CUIB – SCHOOL OF IT

NWS 124: TELECOMMUNICATIONS II - TUTORIAL SHEET

1. Explain How a microphone (transmitter) and receiver (earpiece) work (2 Marks).

The microphone used in a telephone handset is really an electro-acoustic transducer, a
device for converting acoustic energy to electrical energy. There are several types of
transmitter used for telephones, for example, carbon granule, electro-dynamic and
electret. Each performs the conversion of acoustic or vibration energy to electrical energy
in different ways. For example, in the electro-dynamic type of microphone a flexible
diaphragm is made to vibrate when in the path of a stream of sound waves. The
diaphragm‟s movements are transferred to a coil of wire in the presence of a magnetic
field, thus inducing a current in the coil through a phenomenon known a „electromagnetic
induction‟. This varying electric signal has a voltage pattern that is a replica of the sound
wave pattern impinging on the microphone, i.e. it is an analogue signal.

The telephone receiver (earpiece) is also an electro-acoustic transducer, but works in the
opposite direction to the microphone. For example, with an electro-dynamic device at the
receiving end of the circuit the analogue electrical signal is passed through a coil attached
to an electromagnet, which is attached to a permanent magnet. The varying electrical
signal in the coil induces a magnetic field (electromagnetic induction) to vary similarly,
which reacts against the bias field made by the permanent magnet, thus causing a
diaphragm in the vicinity to vibrate in sympathy. In this way, the diaphragm generates a
set of sound waves, which are a reasonable reproduction of the original sound of the
speaker.
2. We wish to transmit the information signal vm = 5sin( 2π6,000t) V
a) Calculate the wavelength of the given signal. (1 Marks)
λ= c/f= (3x108 m/s)/ 6000 = 50 km
b) Would it be practical to directly transmit this information signal using an antenna?
Why/why not? (2 Marks)..
No it would not be practical.
The smallest practical antenna would have a size of one-tenth of this wavelength ,
which is 5000 meters (3.1 miles!).

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 c) Suppose a carrier signal of vc = 10sin(2π250,000t) V is amplitude-modulated by the
information signal given above. Sketch and label the frequency spectrum (i.e., the
frequency domain representation) of the baseband signal, the carrier signal and the
AM signal (three separate sketches are required). (2 Marks)..

3. The signal given by the formula v(t ) = 5sin(2π500t ) 5sin(2π750t ) is sampled as

shown below.

a. What is the Nyquist rate? (1 Marks)..

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 The Nyquist Rate is 1.5 kHz = ( 2 x 750Hz ); because 750Hz is the
highest message frequency
b. Is this signal sampled optimally? Why or why not? (1 Marks)..
The signal is sampled at 1 kHz, which is below the Nyquist Rate of 1.5 kHz,
therefore it is not sampled correctly
c. Given the upper and lower bounds depicted on this graph, and that your
application requires 1 volt of resolution or better, what is the minimum number of
bits you need for each sample in your A/D converter? (1 Marks)..
q= [10-(-10)]/2n; q=1V; so
log2(20)=4.32. Because this application needs at least 20 levels, a five bit
quantizer is the minimum number of bits you can use to satisfy the requirement.
d. Given your answer in part (c), what is the exact resolution? (1 Marks)..
levels = 0.625 V
4. Given the following ASK signal (Note: vertical lines denote bit divisions): (single bit))
(Lower Voltage „0‟, Higher Voltage „1‟) (MSB on the left)

a. What is the resulting bit stream? (1 Marks)..

0101 1100
b. What is the bit rate? (1 Marks)..
Tb = 20ns => Rb = 1/20E-9 = 50 Mbps
5. Given the following constellation diagram:

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 a. Which modulation scheme is shown? (1 Marks)..
A) 16-ASK B) 16-PSK C) 16-FSK D)16-QAM
b. How many bits are represented by each symbol (N)? (1 Marks)..
log2(16) = 4 bits
c. How many degrees of separation are between each symbol? (1 Marks)..
360 / 16 = 22.5o
6. Quadrature Phase Shift Keying is a composite of (1 Marks)..
a)Two BPSK b) Three BPSK c) Two FSK d) Two M-ary PSK
QPSK is effectively a composite of two BPSK signals transmitted on orthogonal
components of the carrier.
7. Consider the following analog waveform. This waveform is to be sampled at a 2 MHz
rate and quantized with a 2-bit quantizer (input voltage range is -2.0 to +2.0 V).
a. What is the resolution (q) of this quantizer? (1 Marks)..
( )

b. What is the maximum frequency that could be input into this analog to digital
converter without incurring aliasing noise? (1 Marks)..
fNyquist = 2 fmax for minimum aliasing
We require fs ≥ fNyquist implies fmax = fs/2 = 2MHz/2 = 1MHz
c. Circle the sample points on the analog waveform below. (2 Marks)..
As shown below. fs= 2 MHz, so Ts= 1/fs= 0.5 μsec (shown below)
d. Indicate the quantization intervals and corresponding digital words (to the right of
the plot) shown below (2 Marks)..

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 e. Indicate the digital word assigned to the first five sample points. (Assume that
your circuitry rounds up when a point falls on an interval boundary) (1

Vmax =2 Marks)..shown below

11

11 11

10
10

10
01
01

00

Vmin =0
8. A receiver for a communication system that utilizes even parity receives the following
data packet. (Any synchronization bits have already been removed.)
1000101000101001

Has there been an error in transmission? Explain your answer

Count number of 1s (1 Marks)..

There are 6 1s it is an even number … hence there are no errors since it is even parity

9. Given a digital communication system with the following constellation diagram:

a. How many “symbols” are possible with this system? (1 Marks)..

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 S = 16
b. If the baud rate for this system is 1 kHz, what is the bit rate? (2 Marks)..
N = log2 16 = 4 bits/symbol

( )( )

c. What is the bandwidth? (1 Marks)..

Bandwidth = Rsym
= 2Rb/N = 2(1kHz)/4 = 500Hz

d. What kind of modulation does this represent? (circle one) (1 Marks)..

i. On-Off Keying ii. Frequency Shift Keying iii. Phase Shift Keying iv.
Amplitude Shift Keying

e. True/False A QAM system with the same number of symbols would have the same
bandwidth as this, but would be more susceptible to noise. (1 Marks)..

It is more susceptible to noise

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