. Dirty. shocking
Coast. shore, shoreline, beach
Conceptual. Theoretical. Something which is just at stage of an idea
Concerned. worried
Conciliate. Calm down someone
Appease. ..
Placate. …
Concise. brief, short, condensed
Succinct. …..
Conclude. end, finish, complete, arrive at an understanding
Concoct. Make
Devise. Make something. (e.g. devise a plan to break out of prison)
Concur. Agree with.
Correspond. To hold a written communication through letters
Correspondence. Letters.
To correspond with (huge tyres do not correspond with small cars
Concurrent. parallel, coexisting, existing at the same time
Simultaneous. Two or more things happening at the same time
Pinch. Steal
Pinch. Press someone’s nose or skin between thumb and fingers
Vulgar. dirty
 16

Regret. Feeling sorry for having done something wrong

Remorse. Regret
Guilty. Someone who has done a wrong thing (e.g. he is guilty of theft)
Guilty. Feeling regret or remorseful for having done something wrong
Innocent. Someone who has done NO wrong
Innocence. Absence of guilt
Conviction. A judge or court finding a person guilty of having committed
a crime
Penalize. to punish someone for some wrong
Condemn. damn, convict, penalize
Ascend. Climb
Descend. Climb down
Ascendants. forefathers
Descendants. Children and children’s children
Compassion. (positive word) Feel sorry for someone in a loving manner
(e.g. All religions teach compassion)
Pity. Feel sorry for someone. (e.g. I feel pity for all illiterate children.
Don’t pity me) (it is neutral word but some people treat it as
negative)
Contempt. To hate or look down upon
Patronize. (negative word) To guide someone in a manner which is
apparently helpful but in reality is meant to lower that
person’s confidence
Disdain. contempt
Condescending. Looking down upon someone. Treating someone in a
patronizing, disdainful manner
Smug. (negative word) Not bothered about anything.
Condition. Situation (e.g. traffic condition in Karachi is getting better)
Condition. Restriction. Limitation (admission in a school requires
meeting many conditions and formalities of that schools)
Casual. A non-serious and informal way of doing something. (e.g.
casual evening dress).
Formality. Opposite to casual. A serious and proper thing. (children are
required to attend school in a formal dress. Avari and
Sheraton do not require a formal dress for having dinner at
their restaurants but Karachi Club, Sindh Club, Creek Club,
Boat Club, Golf Club, Defence Club do)
Informal. Not formal. Casual
Basic provisions. Basic things that person may need like water, food
etc. (poor people in Pakistan are living without basic provisioning)
Tone. Voice. Style of talking (e.g. his tone was angry)
Tone. Shape of body (e.g. he goes to gym regularly to keep his body in
good tone)
Ailment. disease
Infirmity. A disability (e.g. physical disability)
Condone. (with regard to an error or fault) to forgive, ignore, excuse,
Overlook. Ignore.
Overlook. Forget to notice. (e.g. I completely overlooked that she too
was at the party)
Regard. Give due respect, importance and attention to.
Disregard. not to pay attention to. Ignore. overlook
Conduct. Behavior. actions, manner, way
Conduct. Supervise (e.g. a drama) guide, escort, administer
 17

Federation. Coalition. A collection of people into one legal body

Confederation. a coalition that has a looser centre than a federation
Confer. Discuss.
Deliberate. Seriously consider and discuss something
Conference. A big meeting, gathering
Confess. admit, own, concede, declare
Contents. Things contained in a box or a package. (contents of the box)
Contented. A fully satisfied person. Contentment.
Anxiety. tension
Bully. A person who tries to get things done through fear
Pacify. Calm down. Reduce somebody’s anger or anxiety
Appease. To calm down a person because of fear (e.g. never appease
a bully)
Contention. quarrel, dispute
Contest. compete, challenge (e.g. contesting elections)
Contest. Challenge. Oppose (e.g. I don’t accept the exam results, I shall
have to challenge them
Situated. Located (e.g. Karachi is situated on the South of Pakistan)
Contiguous. Touching. Lying side by side
Adjacent. Lying side by side
Contingency. possibility, chance, likelihood
Continuous. Happening without a gap or interruption (e.g. continuous
rain fall since last night – means rainfall without a gap)
Continual. happening again and again, especially regularly (e.g.
continual rainfall since last night – means rainfall bursts
again and again with intervals and gaps but starting again)
Continuation. extension, supplement, addition (e.g. this movie is a
continuation of part I)
Endure. Put up with (e.g. a man must learn to endure pain)
Bear. Endure. (e.g. I can bear pain)
Bear. Carry. (e.g. the village woman was bearing a small child)
Bear. Animal
Persist. Continue uninterrupted
Insist. Keep pressing. Emphasizing
Emphasize. Give importance to something. Insist upon something
Persevere. Continue with something despite difficulties (e.g. a
successful person has a habit of persevering in his struggle
despite difficulties and hurdles)
Preserve. Save. (e.g. we all must try to preserve our jungles and
greenery)
Deformed. Something that is out of shape (e.g. the dead body was
deformed when it was found)
Crooked. Deformed. misshaped
Alter. Change
Contraband. A banned item or thing
Plunder. Loot. (e.g. The Mughals came to India for plundering and
looting)
Contract. bargain, stipulate, necessitate, diminish, shrink, concentrate,
pack together
Contradiction. incongruity, inconsistency, opposition, difference,
opposite
Contrary. Contradictory. Opposite view (e.g. contrary to what you may
think)
 18

Hostile. Unfriendly. Opposed (e.g. When Indian cricket team plays in

Pakistan, it faces a hostile crowd)
Adverse. Hostile (e.g. life throws a lot of adversity in the way of
successful men)
Contrast. compare, differentiate, differ
Vary. Change (e.g. dieting has caused quite a significant variation in my
weight)
Wary. Tired. Fed up
Contribute. give, donate,
Endow. Give
Bestow. Give or present something, grant
Will. A person’s decision about who should inherit his money and
property upon his death
Bequeath. Leave somebody something through will
Contrive. Create a situation. manipulate, find a new way to achieve
something
Improvise. Contrive. Invent. Find a new way to achieve something
Resemble. Something that looks like something else. (e.g. is there any
resemblance between father and son?)
Correspond. Match with. (e.g. black tie corresponds with black suit)
Conform. Match with. Act in according with. (e.g. You need to conform
with all the rules of your school
Corrupt. morally wrong, crooked, dodgy
Deceive. To mislead.
Pervert. Someone sexually corrupt
Adulterate. To mix something with something pure. Make something
impure
Costly. Expensive. Having a high price
Costume. uniform, clothing
Attire. Dress
Apparel. dress
Couch. A comfortable, back leaning sofa
Council. A group of people. Other such words: cabinet, directorate,
committee
Counsel. guidance, advice
Counsel. Guide. lawyer, attorney, barrister
Countenance. appearance
Countenance. endorse, back
Counter. Respond. face (e.g. Pakistani batsmen will have to counter
Australian pace attack)
Counter. board, table
Hinder. Stop. Cause problems. Obstruct
Counterfeit. fake, fraudulent, fictitious, bogus
Custody. heed, protection, guardianship
Custom. practice
Ritual. custom. Practice. rasm
Habit. Used to doing things in a certain way
Curtail. Reduce, shorten, lessen, decrease
Cynic. A person who doubts everything,
Cynical. A person who doubts everything ironic
Mock. Make fun of
Scoffer. Make fun of
Sneer. Look down on things with contempt
 19

Ironic. A strange thing. An odd thing. A curious thing. (e.g. the sad irony
is that the religion the very basis of which is peace and salamati is
known the world over for aggression, intolerance and terrorism)
Dainty. fine, fragile
Dally v. waste time, trifle with, putter
Hinder. Stop. Create hurdles
Obstruct. Create hurdles
Compensation. Pay for damage caused
Damp. Slightly wet. moist, humid, soaked
Dank. moist
Hazard. Danger
Peril. Danger
Menace. Danger. Threat
Hazardous. Dangerous. unsafe, risky (e.g. occupational hazards,
hazards of life etc.)
Precarious. Dangerous
Treacherous. Full of danger (e.g. the mountain path was treacherous)
Dangle. hang, hang down (e.g. butchers dangle mutton legs)
Dare. Challenge. (e.g. how dare you insult me)
Daring person. Courageous. Fearless. bold
Daredevil. Too courageous
Endeavour. Attempt. Task. Effort.
Defy. Disobey orders. challenge
Dim. Semi lit place. low level of light. Semi dark
Dismal. Bad situation. Depressing. (e.g. situation of the poor in Pakistan
is dismal)
Moral. Ethical. Difference between right and wrong (e.g. we all have a
moral duty to help the poor and the weak)
Ethical. Moral
Immoral. bad
Virtue. Neki. Something ethical or moral
Virtuous. An ethical person
Piety. Virtue
Pious. Virtuous (e.g. Mahatma Gandhi was a pious person)
Unethical. bad
Crooked. Not straight.
Shadowy. No simple and transparent. But suspicious character. (e.g.
Zardari is a shadowy character)
Somber. Very serious and sad. (e.g. Benazir’s burial was a somber
ceremony)
Gloomy. Dark. Depressing. Somber (e.g. Pakistan cricket team has a
gloomy future)
Murky. dark
Obscure. Something that is partly hidden and cannot be seen (e.g. day
becomes night when sun becomes obscured by the curved
surface of the earth)
Hazy. Something that cannot be seen clearly, something that is fuzzy
and not clear
Darken. blacken
Nightfall. Nighttime
Wicked. Bad
Sin. A morally bad thing.
Conceal. hide isolation, obscurity, seclusion, privacy
Dart. Playing small arrow
 20

Debt. Loan.
Obligation. Responsibility. Something that you are liable to do
Compulsion. Obligation
Liability. Responsibility
Mortgage. Creating a charge on immovable property (like plot or
building or house) as security for a loan so that in case a loan is
defaulted, the lender can sell the immovable property and recover
his money
Debt. loan
Debtor. borrower
Bare. Uncovered. Naked
Bare. Just
Essence. Basic (e.g. the essence of Islamic culture is social justice and
equality)
Essentials. Basics. Necessities (e.g. do you know the essentials of
mathematics. Essentials of life. Necessities of life)
Essentially. Basically
Decadent. Bad. morally wrong, wicked (e.g. All Muslim societies are in
essence, decadent)
Betray. Break somebody’s confidence or trust. (e.g. our leaders have
betrayed our nation)
Deceive. Cheat. Hoodwink, misinform, double-cross, delude,
betray, dupe, swindle, bilk
Deceit. Fraud, cheating, trickery
Deceitful. cunning, insincere, fraudulent
Deception. Cheating, defrauding someone
Scam. Deception.
Treachery. A trick. deception
Betrayal. Act of betraying someone
Façade. Face of building, its front
Façade. Deceptive appearance of a behaviour. (e.g. his courteous
manners are just a façade. In reality, he is a wicked person)
Duplicity. Double faced. dishonesty

Deceiver. Someone who deceives. schemer, fake, cheat

Deceptive. confusing, misrepresenting (e.g. his behaviour was
deceptive)
Swindler. Deceiver. A cheat
Falsification. Lying and cheating
Fake. Not genuine. Doctored documents (e.g. fake currency notes)
Forgery. to make fake document or currency notes
Decent person. respectable, nice, proper, moral, trustworthy
Determine. Decide
Evaluate. Assess. Measure (e.g. In my evaluation, his English is not
good)
Decipher. Understand something complex, decode

Ruling. Decision
Decree. Court ruling. public statement
Resolution. Solution. Settlement of a dispute
Consequence. Result of something
Decisive. Final. Something good in decision-making
Definite. Exact. clear
Vague. Not clear. Inexact
 21

Vogue. fashion
Declare. Announce
Assert. Emphasize something
Maintain. Keep. (We maintain our cars in good order)
Proclaim. Declare. Announce
Testimony. Evidence
Confirm. Guaranteed. 100 per cent
Ascertain. confirm
Verify. Confirm if correct
Declare. Announce. Pronounce. proclaim
Swear. Qasam khana
Decline. decrease, go down
Decrease. Reduce.
Diminish. Decrease. Go down. Decline
Subside. go down. reduce
Shrink. reduce, become smaller.
Curb. Sidewalk
Curb. To stop. To place restriction on (government has to take steps to
Curb people habit of spitting pan on the walls)
Degenerate. Rot (Plants and animal bodies become degenerated
because of germs)
Decorate. Beautify
Adorn. beautify
Embellish. beautify
Ornament. Something that decorates or adds beauty. (A painting is an
Ornament).
Emblem. symbol
Vindicated. Stand justified in taking a certain stand. (Yunus Khan was
criticized for choosing to bat earlier but when Pakistan won the
match, his decision stood vindicated).
Aesthetic. Appealing to our sense of beauty. (e.g. blue color has
aesthetic appeal)
Renovate. Do repair work (we have renovated our house)
Refurbish. Do repair work (we have refurbished our house)
Enhance. increase
Elaborate. Explain
Delirious. crazy, wild, irrational, insane (e.g. she went delirious with
happiness when she topped in the exam)
Delirium. Confused. Not in senses
Deliver. produce, provide (e.g. this factory produces cloth)
Deliver. Our Prophet delivered the weak and the oppressed.
Liberate. Free something.
Allot. Give something to someone formally. (government allots special
plots for hospitals)
Delude. lie, deceive, mislead
Delusion. Someone misleading himself. Making himself a fool by
believing what is not true. (Muslims pray five times a day and
delude themselves by believing that this is enough to get them into
heaven)
Hallucination. Seeing something when there is nothing. (there are no
ghosts in the house. You are only hallucinating)
Deluge. Overflow. (The dam broke and there was a deluge of water)
Fancy. mood (fanciful thinking)
Fancy. To like something
 22

Apprehension. Fear of something bad (Brakes are not working and I

am apprehending that we might have an accident)
Demanding. (negative person) a person who is very difficult to please
Exacting. Demanding perfection (very exacting boss)
Testing. Difficult person or difficult times. (These are testing times for
Muslims all over the world when they are being blamed for
indulging in violence)
Utter. To speak (don’t utter another word)
Utter. Absolute (I was utterly shocked by his betrayal)
Demean. Reduce in value. humiliate, humble
Demented. crazy, disturbed, insane (Osama has a demented mind)
Wreck. Damage. Spoil (Sometimes planes fall in snowfall and their
wreckage is difficult to find)
Demolish. destroy
Eliminate. Completely remove or kill
Obliterate. Completely eliminate
Exterminate. Completely destroy (WHO is trying to exterminate polio
Virus from the world)
Annihilate. Completely and utterly destroy. (Baghdad was annihilated
by Chengez Khan)
Devastate. Damage
Devastate. Heartbroken (People were devastated when Pakistan lost)
Demonstrate. Show
Demonstration. showing, presentation
Demonstration. A rally with a lot of people to protest about something
Exhibit. show
Manifest. Show. display
Modest. Humble (great men are modest in their behaviour)
Demure. Modesty with shyness (normally this word is used for girls)
Deny. Refuse (children are normally denied entry into hospitals)
Deny. Refuse to accept a blame (don’t deny that you have been lying)
Dismiss. Remove from job. Terminate Slang ‘sack’
Denounce. Criticize
Condemn. Criticize
Charge. blame (Zardari has been facing charges of corruption)
Accuse. Formally charge (Bhutto was accused of the offence of murder)
Reproach. Criticize
Rebuke. Harshly criticize.
Tell off. Rebuke
Scold. rebuke
Dense. thick, impenetrable (forest was quite dense. Fog is dense)
Opaque. Something through which you cannot see (glass wall was not
clear. It was opaque)
Ignorant. Someone who has no knowledge
Illiterate. One who cannot read or write
Disavow. Disagree. disown
Depart. leave, go, quit (departed soul of Michael Jackson)
Departure. embarkation, emigration, exodus, exit
Dependable. reliable, steady, trustworthy
Dependant. poor, weak, (till they grow up, children are dependants of
their parents)
Detest. Dislike
Disgusting. Horrible. Very bad. Dirty
Abhorrent. Obnoxious. Bad. hateful
 23

Despise. dislike
Detract. to reduce the quality, value, or importance of something by
taking something away from it
Detriment. damage, loss (if you miss classes, it would be to your own
detriment)
Devastate. Destroy
Ravage. Completely wreck or damage something
Plunder. to rob a place using force, especially during a war
Pillage. plunder
Devastation. destruction
Extend. Give more time or space to something (bank has extended our
payment deadline)
Cultivate. Sow crop
Cultivate. Develop relations (Pakistan has cultivated good relations with
China)
Intense. Very serious, angry and passionate (In Parliament, there was
an intense debate on loadshedding)
Earnest. Very serious (earnest expression of face)
Solemn. Very serious
Mature. Old. Not childish. A balanced person
Unfold. uncover
Unravel. Uncover
Bare. naked
Deviate. Change direction
Deflect. Change direction
Digress. Change direction
Wander. Go from one direction to another, one path to another.
Stray. Change direction by error
Deviate. change
Alter. change
Variation. change
Device. Instrument,
Appliance. Device. (shop for kitchen appliances)
Implement. enforce
Utensil. Pots and pans used in the kitchen
Gadget. Small instrument like pliers
Artifice. A clever trick
Stratagem. Clever scheme, plan, dodge, trick,
Ruse. stratagem
Devious. deceptive, crafty, foxy, insidious, shrewd, dishonest
Devoid. lacking, empty (as a nation we are devoid of any merit)
Devote. Give. (e.g. you should devote more time to studies. He is
devoted to the cause of serving the country)
Assign. Give (e.g. We have assigned our work to them.
Assignment. Work. A project (e.g. school assignment)
Bless. Pray for something. Make a token gesture to make something
sacred (e.g. Christians bless the new born baby by
baptizing him or her in holy water)
Consecrate. Make something sacred
Desecrate. Remove sacredness of something. Do something bad to a
thing that is sacred)
Sanctity. sacredness
Dedicate. Donate. Allocate in someone’s name
Devotion. love, loyalty
 24

Allegiance. Loyalty (Allegiance to Pakistan)

Fidelity. Loyalty
Devour. eat, gulp, swallow,
Distort. Alter in a negative manner from the original shape
Pervert. Someone with a distorted or corrupt mind
Misinterpret. Interpret wrongly
Construe. Interpret
Misconstrue. misinterpret
Distort. Twist facts
Mutilation. Damage something (e.g. body)
Distract. Take away someone’s attention
Detract. Change (e.g. direction or stance)
Amusing. Interesting. enjoyable
Entertain. Make people enjoy
Entertainment. Thing of amusement like a movie, song etc.
Mislead. Take someone off the right path
Stray. Wander off from right path. Become separate from the group
Astray. Off the right path. Into error or sin. (e.g. good friends prevent a
person from going astray
Distraught. Extremely upset
Frenzied. Wildly excited or out of control (e.g. there was frenzied
movement at the airport)
Perplexed. confused
Specific. Exact (I want this specific book)
Abstract. No exact. Not specific. General. vague
Complication. Confusion.
Intricate. Complicated
Complex. Complicated (the detailed of the problem are complex)
Complex. A psychological problem (e.g. inferiority complex)
Complex. A large set of buildings (Aga Khan Hospital is a complex)
Spare. Extra. Additional (spare parts of car. Spare tryre)
Pastime. Any activity that a person likes to do in free time
(e.g. Nazif’s favourite pastime is watching cricket on TV)
Preoccupation. Constant thought about something (some people
always remain preoccupied with the thought of making more and
more money)
Distress. anxiety, worry, sorrow, wretchedness, suffering, ordeal,
anguish, grief
Bother. Worry or care about some one (I am not bothered about …)
Dispense. Give out. (e.g. dispensing machine dispenses pepsi cans
when coins are inserted in them)
Merchant. A person who trades in goods
Retailer. A person who sell things at small scale over the counter (e.g.
we have many retail shops near our house)
Wholesaler. A person who only sells things on large scale, at a
discount, to buyers of large quantities
Slovenly. Not clean. untidy
Doze. snooze, nap, drowse
Dismal. Depressing (Pakistani team’s performance was dismal)
Drab. dismal, dreary, dull
Annoy. Irritate
Nuisance. Something that irritates or disturbs. (e.g. traffic noise and
smoke is a big nuisance in Karachi)
Draft. layout, plans, blueprint, design, breeze, gust, .puff, wind,
 25

Hinder. To block
Obstruct. To hinder
Impediment. Obstruction (e.g. his speech problem will remain a big
impediment to his success all his life)
Drag. restraint, hindrance, burden, impediment, barrier, annoyance,
nuisance (Pakistan team’s lack of seriousness is a big drag
on their performance)
Haul. Drag. (haulage truck)
Drain. Pipe. channel
Duct. Tube.
Sewer. Drainage system for taking waste water out of houses
Conduit. A pipe of channel that carries liquid to or from a place
Drained. Tired. Spent in energy
Weary. tired, weaken,
Trickle. Flow in tiny drops. Blood is trickling from the wound
Leak. A small hole or crack in something from where liquid can trickle
Out
Ooze. Flow or leak slowly
Odor. Smell
Exude. To release something such as liquid of odor slowly
Play. Drama, production, show
Hysteria. A mad bout of anger and shouting (negative word)
Melodrama. Histrionic behaviour
Dramatic. tense, exciting
Moving. Something that moves feelings (e.g. Michael Jackson’s
daughter said moving things at her father’s funeral)
Dramatist. playwright, author, writer
Dramatise. Make into a drama (e.g. All Shakespeare plays have been
dramatized)
Dramatize. exaggerate
Drastic. extreme (e.g. sacking cricketers on just an interview is rather
drastic)
Excessive. More than normal
Extravagant. Excessive or wasteful spending. Excessively high priced
Exorbitant. Far more than normal
Exaggerated. Excessive. Far higher than normal
Depict. Show. Draw.
Tow. Pull with a rope or something. (e.g. tow truck. A truck used to tow
a broken car to a workshop)
Outline. Basic feature. Basic sketch. General description of something
Dwelling. house,
Lodging. house
Establishment. A shop or a business place
Dwell. To think (e.g. you need to dwell over why you fail in every exam)
Dynamic. energetic,
Compel. force (a person should not compel another person to do
anything that the other person does not desire to do)
Compelling. A very moving and persuasive narration of facts
(you have a very compelling case)
Persuade. To get other people to think or act in a certain way
(Every religion should use persuasion instead of force to covert
people)
Convince. Persuade someone to a certain point of view
Compelling case. Persuasive case. Convincing case
 26

Intense. Very strong feelings, etc.

Vigorous. Intense. Strong. Full of energy
Effective. Something influential. Something that affects things
Influential. Someone who has influence, who can affect events and
people
Charismatic. A person who is powerful or has magnetic personality
Empire. A huge country where a king or government has control over
thousands of square miles (Mughal Empire, Muslim
Empire, Roman Empire etc.)
Monarch. A king or queen (all over the world, monarchies are
disappearing. There are only two or three monarchies in the world
today. All others are elected heads of state)
Sovereign. King or queen. The real head of a state. In UK, Queen is
sovereign. In Pakistan, according to Constitution, Sovereign is only
Allah and it is people of Pakistan who are custodian of that
sovereignty that they exercise through their chosen
representatives.
Dynasty. A ruling family. (Bhutto dynasty. Mughal dynasty)
Flamboyant. Excessively or exaggeratedly decorated or showy
(Jinnah was once a flamboyant young man, wearing
expensive suits and going to parties, smoking pipes etc.)
Profuse. A lot. Very much. (On receiving money, the poor woman
profusely thanked us)
Abundant. Enough. Sufficient. Frequent. More than a lot (there is
abundance of mangoes during the season)
Substantial. Significant. (there was substantial rain today)
Sufficient. Enough
Eager. Keen, anxious
Zealous. Very keen
Enthusiastic. Zealous. Driven. Vigorous.
Driven. Enthusiastic
Edgy. A person on edge of his patience. A restless and impatient
person
Primitive. Belonging to a very old period in history (man used to live in
caves in primitive times)
Premature. Too early. Earlier than the stipulated time
Punctual. On time. (Nazif is a punctual student)
Punctilious. A person who is very particular and careful about correct
language, correct dress and correct etiquette
Fastidious. A person showing extra concern about small detail
Pedantic. A person who is obsessed with petty and small details
(negative word)
Preceding. Something that comes earlier in time. (I won the preceding
Game meaning I won the game earlier than this one)
Preceding chapter
Attain. Achieve. Nazif achieved third position in his class
Procure. Obtain. Acquire
Earnest. serious, intense, important, ardent, zealous, warm
Earthly. human, mortal, global, mundane
Earthy adj. coarse, dull, crude, unrefined, natural
Ease. Without any problem.
Prosperous. Affluent. wealthy
Leisure. Free time (what do you do in your leisure time. Leisure
Centre)
 27

Tranquility. Peace and calm. No problem. Just peaceful silence (People

to parks early in the morning to find peace and tranquility
there)
Breeze. Light pleasant wind
Relieve. Free someone of something unpleasant. (the injection relived
all the pain)
Alleviate. to make something such as pain or hardship more bearable
or less severe (we must live our life to alleviate the
pain and suffering of our fellow human beings)
Allay. Address concerns or fears of someone.
Soothe. Give comfort. Calm down, pacify
Readily. immediately, effortless, smoothly
Elegance. taste, style. polish, gracefulness, sophistication
Elegant. Something or someone having style. refined
Cultivate taste. Develop taste
Magnificent. Great
Charming. Likeable. Soft and pretty. E.g. Charming smile
Element. substance, component, portion, part
Elementary. primary, introductory, basic, fundamental, essential
Rudimentary. Basic. fundamental, essential
Elevate. lift, raise, enhance in value or height (e.g. elevate sails of ship)
Elevated. towering, tall, high, raised (e.g. elevated ceilings)
Raise. to demolish. Crush into ground (Bulldozers have raised buildings)
Eliminate. remove, reject, exclude, disqualify, oust, discard, dismiss
Eligible. qualified, suitable, fit
Eligibility. appropriateness, acceptability, capability, skill
Elongate. Lengthen, prolong, extend, stretch
Orator. Person who gives good speeches in public
Eloquent. Good in speaking, in communication his thoughts and ideas
through words
Articulate. A person who can express himself well in a language
Outspoken. (negative word) a person who is rude or tactless in talk
Elude. escape, dodge
Elusive. Something that is not permanent. That escapes grasp. E.g.
victory mostly proves to be elusive for Pakistani cricket team
Shun. Avoid
Fugitive. Person who has escaped from imprisonment
Espouse. advocate, promote. approve, uphold, support (Osama Bin
Laden espouses hate)
Dessert. Sweet dish
Dissertation. Long essay for an exam or research
Treatise. Long essay.
Thesis. Long research essay
Thesis. An idea or belief
Essence. core, gist, basis, substances, nucleus
Essential. Basic, fundamental, primary,
Imperative, required, indispensable
Establish. set up. Build
Establishment . business, organisation, company, corporation,
enterprise
Institute. A set-up, an establishment
Erect. build
Valid. Good. Genuine. (e.g. our passport is still valid)
Authentic. Valid. Genuine
 28

Stable. Constant. Unchanging. (patient’s vital signs are stable now)

Fasten. Tie (e.g. fasten your seat belt)
Ethics . morality, integrity
Ethical. moral, humane, respectable, decent, honest, noble
Etiquettes. Good behavior, good manners
Euphoria. Feeling of happiness and well-being
Evade. (negative word) avoid, dodge, shun, elude
Evasive. indistinct, dodgy answer
Baffle. Confuse. Leave a person confused.
Veil. A thin cloth used to cover face
Conceal. hide
Event. occasion
Incident. occurrence, happening
Accident. Clash
Eventful. significant, memorable (e.g. it was an eventful occasion)
Eventual. Final
Eventually. Finally (e.g. eventually, I lost the game)
Ultimate. final
Ultimately. finally
Inevitable. Unavoidable. Something that is bound to happen e.g. when
Pakistani team got out for just 100 runs, its defeat became
inevitable.)
Excitement. disturbance, tumult, turmoil, stir, agitation, stimulation,
Commotion. A lot of noise of crowd running around
Fuss. To make a lot of noise or complain
Exclaim. Shout in surprise, yell
Exclamation . yell, cry
Clamour. Make a lot of noise
Exclude. Remove. Keep something away
Exclusion. Removal. Keeping something away
Expulsion. to get something out
Expel. Throw out. Only naughty children get thrown out of school
Prohibit. To stop something strictly. To ban
Repudiate. Criticize. Condemn
Execute. perform, act, do e.g. beautiful execution of a dance move or a
cricket shot
Execute. Kill someone on order of a court or other authority (In 1917,
Russian communists, led by Lenin, captured Moscow and
executed Czar Nicholar II along with his whole family)
Exemplify. Show something through examples. illustrate, represent
Exempt. Excuse (government vehicles are exempt from checking by
police)
Exemption. immunity
Immunity. exemption
Immune. A person who cannot be affected or damaged by something.
(Soldiers are immune from getting killed by bullets because they
wear bullet proof jackets)
Exhaust. debilitate, tire, weaken, weary, deplete, use
Exhaustion. Tiredness, weariness, fatigue, depletion
Exhilarated. Very happy.
Elated. Happy. excited
Exhort. implore, entreat, request
Exist. live, survive, be
Existence. being, actuality, reality, presence
 29

Exorbitant. excessive, extravagant, wasteful

Exotic. strange, different, fascinating, unusual
Expand v. make bigger, augment, dilate, cultivate
Exuberant adj. ardent, vivacious, passionate, zealous
Eye. perception, taste, discrimination
Eyesore. deformity, ugliness
Eyewitness. viewer, witness
Prone. Something that is likely to happen. That is probable. (__ is not a
healthy boy. He is prone too frequent cough and fever.)
Vulnerable. Weak moment. Weak area. Open. Exposed. (When weak,
we are vulnerable to infection. We are most vulnerable to attack
when we are asleep)
Fable. A story with a lesson.
Parable. legend, a historic great tale.
Legend. A great historic tale or a story. (According to legend, Achilles’
heels were vulnerable and were prone to injury and death).
Erect. Make something stand vertically. E.g. erect a pole or scaffolding
Scaffolding. A bamboo made tall temporary structure for building
Fabric. cloth material, textile
To form. To make. Water evaporates from sea to forms clouds
Fabricate. produce, construct, erect, make, form, build, manufacture,
devise, engineer. (A factory’s plant and machinery is first brought
in thousands and parts and then the plant is fabricated at the
factory site)
Fabulous. Great. Tremendous
Fictitious. False. Fake. Counterfeit. Unreal. Sham. Fictional.
Façade. Face of a building, appearance, look, front of a building
Edifice. Building. structure
Silhouette. Shadow of a person or animal
Profile. Description of a person or a company
Face. expression, appearance, features
Face. meet, challenge (Men should face difficulties with courage and
grace)
Tackle. face
Encounter. Come across. Come face to face. (In life we encounter a lot
of difficulties)
Endure. suffer, tolerate. (It is difficult to endure pain)

Exempt. Excuse. allow someone not to meet certain requirement. (You

are exempted from attending school)
Exemption. Excuse.
Execute. To do something. To perform (e.g. chief executive, Roger
Federer executes a beautiful top spin)
Execute. To kill someone by order of a court as a punishment (Bhutto
was executed in 1979 in Rawalpindi)
Capital punishment. Death penalty given by court. (Most Americans
are in favour of capital punishment
Example. illustration
Exemplify. illustrate, represent (e.g. corrupt people should be awarded
exemplary punishment so that seeing it as an example,
people would avoid corruption)
Exhaust. Make someone tired. Weaken (we are exhausted)
Weary. Tired. (She gave me a weary look)
Debilitate. weaken
 30

Deplete. weak
Exhaustion. weariness, fatigue, depletion
Exhilaration. Excitement
Elation. Exhilaration. happy
Exhort. Beg. Try to get someone to do something. (Imran Khan is
exhorting the nation to give donations to help flood affectees)
Implore. Exhort. beg
Entreat. Implore. Exhort. beg
Exist. live, survive
Fascinating. Strange. something that catches attention
Augment. Expand. make bigger
Dilate. Expand (e.g. these eye drops with cause dilation of your pupils)
Vivacious. lively
Zeal. Passion, feelings (e.g. he plays tennis with zeal)
Zealous. passionate
Perception. Angle of seeing things, image, impression. E.g. your
perception of my abilities is incorrect)
essence
Distort. Twist something. (e.g. don’t distort facts)
Deformity. A physical defect in the body that can be seen
See. Just casually seeing something e.g. I saw an accident today
Watch. Deliberately and formally seeing something e.g. I watched a
movie today
Ancient. Very old
Folklore. A local tale that is popular in a certain area
Devise. Find out a way to do something
Device. A thing for doing something. E.g. we don’t have any device to
open this door
Immense. Great
Features. Basic parts of an image. Features of a face are nose, ears,
eyes etc.
Reputation. Public image of a person
Standing. reputation
Silhouette. Something dark on light background
Face. meet challenge encounter,
Suffer. Tolerate, put up with. (e.g. pain or someone’s bad behaviour)
Sufferings. Pain and agony e.g. of the poor and the needy
Tackle. face
Defy. Disobey. Ignore directions or rules
Facet. aspect (Federer’s style of playing is multi-faceted)
Component. Part of something e.g. component of a machine
Tongue-in-cheek. A naughty, clever sarcastic remark
Whimsical. Moody
Facilitate. promote, aid, simplify, help out
Facility. Things to do something. (guest house has facilities for cooking
food) material, tools, plant, buildings, company, office
Facsimile. copy, duplicate, fax
Feign. Pretend something that is not true. (e.g. our cricket players feign
injury to justify their lack of performance)
Fellow. chap, (he is a good fellow)
Baby. Very little child. May be one day old may be two months
Infant. A small child
Child.
Lad. boy
 31

Adolescent. somebody whose age is between a child and adult

(between 12 and 14 years of age) who has reached puberty but is
not yet an adult
Puberty. Age of adolescence
Juvenile. A young person who is less than 18 years. (Juvenile prison)
Minor. A person who is less than 18 years of age
Adult. A person who is 18 years of age
Peer. Equal. (In USA and UK, the judging of guilt and innocence by
ordinary men and women is based on principle of a man being
judged by his or her peers)
Colleague. Equal fellow worker (all the lawyers at our law firm are my
colleagues)
Affable. Friendly and easy going person
Fellowship. Group of like-minded people
Convivial. Friendly. Sociable.
Board. Flat wood panel
Board. A group of people to make a decision. (e.g. company’s board of
directors. University’s board of admissions)
Board. Daily meals
Lodging. Somewhere to stay temporarily
Scholarship. A donation by a university or college or from any other
person to pay a student’s fee or even board and lodging
expenses
Stipend. A fixed amount of money paid every at regular intervals as a
salary or to cover living expenses
Allowance. Stipend. (daily allowance)
Misdemeanor. A minor crime. A crime of lesser significance
Felony. a serious crime such as murder.
Felon. Criminal. A person who has committed felony
Delinquent. A youthful offender. somebody, especially a young person,
who has acted antisocially or broken the law
Offence. Crime (e.g. murder, theft, fraud are offences under Pakistani
law and under laws of all other countries)
Offensive. Something bad and disgusting. (smell of rotten fish is
offensive)
Offensive. Attack. (e.g. when Augungzeb’s Army saw Darashiko not
sitting on his horse, thinking Dara had escaped, Aurungzeb’s army
went on the offensive)
Verdict. Final and formal decision about someone’s fate or guilt
Guilty. Somebody who has committed a crime
Verdict. Final and formal decision about someone’s fate or guilt
Accused. Someone facing accusation or charges which have not
yet been proven
Convict. (different from accused) someone who has been found guilty
Convict. a prisoner who is serving his jail term
Outlaw. convict, thief
Fugitive. A person who has escaped. escapee
Deserter. A person who has escaped from a responsible service like
Army. In most countries, desertion from Army is a crime.
Gangster. A member of a gang of violent criminals
Bandit. An armed robber. A gangster
Desperado. A reckless and violent criminal (cowboys were desperados)
Crook. A hook-shaped device. A bent thing
Crook. A dishonest person. A thief, a cheat
 32

Guillotine. A way to kill or execute criminals

Feminine. Womanly. soft, delicate, gentle
Tender. delicate
Maiden. Young unmarried woman
Maiden. Virgin. untouched
Maiden. First. (Shahid Afridi’s maiden test century was in Pakistan?)
Debut. First public appearance of a player or an artist
Assassin. Murderer. A professional killer
Amateur. Someone who does something NOT for money (amateur
painter). Opposite to professional. Someone who is not that
good at what he does. Benazir’s murder was too
sophisticated to be the job of an amateur assassin. Nazif is
still an amateur player. Federer and Nadal are professional
tennis player.
Artist. Artist. May be professional may be amateur
Artiste. Professional artist
Matron. A mature middle aged woman who is in charge of children or a
boarding house
Fence. hedge, divider, railing,
Barrier. Obstruction. Illiteracy is a major barrier to progress in Pakistan
Barricade. Something which acts as a barrier for protection purposes.
(e.g. this route is barricaded)
Commotion. Huge noise or confusion. (commotion ensued after the
bomb blast)
Ferment. A chemical process through which carbohydrates are broken
down into simpler chemicals by microorganisms. Milk
becomes yoghurt through fermentation
Hubris. the excessive pride and ambition of a person that usually leads
to the downfall of a hero in classical tragedy (Hitler’s
conquest of Europe was his hubris)
Nether. Something located in a lower position
Effervesce. Something that gives out tiny gas bubbles (7 Up is
effervescent)
Seethe. Extreme but unexpressed emotions or anger (seething with
anger)
Ripe. A fruit that is mature or fully grown and sweet.
Ferocious. Wild. Angry.
Fearsome. Someone or something that makes you afraid
Savage. Wild. Without manners. Uncivilized. jungly
Brute. Crude. Wild. Jungly.
Fierce. Extremely angry. ferocious (fierce look. Fierce battle)
Barbaric. Brute. Crude. Very cruel.
Ferocity. fierceness, brutality, barbarity, cruelty, viciousness
Ferry. ferryboat, packet, boat, passage, boat, barge
Ferry. carry, convey (a boat ferries people from Karachi to Manora)
Fertile. productive, fruitful
Teeming. Crowded.
Yield. Crop. (Fertile lands have a good yield)
Yield. Give in. give up. (In the end, river dam yielded under so much
water pressure)
Invent. Make something new
Inventive. imaginative
Fertile. fruitful, virility, productiveness, lushness.
Virile. Fertile (for men). Strong. Manly
 33

Fertilize. Joining sperm and egg

Pollination. Fertilization process in plants
Breed. Getting animals (like cows and sheep) to have sex to give more
and more off springs/babies
Procreate. Process through which male and female (through sex)
continue the existence of their species
Fame. Shuhrat
Repute. Fame
Reputation.
Defame. Damage someone fame or reputation
Substantial. Enough. Significant (We have substantial assets)
Substantiate. To prove something through evidence or facts (You
cannot defame anyone without being able to substantiate what
you are saying
Unsubstantiated. Something that cannot be established or proven
(unsubstantiated allegations)
Rumour. Unsubstantiated stories or news
Propagate. Spread something. (propagate rumors)
Fervor. Enthusiasm. Drive.
Zeal. Eagerness
Resources. money, capital, fund, wealth
Monetary. Relating to money (Pakistan suffered monetary loss because
of floods)
Pecuniary. Relating to money (who is going to deal with pecuniary
aspect of my contract.
Financier. Investor. Someone who provides money for something.
Capital. Money
Merchant. Businessman. Trader
Detect. discover, notice, uncover, expose, find
Perceive. The angle with which one sees a thing (An optimistic person
perceives life as a glass half full while a pessimistic person
perceives life as a glass half empty)

Discern. Notice. Notice subtle and delicate thing. (He has a discerning
eye for good paintings)
Finding. verdict, decision, judgment (court will give its finding this week)
Sentence. Jumla
Sentence. Punishment given by a court. (he is serving one year
sentence for the offence of theft)
Precise. Accurate. exact
Fine. thin, subtle, sophisticated. (fine wool)
Fine. Punishment by way of payment of money.
Penalty. fine
Forfeit. Not return something (money) as a penalty
(landlord will forfeit deposit if we do not take his flat on rent)
Levy. Impose a penalty or tax etc. (Govt plans to levy a special flood
tax)
Damage. Destroy or harm or break something. Don’t damage the
furniture.
Damages. Claiming from someone an amount on the basis of damage
or losses caused because of that other person’s fault
Compensation. damages
Cease. Stop
Censure. Criticize. condemn
 34

Censor. to stop or cut something in public interest.

Wax. Mome. Material with which candles are made
Stain. Unwanted spot.
Blot. Stain
Blaze. Raging fire. Rising flames of fire
Combustion. Ignition. Burning of fuel in an engine to provide power
Combustion. A chemical process in which a chemical reacts vigorously
with oxygen to produce heat and light
Conflagration. Large destructive fire
Embers. Angarey. small pieces of glowing or smoldering material from
a
dying fire
Glow. Light pleasant warm gentle light. (normally of fire)
Ignite. Blow up something. (Ignition key is used to ignite the engine of a
car)

Kindle. To lighten up a fire or flame

Kindle. To awaken or arouse memories or emotions
in someone
Rekindle. To ignite or arouse memories or emotions again
Hurl. Throw
Discharge. To formally release someone from an institution like a
hospital
Discharge. To release a soldier from service in Army
Discharge. Emit or release a liquid or gas.
Eject. Throw out
Fasten. To tie up something. Fasten up your shoe laces
Dense. Thick (dense smoke)
Compact. Small and efficiently arranged. (Blackberry phones are
compact)
Penetrate. To enter or pass through something or to spread into
something. (The aim of the military mission was to
penetrate the enemy lines. Cancer has penetrated
through his body)

Impervious. remaining unmoved and unaffected by other people's

opinions, arguments, or suggestions
Impervious. Not letting something through. Mahogany is a top quality
wood that is impervious to damp
Flexible. That can bend without breaking. (Rubber is flexible).
Someone who can adjust to changing situation or
environment
Rigid. Firm and stiff. Unbending. Solid. inflexible
Inflexible. rigid
Unyielding. Rigid. Inflexible
Determine. Decide something. Find out something. (you first need to
determine exactly what is the cause of electricity fluctuation in our
house)
Determined. Having fixed or firm purpose
Posture. Position. Style of sitting
Waver. Shake. Move here or there. Change position or posture
Steadfast. Firm and unwavering. Fixed (Despite many ups and downs
 35

in the match, Federer stuck steadfastly to the strategy that

he had beforehand committed with his coach to follow in the
match the match)
Resolute. possessing determination and purposefulness (Supreme
Court’s stand against corruption is resolute)
Fit. Be of right size or shape.
Fit. Be appropriate or compatible for something
Fit. Prepare for something
Fit. Physically healthy
Fit. Install something. (Bathroom cabinets need to be fitted)
Fit. a sudden occurrence of a physical activity or an emotional mood
(fit of laughter. fit of cough)
Correspond. to fit or match with something. Shirt colour corresponds
with your trouser color
Convulsion. a violent shaking of the body or limbs caused by
uncontrollable muscle contractions, which can be a symptom of
brain disorders and other conditions. A fit. An extreme disruption
or disturbance
Spasm. an involuntary sudden muscle contraction a sudden brief
emotion, sensation, or action
Seizure. the seizing of something, especially the taking of something by
force or the official or legal appropriation of something
(seizure of smuggled goods by police).
a sudden attack of an illness or condition, especially of the
kind experienced by people with epilepsy
Stroke. Stoppage of blood flow to brain. a sudden blockage or rupture of
a blood vessel in the brain resulting in, e.g. loss of
consciousness, partial loss of movement, or loss of speech.
Paroxysm. A sudden and uncontrollable expression of emotion
Huff. A brief mood of anger
Perpetual. Continuing for ever
Perennial. Constantly recurrent or lasting for an indefinite period of time
Continual. Happening again and again, specially regularly
Continuous. Happening continuously
Prime. Main. Most important
Prime. Best. (he is in the prime of his health)
Primary. First. Most important. Main. Initial (Pakistani people’s primary
source of problem is their lack of seriousness)
Probable. Likely
Improbable. Unlikely
Plausible. Reasonable
Dubious. Doubtful
Beneficial. Bringing benefit or advantage
Flog. beat, to hit a person or animal very hard using something such as
a whip, strap, or stick
Lash. To hit someone with a whip or something like that
Thrash. Beat a person or animal violently
Thrash. Defeat an opponent decisively
Thrash. Toss about. Move body and limbs about in an uncontrolled
Manner (patients thrashed about in pain)
Inundate. Flood. Overwhelm somebody a huge quantity of things
Submerge. To go under water. Because of floods, thousands of acres
of land got submerged
Deluge. Sudden heavy downpour of rain
 36

- an overwhelming quantity of something. inundate

Swamp. an area of land, usually fairly large, that is always wet and is
overgrown with various shrubs and trees
Immerse. Cover something completely in liquid
- idiom. Occupy yourself completely with something
Pitch. – throw or hit something away or high
- set up a camp, tent, marquee or other temporary structure
- try to sell or promote something, often in an aggressive manner
(e.g. pitched his budget to the Congress)
- degree or level of something (by the time we reached the end
of the film, the suspense was at fever pitch)
- note of a sound or voice (he speaks in high pitch voice)
Landing. - a place for loading or unloading passengers or goods,
especially from a ship
- a platform between flights of stairs or the floor at the
top or foot of a flight of stairs
Loft. – a gallery or balcony
- upper floor of a factory or warehouse that may be used for
residential purposes
- Area between ceiling of top floor of a building and the roof
Attic. a room or the area that occupies the space under a pitched roof
Garret. Attic. a room at the top of a house, immediately below the roof
Penthouse. An expensive and comfortable rooftop dwelling
Basement. Underground floor of a building or house
Mezzanine. a low story, especially one between the first floor and the
second floor in a building
Tumble. Fall down a slope or stairs
Slump. Fall. A body falling down because of weakness
Flounder - to act in a way that shows confusion or a lack of purpose.
- to have serious problems and he close to falling (Pakistani
share market is floundering in the middle of political
uncertainty)
Flourish. to be strong and healthy or grow well, especially because
conditions are right (our economy flourished during
Ayub era)
Thrive. to grow vigorously and healthily (our business is flourishing and
thriving)
Ornament. Something that decorates or adds to beauty. Decorative
object. (Women wear bangles and earrings as
ornaments)
Embellish. To add decoration or ornamentation to something to add or
enhance its beauty
Adorn. embellish
Flowery. Full of color. elaborate, ornamented
Amplify. Make sound louder
Flout. Openly ignore or disobey a law
Defy. Openly challenge someone’s authority or power by refusing to
obey an order or command
Disregard. Not to pay regard to something. ignore (e.g. please
disregard my earlier email of today)
Fracas. A noisy quarrel or fight
Stream. Small river.
- constant flow of water or air etc.
Squirt. Force or be forced out of something. E.g. ketchup/tooth paste
 37

squirted all over the table.

Gush. flow out fast. Speak or say something effusively
Trickle. Flow slowly in thin stream
Spew. To vomit. To pour something out forcefully
Whirl. Turn or spin around rapidly while also moving around
Surge. To make a concerned rush in a certain direction e.g. the crowd
surged towards the exit
- to increase
Cluster. A small group of people or things that are closely packed
together. E.g. cluster of diamonds. Cluster of stars
Wine. a light alcoholic drink made by fermenting juice of grapes
Vine. A climbing plant. A plant that supports itself by climbing, twining or
creeping along a surface
Vineyard. Place where grapes are grown.
Grapevine. A climbing plant on which grapes grow
- idiom. path of communication along which news, gossip, or
rumor passes unofficially from person to person within a
group, organization or community (e.g. I heard through the
office grapevine that she was leaving)
Bloom. Flower. The state of being in flower (roses are in full bloom)
- a fresh, youthful, healthy complexion
- Prime. The condition of greatest freshness or health
Blossom. State of flowering. To open into flower. To develop in a
pleasing or promising way
Fluctuate. Change. Vary. E.g. voltage is fluctuating.
Fluctuation. variation, inconstancy, change, instability
Falter. Lose confidence. Begin to fail.
Oscillate. Swing. Move backward and forward. Pendulum oscillates
- idiom. Be indecisive
Traditions. Reet riwayatein
Customs. Reet riwayatein
Formal. Serious and proper. According to rules and traditions.
Formality. according to rules. according to form
Formally. According to rules. With due seriousness and decorum
(e.g. we have filed a formal application for …)
Decorum. Formality
Etiquettes. Good and proper behaviour. Good manners
Format. arrangement, construction, outline of a document or page
Formation. form, structure
Manufacture. Build, make
Genesis. First book of bible in which the creation of world is described
The time or circumstances of something coming into being
Constitution. Document containing most fundamental laws
- Composition of something. Parts of something
Composition. The way in which the parts of something are arranged or
put together
- creation of musical or literary work
- piece of writing
Constituent. One of the parts that make up something. (e.g. one of the
constituents of milk is water
Ingredient. One of the parts that make up something. (What are the
ingredients of a chicken soup)
Constituency. An area of population that can together elect a person to
 38

an elected body like National Assembly, Provincial

Assembly, local body etc.
Fabrication. Constructing something. (factory machinery was taken to
the factory site and it was there that engineers
fabricated the factory plant)
- deliberately untrue account (e.g. his allegations are
all fabrication)
Proceed. Begin
Proceed. What follows
Proceeds. Money received from sale of something
Precede. What comes earlier. (e.g. a songs program preceded dinner)
Former. earlier, preceding; previous
Foregoing. That which has just preceded. E.g. There are many typing
errors in the foregoing paragraphs
Formerly. before, once, earlier, previously
To Forego. To give up. To let go of any opportunity. E.g. You should
forego any opportunity to settle scores with your enemies at times
when they may be down and weak
Forsake. To abandon or withdraw companionship, protection or support
from somebody. Leave. abandon, desert (e.g. Parents can
never forsake their children)
Formula. Method to make something
Recipe. Method to cook a dish
Formulate. systematize, express, form, make, plan (e.g. present
government has not spent any time formulating its policies.
Fort. Military installation. A fortified place with a long-term military
presence, often including a town. Something strong and
impossible to get into or penetrate
Fortress. Castle. A large fortified building or complex of buildings,
usually with tall solid walls, battlements, and a permanent garrison,
built specially during the Middle Ages
Citadel. Castle. fortress
Fortify. Strengthen. Fortify a wall. Fortify determination or resolve or
belief
Stronghold. A centre of something. A fortified place that can easily be
defended (e.g. Karachi is stronghold of MQM)
Garrison. a military post where a body of troops stationed at a military
post
Parapet. A low protective wall built along the edge of a balcony, roof or
bridge.
Battlement. Parapet built for defensive purposes. For protection. Castle
had battlement
Fuss. Complain. Make a lot of noise. E.g. don’t create fuss over such a
petty matter
Fussy. One who complains a lot
Wrangle. Quarrel. Complain
Peevish. Irritable person. Someone who gets irritated too easily.
Someone who tends to complain a lot. Hard to please
Whine. (negative word) complain in an unreasonable, repeated or
irritating way. Complain peevishly
Whimper. Sob softly. Make repeated weak plaintive crying sounds of
pain, distress or fear
Meticulous. Extremely careful and precise
Fastidious. Excessively demanding in perfection. Easily disgusted by
 39

things that are not perfectly clean

Futile. Useless, ineffective, ineffectual
Vain. fruitless, without any result. hollow, impractical, unsuccessful
Impending. About to happen. E.g. impending disaster
Imminent. About to happen or occur
Ultimate. final
Fated. Destined. Something that fate has determined to happen in a
certain way
Prospective. Likely or expected to happen
Coherent. Something that can be understood.
Incoherent. Something that cannot be understood. (People who
stammer talk incoherently)
Gab. Chat. Informal talk. (e.g. he has a gift of gab)
Babble. Talk incoherently
Chatter. To talk or converse rapidly and informally about unimportant
things (e.g. chattering classes, i.e. negative expression for
people who can only talk but not do anything)
Gossip. Talk in a low voice or whisper in someone’s ears. Small talk.
Spread rumour (e.g. don’t believe in gossip)
Gadget. device, implement. A tool or a small part of machine (e.g. we
are familiar with all the gadget of our car engine)
Gag. choke, stifle, throttle
Stench. Bad smell
Sicken. Something that makes you sick or vomit (e.g. stench of dead
animals is sickening)
Gaiety. Full of fun. jolly, merriment
Mirth. Joy accompanied with laughter
Exhilarating. Something that makes someone feel happy and alive
(e.g. This song is so exhilarating. The scenery is exhilarating)
Gain. profit, increase, growth
Accrue. Come as a result or consequence of something. (e.g.
prolonged continuous efforts will accrue benefits one day)
Dividend. Benefit that may accrue from an investment or effort (e.g.
long years of hard work finally bore dividend when Federer
became No. 1 in the world)
Overtures. Indications. (e.g. Pakistan has been making peace overtures
to India which latter has avoided to reciprocate)
Yield. Crop. Pakistani farmers do not get the best yield in wheat crop
because of poor seed quality
Yield. To give in to pressure or request. (The muscle cramp first did not
respond to massage but finally the flesh finally yielded and
muscles became soft).

Genesis. The first book of the Bible, in which the creation of the world is
described.
- the time or circumstances of something’s coming into being
(e.g. we are at the genesis stage of this project)
Tribute. Expression of gratitude or praise
Disposition. Somebody’s usual mood or disposition. Someone’s
national tendency or inclination to act in a particular way
(e.g. He is of soft disposition)
Demeanor. somebody's behavior, manner, or appearance, especially as
 40

it shows inner thoughts or feelings. (e.g. when giving his first

speech after becoming President, Obama’s demeanor was
confident and relaxed)
Indisposed. Sick. Too ill to do something
Cordial. Friendly (e.g. you are cordially invited)
Genial. Having a kind and pleasant manner, disposition or demeanor
Genius. Someone with outstanding intelligence
Acumen. Sharpness of mind. the ability to make quick accurate
intelligent judgments about people or situations
Astute. shrewd and discerning, especially where personal benefit is to
be derived (e.g. Warren Buffet is the world’s most astute
investor in stocks)
Aptitude. Potential to acquire a skill. Natural talent
Gentile. Someone who is Christian as distinguished from being Jew
Appropriate. Correct. Munasib. It is part of our culture to give
appropriate respect to our elders
Propriety. Socially correct or appropriate behavior.
Etiquettes. Accepted rules of proper social behavior. (It is against
etiquettes to insult elders in our society.
Refined. (chemistry) a material that has been purified through a
chemical process. (e.g. refined sugar)
Refined. Cultured and polite in habits, tastes, or appearance
Gentle. tender, soft.
Exhort. Urge someone strongly and earnestly to do something
Domestic. Relating to home compared with outside (e.g. don’t discuss
your domestic problems in office. Our cat is domesticated.
America should stop interfering in Pakistan’s domestic problems)
Alien. Foreign. Belonging to outside
Considerate. Caring. E.g. it is considerate of you to have sent me
flowers on my illness
Benign. Harmless
- in case of cancer, not being a threat to life or
health (e.g. tumour in his brain is benign)
Valid. Genuine. Not fake. (e.g. my passport is valid for three more
years)
Authentic. Valid. Genuine.
Trustworthy. Someone who can be trusted
Staunch. Loyal. Showing loyalty, dependability and enthusiasm
Germ. microbe, microorganism. bacterium
Parasite. A plant or animal that lives in another bigger organism (e.g.
virus is a parasite)
Bug. Small insect
Bug. Tiny listening device
Bug. Irritate someone through repeated interruptions
Sprout. Grow. Begin to grow. E.g. within four weeks of planting seeds,
the plants started sprouting
Germinate. begin, generate. sprout
Germaine.
Gesture. A movement of body to indicate something, like waving of
hand is a friendly gesture.
Indication. A sign, signal or a symptom that shows something exists or
is true (e.g. repeated headache is a sign of fatigue, lack of
sleep or an eye sight problem)
Intimate. A close and personal relationship (e.g. we are intimate friends)
 41

Intimate. To announce something formally. (e.g. The school has

intimated to me the exam results
Intimidate. to frighten somebody into doing or not doing something, e.g.
by means of violence or blackmail
Daunting. A task or assignment that is likely to discourage, intimidate or
frighten somebody. (e.g. bringing MQM under control
is a daunting task)
Procure. Acquire something, specially by effort
Capture. take, grab,
Attain. Accomplish something. E.g. he has attained excellent results in
his exams
Perceive. To understand or interpret something in a particular way (e.g.
I perceive India’s aggressive talk as nothing but an attempt
to intimidate Pakistan)
Possess. Hold something physically. (e.g. we own that plot of land but
someone else is in possession)
When Prophet died, he had no worldly possessions
Refrain. Avoid. Stay away from. (E.g. to remain healthy, one must stay
away from smoking)
Stir. To shake around a liquid, e.g. with a spoon. (e.g. don’t stir milk)
Irate. Very angry.
Annoy. Irritate
Provoke. To make someone very angry, causing that person to respond
(e.g. in WWII, Germany’s sinking of a US submarine provoked
USA into joining the war against Germany)
Incite. (negative word) To stir up feelings in or provoke action by
somebody. (it is also a separate crime to incite someone into
committing a crime)
Instigate. (negative word) to cause trouble, especially by urging
somebody to do something destructive or wrong
Prompt. (not a negative word) Immediate. On time. (our firm is prompt
in responding to email queries)
Prompt. To cause a response. (e.g. a loose ball prompted Afridi to play
it for a six)
Vex. To annoy or upset someone specially over an unimportant matter
Bother. To care. To worry
Secure. Firmly fixed in its position. Not worried. (e.g. he is secure in his
job. A continuous sense of insecurity makes people bad
professionals)
Vanquish. Defeat somebody in battle or competition
Overwhelm. Overpower. Overcome
Vagabond, bum, vagrant, loafer. Good-for-nothing. awara
Ghastly. terrifying, hideous, horrible, frightening, frightful, repulsive,
disgusting, abhorrent, offensive
Godly. pious, holy, righteous, religious
Withdrawn. Back off. Retreat.
Decayed. A dead plant or body that gets rotten with time
e.g. tooth decay
Grave. solemn, serious,
Sober, serious.
Momentous. V. important occasion
Consequence. Result. outcome
Inconsequential. Unimportant. Ineffective.
Futile. Useless. Fruitless. (e.g. your efforts are futile as she wont
 42

change)
Critical. Very important. (e.g. his illness is at a critical stage)
Vital. Very important. Without which something is not possible. (e.g.
heart, brain, liver and lungs are vital organs in a body)
Casual. Non serious
Casualty. Injury. A person injured or dead in an accident. (casualty
ward. There were a dozen casualties in the bomb blast)
Fatal. Something that results in death. (e.g. some illnesses are fatal.
The accident was fatal)
Tomb. A cave or chamber used for burying a dead person
Mausoleum. A large tomb specially one that is ornately decorated. A
large building containing tombs
Monument. Something designed and built as a lasting public tribute to a
person or persons or event
Carve. Cut a substance to make something
Vault. tijory
Gravity. importance, seriousness, significance, severity
Gravy. fluid, sauce, dressing
Graze. nibble, eat (e.g. cattle grazing the forest)
Forage
Upright. honest
Mortal. Human. Relating to human beings
Mortal. Fatal (e.g. mortal combat)
Mortality. the number of deaths that occur at a specific time, in a
specific group, or from a specific cause (e.g. there is high
infant mortality rate in Africa)
Incinerate. To burn a corpse until only ashes are left
Cremate. incinerate
Mortuary. a room or building in which dead bodies are kept until they
are buried or cremated
Moral. relating to issues of right and wrong and to how individual people
should behave
Morality. Angle of right and wrong
Ethics. morals
Tolerant. accepting the differing views of other people, e.g. in religious
or political matters, and treating the people who hold these
different views fairly
Admirable. Something worth praising
Virtue. Goodness. The quality of being morally good or righteous
Virtuous. righteous
Goof. Mentally thick. Idiot. Not intelligent
Err. to make mistake
Gratifying. Something that is quite satisfying or pleasing. (e.g. some
people insult other people just for the purpose of personal
gratification)
Convince. persuade
Grateful. Feeling thankful.
Gratitude. Appreciation, acceptance, thanks.
Gratuitous. Unnecessary and unjustified. (e.g. opponents shouting
during Obama’s speech was quite gratuitous)
Gratuitous. Something given or received without any compensation or
return. (e.g. Edhi’s services to the nation are
completely gratuitous)
Appreciate. Value something or somebody highly (e.g. I work hard but
 43

do not get any appreciation)

Appreciate. Understand. E.g. he cannot appreciate the art of music
Complimentary. Expressing admiration. E.g. complimentary remarks
Complimentary. Free as favour or courtesy. (e.g. hotel offers
complimentary breakfast)
Voluntary. By ones own free choice. E.g. murderer voluntarily went to
police and confessed his crime
Involuntary. Not voluntary. Under compulsion
Voluntary. Doing something free of charge. For charity. E.g. voluntary
work
Idle. Free. Not doing anything. farigh
Deliberate. To seriously think
Ponder. To seriously think
Brood. Seriously think
Ruminate. To think carefully about something
Mull over. To think seriously about something
Contemplate. To consider something. To think about something
seriously and at length especially to understand it
Reverie. a state of idle and pleasant contemplation (this word is about
appearance)
Deliberately. Jan boojh kar. E.g. he hit the car deliberately
Inadvertently. Ghalaty sey. Not deliberately. E.g. no I hit the car
inadvertently
Gratuity. Money given to someone like a waiter or an employee in
appreciation of his services
Grave. Burial place
Grave. Serious (situation of law and order in Pakistan is grave)
Munch. Chew noisily
Greasy. buttery, fatty, oily
Groan. Moan or grunt in pain. Whine
Groan. Grumble. To complain a lot
Murmur. something said that is either very quiet or sounds indistinct
Groceries. foodstuff, edibles
Indulgence. Yielding to your wish or desire e.g. On Sundays, we
indulge ourselves by watching movies, having takeaways
and playing games
Indulgence. Allow yourself or somebody to have or do as a luxury e.g.
Five star hotels go to any length to indulge their guests. Let
me indulge you with a cup of coffee
Indulge. To tolerate somebody’s attitude excessively e.g. Teachers
sometimes complain that parents indulge their children too
much
Sluggish. Feeling slow
Dizzy. Chakar aana unsteady, as if about to lose balance
Vertigo. Medical condition of feeling dizzy
Disoriented. Feeling dizzy
Groggy. feeling weak or dizzy, especially because of illness or
overindulgence
Reel. to move unsteadily, staggering or swaying from side to side e.g.
The boxer reeled after a knockout punch and before falling and
losing
Exhausted. Extremely tired
Famished. Starving, to be extremely hungry
Groom. Same as bridegroom
 44

Groom. To train or polish someone by teaching him manners and

etiquettes
Groove. furrow, rut e.g. A car tyres must be changed when they
become flat and grooves disappear because then they
lose road grip and car may slip out of control
Grope. (Negative word) touch, feel, Fumble
Gross. total, entire e.g. My gross salary is Rs.20,000 but my net salary
(gross salary minus income tax) is only Rs.18,000
Gross. shameful, indecent, Lewd
Coarse. Rough e.g. Table top surface should not be coarse. Village
people are normally coarse
Obese. Overweight
Grotesque. ludicrous, distorted, deformed, odd, bizarre, malformed
Widget. A small device for unknown purpose e.g. Children found a
widget on the seashore
Midget. (Negative word) A very short person
Pigmy. Midget
Cavern. A large cave or hollow place
Pioneer. A first person who does something like invention or a new
Method e.g. Russian Scientist Alexander Pablov and
American Skinner did pioneering work in psychology
Scout. A member of boy scouts or girl scouts who by tradition help
people or do some good things
Escort. a male or female partner who accompanies someone on a visit
or a journey
Guilt. responsibility, blame, fault
Guilty. A person found (by a court etc) responsible for having done
some wrong such as crime
Censure. Criticize
Reproach. Criticize
Incriminate. Involve in a crime
Indict. To charge somebody formally with commission of a crime
Culpable. Guilty. Deserving blame or punishment for a wrong
Guise. Appearance,
Disguise. Deceptive outward appearance. (e.g. soldiers entered the
house disguised as servants)
Guy. Slang word for ‘man’
Canyon. Deep valley. A deep narrow valley with steep sides, often with
a stream running through it (Grand Canyon)
Gully. Small valley
Gorge. a deep narrow, usually rocky, valley
Gulf. a large inlet of an ocean similar to a bay but often longer and more
enclosed by land (Gulf of Mexico, Persian Gulf)
Bay. an area of sea enclosed by a wide inward-curving stretch of
Coastline (bay is smaller than gulf) Bay of Bengal
Inlet. Narrow opening in coastline
Ravine. Deep, narrow valley
Abyss. a chasm or gorge so deep that its extent is not visible.
something that is immeasurably deep or infinite
Gullible. Someone who is innocent and who can be made a fool easily
Gypsy. Nomad. khanabadosh
Tramp. vagrant, a homeless person travels on foot, often begging for a
living
Protagonist. The main character in a novel, play, story, or other literary
 45

work
Surreal. Bizarre, Weird, disturbingly unfamiliar e.g. Horror movies are
full of surreal characters
Homage. To do something as a token of reverence and respect e.g.
foreign dignitaries always visit Jinnah mausoleum to pay
their homage to the founder of Pakistan
Tribute. Expression of praise e.g. upon Benazir’s death, all international
leaders paid tribute to her
Tributaries. A smaller stream or river that joins a larger stream or river
Estuary. The place where a river water enters sea and river water and
sea water join
Slum. Poor and overcrowded area of a city e.g. Delhi and Bombay have
thousands of slums which are centers of crime, disease, hunger
and poverty
Mustang. a small hardy wild horse living on the plains of North America,
descended from Arabian horses brought to the continent by
Spanish soldiers
Erotic. sexual
Titillate. A girl doing something to arouse a boy sexually
Sultry. (Sexual word) Hot and erotic e.g. In the mango juice ad, Katrina
Kaif gives sultry looks
Voyeur. Someone who loves to watch other people in private for his/her
own sexual pleasure
Fetish. something that arouses sexual excitement in somebody, e.g. an
inanimate object or nonsexual part of the body
Voluptuous. Sensual
Sanctuary. A safe place, especially for people being
persecuted e.g. America accuses Pakistan of giving
sanctuary to Al Qaeda terrorists
Refuge. Shelter or protection
Refugee.
Asylum. Sanctuary or refuge e.g. Zulqarnain flew to London and applied
for political asylum in UK
Lash. Stroke with whip
Forbidden. Not permitted, prohibited
Slam. Close something forcefully. Put something down violently e.g. He
slammed the door. He slammed his fist on the table
Overlook. Forget Something
Glimpse. Brief look e.g. After the bomb blast, a witness gave police
description of the criminal who he had glimpsed just before
the blast
Extract. Get something out of something or somebody, often using force
e.g. Butter is an extract of milk. Police uses torture to extract
confession from criminals
Draw. To make a sketch or picture
Draw. Equalize. To end a game with no victory or defeat e.g. Test match
draw
Draw. Bring out. (e.g. blood)
Pout. Push lips outward as a sign of unhappiness
Loom. Something that is imminent, often in a threatening way e.g.
Looming storm. Looming disaster
Ogle. Stare at somebody desirously e.g. Men ogle women openly
Escalate. Increase e.g. hostilities between India and Pakistan may
escalate into nuclear war
 46

Escalator. Moving stairs

Reveal. To make something visible that had been hidden or covered
Revel. to have an enjoyable time in the company of others, especially at
a party
Merriment. Fun and enjoyment marked by noise and laughter
Compel. To force someone to do something
Compulsion. To do something under force, not by free choice
Obsession. Uncontrollable persistence of an idea
Ambiguous. Unclear, having double meaning e.g. When an honorable
man speaks, he does not leave any ambiguity about his
feelings or intentions
Unambiguous. Opposite of ambiguous
Menace. Threat
Literally. Exactly as described e.g. Neo could literally fly like a bird
Virtually. Almost exactly the same thing as described e.g. Batman can
virtually fly like a bird
Virtue. Neki
Virtuous. Nek.
Pious. Virtuous. Saintly
Piety. Neki
Vessel. A large ship or boat
- a container used for holding liquid
Version. A form of something that is different from an earlier form e.g. I
have got the latest version of video games
Vent. An opening in a room or building to allow air or gas to escape
Idiom: Everyone should be allowed to vent their feelings
Venom. Poisonous liquid used by snake used to attack
Vault. Tajouri
Venereal. Diseases spread by sexual contact
Vengeance. Revenge
Vertigo. Feeling of dizziness or losing balance
Ventilator. A fan or an opening to allow fresh air into the room
Apparition. An appearance of a supposed ghost or something ghostly
Phantom. something that can be seen or heard or whose presence can
be felt, but that is not physically present. A ghost or apparition
Fixation. Obsession or a mental attachment to an idea
Mode. a way, manner, or form; e.g. mode of payment is by cheque or
cash. e.g. A way of doing something, or the form in which
something exists
Modus. Mode or manner of doing something
Spawn. (Often disapproving) To cause something to develop or be
Produced e.g. The music band spawned a string of hit singles.
Al Qaeda’s 9/11 success spawned numerous Muslim terrorist
groups all over the world
Habitat. Place of living. environment, territory e.g. Natural habitat of lion
is forest
Habitual. Doing something regularly out of habit e.g. Habitual smoker
Customary. Traditional
Established. Something proven to be correct or true e.g. Police has
established the identity of the murderer; Somebody who has
properly set himself up in a society or profession e.g. My
father is an established lawyer in Karachi
Accomplished. A person who has accomplished something important
e.g. Ghalib was the most accomplished urdu poet in history
 47

Repetitious. Full of repetition

Stereotyped. (Negative word) Standardizing certain type of person as
one group
Periodic. from time to time
Rooted. Well established e.g. Corruption is too deeply rooted in our
society
Hack. Cut something using repeated blows e.g. Serial killer hacking a
dead body
Trite. Boringly repeated opinion or thought
Chop. Cut something up with sharp tool
Mangled. To crush or twist something so that it is badly damaged e.g.
His hand was mangled in the machine
Hallow. To make somebody or something holy e.g. Hallowed ground
Blessed. Sacred
Sanctify. ………
Hallway. Same as Hall
Foyer. A large open space inside the entrance of a theatre or hotel
where people can meet or wait
Cease. Stop e.g. Cease hostility, Cease wars
Cessation. Stop
Seize. Snatch; Grab e.g. Seize your opportunity
Arrest. Take somebody into custody
Arrest. Stop e.g. Medicines have arrested further deterioration of my
health
Deterioration. Become worse
Halt. Stop
Terminate. Finish or kill something
Stall. Small area selling or dispensing goods
Curb. Edge of street
Suppress. Stopping something
Intercept. Interrupt progress of somebody or something e.g. Police has
intercepted exchange of messages between MQM and
Indian government
Obstruct. To block or stop something or cause hurdles in something
Block. Obstruct movement
Hinder. Get in way of
Impede. Hinder
Suspend. To stop something for sometime e.g. Cricketers have been
Suspended; To hang something e.g. The fan is suspending
from the ceiling
Sack. Terminate somebody’s job permanently e.g. PCB has not sacked
any cricketer yet
Stem. The main stalk of a plant that bears buds and shoots
Deter. Restrain or discourage something for doing something e.g. Police
presence is a deterrence
Halve. Divide in two, split
Dissect. to cut and separate the parts of animal or plant specimens for
scientific or medical study
Amateur. Nonprofessional. Someone who plays a game or a hobby or
art not for money
- also a negative word for someone whose performance is
not good. (This bombing seems to be the work of amateurs)
Hamlet. Small Village
Hamper. hinder, slow, stop
 48

Thwart. to prevent somebody or somebody's plan from being successful

Humiliate. to damage somebody's dignity or pride, especially publicly
Handicapped. physically or mentally challenged
Calligraphy. The art or skill of producing beautiful or artistic handwriting
Handbook. guidebook
Handcuff. restrain, shackle
Hardhearted. cold, unfeeling, heartless, cruel
Hardly. scarcely, barely, just. (e.g. we had hardly entered the house,
when it started raining hard)
Imperceptible. Tiny; very slight or gradual
Infrequently. Not appearing, happening, or encountered very often
Somewhat. To some extent
Rarely. Almost never or not very often
Slightly. very small in size, degree, amount, or importance
Sparsely. thinly spread, or occurring with many spaces in between
Hardship. difficulty
Trial. A test or experiment to determine the quality, safety, performance,
usefulness, or public acceptance of something
Sorrow. A feeling of deep sadness caused by a loss or misfortune
Grief. great sadness, especially as a result of a death
Grieve. ……….
Hardware. The equipment and devices that make up a computer
system as opposed to the programs use on it
Appliance. An electrical device or machine that is used for a specific
purpose in the home, e.g. a vacuum cleaner or washing
machine
Fittings Suitable; Appropriate for the circumstances
Utensil. A tool or container, especially one used in a kitchen
Equipment. Necessary items; The tools, clothing, or other items needed
for a particular activity or purpose
Fixture. An object with a fixed position and function
Implement. Tool
Implement. to put something into effect or action
Hardy. Tough
Vigorous. Very strong and active; Energetic
Sturdy. Well made; solidly made
Substantial. Considerable; Sturdy
Staunch. ………
Seasoned. Hardened
Hardened. Strengthened; Made harder or Stronger
Heed. To give serious attention to a warning or advice and take it into
account when acting
Hypocrite. Somebody who pretends to have admirable principles,
beliefs, or feelings but behaves otherwise
Trickster. Somebody who plays tricks
Rascal. Somebody who behaves in a mischievous teasing way,
especially a child
Scoundrel. A dishonorable, unprincipled person
Pretender. Somebody giving false impression
Deceive. Intentionally trick or mislead somebody
Deception. Practice of misleading somebody
Hypothesis. assumption, Theory needing investigation
Supposition. Hypothesis
Hypothetical. Involving ideas or possibilities
 49

Academic. Educational; Scholarly

Logic. Reasoning of particular field
Logical. Sensible and based on facts
Imagine. Form image of something in mind
Vague. Not clear in meaning or intention
Assumed. ...........
Hysteria. An emotionally unstable state
Hysterical. In a state of hysteria
Agitated. To make somebody feel anxious, nervous or disturbed
Frenzied. Wildly excited or out of control
Tempestuous. Frequently turbulent and giving rise to many emotions
Impassioned. Expressing or revealing strong feelings
Overwrought. Extremely Upset, emotional, or agitated
Frantic. Out of control emotionally
Raving. Wildly irrational, angry, or insulting
Delirium. A state of extreme excitement or emotion
Delirious. Extremely excited or emotional
Distraction. Something that diverts attention
Distraught. Extremely upset and distressed
Agitated. Nervousness
Icon. Somebody famous for something; Picture on computer screen
Iconoclast. somebody who challenges or overturns traditional beliefs,
customs, and values or who destroys religious images
Heretic. Somebody who holds unorthodox religious beliefs or
unconventional beliefs
Dissenter. somebody who rejects the authority, doctrines, or practices
of an established church
Rebel. Soldier who opposes government
Rebellion. Attempt to overthrow government
Assumption. Something taken for granted. Something that is believed
to be true without proof
Conjecture. (Negative Word) The formation of judgments or opinions on
the basis of incomplete or inconclusive information
Notion. Idea
Whim. a sudden thought, idea, or desire, especially one based on
impulse rather than reason or necessity
Fantasy. Imagination
Ideal. Best; Perfect
Idealism. Belief in perfection
Idealist. Somebody with high ideals
Exemplary. Discouraging example. ___ punishment
Excellent. Extremely good
Paragon. Example of excellence
Model. A copy of an object, especially one made on a smaller scale
than the original
Goal. Objective. A target of a military operation
Destiny. Manzil
Prototype. the original form of something, which has the essential
features and is the model for subsequent forms
Concept. Understanding an idea
Conception. A result of thought, e.g. an idea, invention or plan etc.
Conscience. Feeling between right or wrong; Zameer
Identical. same, alike. Similar
Interchangeable. Something that can be exchanged with one thing
 50

replacing the other identity

Identity. Pehchan.
Identification. Proof of identity
Classify. Categorize things or people
Badge. a characteristic or identifying mark of a particular brand, quality,
or type of person
Catalogue. Brochure. Magazine full of ads
Badger. A medium-sized burrowing animal that is related to the weasel
and has short legs
Identify. to recognize somebody or something and to be able to say
who or what he, she, or it is
Analyze. assess
Narrate. Describe
Narrative. Description
Illustrate. Explain through examples
Illustrious. distinguished, famous
Idol. Somebody who is worshipped or revered a lot
Idolize. To worship; to revere
Idolatry. The practice of worshipping gods made of statues
Effigy. Dummy representing somebody disliked
Form. Shape
Drawing. Making pictures
Portrait. Painting of a person
Replica. Almost same copy of artwork
Conceive. to form an idea or concept of something in your mind
Inconceivable. Unimaginable
Conceive. To become pregnant
Perceive. to understand or see something in a certain way
Perception. Result of perceiving
Imagery. Images in artistic work
Metaphor.
Imaginable. Able to be imagined
Unimaginable. Unable to imagined
Innumerable. Countless
Comprehend. Understand
Imaginary. Existing only in the mind, not in reality
Visionary. A person who has great imagination
Theoretical. Based on theory
Hallucination. Seeing or hearing something that is not there at all
e.g. There is no one in this room. You are just
hallucinating because of drugs that you have taken
Illusion. Seeing something that is not really there (Illusion is a
temporary thing, hallucination is a serious medical condition
Illusory. Not real. Legendary
Fictitious. False. Untrue. E.g. Characters in 24 are ----
Nonexistent. Which does not exist
Mythology. Thousands of years old stories of gods and heroes e.g.
Zeus is the greatest god in Greek mythology
Legend. a story that has been passed down for generations, especially
one that is presented as history but is unlikely to be true e.g. Iliad
and Odyssey are the two greatest legendary stories in history.
They were both written by the blind, Greek poet Homer around
900BC
Fabulous. Wonderful; Remarkable; Extraordinary
 51

Testimony. Statement of a witness

Invent. Create something new
Inventiveness. Involved in invention
Vision. The ability to see
Visualize. Create positive mental picture of something
Envision. Picture something mentally
Insight. Clear understanding of something
Conception. Something conceived in mind
Contraceptives. a device used to prevent fertilization of an egg, e.g. a
condom worn by a man during intercourse, or a pill
taken regularly by a woman
Sensitive. Someone who cares and understands other people’s needs
Sensible. Reasonable. logical
Original. First and not copied or derived from something else
Creative. New and original
Ambivalent. Unsure
Conjure. To perform illusions and magic tricks usually for entertainment
Buoyed. something that is floating and that does not sink
Fabricate. Invent false story; To make something that is not true
Devise. To make up; Dream up
Device. A tool or machine designed to perform a particular task or
Function
Imbalance. State of disharmony
Irregularity. Being irregular
Uneven. Not having a smooth surface
Inequality. State of being unequal
Imbecile. foolish, silly
Immigrant. outsider, newcomer from outside
Immigrate. move, enter
Immigration. migration. Movement from one place to another
Colonization. To establish colony
Emigration. Leave to live in new land
Imminent. forthcoming, approaching. About to happen or to occur
Mobile. Something that moves
Immobile. rigid, fixed, motionless
Modest. Humble. Shy. Simple
Immodest. shameless
Brash. Self-assertive in an aggressive or rude way
Egotistic. (Negative) A person with a big ego
Immoral. corrupt
Immorality. Contrary to accepted moral principles
Vice. Immoral habit
Depravity. Immorality; Wickedness
Debauch. (Negative) A person living an immoral life of drinking and
other vices
Crooked. Illegal and dishonest
Immortal. Never dying
Everlasting. Lasting for ever
Indestructible. Impossible to destroy
Endure. Bear pain and suffering
Eternal. Existing through all time
Celebrated. Famous and admired
Eminent. Of high standing; Superior in position, fame or achievement
Pre-eminent. Most excellent. Finest or greatest
 52

Glorious. Outstanding. Exceptionally. Lovely

Undying. Without end
Imperishable. Long lasting
Mobile. That moves
Immobile. Motionless. Still. Fixed
Stable. Not changing/Building for horses to live and rest
Impregnable. Something with solid defenses that can’t be breached e.g.
__ castle
Invulnerable. Unable to be hurt
Unassailable. Impossible to challenge
Pervade. Spread throughout something
Pervasive. Present everywhere
Soak. Absorb
Indent. Begin line in from margin
Emboss. Decorate something with raised pattern
Effect. Result; Power to influence
Affect. Asar karna; Influence somebody or something
Dazzle. Amaze somebody; make somebody temporarily unable to see
Fascinate. To make somebody or something unable to move, especially
out of fear
Conjecture. (Negative word) Guesswork
Receptive. Ready and willing to accept something such as new ideas
Extraordinary. Unusually excellent or strange
Notable. Important, distinguished, or famous
Momentous. Highly significant
Profound. Deep
Remarkable. Extraordinary
Trademark. a name or symbol used to show that a product is made by a
specific company and legally registered so that no other
manufacturer can use it
Emblem. Symbol; Badge
Designate. Describe somebody or something formally
Publicize. Make something generally known
Itemize. List individual things
Enumerate. List items individually
Itinerary. List of places to be visited. Record of journey
Roaming. Wandering; Roving
Wonder. Speculate; Question; Be unsure
Wonderful. Magnificent; Superb; Fantastic
Wander. Travel without destination
Wanderer. Nomad; Rover
Nomad. Wanderer; Somebody who wanders from place to place
Drift. Move or wander aimlessly
Graft. Transplanted Tissue; a piece of living tissue or an organ that is
transplanted to a patient's body, either from a donor or from
another part of the patient's body. Grafts are used to replace
damaged or diseased tissue or organs
Jab. Punch Sharply
Stab. Stick a knife in somebody’s body
Tunic. Loose garment worn in past
Sheath. Cover of knife or sword
Jackpot. Cash prize
Bonanza. Top prize
Jaded. Bored; Tired
 53

Lackluster. Absence of vitality, force, life. Boring.

Impassive. Expressionless
Indifferent. Not concerned. Not bothered.
Dungeon. Prison; Cell; Jail
Ramparts. Fortified Embankment
Lockup. Prison
Penal system. System of punishment.
Cage. Metal enclosure usually made from bars or wire for animals
Cell. Room for holding prisoner
Cell. the smallest independently functioning unit in the structure of an
organism.
Jam. Difficult situation
Predicament. Jam; Mess
Conserve. Protect something from harm or decay or waste. E.g. __ fuel
Conservative. Old-fashioned; Conventional; Traditional e.g. ___
environment
Marmalade. Citrus fruit jam
Condense. Change from gas to liquid
Squash. Crush something with pressure
Jolly. Friendly and cheerful; Happy; Enjoyable
Gay. Happy
Joyous. Expressing joy
Jovial. Cheerful
Bliss. Perfect happiness
Jolt. To shake or jerk violently
Recoil. Move back suddenly
Jostle. Push, knock or shove against others
Nudge. Push or poke somebody slightly
Jot. Write something very quickly
Iota. Small amount
Journal. magazine. Periodical publication (Wall Street Journal)
Manual. Using hands. Operated by human being; Instruction booklet
Chronicle. Historical account of something (Investors Chronicle)
Journalist. Reporter; Press member
Columnist. Somebody who writes columns
Correspondent. Somebody providing special reports
Reporter. Somebody who reports news
Expedition. Organized trip by group
Excursion. Short trip
Juxtapose. Put side by side
Evaluate. Examine and judge something
Contrast. Difference
Keen. Intense. Eager
Shrewd. Very clever
Ardent. Passionate; Enthusiastic
Maintain. Make something continue
Juvenile. Immature or childish; Relating to young people
Keepsake. Souvenir; Relic
Souvenir. Memento; Remind
Cask. Tub; Barrel; Container
Barrel. A cylindrical container with a flat top/bottom, used to store liquids
Kernel. Most important part of a particular thing e.g. (heart of a human)
Perturb. Bother; Disturb; Trouble
Bulge. Swell; Be overfilled
 54

Node. Point of intersection

Bump. Knock something
Doorknob. Round handle on door
Latch. Device for keeping doors shut
Knock. Hit repeatedly
Rap. Hit somebody or something sharply; Perform music with spoken
rhythmic vocals
Strike. Hit somebody or something with a hand, weapon, or other object
Thump. Smack; Strike; Hit
Whack. Slap; Hit ; Strike
Beat. Bang; Hit; Strike
Knoll. Hill; Mount
Mound. Heap; Pile; Stack
Hillock. Small hill; Hummock
Knot. Object made by tying
Bond. The way in which one surface sticks to another
Bond. Promise. commitment
Hitch. Join something to something else
Comprehend. Understand something
Apprehend. Fear something
Discern. Differentiate; Detect; Tell the difference
Acknowledge. Admit; Allow; Concede
Conscious. Awake
Intend. Plan. Decision to do something
Intention. Decision to do something
Intent. Plan to do something
Intend. Decision to do something
Insight. Understanding something clearly
Adhesion. Glue
Tag. Label
Marker. Indicator; Symbol; Sign
Insignia. Official symbol. a badge of authority or membership of a group
Emblem. Insignia. Logo
Stress. Pressure. Tension
Toil. Work hard
Endeavour. Try. Make effort
Laborious. Something that requires lot of time and effort and is boring.
Tedious. boring because of being long, monotonous, or repetitive
Exhaustion. tiredness
Exhausting. Tiring. Something that makes you tired
Onerous. Something that is a great burden or is much trouble to do
Arduous. Something requiring hard work or continuous physical effort
Lace. Delicate fabric
Lace. Cord used to tie edges together (shoe laces)
Fasten. To tie up (fasten your shoe laces)
Scion. a child or descendant of a family, especially a rich, famous, or
important family
Adorn. Embellish. To add decoration or ornamentation to something
Strap. a narrow flexible strip of a material such as leather, plastic, or
metal, used to bind or secure something
Jagged. Irregular. Not smooth edge or surface (I have a jagged edge
knife)
Lacerate. to cut or gash the skin jaggedly so that the wound is deep
with irregular edges
 55

Larceny. Theft
Burglary. Illegal entry in a building to commit a crime, often theft
Vast. Huge. Very wide e.g. Alexander conquered a vast area. Russia
has vast snow fields
Massive. Huge
Bulky. Heavy. Having weight
Grand. Very big or very important e.g. Khomeini was grand ayatollah of
Iran. Nadal is grand master of Wimbledon
Considerable. Significant. Kafi e.g. Altan has made considerable
progress
Substantial. Slightly more than significant. kafi
Sufficient. Enough e.g. We had sufficient water to last us three days
Largely. Mostly e.g. To become a tennis champion, there may be
hundreds of contributing factors but largely it is because of
continuous training and hard work
Emphasize. To stress something to show its importance. Kisi baat pe
zor dena
Abundance. availability of something e.g. Saudi Arabia is
largely desert and there is no abundance of water there
Abundantly. A lot. Sufficient. e.g. I made it abundantly clear that I would
not tolerate any insult
At length. In detail e.g. Afridi at length explained causes of Pakistan
defeat
Chief. Main e.g. The chief cause of our nation’s failure is their lack of
integrity and maturity
Chief. Head or leader of a tribe or party
Tether. a rope or chain attached to an animal and attached to
something at the other end, restricting the animal's movement
Teeter. To walk or move unsteadily and as if about to fall e.g. Our
business is teetering on the edge
Noose. a loop at the end of a rope, tied with a knot so that it can be
tightened and slackened, and used for trapping animals or hanging
people
Inappropriate. Something that is not appropriate. Jisay log aam tor par
acha na samjhen e.g. Going around naked in public is
inappropriate
Unseemly. (Exactly same meaning as above)
Lascivious. Lewd. Showing a desire for, or unseemly interest in sex
Licentious. Sexually immoral e.g. Something that is ethically wrong in
sex
Lurid. Horrifying or shocking e.g. TV channels are no longer allowed to
show lurid images of bomb blasts and dead bodies
Sensual. Sexual. Something to do with sex e.g. Hollywood actors have
sexual appeal
Carnal. About sex e.g. Carnal knowledge
Ribald. Humorous but rude and vulgar, often involving jokes about sex
Bawdy. Ribald in a frank, humorous, and often crude way
Lash. Stroke with whip e.g. Hundred lashes is Muslim punishment for
adultery
Lash. Scolding
Lash. Eyelash
Flog. Punish somebody by hitting them many times with a whip or stick
e.g. Taliban openly thrash anyone who doesn’t obey them
Thrash. Defeat opponent decisively e.g. Nadal gave Berdych a sound
 56

thrashing in Wimbledon final

Thrash. Beat person or animal
Lofty. Something higher like lofty stand, principle stand
Arrogant. Rudely proud. Discourteous
Commanding. Commanding position higher and decisive position e.g.
In every match, Australia is normally in a commanding
position
Haughty. Rude. Unjustifiably insulting
Elevation. Height above ground level. E.g. Front elevation of Greek
buildings are majestic
Elevated. Something that has been heightened
Elevate. To raise something. E.g. Peoples Party has elevated the image
of Bhutto and Benazir to the level of saints
Towering. Very big. Daunting. e.g. Umar Farooq had a towering
personality
Log. Register. E.g. Ship captains are required to always keep a daily log
of events
Log. To record in a register or something else
Log. Wood for burning
Account. description
Manual. Register A book or a booklet containing information about how
to do a certain thing or operate a certain machinery
e.g. Manual of car manual of mobile
Ledger. A register in which accounts are maintained
Limbs. Arms and legs
Amputate. Cut off. E.g. Because of cancer, surgeons sometimes have
to amputate a limb
Timber. Wood
Induct. to install somebody formally into a position or office e.g. The
P.M. has inducted three new ministers into his cabinet
Deduct. Subtract. Take something out of something
Infer. To draw a conclusion from some facts. Nateeja akhaz
Deduce. to come to a conclusion by inference from a general principle.
It is a word of logic
e.g. (A) 1 …. 1 = 2
(B) 2 …. 2 = 4
(C) 3 …. 3 = ?
Deduction from A and B is that answer to C is 6
Deduction. Act of deducing
Unblemished. Unstained. Undamaged e.g. For promotion, a bureaucrat
must have an unblemished career
Charade. Ridiculous pretense. an absurdly false or pointless act e.g.
Corrupt politicians’ sympathizing with poor people is nothing
more than a charade
Pantomime. A drama without a dialogue
Wriggle. To move by making quick twisting and turning movements.  
managed to wriggle out of the sleeping bag
Squirm. To wriggle the body, especially because of discomfort or in
an attempt to break free from being held.
To feel very uncomfortable, especially because of shame,
embarrassment, or revulsion. E.g. a tough question made
the PM squirm
Congruent. corresponding to or consistent with each other or with
something else e.g. Colors in this room are not congruent
 57

Harmony. Rhythm
Harmonious. In rhythm. In balance
Consistent. Something that is logically harmonious with no
contradictions e.g. Imran Khan’s views on corruption have
been consistent for the last ten years
Contradictory. Inconsistent. Opposite of consistent
Coherent. Understandable. Something that can be easily understood
e.g. I must learn to talk coherently
Legible. A writing that is readable e.g. Courts do not allow filing of any
document that is not legible
Sluggish. Slow e.g. Old age has made him sluggish
Idle. Free. Not doing anything e.g. On Sundays, we just sit home idly
Loiter. Stand around idly. To stand around without any obvious purpose
Linger. To put off leaving. to delay leaving somewhere because of
reluctance to go. to wait around or move around a place slowly
and idly
Dawdle. to walk or move slowly and reluctantly or idly e.g. We'll get
there in time if you don't dawdle.
Lone. Alone e.g. Benazir was not killed by a lone killer. She was the
target of a conspiracy
Lonely. Feeling alone
Lonesome. Feeling of loneliness
Desert. Sehra
Desert. To abandon something. To desert someone e.g. A man never
deserts his dependants. Deserting the army is always an
offence
Deserted. E.g. Deserted island. Deserted wife
Dessert. Something sweet to eat after dinner
Accompany. To give company
Unaccompanied. Alone e.g. She has gone to the market
unaccompanied
Solitary. Alone
Homesick. Missing home
FORLORN. Far away e.g. The girl in the painting on top of the castle
had a forlorn look on her face
Luminous. Chamaknay wali e.g. Luminous eyes
Radiant. Shining. Bright. Full of life
Glowing. Giving out light e.g. ____ embers
Lump. Piece of something e.g. ___ of sugar
Block. Piece of wood etc.
Block. To stop
Chunk. A piece of something e.g. A chunk of stone flew away and hit
him in the face
Mass. A quantity of matter
Deteriorate. Weaken, worsen or gradual destruction of
something e.g. ___ing health. ___ing law and order
situation in Karachi
Integrate. To make something or somebody part of something bigger
e.g. Muslims living in Western countries should try to
integrate into local societies
Assimilate. To integrate something into a larger body of things e.g.
Muslims in Western countries should try to assimilate into
local population
Assimilate. Absorb or use a new information e.g. Don’t worry I am
 58

giving my answer after fully assimilating all that you have

said just now
Intuition. Sixth sense
Cognitive. The process of acquiring knowledge by the use of our
senses such as seeing, hearing, touching etc. and then to assimilate all
this information to deduce our conclusions
Silliness. Foolishness
Amnesia. Loss of memory
Dementia. Deterioration of mental functions such as memory
Demented. Someone who has dementia
Mania. Crazy about something e.g. He has a mania for video games
Lunatic. Mad
Rational. Logical. Reasonable
Irrational. Illogical. Unreasonable
Idiot. Stupid
Idiotic. Something foolish e.g. Afridi’s ___ shot
Daft. Mentally slow
Thick. Mentally slow
Deranged. Mentally ill. Mad
Psychosis. Proper word of psychology for madness
Psychotic. Mad person
Schyzophrenia. Proper word of psychology for madness
Lunge. Rush forward with great energy e.g. When battle began, both
armies lunged forward to attack each other
Bound. Tied up by ropes etc e.g. Hostage was bound and
gagged
Bound. Kisi cheez ka paband hona. E.g. We are bound by our cultural
norms. I am bound by my commitment
Bond. A rope or something else used to tie up a person e.g. Human
beings should break free of all bonds of prejudice and superstition
A famous English literature novel by Somerset Maugham is ‘Of
Human Bondage’
Bond. A document of loan e.g. A businessman’s word is his bond
Thrust. Push forward e.g. Don’t thrust the book in my face
Surge. Rise or grow rapidly e.g. During World Cup, we hope that
Pakistani team will surge towards the end and at least get to the
semi-final
Lurch. Larkhadatay wey chalna
Stagger. Larkhadana e.g. He staggered to his feet
Weave. Koi Cheez seena like cloth or sweater
Sway. Right or left hilna e.g. The ship mast swayed in the storm
Lure. Attract something through a bait
Bait. Something used to attract and trap something e.g. Fishing is
catching fish with a bait
Prejudice. Have negative feelings or beliefs about something e.g. Our
society suffers from prejudice against non-Muslims in Pakistan
Superstition. Wahem
Bewitch. To trap something through magic
Allure. Attraction e.g. Gold has always had a universal allure
Entice. To tempt e.g. Pizza looks enticing
Enchant. Have magical effect. Mesmerise
Lurid. Ugly. Shocking
Grisly. Ugly. Shocking e.g. T.V news channels are not permitted to
broadcast grisly and lurid scenes of an accident
 59

Sensational. Shocking
Unsound. Baseless. Imbalanced e.g. Suicide bombers are of unsound
minds
Deceit. To deceive
Mob. (Negative) Emotional crowd
Mob. In America, this word is used for mafia or crime gangs
Lynch. to seize somebody believed to have committed a crime and put
him or her to death immediately and without trial, usually by
hanging e.g. In Sialkot, a crazy mob lynched two young boys to
death
Chastise. To scold somebody. To tell off someone
Intransigence. Disobey. Crossing limits
Lyrics. Wordings of a song
Rhyme. Pieces of a poem that are in rhythm to each other
Melodious. Jis me sur ho. Music or song that is sweet, soft and
touching
Lavish. Sumptuously rich, elaborate or luxurious
Sumptuous. Luxurious
Machination. (Negative) A secret, cunning, or complicated plot, plan or
scheme e.g. James Bond always defeats his enemies
despite all their machinations
Machinist. Somebody who operates or repairs a machine
Implement. Enforce something. Apply something practically e.g. No
political party implements the promises that it may have
made with its voters at the time of contesting elections
Microcosm. a miniature copy of something, especially when it
represents or stands for a larger whole e.g. A college is a
microcosm of the larger community.
Cosmos. The whole universe
Rage. Anger
Enraged. Angered
Madden. Enrage
Infuriate. Enrage
Maddening. Annoying, infuriating, upsetting ‘Far from the maddening
crowd’ famous novel
Made-up. Not true. fictitious
Fictitious. False. Not true or genuine e.g. He gave a fictitious name
when confronted
Concocted. Made up
Chaos. Anarchy. Lack of government. A state of complete disorder and
confusion
Lunatic. Mad
Asylum. Refuge. Place for taking shelter
Lunatic Asylum. Place for mad people
Chant. Phrase spoken repeatedly by crowd
Recite. Read aloud formally
Enchanting. Having magical effect e.g. In evenings, the seaside has an
enchanting views
Charming. Nice
Magnate. Somebody rich and powerful e.g. Amitabh Bachchan is
Bollywood movie magnate
Bawl. Cry loudly
Swoop. to descend quickly and suddenly with a sweeping movement,
usually from the air e.g. Avatar movie had huge birds swooping
 60

to attack enemy helicopters

Facilitate. To provide facilities. To make things easy
Felicitate. To pay regards to somebody or to congratulate e.g. On our
national days, all countries felicitate Pakistan
Lavish. Given or produced e.g. There was lavished food in the hotel
Spontaneous. Naturally, without any outside effort
Spectacular. Great
Extravagant. Spending too much e.g. One must avoid living
extravagantly or beyond one’s means
Extravaganza. A lavish and spectacular entertainment
Cranky. Easily irritated e.g. Cranky old man
Chime. Ringing of a bell
Hectic. In a hurry e.g. I made hectic efforts to get to the match on time
Gruesome. Horrible and disgustingly cruel e.g. This movie contains
gruesome scenes
Gory. Bloody. Covered with blood e.g. News channels are not permitted
to broadcast gory scenes
Macabre. Including gruesome and horrific details of death and decay
Elated. Very happy
Giddy. Elated. Extremely happy and excited. Dizzy with joy
Cult. a system of religious or spiritual beliefs, regarded by others as
misguided, unorthodox, extremist, or false, and directed by a
charismatic, authoritarian leader e.g. Every country has many cults
and their followers
Occult. Supernatural things or magic
Sorcery. Magic
Sorcerer. Magician
Witch. A mythical female evil, figure. Jadogarni
Witchcraft. Doing evil, magical things
Vampire. A mythical male, evil figure who sleeps during daylight and
goes out at night and lives by sucking other people’s blood
Mystic. Spiritual
Wizard. Male witch
Conjure. Perform magic tricks
Conjurer. Who performs magic tricks
Divine. Not from this world. From God e.g. Divine health
Magnanimous. Gracious. big-hearted. Easily forgiving e.g. The profit
after conquering Macca treated all his enemies with
magnanimity
Unselfish. Not selfish
Charitable. Relating to charity e.g. This is a charitable cause
Noble. Nek. Pious
Magnetic. Having a magnetic attraction e.g. Magnetic personality
Irresistible. Something or somebody you cannot resist meeting or
enjoying e.g. This burger looks irresistible
Captivating. Attractive. Mesmerizing e.g. 3D Movies are captivating
Fascinating. Very surprising
Alluring. Attractive
Persuade. To use reasoning or logic for changing somebody’s views,
beliefs or get somebody to do something e.g. Profit
persuaded people to accept Islam instead of threatening
them
Persuasive. Somebody who has good persuasion skills
Appealing. Attractive. Persuasive
 61

Magnetism. Attraction, allure, appeal (her star appeal is great)

Charm. the power to delight or attract people
Charming. Person with a personality that charms
Mane. long hair on the head and neck of an animal such as a lion or
horse
Tresses. a lock of long hair of a woman
Dexterous. Someone skillful e.g. tailors are dexterous in stitching
clothes
Devious. (negative) very clever in an evil and negative way. E.g. Asif
Zardari is a devious man
Maneuver. a movement or action that requires skill or dexterity. Clever
move. E.g. despite huge crowd outside cinema, we slowly
were able to maneuver our way to the ticket window
Manipulate. (negative) Influence or use or control other people in a
devious manner so that they do what you want e.g. by
slowing the game and other tricks, he was able to
manipulate the opposite player to lose control, get angry and
make mistakes
Contrive. Same meaning as manipulate but this word is used in a
positive meaning. To accomplish something by being clever
and creative. E.g. She contrived a meeting between warring
factions.
Trough. Container for animal food or water. Also used for containers in
which some chemical in a factory is kept
Manger. Trough from which animals eat
Manhandle. Mistreat physically, beat up somebody. E.g. police
manhandled the thief
Maul. to beat or tear at a person or animal e.g. village people living
close to a jungle, often get their people mauled by jungle
tigers, bear or other animals

Mania. madness, extreme desire, craze (mania for cricket)

Maniac. madman, crazy
Obvious. easy to see or understand because not concealed, difficult, or
ambiguous
Evident. Obvious. e.g. the full extent of her injuries did not become
evident until they tried to move her.
Manifest. Obvious. evident
Manifest. to make something evident by showing or demonstrating it
very clearly e.g. China’s rising power is manifest in so many
things
Manifestation. Proof. Sign e.g. but there are many manifestations of
existence of God
Manifest. Part of a ship’s cargo. E.g. ship’s manifest. flight manifest
Ream. Quantity of paper. E.g. Double A’s ream
Ravage. Completely wreck or damage something
Plunder. to rob a place or the people living there, or steal goods using
violence and often causing damage, especially in wartime or
during civil unrest e.g. gangs of looters plundering the
electronics stores
Glamour. an irresistible alluring quality that somebody or something
 62

possesses by virtue of seeming much more exciting,

romantic, or fashionable than ordinary people or things. E.g.
people desperately try to become film actors because of the
glamour of movie stars
Frantic. Someone in an emotional state where it is impossible to keep
feelings or behavior under control, usually through fear,
worry, or frustration
Mannequin. model, dressmaker’s dummy, display
Mannerism. manners
Eccentric. Slightly abnormal. Having odd habits and moods
Quirk. a peculiar habit, mannerism, or aspect of somebody's character
Nestle. to put something such as delicate china or glassware in a
protected cushion of soft material
Cuddle. to nestle together or hold somebody or something close for
affection, warmth, or comfort
Crib. a bed for a baby or small child that has high, usually vertically
barred, sides to keep the child from falling out
Cot. crib
Cradle. Baby’s bed
Suckle. to take milk from a mother's breast, teat, or udder, or allow a
young child or animal to do this
Nourish. to give people, animals, or plants the substances they require
to live, grow, or remain fit and healthy
Savor. to enjoy something with unhurried appreciation. E.g. he savored
the moment of his victory
Simmer. Cook something at just below boiling point
Stew. a dish of meat, fish, or vegetables, or a combination of them, that
is cooked by slow simmering
Tweak. to pinch somebody gently and usually affectionately or playfully
e.g. tweaking baby’s cheek
Tweak. To touch and adjust something slightly. E.g. There was no major
problem with our car. It just needed a bit of tweaking by the
mechanic
Lunge. a sudden strong attacking movement forward e.g. Roman
armies lunged with fearsome force
Clench. Hold teeth or fist tightly together
Essence. the most important element or feature of something. E.g. the
essence of leadership is confidence and character
Deride. To show contempt or ridicule for somebody
Derisive. contemptuous
Snicker. to laugh disrespectfully or say something derisively
Revulsion. A sudden strong feeling of disgust
Repulsion. Revulsion
Repulsive. E.g. The smell of this food is repulsive
Brink. Edge. E.g. __ of rock or mountain
Tottering. to be unstable or on the point of collapse e.g. our economic
system is tottering on the brink of collapse
Loathe. to dislike someone intensely e.g. we must all loathe corruption
Loath. Unwilling or reluctant to do something e.g. I am always loath to
going out to parties late at night
Contemplate. Think. imagine
Reverie. Day dream. A state of idle and pleasant contemplation
Yield. Give in or surrender to something such as to force or to an
 63

argument or to an attraction or to a desire. E.g. strong

people do not yield to daily temptations or threats
Yield. Crop
Copulate. To have sexual intercourse
Capitulate. To surrender or yield to force or an argument etc.
Prime. Main or most important
Prime number. A number that can be divided without a remainder
only by one and itself
Prime. To make something ready or prepared before hand. E.g. a
witness for cross examination. e.g. because of food price
hikes and rising crime rate, Pakistani people are all primed
for a revolution

Primer. a book used to teach young children to read, usually containing

simple stories. A book that provides an introduction to a topic
e.g. Samuelson’s Economics is a primer for students of
economic
Primary. Most important. first or earliest in a sequence e.g. primary
school.
Prep. Preparation for an activity e.g. prep school
Dainty. Delicate and pretty. E.g. ___ finger nails
Coax. to get something from somebody by gentle persuasion. E.g. after
catching the terrorist, the police coaxed him to reveal his friends’
names
Spew. Pour out forcefully. E.g. volcano spewing ash and lava
Primal. Most basic, earliest and most important e.g. we all have a primal
fear of dark places
Means. Resources. E.g. we must not live beyond our means
Norm. a standard pattern of behavior that is considered normal in a
Society. E.g. respecting elders is a norm of our culture that is
not part of Western culture
Dimension. One aspect of a reality or fact. E.g. painting and pictures
are always in two dimensions though ‘we’ see the world
around us in three dimensions
Capacity. the amount that can be held or contained by something e.g.
Drum
Measured. Deliberate, systematic, controlled (e.g. His response was
measured and calculated)
Stereotyped.(Negative) Same routine, manner of doing something
without application of mind e.g. He has a stereotype
answer to all my questions
Mechanism. Process. System e.g. In Karachi, there is no good
mechanism for controlling cheating in exams
Award. A gift of money as a sign of good performance e.g. All armies in
the world give bravery awards to all their soldiers who die in
combat. Oscar awards, Hollywood awards
Commemoration. Doing something formal in honor of somebody’s
Memory e.g. On every 6th September, Pakistan army
Commemorates all its soldiers who died in 1965 war
with India
Medal. Something to wear that is given in a ceremony as a sign of
victory or exam results etc.
Badge. Something to wear on your coat to show your official capacity
e.g. Badge of sheriff, badge of police officer
 64

Meddle. Interfere
Meddlesome. One who meddles.
Intrusive. Something that interferes
Interlope.
Mediate. To help two parties resolve their dispute. arbitrate
Arbitrate. To decide about the dispute between two people
Negotiate. To bargain with somebody for better terms e.g. We will
negotiate with the shopkeeper for lowest prices
Medication. Medicine
Mediocre. Common, average. A person with average intelligence
Meditate. To deeply think. To reflect. Consider
Meditation. Thought, reflection, consideration
Middleman.
Trader. Somebody who business is to buy and sell goods
Jobber.
Miff. Hurt somebody's feelings, annoy
Might. Strength, force, power, ability
Mighty. Imposing, powerful, great
Migrate. Move permenantly from one country to another
Migration. Process of migrating
Migrant. Muhajir. Hijra
Emigrate. To move out of a country
Immigrate. To move into a country
Voyage. Long journey
Depart. Leave
Departure. Act of leaving
Mild. Moderate, soft, gentle e.g. Cheese has a mild taste
Meek. Showing submissiveness and lack of initiative or will e.g. Among
animals, lamb is known as the meek. Blessed are the meek for
they shall inherit the Earth
Militant.(Negative) Violent, warlike
Warmonger.(Negative) One who loves war
Belligerent. Somebody who likes to fight
Bonnet. Hood. Cover of car’s engine
Bonnet. Woman’s hat
Mimic. Copy somebody’s way of talking to make fun of him/her
Burlesque. Muscular and strong
Caricature. Making, insulting cartoon of somebody
Inclination. Tendency. Mental preference for something e.g. We
Pakistanis have an inclination to ignore the law, to break
traffic lights, to ignore queues etc.
Inclined. e.g. The umpire was inclined to give Pakistani player run out
but the referee overruled him
Mind. Mind karna
Heed. Take notice or pay attention to something e.g. Young people are
not inclined to heed to the advice of elders
Heedless driving. Reckless driving
Mindless. Senseless e.g. Mindless killing
Miniature. Little, small, tiny
Mutual. Reciprocal, common
Reciprocal. Equal exchange of equal people e.g. The feeling of
animosity between India and Pakistan is reciprocal, is mutual
Muzzle Suppress
Hush. To quieten something. To stop the spreading of rumor e.g.
 65

Zardari wants to hush up

Gag. Forcefully close somebody’s mouth to make him stop talking e.g.
Bound and gagged
Muffle. To subdue sound or something
Myriad. Too numerous to count. so many that they cannot be counted.
Made up of many different components e.g. Pakistan is facing
myriad challenges
Mysterious.
Obscure. Not clear. Shady e.g. His face is obscure in the picture
Enigma. Something impossible to comprehend. A big puzzle
Enigmatic.
Mystic. A person having spiritual powers. Rohani Takat
Occult. Not understandable
Mystify. To cause puzzle. To make it difficult to understand
Perplex. To cause puzzle. To make it difficult to understand
Myth. Ancient story. a traditional story about heroes or supernatural
beings, often attempting to explain the origins of natural
phenomena or aspects of human behavior e.g. Zeus was the
greatest god in the Greek mythology
Mythological.
Saga. A complicated series of events or personal experiences stretching
over a considerable period of time, or a detailed account of such a
series of events or experiences e.g. Saga of Bhutto family
Sagacious. Wise
Sage. Old, wise and pious person
Parable. Moral or religious story. A short simple story intended to
illustrate a moral or religious lesson
Fable. Story that teaches lesson
Legend. A story that has been passed down for generations, especially
one that is presented as history but is unlikely to be true e.g.
Imam Hussain’s courage and sacrifice in Karbala is legendary.
Imran Khan is now a cricket legend.
Lore. acquired knowledge or wisdom on a subject such as local
traditions, handed down by word of mouth and usually in the form
of stories or historical anecdotes e.g. Our literature is rich with
precious lore
Fanciful. Imaginary. Not true
Fantasy. Mental image or dream e.g. We people here live in fantasy
without facing facts

Nab. snatch, take hold of e.g. police has nabbed two mobile snatchers
Nag. Bother, irritate, annoy (e.g. nagging wives)
Naïve. (not an insulting word) Too simple and innocent, unsophisticated.
Not clever. bhola
Naiveté. innocence, inexperience
Swindle. To take money from someone through cheating
Fleece. Wool shorn from sheep to make shawl etc.
Fleece. to swindle somebody out of money. E.g. by taking too much
money from somebody by cheating or overcharging

Fame. Estimation of a person by general public (e.g. Ali was famed for
his courage and piety)
 66

Reputation. Same as fame. E.g. Zardari has a bad reputation

Notorious. (negative) someone with a bad reputation. E.g. people killed
a notorious robber in firing
Notoriety. Zardari’s notoriety preceded his becoming President

Renowned. Famous. Mashhoor. (E.g. Shakespeare is the most

renowned poet and dramatist in the world. What are
renowned eating spots in this town?

Propose. Offer a suggestion. E.g. let me propose a solution

Propose. Offer made by a man to marry a woman
Allot. Formally give something to someone. E.g. this plot was allotted to
us by the government ten years ago after open bidding.
These are govt allotted lands. After open bidding, the
contract to build motorway was allotted to our company
Assign. To mark a job or a project to somebody. E.g. CIA trained and
then gave Jason Bourne an assignment to assassinate a
Russian politician. City School gives silly assignments to
students
Assignment. A job. A task given to someone
Remark. Comment. To pass comments on something
Remarkable. Something that is worth commenting about. Something
great. E.g. Pakistani team’s performance was remarkable
Unremarkable. Nothing great. Nothing worth any discussion

Hazy. Not clear. Vague. E.g. because of last minute camera movement,
the image is all hazy
Blurred. Double image. Or hazy image. E.g. because of rain drops on
our windscreen, everything looks blurred
Obscure. Vague. Difficult to see. Indistinct E.g. Because of insufficient
light at night time, all the pictures I took are obscure
Obscure. difficult to understand because of not being fully or clearly
expressed e.g. his speech was full of obscure parts
Obscure. Not important or well-known or known to few people. E.g. he
was an obscure painter at his time. Jesus, despite being the
founder of world’s biggest religion, was one of the most
obscure characters in history
Nap. short sleep during day time or evening
Slumber. Sleep. To be asleep or inactive. E.g. Muslims have yet to
wake up from centuries old slumber
Pile. Dhereey. Pile of books. Pile of wood
Texture. Feel of something. Surface of something. E.g. I like the texture
of your sofa seats
Napkin. Handkerchief used to keep food from dropping your clothes
Necessitate. force, require, obligate (e.g. illness necessitates treatment)
Requisite. Required. Necessary. E.g. we have purchased requisite
quantity of diesel to last one week for our generator
Nectar. the sweet liquid that flowering plants produce as a way of
attracting the insects and small birds that assist in pollination
Poverty. ghurbat
Impoverished. Who has become poor. E.g. because of corruption, an
increasing number of people are becoming impoverished every day
Poverty-stricken. Suffering from poverty. E.g. poverty-stricken families
come to Karachi to live off begging
 67

Needy. A person who needs. Poor person e.g. Quran commands us to

help the poor and the needy

Deprive. Keep someone without something. E.g. Yazid army cut off
Hussain and his family from River Euphrates at Karbala thus
keeping them deprived of water for ten day till the day they died on
10 Muharram. Children who don’t get enough food, even when the
grow up and become rich, they can never overcome their time of
deprivation and remain insecure and greedy
Deprivation. Process of depriving. E.g. Sleep deprivation is one the
modes that CIA uses to force terrorists to cooperate with
them and give them names of their associates
Penniless. Without even a single penny. Very poor
Lack. Without something. E.g. As a tennis player, I still lack sufficient
match practice
Scarce. Shortage of something. E.g. Scarcity of food and electricity may
result in complete chaos and anarchy in Pakistan
Scarcity. ….
Nefarious. Evil. Immoral. E.g. Even before he left Mecca for Koofa,
Hussain was fully aware of Yazid’s nefarious designs
Negate. Do something against something that results in cancelling out
whatever positive thing may have been done earlier (e.g. US
drone attacks negate all the good will that they create by
giving aid to Pakistan)
Resentment. Dislike. E.g. Resentment over drone attacks is increasing
in Pakistan. I resent cheating in tennis.

Misgiving. Unhappy or displeased about something

Deny. Refuse to accept something as true. E.g. Salman Butt, Asif and
Amir have all denied match fixing allegations
Denial. Act of denying. E.g. Salman Butt’s denial is not credible
Deny. to deprive. not permit somebody from having something. E.g.
Yazid army denied Hussain access to Euphrates’s water

Monarch. King or queen. UK’s current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II.

Monarchy. System of government in which head of state is always the
eldest son of a family whose eldest son, has the right to become
the next king. E.g. There is no monarchy in Islam.
Disavow. to deny any knowledge of, responsibility for somebody or
something
Renounce. to give up formally a claim, title, position, or right e.g. King
Edward VIII, who was Queen Elizabeth II’s uncle, renounced
his crown, just to marry a divorced American woman and it
was thus that his younger brother, Elizabeth’s father,
became king
Renounce. To reject or disavow a certain belief or theory e.g. despite
religious people still renounce Darwin’s theory of evolution
Renounce. To stop doing something. E.g. He has renounced smothing
Abdicate. To give up right to crown or throne. E.g. King Edward VIII’s
abdication of British crown
Neglect. Careless. Ignore e.g. parents should not neglect children’s
education
Defer. Keep something pending. Avoid doing something or taking a
 68

decision. E.g. the court deferred the hearing of the case to

another date
Revive. To bring something back to life. To recover from a serious
illness or problem e.g. the demonstrations in Tunisia, Egypt
and all over Middle East show that Islamic societies may be
reviving after centuries’ old slumber
Unresponsive. Not giving any response. E.g. after the accident, the
patient remained unconscious even after doctors tried to
revive him with electric shocks
Concentrate. Focus.
Concentration. Focus and attention. E.g. noise affects concentration.
Concentration camp. (negative) in history, camps that were set up in
Europe by German forces during WWII to keep Jews there.
Millions of Jews in those concentration camps were finally killed
through gas chambers. The most notorious concentration camp
was Alshwitz
Intercede. to plead with somebody in authority on behalf of somebody
else, especially somebody who is to be punished for
something e.g. the US government must now be interceding
with Pakistani government to find a way to release the US
intelligence officer who assassinated two men in Lahore
Resolve. To find a solution to a serious dispute or controversy
Resolve. Strong determination
Settle. To start living at one place permanently e.g. After coming from
Bahawalpur, we have finally settled down in Karachi
Settle. Fall down in one place. e.g. when dust settled, we realized that
he had disappeared.
Settle. Take revenge. E.g. Are you going to settle scores with your
enemy
Settlements. Place where large number of people live. E.g. After the
age of cavemen, the first human settlements seem to have
developed tens of thousands years ago.
Local. Apney ilaqay ka. Of local area
Locality. Local area
Vicinity. Surrounding nearby area. As pas ka area E.g. Where do they
live? They live somewhere in the vicinity of Aga Khan
Hospital
Indigenous. Local NOT foreign. E.g. every country helps
development of indigenous industry
Neophyte. beginner, trainee, learner
Sickening. So repulsive that it makes one sick. E.g. This smell is
sickening
Vocal. Relating to speech or talking. E.g. he is a quiet person, i.e. not
very vocal.
Vocal chords. Tissue in our throat through which we speak. E.g.
Singers’ have strong vocal chords
Rowdy. Unruly. Noisy and disorderly e.g. the conference became quite
rowdy
Dumb. (noun) Person who cant speak
Dumb. (adj) An idiot. Someone with low intelligence
Deaf. one who cant hear
Deafening. So loud that it can burst hearing drums and make a person
deaf e.g. last night there were deafening explosions in
Karachi
 69

Nomad. Khana badosh. a member of a people who move seasonally

from place to place to search for food and water or pasture
for their livestock. Normally these are nomadic tribes
Vagabond. A wanderer who has no permanent place to live
Drifter. (negative) somebody who does not stay in the same place or
job for long, but is always moving on, apparently without aim,
from place to place
Itinerary. Plan or schedule of travel. E.g. Amex Travels gave us our
printed itinerary for our travel to Far East
Itinerant. A person who is traveling from place to place to find work or
as part of your work
Nominate. Formally name for something.
Nonchalant. casual, indifferent, emotionless. E.g. our politicians are
nonchalant about the serious problems that people are
facing
Moving. Something evoking emotional reaction. E.g. There were
moving scenes at the time of Benazir’s burial. I find A R
Rahman’s music quite moving
Unmoved. Despite the man’s crying and shouting, the Judge remained
unmoved
Trivial. Unimportant. Petty. Small matter e.g. Don’t fight on trivial matter
Trivia. Small
Custom. Tradition. Reet rivayaat
Custom. Duty imposed on import of goods e.g. In Pakistan, marriage
custom are taken from those of Hindus in India
Customary. ….
Traditions. Custom e.g. In Karachi, people have a tradition to continue
marriage ceremonies all night
Traditional. ….
Conventions. Customs and traditions followed by nations, states and
government e.g. Under diplomatic conventions, foreign
embassy officials are exempt from criminal laws of the
local country
Conventional. Traditional
Unconventional. Not traditional. New thing that is against tradition
Conform. To adjust something e.g. In our intolerant society, we are
being to conform to the extreme views of religious
fundamentalists
Conformist. A person who adjusts to other people’s views
Nonconformist. Unconventional person
Rebel. Baghi
Rebellion. Baghawat
Nonprofit. unselfish, humanitarian
Nonsense. silliness, ridiculousness
Ridiculous. Odd, ajeeb, silly thing
Nonviolent. Not violent e.g. Gandhi was the biggest champion of
nonviolence
Tranquil. Peaceful. Quiet e.g. People go to mountains for peace and
tranquility
Nook. Small corner or recess e.g. We looked for
our mobile phone in every nook and corner of the house
Compartment. Small artificial room e.g. Railway compartment
Noose. line, cord e.g. Noose was tied around his neck
Snag. A minor problem or obstacle to progress e.g. There was few
 70

minutes delay in start of ceremony because of a snag

Nostalgia. Attachment with walls, buildings and places that reminds of a
person about old, fond memories
Yearning. Tarasna
Pine. Kisi cheez ke liye tarasna
Reminiscence. Recollection of past
Abstract. Not relating to concrete objects but expressing something that
can only be appreciated intellectually e.g. Abstract art.
Picasso was the greatest abstract painters
Nosy.(negative) Curious
Prying.(negative) Jo doosron ki information rekhta ho. Be inquisitive.
Curious
Curious. An urge to know about other people (don’t be curious about
your neighbors’ lives)
Curious. strange
Inquisitive.(Not negative) Curious. A person who likes to inquire about
Everything. Who wants to know everything. E.g. A good
student must have an inquisitive mind
Notable. Outstanding. (e.g. we need to talk to notables of this village)
Eminent. Well established and well known in a certain field or
Profession e.g. Aitzaz Ahsan is an eminent lawyer
Imminent. Something that is bound to happen to or about and is about
to happen e.g. After five top batsmen got out for 50 runs,
Pakistan’s defeat became imminent. Rain seems imminent
today
Notch. a level or step on a scale, especially one measuring quality or
Achievement e.g. Shoaib Akhtar is a top notch bowler
Furrow. Kisi cheez mein bal jaise mathe pe bal
Note. Memento
Memento. Souvenir. An object given or kept as a reminder or in memory
of somebody or something
Souvenir. Memento
Nuptials. Relating to marriage or weddings e.g. Nuptials customs
Wedlock. Relationship of marriage e.g. All the children of the profit were
from the wedlock with Khateeja
Nurse. A baby feeding of mother’s milk
Nurse. Professional women who work at hospital to care for patients
Nurse. Help somebody recover from injuries or serious illness
Nurse. Keep a grudge against a person in heart e.g. He is nursing a
grudge against ….
Wet nurse. A woman to care for a baby who is able to feed that baby
her milk e.g. The Prophet’s wet nurse was Haleema
Nurture. Feed. Give food to. Help something grow
Nourish. E.g. Milk is an ideal nourishment for children
Nutritious. Food full of energy, healthy, nourishing, beneficial
Nuzzle. Rub something with nose e.g. Pet dogs nuzzle
Nestle. Hug, Cuddle
Cuddle. Hug, Nestle

Drain. Sewage pipes for taking away water and sewage away from
house etc. e.g. Our drainage pipes seem to be leaking
Drain. Something that uses up resources or energy e.g. I feel drained
 71

after playing for three hours

Depleted. to use up or remove all the contents of something
Replenish. Replace used items. E.g. I eat chocolate to replenish my
depleted energy for the next tennis match
Oasis. fertile ground in a desert where the level of underground water
rises to or near ground level, and where plants grow and travelers
can replenish water supplies
Sanctuary. Shelter e.g. The Prophet sought sanctuary in Medina
Oath. Formal promise or commitment e.g. governor has taken oath of
Office. hulf
Swear. Qasam khana
Swear. Use bad words. E.g. ‘god damn’
Obdurate. stubborn
Obstinate. stubborn
Callous. Uncaring. A person who has no feelings or compassion or
conscience. E.g. people in our country have become callous.
Nothing affects them.
Dutiful. Obedient. A person who is conscious of his duties
Dedicated. Loyal to something or somebody. E.g. he is a dedicated
father and husband
Dedicate. To name something to someone to honour that person. E.g.
authors normally dedicate their books to their loved ones
Docile. Quiet and easy to control
Submissive. Ready to submit to others demands. Weak and easy to
dominate.
Meek. Quiet and submissive
Flesh. the soft tissues, primarily muscle and fat, that cover the bones of
people and other animals
Sag, (negative) hanging of a part of body because of extra fat e.g.
sagging chin, breast
Obese. overweight
Fleshy. fat
Flabby. Having excess body fat or sagging flesh
Give in. surrender. Give up some effort
Intention. irada
Intend. Irada. E.g. I intend to win this tournament
Condemn. Severely criticize
Censure. Severely criticize
Dispute. Jaghra.
Amicable. Friendly. E.g. India should seek to amicably settle its
disputes with its neighbours
Amiable. friendly
Objective. Goal. target. aim. intention. Purpose. E.g. we all must have a
clear goal in life

Objective. From outside, from above. On the basis of facts as seen

from outside.
Subjective. From inside. How a person feels and sees things from
inside
e.g. subjectively, Muslims all over the world feel that they are
the best but objectively, they are rude, crude, illiterate,
intolerant, and they have not contributed anything towards
development of science or arts.
Objectively, I may appear ok but subjectively, I am very
 72

depressed and down

Biased. (negative) One-sided. Having one side of view of things

Unbiased. Not on any side
Partisan. (negative) siding with one side. Not independent
Nonpartisan. Not on any side e.g. UN can never appear as partisan.
Normally, word biased is used for ‘views’ and partisan is used for
physically siding with someone
e.g. parents should not be biased against or for any child
Pakistan should be non-partisan in the civil war going on in
Afghanistan
Prejudiced. Someone who has preconceived notions or beliefs against
someone e.g. Asians complain that they face prejudice in
Western countries
Partial. An incomplete part. E.g. His face was partially covered
Partial. Person having preconceived notions or liking for something. E.g.
I am partial to hot coffee. I cant give you a fair assessment of
the match because I am partial towards Pakistani team

Aloof. uninvolved or unwilling to become involved with other people or

events e.g. upper class has remained aloof from all the loot
and plunder that Pakistan has suffered during last 63 years
Indebted. A person who owes something to someone either by way of
loan or a favour. Maqrooz. ehsanmand
Oblige. Get someone or compel somebody to do something. E.g. At gun
point, the family was obliged to give in to robbers’ demand
Obliged. Feel thankful on a favour E.g. almost all applications, end with
the expression, ‘I shall be obliged if you …..’
Oblige. Do someone a favour. E.g. would you oblige me by shutting this
door.
Obliging person. Helpful person. Wo jo ehsan karta ho
Obligation. Favour. ehsan

Restrain. To stop somebody from doing something. E.g. I couldn’t

restrain myself from crying
Restraint. Holding device like a chain or handcuff e.g. the judge told the
police to remove the prisoners restraints
Compel. To force someone to do something
Compulsion. Doing something by force NOT by free will e.g. the
prisoner told the judge that he had given his confessional
statement to police under compulsion
Dispense machine. a machine that contains chocolates, chips and
pepsi and operates with a coin

Dispense. Skip something. E.g. let us dispense with formalities and get
down to the issue in hand
Dispensable. Not important. Something can be ignored or skipped e.g.
most CIA agents discover that they are dispensable
Indispensable. Someone or something that is critically important. E.g.
everyone thinks he or she is indispensable to this
world. ‘Graveyards are full of indispensables’
Odd. Unimportant temporary job
Expendable. Dispensable
Induce. To encourage or solicit someone to do something. E.g. don’t
 73

induce children to start misbehaving

Obstacle. barrier
Impediment. Barrier
Prefer. Give priority to something over something else. E.g. What do
you want to play? Cricket or tennis? I would prefer tennis. I
would prefer death to living like a dishonorable coward
Preferential treatment. Parents must not give preferential treatment to
any one child. Teachers sometimes pick their favourites and
start giving him or her preferential treatment
Orderly. A helper who takes orders and helps with little things. British
used to keep orderlies in rest houses
Bearer. The one who carries. This word is normally used for people who
are in restaurants or hotels to carry and serve food
Order. Direction
Order. Things being proper with everything in place e.g. when we came
back to our room, everything was still in order their. ‘Law and
order’ situation.
Disorder. Opposite of order. Everything out of place. e.g. Egypt is facing
widespread disorder
Obstruct. block, stop
Hinder. Stop. Block. obstruct
Obvious. clear. evident
Oblivious. Not caring about somebody or something. E.g. Husni
Mubarak is oblivious to how people hate him, so long as they
allow him to remain in power
Apparent. Obvious to eyes or to senses. E.g. from the way you are
eating, it is apparent that you are famished
Apparently, the American shot the robbers in Lahore from
the back
Explicable. explainable
Inexplicable. Not explainable. E.g. because of some inexplicable delay,
the match could not begin on time
Incidence. Rate of occurrence of something. E.g. incidence of flu is
increasing in the country
Incident. waqea
Episode. Incident. waqea
Episode. qist
Rare. Shazo nadir
Occasional. Irregular. Kabhi kabar
Frequent. Something that happens again and again e.g. electricity
supply stops frequently these days
Often. Frequently. At short intervals or repeatedly e.g. we often go to
Avari’s Chinese

Occult. Something involving magic, witchcraft, or supernatural

phenomena
Occult. Hidden. concealed
Odd. ajeeb
Absurd. Curious. Ziada ajeeb
Bizarre. Very strange. Shocking. More than absurd
Disclose. Reveal. Opening or telling a secret. E.g. Wikileaks contains
bizarre disclosures
Undisclosed. Secret. E.g. Taliban spokesman was speaking to the
newspaper from an undisclosed location
 74

Occupy. To fill in a space. E.g. air occupies all empty space on earth.
My mind is occupied with images and memories past
Occupation. profession, service, work
Seize. Grab. snatch
Triumph. Overcome something difficult. Be successful. E.g. I hope I will
triumph in the coming tournament
Compass.
Encompass. To cover something e.g. Effect of atom bomb in Hiroshima
and Nagasaki encompassed hundreds of miles
Enthuse. Fill with enthusiasm. To fill somebody with passion e.g.
Haseeb is enthused with liking for his new school
Enthralled. Be in a state of thrill e.g. Afridi gave an enthralling
performance today
Occur. take place, happen e.g. The incident occurred at 11
Naval. Relating to navy
Oceanic. Relating to ocean. Naval
Marine. Relating to ocean e.g. Marine life, marine plant.
Maritime. Relating to sea and shipping e.g. Maritime laws
Seafaring. Regularly going to sea e.g. Seafaring boats
Optimal. Best and most desirable
Optimum. E.g. Now that we have made optimum efforts, we should
leave the outcome to God
Optimism. Belief in positive aspects of things. Hopeful state of mind
Pessimism. Belief in negative and depressing aspects of things.
Hopeless state of mind
Self-assurance. One who is sure of himself. Confidence.
Foresee. See beforehand the happening of something
Foresight. Capacity to foresee things e.g. We should have the foresight
to see what is important for our career
Foretell. Tell beforehand the happening of something
Forecast. Foretell. To tell about an event beforehand e.g. The govt
forecasted a lot of rains for the coming seasons. Weather
forecast is sunny for Karachi. Economic forecast for Pakistan
is depressing
Anticipate. Foresee. Assess beforehand the happening of a thing
Seer. Some people who have supernatural powers to see past or future
events
Soothsayer. Somebody telling future
Oracle. In ancient times, someone who people believed had the
religious power to foretell their future
Option. Alternative, choice
Optional. Having choices. flexible, non-compulsory
Opulence. Wealth. Being wealthy
Affluence. Being wealthy e.g. After Europe and US, now far east has
been able to create affluent societies
Orbit. Revolve. The path that a revolving body follows
Preordained. Something the happening of which is already fixed
through fate .Destined, doom e.g. Our time of death is
preordained
Destiny. Last place on a path
Destined. On a path to get to a particular destiny e.g. Bill Clinton and
Barack Obama were destined to be great leaders
Consecrate. Declare or make something holy e.g. The prophet
consecrated Medina by making it his home
 75

Sanctify. Make something holy

Ordeal. Difficult problem
Complex. Complicated
Progression. Gradual progress e.g. Regular radio therapy arrested
further progression of cancer
Reserved. Hold for someone e.g. table
Reserved. Somebody who is not frank
Overwrought. Very upset
Owe. To be bound to return money or favor to somebody e.g. I owe you
a hundred rupees
Acknowledge. Indicate recognition of something e.g. As an
acknowledgement of appreciation, the school gave a special
trophy
Proprietor. Owner of a business
License. Permission to do something which is otherwise illegal e.g.
Keeping weapons and driving are activities that are subject to
license. Walking on the road or driving a bicycle is not subject
to license.
Licensor. One who gives license
Licensee. One who has a license
Custody. Having possession of something e.g. Taking custody of a
child
Title. Ownership
Title. Prefix of a name as a token of an honor e.g. “Queen is her
majesty” and ambassador’s title is “your excellency
Title deeds. Documents evidencing ownership of a property

Pace. Speed
Gait. Style of walking
Pacify. To calm somebody, soothe, conciliate
Placate. Pacify
Appease.(negative) With the object of maintaining peace, to give in to
the demands of an aggressor, to avoid clash not out of
wisdom, but out of weakness
Package. packet, box, carton, bundle, parcel
Pact. treaty, contract, agreement
Padding. filling, stuffing
Padlock. Old type of lock.
Fasten. To tie up something e.g. Fasten your seatbelts
Latch. Door lock or a device that keeps a door or gate closed
Latch. Hold on to something. E.g. the snake latched on to his leg and
didn’t let go till it was killed
Pagan. Crude religions that were there before Judaism, Christianity and
Islam
Heathen. (negative) an offensive word for someone who doesn’t believe
in Torah, Bible or Quran
Idle. Not doing anything. Absolutely free e.g. I am sitting idle
Idol. Something people worship
Idolatrous. A person who worships idols
Pendent. (Adj) Something that is dangling or hanging
Pendant. (noun) A dangling ornament or jewelry that hangs from a
necklace, bracelet, or earring
 76

Pending. Awaiting e.g. All work is still pending. Not done yet
Pierce. To drill a hole through something
Prick. To touch something with a sharp needle. Chubhona
Penetrate. To get into something e.g. Rain water has penetrated a roof.
We have penetrated the enemies’ armies line of defense
Penetrating. E.g. Penetrating look. A look that penetrates through the
appearance and easily finds the true thoughts or feelings
that are hidden behind a face expression. Sharp, astute,
shrewd
Penitent. expressing or feeling regret or sorrow for having committed
sins or misdeeds e.g. mostly criminals are penitent of their
misdeed
Repent. Regret doing something
Penitentiary. A prison, specially for people who have committed serious
crimes
Pension. Money paid every month to an employee after retirement
annuity
Annuity. Regular payment of money to something. E.g. King fixed his
annuity.
Annuity. an investment of paying annual profit either annually or
quarterly or monthly
Perceive. To mentally grasp or understand something e.g. In reality, he
is a different person from how you perceive it. In Europe and
America, all Muslims are perceived as terrorists.
Perception. Appearance. Impression E.g. Perceptions can be
misleading. perceptions are more
important than reality because the world takes decisions on
the basis of perceptions
Perceptible. Large enough or distinct enough to be perceived or noticed
Perceptive. A shrewd person who can cut away through appearance
and find reality. keen observant, alert, insightful
Gaze. Thoughtfully looking at something e.g. Star gazer
Apprehension. Worried or scared of something
Apprehensive. E.g. Don’t be apprehensive about this fever. It is nothing
serious and it will go away in a day or two.
Apprehend. To arrest somebody (by police)
Perch. An edge of something for a bird to sit or rest e.g. on a branch or
a pole or edge of a wall
Peremptory. Dictatorial. Giving urgent command and expecting
complete immediate and total obedience
Pakistan govt is used to receiving peremptory directions
from US government
Sublime. Absolutely beautiful, exquisite, the best
Spotless. Perfect. Bedaagh
Tainted. Dagh laga hua e.g. Tainted reputation
Precise. Accurate.
Pestilence. Waba A disease that spreads
Epidemic. an outbreak of a rapidly expanding disease
Adore. Love somebody or something a lot
Pat. Lightly touch somebody e.g. Teacher patted on the shoulder
Petition. plea, appeal, request, pray
Petrified. Extremely scared
Clergy. Religious leaders of certain religion e.g. Pope is head of clergy
in Christianity
 77

Patriarch. Head of a family or a group or tribe

Fraught. Filled with e.g. Going out at night these days is fraught with
danger
Squabble. Quarrel e.g. People squabble over petty disputes
Petty.(negative) Frivolous, trivial, unimportant, small, insignificant
Phantasm. Illusion, vision
Phenomenon. Happening of something e.g. Scientists have spent
decades studying the phenomenon of rainfall
Phenomenal. unusual, only one of its kind, remarkable, great e.g.
Pakistan’s cricket performance is phenomenal
Philanthropic. Humanitarian, kind, caring
Spirit. An antiseptic chemical
Spirit. Rooh. Ghost e.g. Spirit idiom. Spirit of Islam is care for human
Beings. Spirit of the game
Poltergeist. Noisy and troublesome spirit or ghost
Phantom. A ghost or apparition. Something can be seen and felt but
that is not physically present
Spectacle. an event or a phenomenon that is impressive, unusual or
disturbing. e.g. his performance was spectacular
(impressive). Let us go home instead of quarreling and
creating a spectacle on the street (tamasha)
Splendid. Magnificent. Great. E.g. the splendor of ancient Greece is
legendary
Pomp. (negative) A ceremonial or formal show of splendor e.g. in older
times, Kings courts showed a lot of pomp
All the pomp in the life style of President and PM is opposite
to the fact that Pakistan is a poor country
Pompous. (negative) showy, superior, proud, swollen with pride
Ponder. Think deeply. deliberate, meditate
Ponderous. Difficult thing. Heavy. Something that requires a lot of
thinking
Pool. Tub
Pool. Funds (e.g. let us pool some money for party)
Merge. Two things joining to become one. Let us merge our two
companies into one
Consolidate. Unit business activities to strengthen position e.g. you
should consolidate all your businesses to make them
easy to manage
Consolidate. Strengthen position. E.g. after loosing initial games, I
consolidated my position
Starve. Remain without food. E.g. India has millions of starving
population in every city
Penniless. Without a penny. V poor
Subsistence. Living life. Continuing to exist e.g. we need water, air and
food for our subsistence
Destitute. lacking all money, resources, and possessions necessary for
subsistence
Frail. Nazuk. Weak. Tender. E.g. her health is frail
Delicate. Nazuk.
Infirm. lacking strength and vitality because of sickness or age e.g.
government should take special care of infirm people
Deficient. Lacking something. E.g. this room is deficient in that it does
not have a clock
Cheap. (negative) of low quality and low price
 78

Flimsy. Having weak basis. Not solid ground. E.g. every day, police
arrests people on flimsy grounds
Trash. Garbage. Things that are supposed to be thrown away
Shoddy. Of poor quality e.g. Pakistan-made electronic goods are
normally are shoddy
Pop. Short for popular. E.g. pop music
Pop. Get into something. E.g. it was raining outside to I popped inside
Beverage. Soft drinks. E.g. coke, fanta etc.
Crack. Fracture.
Crack. Illegal drugs
Detonate. explode
Automobile. Motor vehicle. E.g. car, jeep etc.
Poppy. Plants from which hashish is drawn. More purified form of
hashish is heroin. E.g. biggest poppy producer in the world is
Afghanistan. Heroin is most expensive, most addictive, and
fatal. Today, millions of people in the world are heroin
addicts
Gibberish. Talking nonsense. rubbish
Populace. masses, people
Multitude. a large crowd of people
Widespread. E.g. The News is a newspaper with widespread circulation
Abstain. To stay away from something. To avoid. E.g. We must always
abstain from drugs as they can be fatal
Celebrate. Formally and ceremoniously enjoy something. E.g. celebrate
birthday
Celibate. Abstain from sex because of religious reasons or religious
Vows e.g. Christian priests and fathers are celebate
Disrepute. Having damaged repute. E.g. match fixing allegations
brought disrepute to Pakistani players
Pervasive. Spreading everywhere or present everywhere. E.g. cancer is
pervasive in his whole body
Populate. E.g. Before Europeans landed in America, it was populated
by local tribes which were called by Europeans ‘Red Indian’
Inhabit. Populate. Live. E.g. Humans along with millions of species of
animals and plant inhabit this planet earth. No body inhabits
this castle
Populace. population
Inhabitants. Populate. People who are inhabiting e.g. inhabitants of that
castle
Urban. City.
Rural. Opposite of urban. Villages etc.
Urbane. Polished. Courteous. Having proper etiquettes
Porous. Permeable. leaky, pervious, penetrable
Pervious. Permeable.
Impervious. Impenetrable.
Sterilized. Germ-free. E.g. ___ syringe. Doctors must always use
sterilized instruments
Hygienic. Good and clean. E.g. hygienic food
Refined. Pure and good quality. E.g. ___ sugar
Refinery. A big factory plant for purifying and isolating diesel and petrol
FROM crude oil. E.g. Pakistan has just one refinery and
therefore Pakistan directly imports petrol and diesel. India
doesn’t import any petrol or diesel. Why? Because Mukesh
Ambani has set up the world’s biggest oil refinery, India only
 79

imports cheap crude oil and then refines it into petrol and
diesel
Export. Sending goods abroad e.g. we export textiles
Import. Bringing goods into a country e.g. we import petrol
Sheer. Utter. Absolute. E.g. it is a sheer joy to play tennis in the
afternoon. To my utter delight, I won the championship
Sheer. See-through. Sheer cloth of shirt
Dilute. Not impute. But made light by mixing something. E.g. Acid is
pure form is very strong and dangerous. But when diluted
with a lot of water, it is weak and not dangerous
Undiluted. Something that has not been diluted
Immaculate. Clean, neat, perfect condition. Flawless condition
Flawless. Something without any fault. immaculate
Oust. To get something out of something e.g. We all want someone to
oust the present govt.
Purge. empty, get rid of something or people. E.g. PPP needs to purge
all the corrupt people from within its ranks
Aspire. Desire for a higher position or award e.g. What do you aspire
for? I aspire to become a professional tennis player. Parents
always aspire the best for their children
Aspirations. Desires and hopes. E.g. our present leaders pay no heed
to the aspirations of the people who voted for them
Goal. Target. aim
Mission. A plan with a set goal or target
Missionary. Normally used for Christian priests who travel and stay in
far flung lands to do charitable things and spread Christianity
e.g. Dominican Convent School is a Roman Catholic
missionary school
Pursue. Follow. Chase. E.g. police pursued the dacoits and finally
nabbed them
Pursue. Strive for something. Keep making effort for something. E.g. At
present, I am pursuing to develop a career as a tennis
player. Pursuit of happiness is the right of every human
being.
Persist. to continue steadily or obstinately despite problems, difficulties,
or obstacles e.g. the one who persists, succeeds
Persistent. Something that continues. E.g. Despite all our efforts, the
problem with my mobile phone is persisting. My flu is
still persisting
Hound. The breed of dogs specially prepared for hunting
Hounded. To nag or pursue someone irritably. E.g. Hollywood idols are
hounded by media reporters
Paparazzi. Media reporters with cameras who hound celebrities
Limp. Langrahat. A problem with walk because of a fault with leg
Track. Find out someone after a lot of effort. E.g. police has finally
tracked down the killers
Track. Foot or other marks left by someone. E.g. from the tracks, it
seemed that the killer had a limp
Track. Path for walking or running. Modern parks have special tracks for
running
Track suit
Stalk. Stem of a plant
Strain. make extreme effort e.g. I strained in vain to hear what was
 80

being said in court. Every day we strain to finish this

vocabulary work as soon as possible
Muscle strain. pulled or stretched and damaged muscle
Strain. stress. Pressure. E.g. Don’t take too much strain at work. People
with heart problem, should not take too much stress
Yield. Give in
Yield. crop
Strain. a subgroup of a species of organism. E.g. a special high yield
strain of wheat has been imported from Australia
Induce. Encourage. entice
Indictment. Accusation or charges (ilzamat) that are before a jury when
a trial begins
Shove. Push in something roughly. E.g. kidnappers shoved in towel in
his mouth to keep his shouts muffled
Overbearing. Arrogant and contemptuous
Propulsion. the process by which an object such as an automobile,
ship, aircraft, or missile is moved forward e.g. ___ engine
Strenuous. Serious and extra effort or attempt. E.g. I am making
strenuous efforts to improve my English language skills
Exert. To make a strenuous physical or mental effort e.g. after the
surgery, the doctor told mama not to exert herself too much
for at least two months
Exertion. Physical or mental effort. E.g. I am perspiring because of so
much exertion
Thrust. Push something forcefully. E.g. he thrust his hands into his
pockets
Ram. to hit or collide with something, with great force or violence, or
make something do this. E.g. he rammed his fist on the
table. In anger, people sometimes ram their cars into others
Ram. Male sheep
Ram. Random Access Memory
Jostle. to knock or bump against somebody, or push or elbow
somebody deliberately. E.g. we managed to jostle our way to
the front. In Sindh, many players under 13 are jostling for top
position
Lodge. a cabin or other building in the country providing temporary
accommodations, e.g. as a vacation home or a temporary
shelter for campers, walkers, skiers, or hunters
Lodge. Inn or hotel
Lodge. Live in somebody’s home
Lodging. Money that a lodger has to pay his hosts or to the people who
own the lodge
Lodge. Formally register a complaint or appeal. E.g. you should lodge a
complaint about theft with your local police station
Petrified. Making someone frozen or immobilized with fear
Surge. Increase. Build up. E.g. in Malaria, temperature surges up once
every twenty four hours
Spiral. Something circling and growing. E.g. Egypt crisis is spiraling out
-of control
Putrid. Rotting and giving out a foul smell. Decayed. Rotten
Marvel. Something that inspires awe, amazement or admiration e.g.
Wall of China is one of the marvels of the world
Marvelous. Wonderful
Bewilder. To confuse or puzzle someone completely e.g. all cricket
 81

fans, the whole incident of Pakistani players spot fixing

bewildering
Perplex. Bewilder. To confuse or puzzle somebody
Abstruse. Difficult to understand
Mystifying. To make something mysterious and unclear. E.g. many
verses of Ghalib are mystifying
Ambiguous. Something the meaning of which is not clear. Having more
than one meaning. unclear
Unambiguous. Without any ambiguity or doubt. E.g. my commitment to
tennis is unambiguous

Zenith. Peak of something e.g. career

Nadir. Lowest point of something
Scruples. a moral or ethical consideration that tends to restrain action
or behavior e.g. most Pakistanis lack any scruples when
taking or giving bribes
Scrupulous. A person who is restrained by his own conscience that
stops him from doing anything wrong.
Unscrupulous. A person without any scruples. E.g. All Pakistani
leaders are unscrupulous
Qualm. A feeling of unease or apprehension about doing anything or
any conduct e.g. people have no qualms about selling
adulterated milk
Quaint. Attractively old fashioned. Old fashioned in a nice way. E.g. a
quaint little book shop. A ___ quiet village
Cute. Nice. Little and pretty. Cant use this word for older but beautiful
Women. Only for young and smaller faces
Whim. (negative) a sudden thought, idea, or desire, especially one
based on impulse rather than reason or necessity
Impulse. Whim
Whimsical. A moody person.
Impulsive. whimsical
Fanciful. Based on imagination or dreams e.g. Dante’s Inferno is all
fanciful poetry.
Fanciful. Something imaginatively or strangely made e.g. Avatar has
great fanciful scenes
Tremble. Shiver e.g. out of fear or suspense etc.
Shrink. sukarna
Quaker. a member of the Society of Friends, a Christian denomination
(Methodists?) founded in England in the 17th century that
rejects formal sacraments, ministry, and creed, and is
committed to pacifism. At meetings members are
encouraged to speak when they feel moved to do so.
Qualified. equipped with knowledge or qualification. E.g. Are you
properly qualified to conduct heart surgery
Confine. Restrict a person within a certain space. E.g. When in prison,
most of the day, prisoners are confined to their cells and are
allowed to go out into the open area only for one hour
Quarantined. Stronger than confined. Strictly limit persons within a
 82

certain area to stop an epidemic e.g. if a dangerous

epidemic were to start in any part of the world, governments
will be forced to quarantine that area, disallowing any person
from leaving it
Blockade. To block or stop something. E.g. in war, sometimes battle
ships are sent to impose a blockade on enemy ports.
Accessible. Something that can be accessed or reached
Inaccessible. Something that cannot be reached. Far flung or isolated
Remote. Inaccessible. E.g. they got lost in a remote jungle. After
shipwreck, the survivors found refuge on a remote island
Feudalism. System in which big agricultural land owners control or
dominate the country
Feudal. Landlords. E.g. with most of our population living in rural areas,
our Parliament is composed mostly of feudals
Bicker. quarrel
Wrangle. To argue persistently and angrily e.g. we wrangled for hours
over the wording of the agreement
Squabble. to have a noisy argument over a trivial matter
Quarrelsome. Someone who quarrels a lot
Pugnacious. quarrelsome
Feud. dushmani
Contend. To argue or claim that something is true or correct e.g. my
contention is that we must first become as educated and
self-sufficient as the Western countries before we can start
hating them
Contend. To compete for something especially prize or trophy e.g.
usually, it is Nadal and Federer who contend for
Wimbledon title
Contentious. An issue or topic that evokes a lot of bitter quarrels and
arguments. E.g. Murder of Salman Taseer has become a
contentious issue
Unruly. difficult to control, manage, discipline, or govern e.g. for hours,
the police struggled to deal with unruly crowd
Distress. Difficulty. Problem. E.g. you should always be keen to help
people in distress
Distress. Emotionally sad, worried and depressed e.g. I know you are
distressed about your surgery tomorrow
Distraught. Extremely upset and distressed. E.g. she was still
distraught over her father’s death
Queasy. feeling ill in the stomach, as if on the point of vomiting
Nausea. Matli. Feel like vomiting
Squeamish. Nauseated. Feeling upset in the stomach, on the point of
vomiting
Squeamish. Something who can easily become nauseated. Someone
sensitive. E.g. he is squeamish about cleanliness
Queer. (negative) different. Not with normal appearance e.g. she gave
me a queer look
Queer. Slang word for homosexual
Freak. (negative) person, animal, or plant that is strikingly unusual and
appears to be unique or occurs very rarely
Curious. Someone eager to know everything. inquisitive
Curious. Odd. Ajeeb. Strange. E.g. I have noticed something curious at
their house
Peculiar. ajeeb
 83

Question. challenge, dispute e.g. dictators do not forgive anyone who

questions their authority
Questionable. Something about which there are questions to be
answered. Something doubtful
Debatable. Questionable. An issue or a belief that is open to be
questioned or debated
Indefinite. That is not definite. This word is normally used to show
a time period with not stopping. E.g. the universe has
been there for an indefinite period of time. After the
accident, I remained in pain for an indefinite period of
time
Vigorous. displaying or using a lot of energy. E.g. when losing, he
fought back vigorously
Fleet. Group of ships
Fleeting. Just a passing or fading quickly. E.g. just before the bomb, I
saw the bomber’s face for a fleeting second
Instant. Moment. E.g. at that instant, we realized that we were on the
wrong road
Instantly. Immediately. faurun
Prompt. something done at once and without delay. Somebody who is
quick to act. E.g. a good professional is always prompt
in responding to complaint. ‘a prompt response to my
application will be appreciated’
Prompt. cause someone to act. E.g. insult of Chief Justice by General
Musharraf prompted all the lawyers of Pakistan to come out
on the streets in protest
Tamper. To interfere with something or damage something
Tampered. The engine of this car seems to have been tampered with.
Somebody has tampered with my laptop
Temper. Angry state of emotion. E.g. he has quite a temper
Temperamental. One who gets angry easily
Impetuous. Acting impulsively. Acting on the spur of the moment
without thinking things through
Rash. thoughtless, impetuous behavior e.g. maturity demands that one
must avoid rash decisions
Rash. A slight skin wound because of rubbing of something
Hush. Make something quiet or silence somebody.
Hushed. silenced e.g. upon entry of teacher, class got hushed up
Tranquil. Free from commotion. free of any disturbance or commotion
e.g. people go to mountainside for tranquility
Quiet. hush, stillness, calm, tranquility
Quip. a witty remark, especially one made on the spur of the moment
Banter. lighthearted teasing or amusing remarks that are exchanged
between people e.g. we spent the afternoon in lazy banter
Retort. to say something sharp, angry, witty, or insulting in quick
response to something somebody else has said e.g. spoilt
children retort to their parents
Remark. comment
Jest. Playful non-serious joke
Repartee. Witty talk. conversation consisting of witty remarks
Rhetoric. Complex or elaborate fine-sounding but insincere or empty
language
Quirk. a strange and unexpected turn of events e.g. quirk of fate
Quirk. An odd or peculiar or habit or a curious aspect of
 84

someone’s
Personality. e.g. don’t worry. Doing such things is a __ of his
personality.
Caprice. a tendency to sudden or impulsive decisions or
Unexpected change of mind
Quit. Discontinue something. E.g. I quit my job today
Desist. To stop doing something
Vacate. To empty or leave something. E.g. owner is asking us to ___
his house
Renounce. to give up formally a claim, title, position, or right e.g. he
renounced the crown
Quiver. shiver, tremble, shudder. kanpna
Quiz. interrogate, query, question, examine, test
Quote. Reproduce someone’s exact words
R

Rabble. Unruly crowd

Rabid. Fanatically believing in an idea or something. Paying no attention
to anybody who says otherwise
Raging. Very strong or angry e.g. Raging storm, raging rains, raging fire
Deranged. Irrational or angry
Hasten. To hurry up something
Sprint. Running fast
Ire. Anger e.g. Children invited the ire of lion at zoo
Jilted. A lover who has been abruptly dumped by his/her partner
Offence. Crime
Offender. Criminal
Offensive. Attacking e.g. In the second set of the match, I went on the
offensive
Offensive. Disgusting, hateful e.g. His manners are offensive. Rotten
food has offensive smell
Offended. Naraz. Jo root gya ho e.g. People get offended if you don’t
return their phone calls
Probation. Supervision by probation officer. Supervision of an offender.
Probation. Period of testing somebody’s suitability e.g. The company
has not yet confirmed him in his job. He is still on probation.
Deploy. to position troops, weapons, or resources in a specific area in
readiness for action, or take up position in this way e.g. Pak
army has deployed all along Indian border
Radical. Different. Boldly different e.g. Pak needs radical changes
Bedevil. Causing problems e.g. I am still bedeviled by flu
Intercept. To catch up or interfere. To tap somebody’s communications
e.g. Police has intercepted the hijackers’ phone calls
Disseminate. Spread e.g. Knowledge should be disseminated
Transcript. Written record of a speech or a conversation
Resume. Biodata for a job
Resume. Curriculum vitae
Gobble. Swallowing without chewing something big. Nigalna
Pie. A baked samosa type thing with something sweet inside e.g. apple
Plutocracy. A system where government is controlled by the rich
Plebian.
Rapacious. Greedy person without scruples for massing more wealth
Aftermath. What comes after something e.g. Aftermath of storm
Undermine. Reduce something’s significance of something e.g.
 85

Insulting judges undermines the respect of courts

Opulent. Rich, wealthy
Opulence. Wealth
Root. Pode ya darakht ki jad. Real cause
Root. Type of numbers in mathematics e.g. 2 is the square root of 4
Racket. Sports bat
Racket. Noise e.g. All the racket in the night got me to wake up

Racket. an illegal or dishonest money-making scheme, involving

activities such as bribery, fraud, or intimidation
Racketeer. Somebody who profits from a racket (criminal activity)
Extortion. Get somebody’s money by force or by threat
Ransom. Money demanded by kidnappers
Rattle. Kharakhna.
Rattle. to make somebody lose composure and feel very frightened e.g.
He looked completely rattled. The earthquake rattled everybody
Disconcerting. Causing somebody to feel uneasy
Radiant. bright, shining, glowing
Scorching. Extremely hot e.g. Scorching heat
Radiate. Circulate, spread e.g. If Pak wins World cup, a feeling of joy
will radiate throughout the country
Diffuse. Scatter or become scattered.
Diffuse. Make something less dangerous e.g. The bomb squad diffused
the bomb
Scatter. Spread
Radiation. A process of spreading of invisible energy or other kinds of
waves
Radioactivity. Certain dangerous waves spread out by unstable
chemicals
Pollution. Causing environment to become dirty e.g. It is illegal to
pollute environment. Failing to properly dispose off chemical
waste amounts to the crime of pollution. Pollution causes
river fish to die
Pollen. Phol ke chotte se beej e.g. Spread up pollen causes asthma
Asthma. A medical condition which makes breathing difficult.
Horizon. Edge of land or water
Range. Area that can be covered by something e.g. A transmitter, a
mobile phone, a gun. What’s the range of this rifle?
Range. Place for practicing shooting e.g. Firing range
Scope. Fields to be covered by certain assignment, job, article, essay or
mission e.g. Qasim bhai’s scope of work does not include
driving
Clutch. Hold something tightly
Stretch. Angrai lena.
Stretch. Spread something with force e.g. If we stretch a cloth, it tears
apart
Comet. Astronomical object with long tail
Asteroid. Rocky object circling sun
Meteor. a mass of rock from space that burns up after entering the
Earth's atmosphere.
Extend. The act or process of increasing the size, scope, range or
application e.g. My leave has been extended by another
week. Movie’s extended version
 86

Extension. E.g. They have built an extension to their house for guests

Pounce. Jump on something with aggression

Strain. Pressure
Seize. Catch hold of something. Pakarna e.g. Police seized a big cache
of heroin
Overtake. To move forward and leaving something behind e.g.
Overtaking a car
Pirate. Hijackers of ship
Expound. Describe and explain something
Pummel. Hit somebody or something repeatedly e.g. Crowd pummeled
the thief with punches
Engrossed. Mentally occupied doing something e.g. I was engrossed
in reading
Propound. Suggest idea or explanation e.g. Einstein propounded theory
of relativity
Decipher. Decode something coded. To break a secret, sign or
language
Nutshell. E.g. In a nutshell, the effect of 3D is fantastic
Crux. Crux of the Egyptian problem is that people are sick and tired of
dictatorship
Upshot. Nutshell. Crux. A short summary of something. The meaning
of something e.g. Upshot of the matter is that Pakistani people
are themselves corrupt
Readable. Interesting. entertaining, engaging, motivating, absorbing,
understandable, clear
Legible. Understandable. A writing that is clear enough to read
Readily. Promptly. Without delay
Relish. Enjoy something greatly e.g. Altan relishes reading story books
Eagerly. Doing something with relish and desire e.g. I go to tennis
eagerly
Passage. Raasta e.g. Give me passage and let me through
Section. Part e.g. Last section of the book is about ___
Expectant. A person who expects e.g. Expectant mother
Substantive. Opposite of minor or insignificant e.g. I am getting
substantive help and guidance
Substantial. Kaafi. Enough. Sufficient
Significant. Important
Valid. Correct. Proper. Legal e.g. My complaint is valid
Ruthless. Hard hearted. Very determined
Realize. Become aware, understanding, grasp e.g. I realize my fault
Discern. To visually identify, see or notice something e.g. It was night
time so I could have hardly discern the make of the car
Realm. Scope area or domain of thought or knowledge e.g. Knowing
another person’ thought is not within the realm of our ability.
Knowledge within the realm of geography
Domain. An area of activity over which somebody has influence. (Both
either physical area or knowledge area) Territory ruled by a
government or a leader. E.g. Jack Bauer always goes beyond
his domain
Domain. Scientific word for a channel or a frequency or a website
Sphere. Something shaped like a ball e.g. Earth and Sun are spheres
Renovate. redesign, restore, renew, refurbish. Doing some work to
repair or polish a place e.g. I am refurbishing my flat
 87

Tenant. Karaiadar
To let. Give something on rent
Sublet. Tenant giving his rented premises on rent to a third person
Reorganize. To organize something again
Mend. To repair. To put something right e.g. Mend fences. Mend
Relationship. Cobbler, cobbler mend my shoe
Restore. To get something back to its original position e.g. Robbers
were forced to restore the stolen items. Government got
Mohatta Palace restored. Movement for restoration for chief
justice
Reparation. To treat somebody with cruelty. Zulm e.g. Egyptians are
accusing Husn-Mubarak of reparation
Indemnity. To compensate somebody for loss, damage or liability e.g.
Is your vehicle indemnified? (covered by insurance)
Premium. Money that you have to pay on top of the price because of
shortage
Premium. Monthly or yearly money that you have to pay to an insurance
company for insurance of your car, house or life
Retribution. something done or given to somebody as punishment or
vengeance for something he or she has done. Saddam’s
humiliating death was a sign of divine retribution
Revenge. Intaqam. Badla
Avenge.(more positive word than revenge in way of justice. Insaaf)
To punish someone for a wrong done. To retaliate on behalf of
yourself or somebody else for a wrong done
Retaliate. Respond. To hurt somebody in return
Reciprocate. To give or feel something mutually or in return e.g. He
gave me a gift on birthday. It is my turn to reciprocate now
Compensate. To pay somebody for work done or loss suffered
Recompense. To give compensation
Compensation.
Refund. To return some money that you have paid e.g. In case anything
you have purchased is defective, while shops may allow
exchange, they don’t normally refund your money
Repeal. Undo a law. Do something to make a law invalid
Abolish. Finish something such as taxes or a duty
Revoke. Cancel the permission or license of something
Abrogate. To end an agreement or contract formally and publicly
Capitulate. To surrender, especially under agreed conditions e.g. In
1971, Pakistan army capitulated in East Pakistan
Emphasize. To show or communicate the importance of something e.g.
Islam emphasizes tolerance
Emphasis. Importance e.g. Emphasis of my present training is physical
fitness
Reiterate. To repeat something or emphasize something
Repel. Push away such as an army or mosquitoes e.g. Can you
bring some mosquito repellant. Pakistan army is strong enough
to repel any attacks
Repulsive. Disgusting
Disown. Not own something e.g. Success has many fathers but defeat
is disowned by everyone
Resist. To defend. To avoid. Not to yield e.g. We must resist bad
temptations. Car paint is water and heat resistant
Reproach. To criticize somebody for doing something wrong. to feel
 88

ashamed because you know you have done something wrong

Repentance. Self-reproach, regret, sorrow
Remorse. Regret. Repentance. Feel guilty and sorry
Repentant. Regretful
Penitent. Feeling regret for sins
Penitentiary. Prison for convicts
Scour. Clean something by rubber
Scourge. somebody or something that is perceived as an agent of
punishment, destruction, or severe criticism e.g. Corruption is
scourge in our society
Rubbish. Nonsense. Trash. Waste.
Wreck. Damage something
Wreckage. Damaged ship
Shipwreck. Remains of a damaged ship
Rude. Crude, unpolished, rough, unrefined
Lout. Lagangey. An offensive term that deliberately insults the behavior
and attitude of somebody, especially a young man
Ribald. Coarse and funny joke
Brute. Somebody brutal. Somebody regarded as cruel, ruthless, or
insensitive
Brutish. Relating to beasts. Coarse or crude in a manner that suggests
a lack of intelligence
Brutish. Somebody who is boring. Who is not full of life
Gruff. Abrupt and rude manner of speaking
Ruffle. Bother, agitate, irritate. Make feathers of a bird erect e.g.
Raffle. Lottery with objects as prizes
Fret. Worry too much
Rumple. Make or become unkempt e.g. My shirt is all rumpled
Tousle. To make somebody’s hair tangled
Rug. Carpeting, linoleum, mat, carpet
Rugged. hardy, mountainous, uneven, hilly e.g. Rugged terrain
(surface)
Ruin. Damage. Destroy. Tabha kardena
Ruins. Wreckage. Remains. e.g. Ruins of ancient city Troy are located
in Turkey
Debris. Malba. Bricks or cement that may have fallen from a building
Deprive. Mashroom rakhna. Not to allow somebody a basic necessity
e.g. Husain and his family were deprived of water for ten days.
CIA uses sleep deprivation to force prisoners to cooperate
Demolish. Girana. Break down a building
Dismantle. To break into pieces. Break or unscrew a machinery into
smaller components or parts
Shatter. To break into pieces e.g. Glass was shattered
Ravage. Completely damage something
Rule. Manage, regulate, govern, control, dictate
Reverberation. To echo repeatedly e.g. Reverberation of apprising in
Egypt have been felt in all Middle East countries
Rumble. to make a deep rolling sound e.g. thunder rumbling in the
distance
Ruling. Decision. law, order e.g. We were all waiting for the ruling of the
court
Disheveled. Unkempt. Untidy look. Uncombed hair and unironned
clothes
Rumple. to take on a disheveled appearance, or make clothes or hair
 89

untidy, e.g. by creasing clothes or pulling hair out of style

Rumor. hearsay, gossip. Afwa
Wrinkle. Crease. Salwat e.g. Wrinkle free cloth
Crinkle. Crease or be creased. Wrinkled
Crease. Wrinkle
Crease. Batting area in cricket
Perverse. Absurdly illogical or irrational. Something with crazy logic e.g.
Using poverty to justify murder is perverse logic
Persevere. Continue with something such as struggle
Scamper. To run quickly or playfully e.g. The dog scampered down the
stairs
Scurry. To move briskly or quickly
Dash. To rush or jump for something e.g. Pakistani fielders do not dash
for the catch
Surplus. Extra. Falto. Something left over after some use e.g. Every
night, thousands of people sleep hungry while thousands don’t
know what to do with surplus
Rupture. Crack, tear, break, burst (e.g. rupture in water dam)
Rush. Charge, hurry, haste, dash
Mercy. Rahem. Kindness. Sympathy e.g. Terrorists do not deserve any
mercy
Merciless. Berahem
Relentless. Without a break e.g. Relentless attacks
Ruthless. Brutal, merciless
Fiendish. Diabolical. Devilish

Feckless. Unable or unwilling to do anything useful

Freckles. Brown skin spot
Ostensible. Bazahir. Seeming to be true or genuine, but open to doubt
e.g. Ostensibly, Pakistani team is fit for World Cup
Ostensibly. Apparently
Undermine. To reduce something’s value, importance or effect
Sabotage. Deliberate destruction e.g. Jack Bauer sabotages villain’s
plans
Stable. Constant. Balanced e.g. The patient’s blood pressure is stable
Stabilize. To make something stable
Destabilize. To make something unstable e.g. Terrorists want to
destabilize Pakistan
Sack. Loot, plunder, ravage (e.g. Genghis Khan sacked Baghdad)
Sack. Throw someone out of job
Sacrifice.
Deduce. To draw obvious conclusions from certain facts e.g. From his
poor language, I deduced that he was studying in a good
school
Deduction. The act of deducing
Deduct. Subtract e.g. My car installment is deducted from my salary
Tribute. To publicly pray something highly e.g. On 14th August, we paid
tribute to Quaid-e-Azam
Tributaries. Stream feeding larger body of water
Forfeit. Zapt karna e.g. If we don’t pay remaining amount, our deposit
will be forfeited
Abstain. To avoid something. To keep oneself away from something
 90

e.g. Athletes must abstain from smoking

Forgo. To abstain e.g. To lose weight, you have to forgo junk food
Relinquish. Give up something e.g. Husn-e-Mubarak has relinquished
power
Heartening. Something that makes you happy or give you hope e.g.
The news from the battlefield are heartening
Disheartening. Hopeless and depressing
Disquieting. Causing a feeling of anxiety or uneasiness
Downcast. Sad and pessimistic
Sorrowful.
Crestfallen. disappointed or humiliated, especially after being
enthusiastic or confident e.g. Many students were
crestfallen after hearing their results
Morose. Very sad
Dismayed. Feeling discouraged
Trustworthy.
Inoffensive. Not offensive
Repository. Place for storage e.g. Repository of books
Cellar.
Chest. Seena
Chest. Big trunk or box to keep something
Stronghold. Strong center of something e.g. Karachi is MQM
stronghold
Epicenter. Center point of something e.g. Pakistan’s tribal areas are
epicenter of global terrorism. Earthquake’s epicenter was
Quetta
Lean. Slim
Lean. Jugna. Bend or incline e.g. Leaning tree. A judge must not lean or
incline in favor of one party
Drown. Doobna. (Drowning is used for living things)
Sink. (Sinking is used for non-living thing)
Stoop. Ziada jhukna
Saint. Pious person. Nek aadmi
Altruism. Belief in taking care of fellow human beings
Seethe. Be angry. To be in a state of extreme emotion, especially
unexpressed anger e.g. I sat in my office quietly seething
Stew. A dish of meat, fish, or vegetables, or a combination of them, that
is cooked by slow simmering
Broth. A liquid made by cooking vegetables, meat, seafood, or poultry in
water for a long time, used as a base for soups and sauces
Culinary. Anything related to taste and eating e.g. French are known to
have best culinary
Churn. To make butter by beating and stirring milk and cream e.g.
Every year, thousands of mother Sas churn out millions of
students who have no worldly knowledge, cant find jobs and
easily start hating infidens and liberals Muslims
Simmer. To cook something at low temperature (below boiling point)
Segment. Part of something e.g. Last segment of book is important
Fragment. Small piece e.g. A fragment from the bomb blast hit our
window
Fragmentation. Something breaking into pieces e.g. _____ of Pakistan
Fermentation. The breakdown of carbohydrates by microorganisms.
Many pharmaceuticals are produced by fermentation.
E.g. Yoghurt is made by fermentation of milk
 91

Pharmaceuticals. Study relating to making of medicines

Pharmacist. One who makes medicines
Pharmacy. Shop that sells medicines
Chemist. Pharmacy. Shop that sells medicines
Foment. Cause trouble e.g. Husn-e-Mubarak blamed foreign
governments for rebellion
Eerie. Scary, troubling, spooky e.g. Eerie silence
Spooky. Something that scares. Eerie e.g. Horror movies have spooky
scenes. He gets easily spooked
Segregate. To separate e.g. U.S Civil war of 1862 was fought between
the south that believed in slavery and complete legal
segregation of blacks and the north that opposed that
segregation
Sever. To break ties e.g. US is threatening to sever diplomatic ties with
Pakistan
Isolate. To separate someone or something from a larger body e.g.
President died immediately after drinking coffee. The chemical
examiner is trying to isolate the exact chemical agent that
caused his death. Dangerous prisoners are isolated from
ordinary prisoner
Cease. To stop e.g. Cease fire
Cessation. Stopping of something e.g. Cessation of hostilities
Seize. To get hold of something
Seizure. The act of getting hold of something e.g. Seizure of heroin by
police
Seizure. Fit. A sudden attack of an illness or condition, especially of the
kind experienced by people with epilepsy
Fit. Seizure e.g. Fit of anger
Epilepsy. An incurable brain disease because of which from time to
time a person faces seizure
Spasm. Involuntary and sudden muscle contraction
Paroxysm. Sudden outburst of emotion
Seldom. Opposite of often
Always. Lot. Frequently. Sometimes. Occasionally. Seldom. Rarely.
Hardly ever. Never
Scarce. Shortage of something e.g. There is no scarcity of food in the
country
Hardly. (negative word) indicating incompletion of something or non
existence of something e.g. We had hardly started watching the
movie, when electricity got cut off. He is hardly literate.
Bare has similar meaning as hardly. He is barely literate
Select. Very distinguished chosen ones e.g. It is a select group of
commandos
Elect. To choose someone. Selection is of somebody subordinate. Elect
is for somebody superior
Subordinate. Matehat
Insubordination. Disobedience
Selective. Somebody who is choosy. Discerning
Discern. To recognize. To distinguish
Judicious.
Self-conscious.(negative word) Somebody aware of his own mistake or
shortcoming e.g. Don’t be self-conscious about your
dress
Unsure. Uncertain. Not sure. Doubtful.
 92

Dignity. Respect and honor

Dignified. Respectable e.g. Dignified approach
Dignitaries. Important and respectable people e.g. Foreign dignitaries
Prominent. Famous, Well known. Somebody or something that
stands out e.g. Aitzaz Ahsan is one of the most prominent
leaders of PPP
Prominence. fame. shuhrat. Nadal came to prominence at the age of 17
Self-esteem. Self respect. Ana
Ego. Ana (Normally this word is used for negative sense) e.g. He has
made it a question of his ego
Egotism. (negative word)
Egotistical. (negative word) e.g. Zardari is egotistical
Arrogance. Akarr. A kind of rudeness e.g. Arrogance without capability
is reflective of a inferiority
Pride. To be proud of something. Self-respect
Vain. Unsuccessful e.g. We tried in vain to get there on time
Vain. Word for a person who is just talk but otherwise a complete failure
e.g. Pakistani PM is a vain man
Vanity. False pretence about something. Dikhawa karna e.g. Confident
people don’t indulge in vanity. Vanity fair
Self-evident. Obvious, plain
Self-restraint. Self-control
Trade. Buying and selling goods for profit
Bargain. Negotiate
Peddle.
Peddler.
Vent. Take out something like anger or frustration e.g. Poor people vent
their anger through terrorism
Barter. Exchanging goods for the price of goods
Auction. Selling something by openly inviting bids(offers) to sell it for
the highest price
Auctioneer. One who conducts auctions e.g. Christie is the world’s
biggest auctioneer of artwork
Vender. Seller of something e.g. Fruit vender
Merchant. Shopkeeper or trader
Merchandise. Goods that are meant to be sold
Trick.
Betrayal.
Trickery.
Semblance. Appearance
Transmit. Convey. Communicate
Relay. Broadcast. Communicate e.g. Relay race
Convey. E.g. Conveyer bed
Senile. Mentally weak because of long illness or of old age Husn-e-
Mubarak had gone senile
Feeble. Weak
Infirm.
Slit. Cut open with a knife or something e.g. Slitting throat
Slice. Cut a cake, fruit, vegetable etc.
Slice. Cut a piece of bread or food etc.
Split. Break apart e.g. Split a nut. The army split into two parts. The boy
split from the caravan and lost his way
Tear. Pharna
Tear. Aanso
 93

Pierce. To get inside something through a hole e.g. Nose piercing.

Piercing sound. Girls want nose piercing. Piercing stare
Gash. Wound of a cut
Slash. Cut
Rip. To tear
Sloppy. Messy. Untidy e.g. His batting is sloppy
Lax. Loose. Not strict e.g. Terrorists take advantage of lax security
Slope. Dhalwan
Slant. Bent, tilt e.g. All pakistani media has an antiamerican slant
Slant. Slight insult
Slight. Small insult
Slight. A little bit. Small
Incline. Jhukao. Tilt e.g. I am incline towards a pizza today
Inclination.
Slouch. To sit forward in a lazy, non-elect, bent position
Recline. To sit back in a resting position with a pillow or something else
supporting the back
Slum. Unplanned overnight colonies of poor people made of makeshift
with no water, sewage, road or electricity
Slump. Downturn. Low curve of something e.g. After having a historic
boom during Mussharaf time, property prices are going through
a slump
Boom. Opposite of slump
Droop. Something that is hanging. Not erect e.g. Drooping shoulders
Slovenly. Untidy. Dirty e.g. Slovenly habits
Disheveled. Untidy
Slipshod. Half-hearted. Something done half-heartedly, too quickly and
carelessly e.g. This government handles all problems in a
slipshod manner
Lethargic. Lazy, sleepy. Tired
Sluggish. Slow
Indolent. Lethargic and not showing any interest or making any effort
Slothful. Disliking work or any form of physical exertion
Languid. Without energy, sluggish, moving slowly e.g. Walking
languidly
Slumber. Sleep
Doze. An exact required quantity of something such as medicine
Snooze. A short sleep
Nap. Small light sleep
Setback. Opposite of progress. Kisi plan ko dhajka lagna e.g. Ban on
two Pakistani bowlers may prove to be a serious setback for
Pakistan in World Cup
Decline. Something getting down or getting reduced E.g. There is no
decline in petrol prices
Decline. To refuse e.g. Pakistan has declined to release Ramon Davis
Snag. Difficulty or problem e.g. We did not expect that there would be
so many snags in our plan
Slur. to pronounce sounds or words so that they cannot be
distinguished, or be pronounced in this way
Slur. To speak of somebody in an insulting or demeaning way
Affront. Open insult
Blemish. Stain or blot
Insinuate. to hint at something unpleasant or imply it
Sly. Cleverly skillful and cunning
 94

Elusive. Difficult to catch, grasp or understand

Shrewd. Khurant. Deep clever (Shrewd is not a negative word)
Cunning. (negative) Very clever
Wily. Crafty. Somebody who can deceive people through clever tricks
e.g. Wily character
Deceit. Dhoka
Deceptive. Something that can cause deceit. Misleading. E.g.
Appearances can be deceiving. Saddam was a cruel person
and his smile was deceptive
Artful. Using clever, subtle, and sometimes dishonest means to achieve
things
Evasive. To avoid a subject or something else. E.g. He gave me an
evasive reply avoiding to explain exactly what I had asked
Treacherous. Somebody ready to betray somebody's trust,
confidence, or faith
Treacherous. Involving hidden dangers or hazards e.g. __ path
Squalor. Shabbiness and dirtiness resulting from poverty or neglect
Squalid. Dirty
Filthy. Dirty
Seedy. Dirty and having a bad repute e.g. Seedy hotel
Squander. Waste
Sabbath. A day of prayers and rest, especially Saturday for Jews who
are not permitted to cook or work
Dissipate. To fade or disappear e.g. Clouds soon dissipated
Expend. Spend. To allocate e.g. Don’t expend too much energy on
games
Lavish. Abundant. Generous e.g. __ dinner. __ lifestyle of our leaders
Square. A shape with four lines connected at 90 degree angle
Square. Open space in city
Square. Completely fair, honest, and direct e.g. Square deal
Peevish. Irritable, complaining person
Squeamish. Too sensitive. Easily irritable and complaining
Finicky. Fussy. Difficult to please and tending to concentrate on small or
unimportant thing
Queasy. Easily nauseated or made to feel uneasy
Fastidious. concerned that even the smallest details should be just right
Prudish. somebody who is easily offended by matters relating to sex or
nudity
Mode. Manner. Medium. Way of doing something e.g. What is your
mode of communication. My computer is in sleep mode
Squelch. To suppress or put a stop to something e.g. __ uprising
Thwart. To prevent somebody or a plan from being successful.
Frustrate something
Squirm. To wriggle the body from discomfort especially in an attempt to
break free from being held
Writhe. Twist or squirm especially because of severe pain
Stab. thrust, wound, cut
Brace. To get ready for something
Steadfast. Someone standing firm in the face of opposition or difficulty
Reliable. Trustworthy
Sturdy. Strongly built. Solid e.g. __ horse
Endure. Bardaasht karna. Bear
Stuff. To fill something full
Stuff. Something
 95

Personnel. People working in a department

Employer. Boss. Mulaazmat dene wala.
Employees. Mulazim
Scaffold. An artificial wood structure used to climb a building for
construction or repair
Dumbfounded. Speechless because of a shock or fear
Falter. To become unsure or hesitant or lose strength e.g. Pakistan
falters just before victory
Falter. To move unsteadily
Waver. To move in one direction then another. To change opinion. To
be unsure e.g. I wavered for a second before playing my shot
Waiver. Giving up a right or claim e.g. Principle has given me a waiver
from attending school. The arrested man waved his right to
consult and lawyer before talking to the police
Stagnant. Not flowing or moving e.g. Stagnant water are dangerous
Fetid. Stinking. Having a bad smell e.g. Fetid pool of water
Inert. Non reactive. Not readily changed by chemical or biological
Reaction e.g. Inert gas
Inert. Motionless
Catalyst. A substance which causes or assists a chemical change in
another substance without itself undergoing any chemical change
Subscribe. To give money or support to a certain cause or charity
Subscribe. To pay for a series of magazines or newspapers
Subscription. Sum of money paid for receiving a magazine or for
membership of a club
Authorize. Allow. Permit
Sanction. Permission or approval
Sanctions. Restrictions placed on a country as punishment
Donate. Give something freely for charitable purpose
Subsequent. Succeeding, later, following. Something that comes lately
e.g. Subsequent to my match, I went to cafeteria
Ensue. To come after or to result from e.g. Panic ensued from the rumor
of the bomb blast
Subservient. Too submissive or eager to follow the wishes or orders of
others
Subside.(of a storm, noise, disturbance or a fever etc.) Go down or
become quieter e.g. Wind has subsided noise as subside
Substandard. Of poor quality
Substantiate. To give facts to support a claim or theory e.g. Don’t
accuse anyone without being able to substantiate
Subsidy. Government financial support for artificially lowering or raising
prices of some goods
Subsidize. Same as subsidy
Subsidiary. A company that is owned or controlled by another country
Subsidiary. Something that is of less or minor important than the main
issue e.g. Don’t waste your time on subsidiary issues, focus
on the main problem
Fringe. Outer edge of something e.g. Some people prefer to live on the
fringe or outskirts of cities
Fringe. Something that is away from the main stream e.g. Al Qaida and
Taliban are a fringe of Muslim societies which are mostly liberal
and tolerant
Fringe. Side benefits of something e.g. Apart from your salary, does
 96

your company offer you any fringe benefits. Membership of DA

club has many fringe benefits such as movies, swimming etc.
Defer. Postpone
Defer. Showing or expressing respect or courtesy
Deferential. Showing or expressing respect or courtesy
Diminish. To become reduced or become hazy e.g. Company’s profits
have diminished this year. After 25, a sportsman’s
performance starts diminishing. Picture image has
diminished. Rupee value has diminished
Lessen. To make something lesser
Dwindle. To become less. To reduce. E.g. Profits have dwindled
Sponsor. Someone who financially or otherwise helps a person or
Activity e.g. Al Qaida sponsors terrorism
Bequest. Something left to somebody in a will
Endowment. Funds or property e.g. Bill Gates has set up an
endowment fund for fighting major diseases in poorest countries
Endowment. A natural ability or quality
Endowed. E.g. Nadal is endowed with a huge tennis talent
Allowance. Pocket money or regular, fixed payments e.g. Soldiers get a
daily allowance of 10$ for cigarettes etc.
Impasse. A point at which no further progress can be made or
agreement reached
Gist. The essential point or meaning of something
Essence. Most important or main part of something e.g. Compassion is
essence of all the religions
Crux. An essential or deciding point or element in something, e.g. in an
argument
Affluent. Wealthy. Having money
Opulence. Opulent. Luxurious, rich. More than affluence
Plentiful. A lot in abundant
Ample. Sufficient. Kafi
Considerable. Significant
Verify. Check the truth or accuracy of something e.g. Employers
verifying credentials of job applicants
Corroborate. To give or represent evidence of the truth of something
Attest. To show that something exists or is true or valid e.g. Without
corroborating evidence, courts do not convict anybody of murder
because confession alone is not sufficient. E.g. Students
complained about the attitude of the teacher and other teachers
attested to that complaint. E.g. Affluence of Western societies is
attestation of the importance of freedom of thought, education
and science. E.g. Photocopy of important documents need to be
attested by a required person before submitting those copies for
a certain purpose
Authentic. genuine and original, as opposed to being a fake or
reproduction e.g. Authentic Chinese food
Confirm. Ascertain truthfulness of something.
Confirm. To make someone permanent in a job
Validate. Show validity of something. Confirm truthfulness of something
Substitute. Replace
Tentative. Hesitant. Reluctant. Half-hearted
Alternative. A different option
Alternate. To change from time to time e.g. Alternating voltage
Surrogate. Substituting for somebody or something
 97

Subterfuge. Something designed to deceive e.g. Color of soldiers’

uniform tanks another vehicle’s are all colored as a
subterfuge
Expedient. Appropriate and advisable
Expedient.(negative) Advantageous for practical rather than moral
reasons. E.g. She changed her vote because it was
expedient for her to do so.
Deceit. Dhoka
Ploy. A tactic or maneuver, especially one calculated to deceive or
frustrate an opponent
Stratagem. A clever ruse or scheme that is designed to deceive others
or achieve a goal
Ruse. A clever trick or plot used to deceive others
Device. A tool or machine for doing something
Devise. To conceive of the idea for something and figure out how it will
work e.g. I need to devise a strategy for winning today’s match
Succinct. Brief and to the point
Concise. Short and brief
Terse. Brief. Precise and to the point
Patronize. To treat somebody if he or she were less intelligent or
knowledgeable than yourself
Deduct. Subtract
Deduce. To conclude or draw a meaning from certain facts e.g. Monthly
murders no. in Karachi 2010. 20, 10, 5, 50, 25, 2, 70 etc.
Deduction murders neither increased, nor decreased, nor had
any fixed pattern. In Karachi, murder rate is completely random
Infer. To Draw meaning from certain facts. This word is lighter than
deduce e.g. From his tone, I inferred that he was upset or
something
Insinuated.(negative) To hint at something unpleasant
Triumph. Jeet. Succeed
Triumphant. successful
Prevail. Overcome.
Prevail. Prevailing fashion. to prove to be more powerful and dominant.
E.g. History proves that good rarely prevails over evil.
Stampede. a sudden rush of many people all doing or wanting to do
something at the same time e.g. after the bomb blast,
many people got injured in the stampede
Thrive. to grow, be successful and be profitable e.g. McDonalds is
doing a thriving business in Pakistan
Blooming. flourishing and in exceptionally good condition e.g. it is
spring and flowers are blooming in gardens
Syndicate. an association of businesses jointly doing something
Merge. To become one with each other.
Submerge. Go under water. E.g. thousands of houses are still
submerged in Japan
Submarine. A vessel that can travel under water
Affiliate. to be in a close relationship with another, usually larger group.
E.g. A & Q has no affiliate office in Lahore. Sindh Tennis
Federation is affiliated with Pakistan Tennis Federation but
Beach View Club is not affiliated.
Synopsis. a concise outline or survey of a subject or plot or
book or play
Abridge. to shorten a text by summarizing it.
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Compressed. (DIFFERENT from summarizing or abridging) to make

something smaller by applying pressure or a
similar process, or become smaller in this way e.g.
compressed air.
Synthesis. a new unified whole resulting from the combination of
different ideas, influences, or objects
Synthetic. Made from combination of chemicals. Artificial. Synthetic
clothes.
Integrate. to join two or more objects or make something part of a
larger whole, or be joined or made part of a larger whole
Disintegrate. To break something into pieces
Methodical. systematic or painstaking. E.g. Federer’s game is natural,
while Nadal is methodical and plays with his brain
Orderly. well-behaved or peaceful. E.g. The meeting passed off in an
orderly fashion

Defer. Postpone
Shelve. to put or store something on a shelf
Shelve. to postpone. To put something on a shelf. E.g. for the time
being, we have shelved our travel plans

Tabloid. Low class, sensational high circulation newspapers

Periodical. a magazine or journal published at regular intervals,
especially weekly, monthly, or quarterly
Journal. a magazine or periodical, especially one published by a
specialist or professional body for its members, containing
information and contributions relevant to their area of
activity. E.g. medical journals. In foreign countries, doctors
and scientists do not get any promotion unless their articles
and research is published in any medical journal
Daily. every day
Daily. a newspaper that is published daily
Taboo. Something that is absolutely unacceptable in a society or
culture. E.g. lying and cheating are not taboo in our society
Bar. To stop
Proscribed. To ban something
Tacit. Unsaid. implied
Assume. to accept that something is true without checking or confirming
It. E.g. I assume that you will come late tonight
Assume. Take responsibility for something. E.g. I assumed control of
the car
Taciturn. A person who is silent by nature
Aloof. uninvolved or unwilling to become involved with other people or
Events. Remote. Distant.
Reserved. Booked beforehand. E.g. we call to reserve a table in the
restaurant
Reserved. Someone who is not frank
Tact. skill in situations in which other people's feelings have to be
considered
Tactful. skilful
Tactless. Someone who is clumsy and not able to skillfully handle
people
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Tactics. Tricks. Methods. Means to achieve certain goals and ends

Stratagem. a clever ruse or scheme that is designed to deceive others
or achieve a goal
Tag. a small piece of cloth, paper, plastic, or other material attached to
something as a label or means of identification
Designate. Appoint. nominate
Tailor. conform, customize
Acclimatize. adjust
Tentative. not definite, no sure. Hesitantly e.g. tentative kiss
Provisional. Temporary

Tenuous. Weak and unconvincing e.g. ___ argument

Tepid. half-hearted
Languid. Lacking energy and vigor
Lukewarm. (negative) warm but only slightly, specially when you expect
something to be warmer. E.g. when we arrived, their
response was strangely lukewarm
Indifferent. Showing no interest or care about something
Terminal. Reaching the end stage. A patient who is going to die e.g.
terminal cancer
Terminus. A place where a transport route ends
Terminal. Airport terminal
Terminate. eliminate, cancel
Termination. completion, finish
Terminology. jargon, lingo, vocabulary, language e.g. with increase in
world literacy, people are becoming familiar with medical
terminology
Cease. stop
Cessation. Stopping of something
Horrendous. disastrous, disturbing,
Frightful. scary
Horrible. Very bad
Dreadful. Extremely bad
Appalling. Dreadful and shocking
Terrific. wonderful, outstanding, splendid, marvelous
Terrify. Terrorize. Scare someone
Territory. area, region
Dominion. The land ruled by or controlled by a ruler
Dismay. To cause someone to feel discouraged or disappointed e.g. the
whole nation is dismayed whenever Pakistan loses its match
Terse. concise, precise, brief, succinct
Testify. Give formal evidence or statement about somebody or some
event
Testimony. Someone’s formal statement as a form of evidence.
Testament. proof
Old Testament. the first part of the Christian Bible, corresponding to the
Hebrew Bible, that recounts the creation of the world
and the history of ancient Israel and contains the
Psalms and the prophetic books
New Testament. the second section of the Christian Bible dealing with
the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, containing the
Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, the Epistles, and the Book
of Revelations
Demonstrate. To show
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Demonstrate. To show protest against something

Swear. Qasm khana.
Swear words. Vulgar abuse that children are discouraged from using
Throb. to beat rapidly and forcefully e.g. my head is throbbing
Pulsate. throb
Thump. To hit something with a heavy sound
Thump. To defeat somebody absolutely. E.g. Pakistan thumped
Windies
Pound. To hit something to make a sound
Pound. A major piece of something. E.g. pound of flesh
Pound. Old British measurement for weight approx equal to half kg
Pound. British currency. Pound Sterling
Pang. A sudden, intense and unusually distressing emotion e.g. sudden
pang of memories depressed me
Palpitate. to beat in an irregular or unusually rapid manner. E.g. our
heart palpitates after running or at time of extreme fear
Throng. crowd
Multitude. a large crowd
Swarm. a large crowd or group of people or animals (or insects like
flees or bees) moving in a confused or disorderly way
Horde. a large group of people, insect or animals moving in a mass
Assemblage. A gathering of things or people at one point
Pitch. To throw something away with force like a ball
Pitch. To set up a temporary structure like a tent or camp etc.
Pitch. To sell or promote something. E.g. Obama is pitching his budget
proposals to Congress
Pitch. Degree or level of something. E.g. our anxiety is now at fever
pitch
Pitch. A dark sticky substance obtained from tar for building purposes.
E.g. it is pitch dark here
Heave. To move something with a lot of physical effort. E.g. we heaved
the sack onto the truck
Heave. to rise and fall in a rhythmic or spasmodic way. After the races,
the chest of the horse was heaving.
Fling. Throw something violently
Fling. A brief sexual relationship between two people
Hurl. throw
Thrust. push
Shove. push
Plunge. to move suddenly downward or forward
Thug. gangster, hoodlum, goon
Coronet. a circular ornamental band worn by women on the head
Crown. Headdress symbolizing royalty. Taj
Tide. Wave. High tide (water high mark because of moon’s close
position)
Tidings. news or information e.g. we bring you glad tidings
Tidy. Trim. Everything in its proper place
Gridlock. Deadlock.
Stalemate. a situation where no one can come out a winner
Cord. Strong string or thin rope
Chord. two or more musical notes played or sung simultaneously
Chord. To produce an emotional, specially a sympathetic, response in
somebody, or jog somebody’s memory e.g. pictures of his
parents struck a chord in his memory
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Bow. To bend forward as a sign of respect or surrender

Scarf. Cloth worn around a neck
Tier. A row of seats in rising series
Tier. layer
Array. A large number or a wide range of people or things. E.g. we have
a large array of clients. Michael Jackson had a dazzling
array of talent. Pakistan as scary array of problems facing it
Row. Things or people placed in a straight line
Row. to propel a boat across water by using oars. E.g. rowing boat
Row. A noisy quarrel or dispute
Sturdy. Well made. With strong build
Yielding. Flexible. persuadable
Unyielding. Inflexible. stubborn
Rugged. with a sharply rising and falling, rough, or jagged surface e.g.
one cant walk barefoot over rugged terrain
Durable. Something that able to last for a long time without damage or
wear and tear e.g. __ sofa
Wayfarer. a traveler, especially somebody who makes a journey on foot
Drifter. somebody who does not stay in the same place or job for long,
but is always moving on, apparently without aim, from place
to place
Sightseer. A person who goes around just to see scenery and shops
etc. a tourist
Contest. competition
Rivalry. Jeolous competition. E.g. India and Pakistan are old rivals
Tousle. To make hair tangled or ruffled
Ruffle. To make a bird’s feathers erect as a sign of defence or alarm
Ruffle. To annoy someone. To bother or fluster someone. E.g. don’t
ruffle his feathers
Dishevel. to disarrange something, making it messy. E.g. after such a
long journey, our clothes and hair were all disheveled
Disarray. a disorganized and confused state. E.g. the meeting was
thrown into disarray by the surprise announcement
Tout. To praise someone enthusiastically
Tout. To try to market or sell something too aggressively
Tout. (negative word) A spy who sells secret information
Herald. Someone or something that is a sign of what is going to happen.
Bringer or harbinger of news
Vaunt. To boast or brag about something
Hamlet. A small village or group of houses
Municipal. relating to a town, city, or region that has its own local
government
Municipality. a city, town, or other area that has its own local
government
Toxic. Poisonous
Toxin. poison
Lethal. Deadly. Certain to cause death or serious harm. E.g. heroin is
legal if taken in high doze
Virulent. Malicious. Showing severe bitterness, malice or hostility
Virulent. Strong and manly
Trace. hint
Vestige. Trace or sign of something that is no longer there. E.g. castles
are vestiges of ruthless kings
Vestige. Small amount. E.g. there wasn’t a vestige of truth in what she
 102

said
Track. pursue, trace, hunt, trail
Pliable. Flexible and easily bent or molded
Docile. Quiet and easy to control
Comply. Obey an order
Compliant. ready to conform or agree to do something
Livelihood. Profession or means of earning daily living
Craft. a profession or activity involving the skillful making of decorative
or practical objects by hand, e.g. weaving, pottery, or
woodcarving
Vocation. Somebody’s job or profession
Tangle. to become twisted together into a jumbled mass, or make
something become twisted into a jumbled mass
Entangle. To make something become twisted up in a mass of strands
Entangled. Put somebody in a difficult situation
Entangled. Something too complicated e.g. situation in Afghanistan is
quite entangled
Tussle. to have a vigorous physical or verbal struggle with somebody
Scuffle. to have a vigorous physical or verbal struggle with somebody
Scrap. a small piece or remnant that has been detached from or torn off
a larger piece
Scrap. Get rid of something. Discard or discontinue something
Tweak. Pinch somebody affectionately
Tweak. Adjust something slightly. E.g. the car engine just needs a
tweak.
Nip. To remove something by pinching, biting or clipping e.g. we need to
nip the problem in the bud
Pinch. Chutki katna
Pinch. Steal something
Grasp. grab
Grasp. To understand
Twine. to wind, or twist around or together, or make something grow,
wind, or twist around something else
Strand. string, rope, cord
Twinge. a sudden brief stab of pain
Twinge. a sudden brief pang of an emotion
Spasm. an involuntary sudden muscle contraction
Stitch. to sew something. Tanka lagana
Twitch. to move with a slight jerk, either once or repeatedly. E.g. his
eyebrows twitch when he is nervous
Tingle. to feel a sensation of stinging, pricking, or vibration, e.g. from
cold or a slight electric shock, or cause somebody to feel this
Twinkle. flicker, glint, shimmer, glitter
Twirl. Spin around quickly. rotate, twist
Traction. the application of a pulling force (a pully) for medical
purposes, e.g. to reduce a fracture, maintain bone
alignment, relieve pain, or prevent spinal injury
Traction. (engineering) the act or process of pulling something,
especially by means of a motor, or the fact or state of being
pulled along, e.g. Imran Khan is trying to improve the country
but is not getting any traction from the masses
Transition. Change

U
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Homely. having a simple, unpretentious, and warm-hearted manner

Objectionable. Something that can be objected to
Ulcer. An area of body where there is no skin. Such an area can be
internal also such as in stomach etc.
Swelling. Soojan.
Swelling. A bulge or a rise in surface
Ulterior. existing in addition to, or being other than, what is apparent or
assumed
Ultimate. Eventual. final
Ultimatum. warning
Command. to control something
Warning. instruction
Umpire. Referee
Adjudicate. To formally decide
Evaluate. Estimate. check
Unaffected. Something that is not affected by anything
Unresponsive. One who does not respond
Unsympathetic. Not sympathetic
Disinterested. Who is not interested
Unassuming. Modest. humble
Humble. self-effacing
Self-effacing. humble
Unauthorized. Not having authority
Elicit. to cause or produce something as a reaction or response to a
stimulus of some kind. E.g. His jokes failed to elicit even the
faintest of smiles from her
Scrappy. consisting of scraps or fragments. poorly held together or
Structured e.g. scrappy building
Scion. a child or descendant of a family, especially a rich, famous,
or important family e.g. Bilawal is scion of Bhutto family
Illicit. Something not allowed either by law or by social norms e.g.
apparently our society is Islamic and narrow minded, but men and
women frequently have illicit relations
Forbidden. prohibited
Unnerve. Unsettle. Make someone uncomfortable
Aggravate. Increase.
Meddle. interfere
Muddle. to mix things together in a confused or disordered way e.g. my
thoughts are all muddled
Fluster. make somebody become nervous or agitated e.g. learning of
her victory, her face became all flustered
Unparalleled. rare, unequalled, unrivalled, without equal e.g. corruption
is reaching unparalleled heights
Peer. Equal in age or status.
Contemporary. existing or occurring at or dating from the same period
of time as something or somebody else e.g. Ghalib
was not appreciated by his contemporary poets
Peer. to look very carefully or hard, especially at somebody or
something that is difficult to see, often with narrowed eyes
Infrequent. Not frequent
Precedent. An example of something that happened earlier
Unprecedented. unique, novel, unusual, uncommon, having no
parallel
 104

Anomaly. something strange and difficult to identify or classify

Anomalous. Unusual. deviating from the norm or from what people
expect. E.g. heart ECG is anomalous
Indigenous. originating in and naturally living, growing or occurring in a
region or country. E.g. ___ food
Exotic. Foreign. Having a foreign and exciting feel. E.g. everyone wants
to go exotic places
Dumfounded. to make somebody temporarily speechless with
astonishment
Wary. cautious and suspicious of certain problems
Wanton. lacking restraint or inhibition, especially in sexual behavior e.g.
Hollywood actresses indulge in wanton display of their
bodies
Inept. Unable to handle a job. lacking the competence or skill for a
particular task
Substandard. Below standard
Disentangle. to untangle and free things that are muddled, tied, or
knotted together
Unravel. Disentangle something. To make the complexities of
something clear and understandable, or become clear and
understandable
Elucidate. to explain or clarify something
Illuminate. to make somebody or something visible or bright with light,
or be lit up. Decorate something with lights
Unwind. To relax and relief tension or worry. E.g. Hoxbay is a good
place to unwind
Extricate. to release somebody or something with difficulty from a
physical constraint or an unpleasant or complicated situation
e.g. it is difficult for me to extricate myself from my smoking
habit
Inextricably linked. Unbreakably connected
Eternal. Forever
Incessant. That does not cease or stop. E.g. incessant noise
Perpetual. For ever
Unending. That doesn’t end
Unrest. trouble
Campaign. Vote seeking activities
Campaign. Planned actions
Campaign. Military operations
Disquiet. a feeling of anxiety or uneasiness e.g. Misbah’s avoidance of
making any scores had a disquieting effect on all Pakistanis
who were watching world cup semi final
Dilemma. a situation in which somebody must choose one of two or
more unsatisfactory alternatives
Calamity. disaster
Turmoil. a state of great confusion, commotion, or disturbance
Scathing. severely critical and scornful. E.g. every day, Imran Khan
scathingly attacks Zardari and Nawaz Sharif
Unscathed. unscratched, safe e.g. there was a bomb blast but
everyone remained unscathed
Unseemly. contrary to accepted standards of good taste or appropriate
behavior. namunasib
Inappropriate. namunasib
Unsettle. to make somebody ill at ease or insecure. E.g. movie scenes
 105

containing cut up body parts are unsettling

Perplex. confuse
Dislocate. Move something from its proper location. E.g. his shoulder
joint got dislocated in the accident
Perturb. to disturb and confuse someone e.g. his failure to return at
night was perturbing for the whole family
Disconcert. to make somebody feel ill at ease, slightly confused, or
taken aback e.g. Pakistan team’s world cup performance
was quite disconcerting
Repulsive. Disgusting
Revulsion. a sudden violent feeling of disgust
Horrid. Nasty. Disgusting
Unsophisticated. Crude
Provincial. belonging to or coming from a province
Provincial. unsophisticated and unwilling to accept new ideas or
ways of thinking
Provincial. Simple and plain. E.g. interior design of most rich people’s
home is provincial
Raw. Uncooked
Raw. Hurt and sore e.g. After the match, all players feel raw
Unrefined. Coarse. Crude
Uncouth. behaving in an ill-mannered or unrefined way
Artless. without guile or deception. completely natural. E.g. she is an
artless person and cant understand all the politics around
her
Disingenuous. giving a false impression of sincerity or simplicity
Unspeakable. disgusting, indescribable, nasty
Incredible. Unbelievable
Abusive. Full of abuses
Spiteful. Vindictive in petty ways
Resilient. Strong. able to spring back quickly into shape after being
bent, stretched, or squashed
Resolute. possessing determination and purposefulness
Unwavering. Steady and firm in purpose e.g. USA has committed
unwavering support to Pakistan
Unveil. Reveal. Expose. Show
Scold. Tell off somebody
Rebuke. to criticize or reprimand somebody, usually sharply
Chide. to reproach somebody gently
Reprove. Censure somebody
Berate. Scold someone vigorously and at length
Slam. to close something forcefully and noisily, or be closed in this way
Reproach. to criticize somebody for doing something wrong
Upheaval. a strong or sudden change in political, social, or living
conditions
Catastrophe. disaster
Disorder. Not in order.
Uphold. to maintain or defend something, especially laws or principles,
in the face of hostility e.g. we need to uphold highest
standards in our professional life
Preserve. Make sure something lasts e.g. we put the food in fridge to
preserve it
Preservatives. Chemicals that are used to preserve food etc.
Preserve. something that one particular person or group regards as
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being his, her, or its exclusive concern, or a place kept for

one person or group to enjoy exclusively e.g. children treat
lawn their own preserve

Endorse. Recommend and support something

Foremost. Most important or notable
Predominantly. Overwhelmingly
Lofty. Where high or tall e.g. he made lofty claims
Upright. Honest
Vertical. Straight up
Horizontal. Parallel to floor
Unadulterated. Unpolluted
Comprehensive. Detailed and complete.
Utter. total, entire
Utter. talk,
Articulate. Someone who expresses himself well and clearly
Intone. to say something, especially in a slow and serious or solemn
way
Utterance. statement, declaration,
Diction. the clarity with which somebody pronounces words when
speaking or singing
Proclamation. a public or formal announcement

Vacant. unfilled, uninhabited, empty. deserted, isolated

Vacate. go away, leave. Abandon (e.g. vacate the house)
Vacation. time off, holiday
Vaccinate. inoculate, immunize
Vacillate. be unable to make up your mind, hesitate, vary, waver, sway
Vacuum. emptiness, void
Vagary. Unpredictable change e.g. these are nothing but usual vagaries
of life
Whim. Passing impulse
Fancy. Opposite of plain. Something elaborately or ornately decorated
e.g. fancy lights
Fancy. To want to do something or have something e.g. would you
fancy a cup of coffee
Quirk. a strange or peculiar habit, manner or aspect of someone’s
character
Vagrant. drifter, homeless person, idler
Rascal. A mischievous or dishonest person
Silly. Foolish. Trivial and unimportant. Lacking common sense
Vague. Unclear. difficult to understand. indistinct, imprecise,
unspecified, indistinguishable
Vain. Unsuccessful. Too proud but lacking any substance. A person
who is proud or arrogant without any success or competence
Ineffective. Not effective
Economical. At low cost
Uneconomical. at high cost
Hollow. Something that is empty from inside
Narcissistic. In psychiatry, a personality disorder characterized by the
patient's overestimation of his or her own appearance and abilities
and an excessive need for admiration.
 107

Smug. big-headed. Conceited and self-satisfied

Valet. Somebody performing car parking services at a hotel etc.
Valet. Male servant
Chivalry. the combination of qualities expected of the ideal medieval
knight, especially courage, honor, loyalty, and consideration
for others, especially women
Valid. well-founded, sensible, legal
Valley. Lowland. vale
Valour. Courage, boldness
Void. Empty. E.g. upon his departure, I felt a big void in heart
Void. To have something declared as illegal as if it never happened
e.g. the Supreme Court declared all the 3rd November actions as
void
Barren. Opposite of fertile. Land that cannot grow any crop
Volatile. Something likely to explode, unstable, unpredictable e.g.
situation in Pakistan is volatile at present
Ephemeral. Short-lived. Existing for a short period of time. E.g. his back
pain is ephemeral
Volition. choosing, choice (e.g. I am going there out of my own volition)
Voluble. Chatty. Who talks a lot
Verbose. Something that is expressed in too many words
Volume. Manuscript
Volume. bulk
Tome. a book, especially a large heavy book on a serious subject
Voluntary. Of free will. By own choice
Voluntary. Doing work without pay. E.g. every student must do some
voluntary work at a hospital
Volunteer. ..
Prone. Inclined or disposed to do something or be affected by
something. E.g. during illness, our defense mechanism is the
weakest and we are most prone to infection. He is prone to
losing focus if you taunt him.
Vulnerable. defenseless, unguarded, weak, exposed, prone to being
damaged e.g. during illness, our bodies are most prone to
infection
Susceptible. easily influenced or affected by something e.g. children
are susceptible to allergies. Young unemployed boys are
susceptible to being brainwashed to become suicide
bombers
Extend. To open out something into space. E.g. extend your tongue,
your arm
Extension. Extended part. E.g. we are building an extension to this
house. The term of his employment finished last year but the
company gave him extension for another year.
Render. to give help or provide a service e.g. Waqar Yunus rendered
great services as a bowling coach
Render. To put someone or somebody in a certain state. E.g. as our car
broke down, we were rendered completely helpless on the road
Render. Translate something. E.g. Shakespeare has not yet been
rendered into Urdu
Render. Portray something artistically through literature, music, acting
or sculpture e.g. Leonardo da Vinci rendered greatest
spiritual moments of the life of Jesus Christ on the walls and
ceilings of churches in Vatican, Rome, Italy
 108

Propose. Suggest
Indulge. To tolerate or permit a person a certain liberty e.g. parents
should indulge their children but within certain limits
Indulge. To do a special favour. E.g. when writing an application,
sometimes the applicant says that he would be thankful for
the indulgence
Indulgent. permissive, tolerant and generally allowing people to have
what they want e.g. Western societies are quite indulgent in
that people enjoy sexual freedom and freedom of speech
etc.
Voracious. desiring or consuming food in great quantities e.g. Nawaz
Sharif has voracious appetite
Gluttonous. somebody who habitually eats or drinks so much that other
people get sick watching that person. Gluttonous people are
normally very fat as well
Insatiable. always wanting or needing more and impossible to satisfy
e.g. Pakistani leaders’ lust for money is insatiable
Starving. Extremely hungry. very weak or dying because of hunger
Rapacious. greedy and grasping, especially for money, and sometimes
willing to use unscrupulous means to obtain what is desired
e.g. our politicians’ rapacious attitude is incurable
Vouch. to assert or declare something e.g. Even Jinnah’s enemies
vouched for his integrity
Vow. a solemn promise or pledge to perform an act, carry out an
activity, or behave in a given way e.g. upon 9/11 attacks in
American, US government vowed to avenge the deaths of
American
Pledge. Formal, solemn promise.
Pledge. An old custom of a borrower leaving his or her valuable thing
like gold jewelry in possession of a lender so that if he does not
return the money borrowed, the lender may sell the pledged item
Voyage. a long journey, especially one by sea or through space
Excursion. a short trip to a place and back, for pleasure or a purpose
Vulgar. Coarse. disgusting, crude (e.g. don’t use vulgar language)
Vulgarity. obscenity, impoliteness, indelicacy, indecency
Crass. so thoughtless, vulgar, and insensitive as to lack all refinement
or delicacy

Waft. Float. Hover. Drift

Wage. a sum of money paid to a worker in exchange for services,
especially for work performed on an hourly, daily, or weekly basis,
or by the piece
Salary. a fixed annual sum, paid at regular intervals, usually monthly, to
an employee, especially for professional or clerical work
Stipend. Allowance. a fixed amount of money paid at regular intervals
as a salary or to cover living expenses. Wazeefa. E.g. both
Shakespeare and Ghalib lived off a stipend that was paid by the
King of their time, in Ghalib’s case, Bahadur Shah Zafar
Remuneration. a payment or reward for services
Wager. Bet on an outcome. Shart lagana
Stake. a thin wooden or metal post that is driven into the ground to
mark or support something
 109

Speculate. Conjecture. To think about possibilities

Undertake. Promise. Commit to do something
Pursue. Chase. follow
Pursuit. Peechha. Things or interests that you follow. E.g. is he involved
in any illegal pursuits?
Execute. Kill something in pursuance of a court judgment or illegally
without any such process
Execute. Performing or carry out a duty or plan
Execution. the killing of somebody as part of a legal or extralegal
process
Execution. Performance of something
Hazard. Risk. E.g. journey is full of many hazards e.g. smoothing is a
health hazard
Hazardous. Risky. Dangerous
Flounder. to make clumsy uncontrolled movements while trying to
regain balance or move forward. To hesitate in confusion.
E.g. His health is floundering
Orphan. yatim
Rogue. Unorthodox and unpredictable. acting independently and using
unorthodox methods that are unpredictable and are likely to cause
trouble e.g. rogue elements within the Army
Wail. to express pain, grief, or misery in a long mournful high-pitched cry
or in words uttered in a mournful way e.g.. wail of ambulances.
Wailing of grieving women
Lament. Express regret, annoyance or disappointment about something
e.g. she was lamenting the lack of funding for her project.
Bemoan. lament
Sob. Gasp while crying
Whine. (negative word) to complain in an unreasonable, repeated, or
irritating way e.g. why are whining all the time?
Mourn. Express sadness on somebody’s death etc.
Linger. to delay leaving somewhere because of reluctance to go. To put
off leaving because of desire to stay e.g. although the movie
ended, but we lingered around in the building for some more time
Waive. To surrender claim to something e.g. he waived his right to have
an independent umpire for the match
Waive. Not to enforce a condition. E.g. ministry has waived all the
conditions in our case
Forego. Precede. to go or come before something in position, time,
or sequence
Forgo. Abstain from something voluntarily e.g. he has decided to forgo
smoking for the rest of his life
Defer. Postpone. To put off something until a later time
Shelve. to put something on a shelf. to postpone something e.g.
government has shelved plans to privatize Pakistan steel
Relinquish. Abandon or cede something. Let something go e.g.
In Pakistan, no one relinquishes govt voluntarily
Wake. the track left in water by a vessel or another body moving through
It. Used as an idiom to refer to after effects of something
Arouse. Stimulate. to evoke a feeling, response, or desire
Rouse. To wake up someone. To shake somebody out of apathy. To
evoke rising of certain emotions. E.g. he gave a rousing speech
Stir. To mix ingredients
Stir. To make somebody emotional e.g. the tragedy evoked rage among
 110

young men
Prod. to poke somebody or something with a finger or pointed
object
Prod. To incite somebody into action
Provoke. Incite somebody. Elicit response. Anger someone
Motivate. Give somebody incentive. encourage
Kindle. Ignite. Start burning. Evoke emotion or interest e.g.
photographs kindled hope
Lane. a narrow path, road or street, typically in older town areas or in
the countryside, often enclosed by walls or hedges
Passage. raasta
Promenade. A leisurely walk or stroll
Pallid. Pale. Having an unhealthy pale complexion
Sickly. unhealthy, or tending to be frequently ill. E.g. sickly child
Ashen. Extremely pale in appearance. Like ash. E.g. after the dacoits
left, everyone’s face was ashen
Blanched. To make something pale
Decree. Official order. Court ruling
Proclaim. Declare something publicly
Willful. Intentional. deliberate
Adamant. Set in opinion. Inflexible. very determined and not influenced
by appeals to reconsider a position or decision
Wilt. to droop or shrivel through lack of water, too much heat, or
disease, or make a plant droop or shrivel
Droop. to hang down or sag limply e.g. her eyelids drooped with
weariness
Shrivel. to become shrunken or wrinkled, or cause somebody or
something to become shrunken or wrinkled, especially from
drying out or aging
Wither. to shrivel or dry up as part of the process of dying, or make
something, especially a plant or part of a plant, shrivel in this way
Decay. Become rotten
Slump. to sink or fall suddenly and heavily. to have a hunched drooping
posture e.g. he was slumped over her desk.
Wily. deceitful, artful, cunning, skilled, crafty, sly, treacherous, tricky
Wince. To make pained expression
Flinch. to make an involuntary small backward movement in response
to pain or something frightening or shocking
Recoil. To move back suddenly, specially after an impact
Cringe. to pull the head and body quickly away from somebody or
something in a frightened or servile way
Falter. Stumble. Loose confidence
Twitch. Jerk slightly
Wind. Hawa
Wind. curve, twist, swerve, curl, twine, encircle
Windfall. blessing, godsend, boon, bonanza
Accumulate. Gather something
Acquisition. Act of acquiring something. Taking possession or
ownership of something
Winnow. to separate grain from its husks chaff by tossing it in the air or
blowing air through it. to examine something in order to
remove the bad, unusable, or undesirable parts
Sieve. chhalni
Sift. to separate something with a sieve, or by a process of selection or
 111

elimination
Extract. To take something out, specially by using force
Winsome. charming, especially because of a naive, innocent quality
e.g. children’s winsome smile
Captivating. Enchanting or irresistible
Cute. Attractive in childlike way
Engaging. attractive
Comely. Old word for good-looking woman
Inscribe. to write, print, or engrave words or letters on a surface
Scrawl. to write or draw something untidily or hastily, especially in large
letters that are difficult to read
Compose. To consist of something. E.g. ice cream is composed of milk
and sugar
Compose. to create something, especially a piece of music or writing.
She is trying to compose a rather difficult letter to her client.
Compose. To make somebody calm. E.g. I composed myself before
start of the game
Script. the printed version of a stage play, movie screenplay, or
radio or television broadcast, including the words to be
spoken and often also technical directions
Writhe. to make violent twisting and rolling movements with the body,
especially as a result of severe pain e.g. writhing in agony
Squirm. Feel emotional discomfort. to wriggle the body, especially
because of discomfort or in an attempt to break free from being
held.
Contort. Something twisted out of natural shape. E.g. contorted face
Flail. to thrash or swing something around violently or uncontrollably, or
move in this way

Yard. Unit of length equal to 3 feet

Yard. the area of land immediately surrounding a house, often covered
with grass or landscaping
Tract. an unmeasured expanse of land or water, or a measured area,
especially of land
Enclosure. something extra enclosed in a letter or package
Enclosure. an area of land surrounded by a fence, wall, or other
boundary
Patch. a piece of material used to cover, strengthen, or mend a hole in
something e.g. a patch on the wound
Patchwork. needlework in which pieces of fabric are sewn together in a
decorative way. something made up of many different parts
e.g. this book is a patchwork of contradictory ideas
Yardstick. a measuring stick one yard long, usually marked in feet and
inches
Scale. Weighing something
Gauge. Calculate something. Assess or determine the amount or
quantity, size or extent of something
Yarn. a continuous twisted strand of wool, cotton, or synthetic fiber
Tale. a short piece of fiction, often one of a connected series
Anecdote. a short personal account of an incident or event
Yearn. Long for something. Miss something a lot
Urge. Request politely
 112

Passion. Extreme emotion

Crave. to have a strong desire for something
Inclination. tendency
Yell. Shout.
Holler. Yell
Roar. Growl loudly
Timid. Showing fear or hesitancy
Timorous.
Yen. Japanese currency
Lust. Sexual desire
Surrender. to declare yourself defeated
Cede. Surrender something
Concede. Admit a mistake or defeat
Resign. Leave a certain job
Acquiesce. to agree or comply with something in a passive or
reserve
Reign. the period of time during which somebody, especially a king or
queen, rules a nation
Harness. a set of leather straps fitted to an animal such as a horse so
that it can be attached to a cart or carriage for pulling
Yoke. a wooden frame for harnessing two draft animals to whatever
they had to pull
Nonsensical. Meaningless
Wacky. An offensive word for someone crazy or unpredictable

Zeal. Vigor. enthusiasm

Eager. Keen. Enthusiastic
Fervor. ardent or extremely passionate enthusiasm
Fervent. showing ardent or extremely passionate enthusiasm e.g. the
nation fervently supported Pakistani team in the world cup
Spirited. Animated, lively and spirited
Ardent. Passionate. Enthusiastic. e.g. ardent supporter
Earnest. Serious
Zealous. Extremist
Zealot. An fanatic supporter of a cause. a member of a group of Jewish
rebels who attempted the military overthrow of Roman rule in
Palestine in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD
Fanatic. Crazy. maniac
Dedication. Commitment. E.g. Christian priest dedicate all their lives to
serve the Church
Devote. Wholeheartedly give or allocate something such as time for a
cause or a person e.g. for Pakistan to become a developed
country, all the nation has to show absolute devotion, something
that they are not capable of doing
Devotion. Commitment and loyalty. Jinnah’s devotion to cause of
Pakistan was remarkable
Devotee. Someone who is devoted to a cause or a person
Partisan. Biased supporter
Zenith. The high point or climax of something
Peak. High point
Crest. Top of curve or slope
Elevation. the height above a specific reference point, especially sea
 113

level
Breeze. Light to moderate wind
Zephyr. a light warming breeze

__________________________________________
 114

Draft. Preliminary version. First copy

Draft. Current of cold air
Deduct. Subtract, Reduce
Curtail. Reduce, Decrease
Lessen. Decrease, Curtail
Recede. Diminish, Shrink, withdraw
Retreat. Withdraw, back-off
Aggregate. Combined total
Amass. to collect, to gather
Accumulate. To collect, to gather, Stockpile
Hoard. To accumulate (negative word)
Hoardings. billboards
Synchronize. Harmonize, Coordinate
Mesh. Interlock, Interconnect (mesh of wires)
Delicate. Soft, thin, sensitive
Subtle. Soft. Delicate, Thin (his joke was not direct but subtle)
Sophisticated. Stylish, Classy
Elegant. Well-mannered, stylish
Urbane. Elegant, Well-mannered, well-educated
Nuance. Subtle
Variation. Change in something (variation in temperature)
Adversity. difficulty
Fortitude. Courage with capacity to stand firm in the face of
adversity and threat
Valor. Courage
Gallantry. Bravery, Fearlessness
Endure. To bear or to suffer some problem or difficulty
(he can endure a lot of pain)
Endurance. Capacity to endure
Perseverance. Capacity to continue with effort or struggle
regardless of adversity or failure
Tenacity. Tough
Tenacious.
Docile. Weak, humble (negative word)
Meek. Humble, Docile
Comply. To follow orders, obey a superior
Compliant. Obedient, Accommodating
Submissive. (negative word) docile, Dutiful
Subjugate. Defeat, overcome (mughals subjugated India)
Conquer. Overcome, Occupy (mughals conquered India)
Bequeath. Bestow or formally give an award or gift to someone (king
bequeathed the title of lord on many noble men of England), leave
some money or property to someone after death (in his will, the
king bequeathed all his kingdom to the daughter who loved him
the most)
Inherit. Acquire some money or property on the owner’s death,
succeed
inheritance. All the money and property left behind by a dead man
legacy. Non-material inheritance (benazir’s political legacy)
Will. A document in which a person states his decision on how his
inheritance is to be divided)
Pedigree. Lineage, Family tree
Ancestry. Ancestor, Forefather
 115

Paternal. Affectionate, Fatherly

Maternal. Loving, Protective, Caring
Beseech. Beg somebody (I ask you to beseech again)
Humble. Low. Not arrogant
Rude. Behaving in way that hurts other people’s feeling or unpleasant or
indecent (don’t be rude)
Rudely. Impolitely. harshly
Polite. Behaving in way that shows respect for other people’s feeling
(she was too polite to point out my mistake)
Elegant.
Rash. Thoughtless and impetuous
Stammer. to speak with hesitation or repeated sound (he
stammers when he is nervous)
Mumble. To speak unclearly or quietly that the words difficult to
understand (she mumbled a prayer for their safe return)
Murmur. To speak or say very quietly (“I love you”, she murmured.)
Whisper. To say something very softly using the breath not the voice
(what are you girls whispering about?)
Launch. Event to present new product ( today is the launch for her new
book)
Initiate. To start or teach (she initiated me into the joy of snowboarding)
Promulgate. Declare something officially or to make something widely
known
Sustain. Support somebody, to provide somebody necessities of life
Sustenance. Nourishment, something, especially food, that supports life
(there isn’t much sustenance in a small chocolate bar.
Ego. Self-esteem (he has huge ego.)
Egotistical. Selfish person
Attitude. Challenging manner or personal view of something
Approach. To treat something in a particular way or to come close to
being something (how did she approach the problem)
Thrust. To push somebody or something forcefully (he thrust his hand
into his pocket)
Broad. Wide, large, full and clear (he will give a broad out line of the
project)
Undulate. Move sinuously likes waves, go up and down gracefully (I
love undulating waves)
Gladiate. Shape like the blade of sword(
Gladiator. Fighter in roman arena, boxer
Adversary. An opponent in a conflict, contest or debate (he saw her as
his main adversary within the company)
Animosity. a feeling or spirit of hostility and resentment
Enmity. Hatred that exists between enemies (they are trying to resolve
old-age enmities)
Cordial. Friendly, sincere or profound
Cordially. (Same)
Staunch. Loyal or sturdy
Faithful. Loyal, honest
Faithfully. (Adverb)
Loyal. Faithful (she is very loyal to her friends)
Disloyal. Opposite of loyal
Commitment. Promise or loyalty
Cause. reason
Aim. Plan to do something
 116

Envisage. Expect something to happen in a certain manner

Contemplate. consider something
Consider. To think carefully about something
Foresee. Predict, to know or expect
Premonition. Forewarning, Feeling, (Intuition of future event: a strong
feeling, without a rational basis, that something is going to happen)
Instinct. Nature, Character, Makeup
Prime. Major, Main, Key, Chief,
Primary. Basic, main, first,
Primitive. Not developed, very basic or old fashioned
Primal. Very basic, original, first or earliest
Base. Lowest part, bottom, main supporting element
Superstition. Irrational belief
Superstitious. Based on false or irrational belief
Delusion. a persistent false belief held in the face of strong
contradictory evidence, especially as a symptom of a
psychiatric condition (e.g. Pakistanis have delusions that the
whole world is conspiring to damage their innocent cricket
team)
Paranoia. Psychiatric disorder in which a person thinks everyone
and everything is part of a conspiracy to damage or kill him
Paranoid. Showing characteristics of a paranoia
Schizophrenia. Madness. Serious psychiatric disorder
Neurosis. A mild psychiatric disorder like obsession, or fear of heights
or fear of closed places, e.g. claustrophobia
Obsession. Psychiatric disorder in which a person gets hooked on to a
habit or thought and cannot let that go. (e.g. he is so
obsessed with cleanliness that he washes his hands dozens
of times everyday)
Hypochondriac. A person who wrongly believes that he is suffering
from a serious disease when without objective evidence.
Such persons are extremely sensitive to changes in their
health and manufacture symptoms. The objective seems to
be to avoid thinking about something that is not pleasant in
their lives
Depression. A psychiatric problem in which a person feels so down that
he finds it difficult to follow ordinary daily routine.
Mania. an excessive and intense interest in or enthusiasm for
something. obsession
Manic. ….
Megalomania. A psychiatric problem in which a person has grand
believes that he is president of a country or king or prophet
Manic depressive. A psychiatric disorder in which a person goes
through attacks of mania (too much excitement and happiness)
followed by attack of depression)
Claustrophobia. Fear of closed places
Hallucination. Delusion. Seeing a false vision
Nerves. Vessels which carries blood
Neurons. A nerve cell that carries message from brain to other parts of
body
Veins. Vessels which carries impure blood from other parts of body to
heart
Arteries. A type of blood vessel
Tendons. tough band connecting muscle to bone
 117

Vagina. Part of female reproductive tract

Penis. Male sex organ
Cock. Penis
Anus. The opening at the end of alimentary canal through which the
waste product is expelled out.
Anal. Relating to anus
Hips. body part situated below the waist
Ass. Animal resembling horse with long ears
Forehead. The part of face above the eye brows
Oral. Relating to mouth. E.g. oral ulcer
- verbal. E.g. his oral instructions are that …
Stubble. Short beard growth
Pupil. Part of eye
Retina. Eye part
Nasal. Relating to nose or part of nose
Eardrum. Sound transmitting membrane in the ear
Adams Apple. the front part of the neck that sticks out, esp. in a
man, and moves up and down when you speak or swallow 
Collarbone.
Ribcage. The ribs as a whole
Nipples. Tip of mammary gland
Navel. Hollow on the surface of stomach
Neck. Body part between head and body
Nourish. To give food to somebody, support or foster something
Nurture. To give tender care
Naval. Belonging to country’s navy (the major naval battle was fought
near hear)
Navy. Seagoing military force
Army. Branch of armed force
Air force. Aircraft branch of armed services
Military. Typical of soldier
Militant. Involved in fighting
Offensive. Upsetting, insulting, irritating
Offend. To hurt somebody’s feeling, cause resentment, irritation
Combat. Fighting or struggle
Mortal Combat. Unable to continue living or Having to die
Sultry. Hot and damp, Sensual
Sumptuous. Magnificent or grand in appearance, extravagant
Sizable. Fairly large
Bear. (1) Tolerate, (2) Large furry animal
Unbearable. Impossible to tolerate, difficult, unpleasant
Cant Stand. Cant bear
Manage. Administer or run something, Achieve something with difficult,
Handle or control something
Manager. Organizer or business, Person who manages things
Manageable. Easy to deal with, Able to handle without much difficulty
Unmanageable. Difficult to handle or impossible to deal with
Foretell. predict
Fortune. Great wealth or property, Fate, Destiny (they went seek their
fortune in other countries
Fortune Teller. Somebody who predict the future e.g. by reading palm
or using tarot cards
Predict. Say what will happen in future (no one can predict when
disease will strike again
 118

Unpredictable. Not easily foreseen or predicted

Err. Make mistake, Do an incorrect thing (the committee erred in
interpreting the contract)
Erratic. Inconsistent, often changing direction (His driving tends to be
rather erratic)
Pacify. Calm, Bring peace to an area, people or situation.
Placate. To make somebody less anger, upset or hostile.
Win Over. persuade somebody to agree with you, support you, or give
you permission
Befriend. To be friend with somebody
Betray. Help enemy, To harm or be disloyal to a country
Scoundrel. Villain, A dishonorable or unprincipled person.
Out law. Fugitive criminal, Somebody without legal rights
Rogue. Somebody dishonest, Somebody mischievous,
Brash. a person who aggressively and rudely asserts himself
Sculptor. artist who makes sculptures
Sculpture. the creation of a three-dimensional work of art, especially by
carving, modeling
Beside. At side of (e.g. beside yourself)
Adjacent. Very near or with nothing in between (e.g. they work in
adjacent building)
Policy. A course of action, A program of actions adopted by a person or
group
Formulate. Express something in formula
Formula. Plan, Method of doing something
Trance. Dazed state, hypnotic state
Hypnotize. Put somebody into hypnosis, Fascinate
Alert. Watchful, Mentally lively (e.g. when you are driving, you must stay
alert)
Charcoal. A black or dark gray form of carbon, produced by burning of
wood, used for drawing pictures.
Ripples. Have or give something wavy flow ( a breeze rippled the water)
Fluctuate. vary in level, degree, or value (vegetables prices fluctuate
according to the season)
Saunter. Stroll, Slow walk
Gallop. Fast ride on horse, Fastest pace of horse (the horse suddenly
broke into a gallop)
Trash. Rubbish, discarded material
Garbage. Discarded waste, Trash,
Street Light. Light illuminating street
Trainers. Somebody who trains animals or people
Flute. Musical instrument, a woodwind instrument with a cylindrical
narrow body.
Trumpet. a metal musical instrument that you play by blowing into it and
pressing buttons to make different notes
Drum. a musical instrument usually consisting of a membrane stretched
across a hollow frame and played by striking the stretched
membrane.
Violin. Stringed instrument played with bow
Symphony. Complex musical composition.
Orchestra. large group of musicians.
Chapel. Room for Christian worship, Separate area for church
Bishop. A priest of high rank who is in charge of the priest of lower
ranks in a particular area
 119

Steam. Vaporized water, Mist of water vapors,

Sizzle. Make noise of food frying
Fragrance. Sweet smell, perfume, nice smell
Environment. Surrounding, Nature
Terror. Intense fear, Violence, Threat
Terrorist. The person who cause terror, violent action for political
purposes 
Dash. Rushing movement, Quick stroke
Sacrilege. Disrespect, Treating some Holy thing without respect (Is it
sacrilegious to ask whether there is a god or not?)
Blasphemy. Disrespect for religion
Column. Vertical arrangement of numbers, Section of page, Regular
article
Reverend. used as a title before the name of some Christian officials
Esteem. Value somebody or something highly
Longitude. the position to the east or west of an imaginary circle
around the earth.
Latitude. the distance of a place north or south of the Equator.
Flexible. Able to bend without breaking or be change easily according to
situation.
Pliable. Flexible, Adaptable, easily influenced
Rigid. Stiff or fixed, Inflexible
Inflexible. Rigid, stiff
Adamant. Impossible to persuade, Unwilling to change an opinion or
decision.
Repent. Be sorry or to feel regret about a sin
Unrepentant. Not feeling sorry about something
Obnoxious. Very unpleasant or offensive
Awful. Extremely bad, Causing shock or sadness
Simmer. Stay or keep something below boil
Stubborn. Opposed to change or suggestion(he is sick but he’s too
stubborn to see a doctor)
Sprint. Short swift race, Fast finishing run (he sprinted off to meet her
girlfriend)
Hop. Jump lightly on one foot
Hay. Dried grass
Pollen. Powdery substance present in flowers for reproduction,
Fertilizing powder
Polling. Place for voting or election
Freak. Drug user
Obsessed. Unable to stop thinking about something (she is obsessed
with thoughts of her dead husband)
Sentry. A guard or a soldier
Watchman. A guard
Spell. Form a word, Write letters of a word
Culture. art, music, literature, related activities, considered collectively
Persuade. Convince somebody of something
Persuasive. having the ability to persuade people or the effect of
persuading them
Agriculture. Farming, the occupation of cultivating land
Cultivate. Prepare soil for growing crops
Develop. Change and grow
Recognize. Identify somebody or something seen before
Display. Make something visible
 120

Demonstrate. to explain or describe how something works or how to do

something
Conceal. Hide person, things or feeling
Force. Natural strength, Physical power
Compel. To force someone to do something (as a school boy I was
compelled to wear shorts in winter too)
Coerce. Force somebody
Literature. Written work with artistic value
Art. Creation of beautiful objects,
Artist. Creator of art, Skilled person
Instruct. Direct somebody, give somebody information.
Instructions. Statement of command, Things taught
Brilliant. Intelligent, Talented, Extremely bright or radiant
Innovative. Using new ideas or method (she was an imaginative and
innovative manager)
Imagine. Assume or suppose something
Imaginative. New, original, Skilled at visualizing,(the architects have
made imaginative use of glass and transparent plastic)
Fantasy. Mantel image or dream, impractical idea (she retreated from
life into a world of fantasy)
Entertain. Amuse, Help someone to have an enjoyable time (we hired a
clown to entertain the children)
Eliminate. Remove, Reject, Get rid of
Mastery. Expert skill, Expert knowledge, Control over something (his
mastery of the Japanese language)
Mystery. Story about puzzling event, Strangeness, Hidden person or
things
Mysterious. Secretive, full of mystery
Virtue. Admirable quality, Goodness, (she succeeded by virtue of hard
work rather then talent)
Velocity. Speed, rate of change in position
Erode. (1)Wear away outer layer of rock or soil, (2) destroy a good
quality or situation
Erosion. Wearing away of rock, gradually breaking down
Catastrophe. Disaster, Accident, Bad event that causes a lot of
suffering and destruction (After the drought, the country is facing
environmental catastrophe )
Reflection. The image of something in mirror, Reflected image (I saw
my reflection in mirror)
Endear. Make somebody liked (don’t endear herself to us)
Status. Rank, Prestige
Statue. Model made by men (by using clay or metal)
Clergy. Priest or religious leader.
Ultimate. Final, Greatest, Fundamental
Maximum. Greatest amount, Highest level reached, Greatest number
Minimum. Lowest possible degree, lowest number, Lowest value
Endure. Bear hardship, Tolerate disagreeable things
Convention. Gathering, People attending formal meetings
Tradition. Customs or belief
Perceive. Notice using senses, Understanding or comprehend
Perfect. Without fault, Complete or whole, Excellent or ideal
Perfection. Perfect nature, Process of perfecting
Perfectionist. Somebody who want everything to be perfect
Nigger. A very offensive word of black person
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Autocrat. Ruler with absolute authority, Bossy person

Dictator. Somebody who gives dictation
Sadism. Being cruel for fun
Pierce. Penetrate barriers, Put hole in something
Treasure. Something highly valuable, Jewels and precious objects
Melody. Linear musical structure, Musical Lyrics
Indulge. to let yourself do or have something that you enjoy but which
may be bad for you (they indulge in a bit of gossip)
Harmony. Peace, Friendly agreement (they live in peace and harmony)
Harmonious. Peaceful
Boast. Possess something desirable, Speak rudely
Reverse. Go back ward, Turn something inside out, change something
opposite (reverse the car)
Reversible. Able to be reversed
Irreversible. Impossible to reverse or undo
Alter. (1)To make change, (2) Adjust garments for better fit
Alteration. Modification or adjustment made to something, especially a
garment.
Modify. To make minor changes or alteration to something
Modification. Act of modifying
Amendment. Alteration of something, Change to legal document
Remuneration. A payment or reward for goods or services
Outrage. Violent act, Offensive act, Fury
Talent. Natural ability, somebody with exception ability
Outrageous. Morally shocking, Excessive
Dislike. Not like something or somebody
Loathe. To dislike something or somebody
Distaste. Dislike, Disapproval
Compound. Mixture, Chemical substance
Brute. Somebody regarded as cruel, ruthless or insensitive
Peculiar. Unique, unusual
Unique. Only one, Special
Wine. Alcohol fermented from grapes and other fruits
Whiskey. An alcoholic beverage
Brandy. Liquor distilled from fermented juice
Vodka. Alcoholic drink
Beer. an alcoholic drink brewed by fermenting malt with sugar and yeast
and flavoring it with hops
Sanitation. Study of water and savage system
Solar. using the Sun's radiation as a source of energy
Sanitary. Connecting with public health, clean and hygienic
Exhaust. To make somebody very tired or weak
Exhaustion. extremely tired or weak state
Exhausted. Tired
Propel. Push forward. E.g. may be so many problems will propel our
nation towards a revolution
Propulsion. Mechanism for pushing forward something
Hail. Greet something. A welcome gesture. E.g. Hail Mary. Change of
this unpopular govt will be hailed all over Pakistan
Rock (v) to move from one side to another and then back. E.g. rock and
roll music. Earthquake rocked the whole southern part of the
country
Galvanize
Excommunicate. To formally remove someone from a community or
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organization e.g. The Prophet was excommunicated by

the Quraish of Mecca for spreading message of God
Faction. A group within a larger set up. E.g. Taliban are not one
organized group. There are many factions within it
Narrative. Description of something. E.g. Mullahs have put across their
own narrative of the Islam in which focus is on prayers and
ibadat instead of morality, and the Prophet’s struggle for
human equality and dignity
Emulate. To copy someone. E.g. when it comes to integrity and
courage, we must all try to emulate our founder Jinnah
Nag. Irritate someone through constant complaints and sarcasm. E.g.
nagging wives