Units consist of 3-6 lessons.

A typical unit looks something like this:

DAY 1 DAY 2 DAY 3 DAY 4

 WARM-UP  WARM-UP  WARM-UP/RECOMMENDATIONS  WARM-UP: SHORT VIDEO (culture/humour)
 PRESENTATION OF NEW VOCABULARY  TRANSLATION REVIEW  REVIEW: GRAMMAR (+DISCUSSION)
(mainly selected from ENGLISH VOC. IN USE)  GROUP WORK: DISCUSSION  LISTENING  (MUSIC AND PHONETICS)
 SPOKEN TRANSLATION PRACTICE (long speaking activity)  ROLE-PLAY: FILM SCENE (PHONETICS)  WRITING TASK: INSTRUCTIONS
 HOMEWORK: READING TASK 1  SHORT PRESENTATION/VIDEO  HOMEWORK REVIEW  REVIEW: VOCABULARY TEST, BACK-OF-THE-
 GRAMMAR DRILL (culture/language)  READING TASK 2 BOOK UNITS, TRANSLATION
 LISTENING  FOLLOW-UP DISCUSSION  LISTENING  (BOOK CLUB)
 DISCUSSION PROPOSALS  TED-TYPE TALK (+DISCUSSION)  (SHORT SPEAKING ACTIVITY) (based on the  (STUDENTS' PRESENTATIONS)
 (STUDENTS' PRESENTATIONS)  (FAMOUS SPEECH) listening or on the reading tasks)  (EXTRA EXAM-TYPE LISTENING ACTIVITIES)
 (EXTRA EXAM-TYPE LISTENING ACTIVITIES)  (STUDENTS' PRESENTATIONS)  (STUDENTS' PRESENTATIONS)  (RECORDING/WRITING)
 (RECORDING/WRITING)  (EXTRA EXAM-TYPE LISTENING ACTIVITIES)  (EXTRA EXAM-TYPE LISTENING ACTIVITIES)
 (RECORDING/WRITING)  (RECORDING/WRITING)

There'll be some time at the end of each lesson for one or more of these:
 optional presentations (rules on page 7)
 extra exam-type listening activities
 recording and/or writing

 Please don't go over the materials in this book before we see them in class.
 Pay special attention to the underlined words and the explanations of the words and patterns marked with a double asterisk
(**).The difficult words marked with a single asterisk are glossed before or after texts; they're less important.
 "AmE" and "BrE" stand for American English and British English respectively.
 The vowel of "go" is transcribed as /oʊ/. See page 11.
 The materials in this workbook don't necessarily reflect the teacher's views.

1
 INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION FOR C1 STUDENTS

Teacher: Luis Vázquez (e-mail:[email protected], website: teacherluis.net/c1)

School's website:
Attention times: . Give at least 24 hours' notice in class.

-- PAY ATTENTION to the teacher and your classmates.

-- TRY TO BE PUNCTUAL.
-- Mobile phones must be in silent mode (off during exams). You can't make or answer calls in class.

--Los alumnos menores no pueden salir antes del final de la clase sin una autorización escrita
firmada por padre, madre o tutor.
--Se recuerda que en los centros educativos de la Comunidad de Madrid no se permite el
consumo de tabaco ni de bebidas alcohólicas en todo el recinto, incluidos los patios. (Ley 5/2002
de 27 de junio art. 30.6.b; 32.3.c; 33.1.d.)
--Cualquier comentario sobre el desarrollo de la clase se hará en privado o a través del delegado
o delegada fuera del horario lectivo.

In addition, students are expected to:

-- Work at home too.
-- Read three books at least: a level-6 graded reader, a non-fiction book and a fiction book.
-- Use the materials provided by the teacher.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

-- Course objectives:
A student that reaches the C1 level is a proficient user who can understand a wide range of demanding,
long texts, and recognize implicit meaning. They can express themselves fluently and spontaneously
without much obvious searching for expressions. They can use the language flexibly and effectively for
social, academic and professional purposes. They can produce clear, well-structured, detailed texts on
complex subjects, showing controlled use of organization patterns, connectors and cohesive devices.

Students should be able to:

 understand linguistically and conceptually complex standard texts containing idioms and
colloquialisms and dealing with concrete and abstract topics that may be unfamiliar to the student,
including those of a technical or specialized nature, even in poor acoustic conditions. Students
should understand such texts even when delivered at a high speed, though they may need to
confirm certain details, especially if the accent does not sound familiar.
 produce clear, detailed spoken texts on complex subjects, integrating other subjects, developing
particular points and rounding them off with an appropriate conclusion as well as master a large
vocabulary* that allows student to make up for any deficiencies by means of circumlocutions.

2
 Students should be able to actively take part in long exchanges of various kinds, speaking fluently,
spontaneously and almost effortlessly.
 understand long, complex texts in detail whether or not such texts relate to the students specialty,
even if it may be necessary to re-read difficult sections.
 write clear and well-structured texts on complex topics, highlighting the main ideas, expanding
them at some length, defending opinions with complementary ideas, reasons and suitable
examples, and ending them with an appropriate conclusion.

*Ideally, C1 students should know 9,000-10,000 words by the end of the year.

--These are some of the main grammar and pronunciation contents (totally or partially new):

Even if-even though; uses of as and since; in order that, so as; therefore/thus; mixed conditionals; inversion in
conditionals; not only, little and other triggers for inversion; equivalents of the Spanish subjunctive; the subjunctive;
-ever; changing focus: fronting and clefting; far + comparative; hyphenated compounds; compound adjectives;
adject. post-modification; special uses of "some" and "no"; reduced adverb clauses; substitute "so"; anticipatory
"it"; easily confused adverbs; uses of "just"; not quite; phrasal verbs with two particles; emphatic "do" and emphatic
stress; "wipe the table clean"; "He talked me into doing it; have him clean it"; about to, due to, bound to; ought to;
shall; impersonal passive; mispronounced words; difficult sounds, rhythm, emphasis and stress SEE PAGE 226

--Assessment:
Se harán pruebas periódicas con carácter informativo. La nota final será la del examen final.
A lo largo de todo el curso se recogerán y corregirán grabaciones hechas en casa y/o en clase.
Se puntuarán al menos 12 tareas de expresión escrita encargadas como deberes.
Se puntuarán numerosas tareas de comprensión escrita y oral.

El examen final consta de cinco partes (compresión escrita, compresión oral, expresión escrita,
expresión oral y mediación) que hay que aprobar por separado con una nota de al menos 12 puntos de 20
en cada una. Habrá dos convocatorias: una en mayo y otra en junio. En la segunda convocatoria no hay que
presentarse a las partes que se hayan aprobado en la primera. Se aprueba con una nota de 10 u 11 puntos
en 1 o 2 destrezas siempre que el resultado de la suma de los puntos obtenidos en cada una de las cinco
destrezas sea 60 o más.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

--Materials

 Workbook (provided by the teacher)

The workbook will also be available at www.teacherluis.net/c1

 In addition, students are required to buy English Vocabulary in Use Advanced 3rd
edition (or 2nd edition), which is a good book for self-study and revision. Each unit contains
activities that you can do at your leisure. At the back of the book there is a key to those and
an index with a phonetic transcription of all the new words. I encourage you to write notes
on it and revise it periodically. It covers both C1 and C2. I will help you select the most
relevant content at this level.

 We have a library with films and adapted and non-adapted books.

3
page 51 of A Dangerous Sky (Cambridge, level 6)

Francesca hadn't known what to say. For some reason she didn't
want to tell Mrs Thompson about Doug's behaviour or what she'd read.
She didn't want to tell anyone. She couldn't properly understand it
herself, but she felt strangely ashamed -as though she was partly
responsible for what had happened.

Instead, she told Mrs Thomson that taking flying lessons in a foreign
language had proved to be more difficult than she'd realized at the
beginning. Francesca guessed that Mrs Thompson hadn't really believed
it. But the woman was sensitive enough not to press Francesca for any
further explanation. She simply said how sorry she was, and how sorry
the children would be to see her go. Francesca's departure was set for a
month's time -the period of notice she was obliged to give according
to her contract.
Doug's threat not to return the money for the unused lessons had also
dominated Francesca's thoughts all week. As each day passed her
anxiety grew, until finally Mrs Thompson asked what was worrying her
so much.

Francesca explained what Doug had said about her breaking the
contract and losing her money. Mrs Thompson was shocked and that
night told her husband, who was a solicitor. Mr Thompson took one
look at the paperwork Francesca had received from Fastwings, and
said, 'The man's talking rubbish! What's the telephone number of
this place?'

a short while later Mr

Francesca didn't hear the phone call, but
Thompson appeared saying, 'What a thoroughly unpleasant man. I
think you're better off having nothing more to do with him!' Two
days later, a cheque had arrived in the post.

4
In addition to a level 6 graded reader, you have to read at least two non-adapted books, one of which
should be non-fiction. Here are some ideas:

NON-FICTION
 The Future is History: How Totalitarianism Reclaimed Russia by Masha Gessen - published by
Penguin USA
 A Crack in Creation: Gene Editing and the Unthinkable Power to Control by Jennifer Doudna
and Samuel Sternberg - published by Mariner Books
 The Strange Order of Things by Antonio Damasio - published by Pantheon Books
 Plato at the Googleplex: Why Philosophy Won't Go Away by Rebecca Goldstein - published by
Vintage
 Things the Grandchildren Should Know by Mark Oliver Everett (biography) - published by Abacus
 Gulag: A History of the Soviet Camps by Anne Applebaum - published by Penguin
 Seriously... I'm kidding by Ellen Degeneres - published by Grand Central Publishing
 This is Going to Hurt: Secret Diaries of a Junior Doctor by Adam Kay - published by Pan
Macmillan
 How Language Works by David Crystal - published by Penguin
 21 Lessons for the 21st Century by Yuval Noah Harari - published by Johnathan Cape
 Not so different: Finding Human Nature in Animals by Nathan H. Lents - publised by Columbia
University Press
 The Magic of Reality by Richard Dawkins (science) - published by Bantam Press
 Notes from a Small Island by Bill Bryson - published by Transworld
 Here Comes Trouble by Michael Moore (biography) - published by Penguin
 Something from the For Dummies series (published by Wiley) about something that you don't know
much about. I have, among others, Physics for Dummies and Math for Real Life for Dummies, which I
find informative and fun to read.
FICTION
 His Banana by Penelope Bloom - independently published
 Big Little Lies by Liane Moriarty - published by Penguin
 Close to Home by Cara Hunter -published by Penguin
 The One-in-a-Million Boy by Monica Wood - published by Headline Publilshing Group
 The Trespasser by Tana French - published by Hodder and Stoughton
 One of the Calvin and Hobbes Treasuries: Essential, Indispensable or Authoritative by Bill
Watterson (comic strip dealing with a wide range of everyday and philosophical topics) - published by Sphere
 After On by Rob Reid - published by Delrey
 The Brighton Mermaid by Dorothy Koomson - published by Arrow
 Trail of Broken Wings by Sejal Badani - published by Lake Union Publishing
 Y the Last Man - Book 1 (320 pages) (comic book collection) by Brian Vaughan and Pia Guerra -
published by Vertigo
 The Calculus Affair by Hergé - published by Egmont
 Kiss Kiss by Roald Dahl - published by Penguin
 Atonement by Ian McEwan - published by Vintage
 The Lord of the Flies by William Golding - published by Penguin
 Music for Chameleons by Truman Capote - published by Penguin Classics

It's also useful to read translations of books you love.

GRAMMAR
 Advanced Grammar in Use (3rd edition) by Marting Hewings - published by Cambridge Univ Press
 Practical English Usage by Michael Swan (4rd edition, 2016) - published by Oxford University Press
GRAMMAR AND TRANSLATION
 A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish (5th edition) by J Butt and C Benjamín -
published by Routledge
 Inglés: Perfeccionamiento (C1) by Anthony Bulger - published by Assimil
EXAM PRACTICE
 Cambridge English: Advanced (CAE) 2 by T. Bradbury and E. Yeates - published by Heinle & Heinle

5
LEARNING ENGLISH - 1ST DAY DISCUSSION

 Introductions
 Discuss: mother tongue, other languages, languages you'd like to learn and reasons.
 What are your reasons/motivations for learning English? Do you need the C1 certificate?
 Do you use or have you used English at work?
 What's your experience of talking to native speakers of English?
 Discuss the rewards of being able to speak and write good English?
 What is the most difficult thing about learning English?
 Learning English or other languages: what has worked for you?
 Discuss your approach to pronunciation.
 How do you learn vocabulary?
 Are you interested in the culture of any English-speaking countries?
 What non-adapted books have you read?
 Do you regularly visit any websites in English? Are there any you can recommend?

PRELIMINARY TRANSLATION TEST

1. Ha habido un terremoto y podría haber más.

2. ¿En qué redes sociales estás?
3. La sequía ha arruinado la cosecha. Podría morir de hambre mucha gente.
4. ¿Te arrepientes de haber discutido con ellos?
5. El cambio climático podría conducir a una escasez de agua potable en esta zona.
6. Afortunadamente nadie se ahogó en la riada.
7. Aquí no se venden tomates genéticamente modificados.
8. Se sospecha que la marihuana debilita el sistema inmunológico.
9. ¿Cómo influyen los medios de masas en la política?
10.¿Cuánto tiempo se tarda en llegar al camping?
11.¿Cuántas víctimas hay? Ninguna, que sepamos.
12.No me entusiasman los dibujos animados, especialmente si están doblados.

6
RULES FOR PRESENTATIONS
 YOU CAN TALK ABOUT ANY TOPIC AT ANY TIME.
 YOU HAVE TO SEND ME THE TEXT AT LEAST A WEEK IN ADVANCE. I'LL PROVIDE CORRECTIONS AND A
RECORDING. IF YOU WANT ME TO PROJECT ANY PICTURES, ATTACH THEM AND INCLUDE THE CUES IN THE
TEXT: (PIC 1), (PIC 2), ETC.
 YOUR TALK SHOULD REFLECT THE TEXT AS FAITHFULLY AS POSSIBLE. I RECOMMEND REHEARSING IT SEVERAL
TIMES.
 YOU SHOULD WRITE NO FEWER THAN 300 WORDS AND NO MORE THAN 450 WORDS.
 TALKS SHOULD LAST 4-5 MINUTES.
 BEFORE YOU BEGIN TALKING YOU SHOULD EXPLAIN POTENTIALLY NEW WORDS (UNLESS THEIR MEANING CAN
EASILY BE GUESSED FROM THE CONTEXT). THIS SHOULD TAKE NO MORE THAN 3 MINUTES.
 THERE WILL BE ONE OR TWO QUESTIONS AT THE END AND EVERYBODY IN THE AUDIENCE MUST BE READY TO
ASK ONE. THE Q&A SHOULD LAST NO MORE THAN 5 MINUTES.
 YOU CAN "REPLY" TO SOMEBODY'S SPEECH WITH YOUR OWN.

TIPS
1. Rehearse.
2. Time yourself while rehearsing.
3. Record yourself and listen to yourself.
4. Speak up: be audible.
5. Make sure you know the correct pronunciation of every single word in your talk. Listen to my
recording when available.
6. Try some "power poses" before an oral exam. (See Ted - Amy Cuddy)
7. Don't take for granted that the audience already knows everything you're talking about.
8. Don't try to squeeze too much in. Focus on the most interesting aspects.
9. It's not always necessary to begin by saying "I'm going to talk about..." or "The topic of my
presentation is..." (nor is it forbidden). You can go straight into the topic, pose a question, tell a
short anecdote, say something surprising, etc.
10. Try to end your talk on a memorable, meaningful note.
11. Add an autobiographical touch if appropriate.
12. You can show an object if it helps you make your point.
13. You can use images within reason; make sure they don't distract your audience.
14. Imagery and metaphor can sometimes help you make your point.
15. Try a bit of humour.
16. Be yourself.
17. Pay attention to what you like and don't like in other people's presentations.
18. You can organize your talk in different ways:
 Problem-solution
 Thesis - reason 1 - reason 2 - (reason 3)
 Controversial: intro - reasons for and against - what you think
 Timeline: the past - now - the future
 Flashback: now - the past - the future
 Story: beginning - complication - resolution
etc.

In the final exam you have 10 minutes for preparation before the individual task. Don't skip any of the
points on the card.

7
WRITING TIPS

 -Short of ideas? Do some brainstorming: for two minutes, let everything that pops
into your head spill over onto paper. Then pick out the best ideas and group them
into paragraphs.
 -Good writers say the most with the least. Ask yourself "Is this redundant"? You can
often use repetition for effect or emphasis, but avoid the unintended, pointless kind.
 -When writing about something you know a lot about, always try to ask put yourself
in the position of someone who doesn't know much about the subject.
 -Don't write sentences that are too long. It makes your compositions harder to read
and increases your chances of making mistakes.
 -Avoid one-sentence paragraphs.
 - Paragraphs often begin with a "topic sentence" that gives the reader an idea what
the paragraph is going to be about.
 -Watch spelling and punctuation. Don't use commas to separate independent
sentences; look up "comma splice."
 -Learn to use the linking words, but don't abuse them.
 -Read what you wrote aloud.
 -Pay attention to corrections and say the corrected sentences aloud several times.
 -Exchange your marked compositions with other people to get ideas and learn from
their mistakes.
 -Read a lot.
 -In exams, don't use words or patterns you're not sure about.
 Practice at https://writeandimprove.com/
 WORK ON THE LIST OF LINKING WORDS ON PAGES 212-216
_________________________________________________________________
IDEAS FOR WRITING TASKS:
 Informative texts.  Commitments and regulations.
 Discursive texts on familiar subjects.  Schemes and plans.
 Reports.  Recipes.
 Accounts of experiences.  Instructions.
 Descriptions of people, objects,  Work applications.
activities, processes, services, places,  Announcements.
plans and projects.  CVs.
 Biographies.  Academic work.
 Summaries.  Diaries.
 Book presentations.  Writing for pleasure.

8
1ST DAY ASSESSMENT CLOZE TEST MARK: __________

He was a common sight on the streets of the Swedish coastal town where he was _(1)_______________
as little more than a bad-smelling eccentric.
But unbeknown to them, Curt Degerman was a financial _(2)_______________ who used the money he
earned from collecting scrap metal from rubbish bins to trade on the international markets.
Now 18 months after his death, his relatives are fighting a legal battle_(3)_______________ a secret £1
million estate he amassed by investing _(4)_______________ stocks and shares.
For forty years he spent his days touring the bins on an old bicycle _(5)_______________ the containers
he collected into bags tied between the handlebars.
But after he died of a heart attack aged 60, it emerged that through shrewd investment he had turned the
modest deposits earned from returning the empty cans _(6)_______________ a fortune estimated at more
than £1.1 million.
Relatives discovered he had left behind a portfolio of stocks and shares_(7)_______________ at least
£731,000 in a Swiss bank account and a safety deposit box containing 124 gold bars valued at £250,000.
He also had nearly £4,300 in a local current account and £275 of_(8)_______________ change at his
home.
Mr Degerman, who _(9)_______________ spent any money and ate leftovers from the bins of fast food
restaurants, made his investments after a life time spent studying Swedish newspapers.
Clothed in torn trousers and a _(10)_______________ blue anorak, he would pore over the financial pages
of the dailies displayed in the town's public library.
"He went to the library every day because he didn't buy newspapers. There he read [Swedish business
daily] Dagens Industri," his cousin told local media at the time of his death. "He knew the
_(11)_______________ market inside out."
Relatives said Mr Degerman had been a very clever child with a bright future but had
_(12)_______________ out of school in his late teens after a personal crisis and had chosen an alternative
way of life.
Mr Degerman made a will leaving his_(13)_______________ fortune to the cousin, who visited him
regularly in the months before his death.
But when the full extent of the estate emerged the will was contested by another cousin who believed his
father, Mr Degerman's uncle was entitled to it.
_(14)_______________ Swedish inheritance law the uncle, whose name has not been made public, held
the legal right to inherit his nephew's riches.
A settlement between the two cousins was finally negotiated out of court this week. The pair have agreed
to share the surprise fortune after being_(15)_______________ to make a private agreement by a
magistrate at Skellefteå district court.
_(16)_______________ would reveal the details of the settlement but both said they were "satisfied" with
the outcome.
Skellefteå is also the birthplace of Stig Larsson, author of the international best-selling Millennium Trilogy
crime novels. The family of the former journalist, who died of a heart attack in 2004 before seeing the
success of his novels, are embroiled in a _(17)_______________ feud with his girlfriend of 32 years over
his estate which is now worth more than £30m.

GENIE ADVISE SHARES ALL TORN THOUGHT BITTER WORTH

ENTIRE ON DISMISSED STUFFING IN NEITHER FULLING ALWAYS
ABOVE ANYONE INTO UNDER OVER WENT GENIUS DROPPED
ACCORDING ELECTRIC STOCK LOOSE LOSE URGED FRIENDLY NEVER

9
FILL IN THE GAPS: BEING A MILENNIAL (born 1977 to 1995) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00FDR1E0zvE

 As a milennial I'm part of the most avanced _1___________ of humans that our species has ever seen.
 I can say with confidence I have literally never held _2___________ with anyone.
 According to my birthday I'm 33 but, as milennial, I don't _3___________ with that age and it's _4___________ to
think that I'm as old as my age.
 When I order something _5___________ Amazon, it pisses me off that it takes until the next day for it to arrive.
What kind of BS is that!
 One time I started a _6___________ against Amazon. Then I got tired of all the work it entailed before I sent it out
to anyone. But still!
 (EVERYONE WINNING GOLD MEDALS) What that taught me is that hard work and determination are _7___________
forms of abuse.
 It also taught me that that me and my family* can file a _8___________ against anyone who doesn't give me a
gold medal.
 I'm _9___________ when people call me without texting me first to see if they can't call me. It's so
_10___________.
 Sorry for the interruption. I just thought the world was probably wanting an update about how my diarrhea is
doing. Someone spiked* my lunch with _11___________ yesterday.
 In the professional world, whenever I've had a manager, I've tried to _12___________ meetings with them for
every forty-five minutes so that they can go over my work and _13___________ me that I'm doing a good job.
 When they point out how my work could be improved, I get upset. I mean, some have even had the nerve* to say
that I can't take criticism. I'm not going to listen to what those_14___________ have to say.
 And the fact that I think that self-responsibility is a form of _15___________ and that I know exactly how to not
know how to follow through on anything means that there's a high probability that I'll be successful working for
myself.
 _16___________! I love using one-word retorts* instead of stringing together an actual sentence comprised of*
coherent thoughts. I also feel like they help show my huge _17___________ of character.
 My dating life is on point. I have no problem getting the_18___________ to ask a woman out --on Tinder, and
there's no question that the best way to create a deep _19___________ connection with someone is to connect
to their online dating profile, while I'm hiding behind a keyboard.
 I'm so engaged in this reality that I've basically conquered it all. I mean, I have see almost every episode of every
reality TV show, so there's nothing left for me to experience is this reality, so I need _20___________ reality to
bring me my next conquest.
 I mostly don't say actual words; I just say letters that stand for words:
lol, lmfao, wtf, omg, omfg, ommfg, ommfgd. It's a form of spelling that
doesn't require any _21___________ and knowing how to read, and it
suggests that I put so little effort into saying what I'm saying that I don't
even say the words that I'm saying; I just say the letters that say the
words that I'm not saying. It's like an intelligent form of
_22___________ .
 You'll never find your wings if you're pushed out of the _23_________ .
 As a milennial I just want to make an _24___________ on this world.
(key at the bottom of page 224)

10
READ THIS ALOUD:
Not only have we given up on writing letters to each other, we barely even talk to each other. People have
become so accustomed to texting that they’re actually startled when the phone rings. It’s like we suddenly
all have Batphones. If it rings, there must be danger. (Ellen Degeneres - Seriously...I'm kidding)

It's not as easy as I thought. Isn't it a good idea?

The least you can do is give him the list. Why don't you draw a star?

Indeed Body Seven Good Milk Family

Did Feared Lemon Time View Oven
Sack Perfect Again Past Zero Mountain
Luck Work America The Sing it Either
Gut Hurt Caught You This Law
Cat Never Food Fall These Height
_______________________________________________________________________________________

/ə/
"SCHWA" IS THE MOST COMMON SOUND IN ENGLISH. IT'S THE SOUND THAT COMES OUT WHEN YOU
OPEN YOUR MOUTH A LITTLE AND MAKE YOUR VOCAL FOLDS VIBRATE, WITHOUT MOVING YOUR LIPS OR
YOUR TONGUE. IF YOU WANT TO HAVE GOOD PRONUNCIATION (AND UNDERSTAND ENGLISH BETTER), YOU
SHOULD LEARN TO PRONOUNCE IT. NOT USING SCHWA WHERE APPROPRIATE IS OFTEN THE MOST
NOTICEABLE CHARACTERISTIC OF FOREIGN ACCENTS.

IT IS FOUND IN MANY NON-STRESSED

WORDS AND SYLLABLES. IF YOU CAN
PRONOUNCE IT, YOU CAN ALSO
PRONOUNCE THE SOUND /ɜ:/, WHICH IS
THE SAME BUT LONGER, AND IS FOUND
MAINLY IN STRESSED SYLLABLES AND
WORDS: "WORD", "HEARD", "BURN",
"PERFECT". THE SHORT SOUND /ʌ/ IS
SIMILAR TOO (abre la boca un poco más sin que llegue a sonar como una /a/ del español). MANY PEOPLE
ALSO USE /ə/ IN THE /oʊ/ DIPHTHONG; THEY SAY /gəʊ/ or /bəʊn/ for "go" and "bone".

THE CONTRAST BETWEEN STRONG SYLLABLES AND WEAK SYLLABLES (WHICH OFTEN HAVE /ə/) IS WHAT
GIVES ENGLISH ITS RHYTHM, WHICH IS VERY DIFFERENT FROM SPANISH. IN SPANISH ALL SYLLABLES HAVE
MORE OR LESS THE SAME LENGTH, WHILE IN ENGLISH STRONG SYLLABLES AND WORDS LAST LONGER AND
ARE MUCH MORE PROMINENT THAN WEAK ONES.

IN ENGLISH THESE TWO SENTENCES MAY TAKE JUST AS LONG TO PRONOUNCE:

There are cameras for the police and a computer for the doctor. (17 syllables)
We have this for him and this for Rose. (9 syllables)

/ðər əˈkæm(ə)rəz fə ðə pəˈliːs ən(d) ə kəmˈpjuːtə fə ðə ˈdɒktə/

/wi hæv ðɪs fə hɪm ən ðɪs fə roʊz/
IN SPANISH, THE SENTENCE "Las casas de Pedro no tienen galerías ni balcones" TAKES MUCH LONGER TO
PRONOUNCE THAN "No tengo nada que ponerme."

ENGLISH HAS STRONG BEATS AT REGULAR INTERVALS, AND ONE OR MORE WEAK SYLLABLES BETWEEN
THEM. YOU SHOUD PAY ATTENTION TO THOSE STRONG WORDS WHEN YOU'RE TRYING TO UNDERSTAND
ENGLISH, BECAUSE THAT'S WHERE MOST OF THE INFORMATION IS.

11
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF AMERICAN PRONUNCIATION
 The letter "r" is pronounced everywhere, while in most British English it is only pronounced at the
beginning of words, between vowels and at the end of a word only if the next word begins with a vowel.
In "The car turned round the corner" all the r's are silent in British English (except the one in "round").

 Pronouncing /t/ like the Spanish /r/ in "coro" is more common in American English (and Australian
English). This is only possible between vowels in the middle of words after the stressed syllable ("city"),
following /r/ after the stressed syllable ("forty"), or between words when the next word begins with a
vowel ("put on").

 Some words that have the sound /ɒ/ in British English, like "hot" or "knock" are pronounced with the
sound /ɑ/ in American English. Others aren't: dog, cross, off, etc.

 For many Americans there can't be /æ/ before /r/, so they pronounce MARRY like MERRY, CARRY like
KERRY, etc.

WORLDWIDE
____________________________________________________________________

 NORTHERN ENGLAND'S LACK OF /ʌ/

Many people in the circled area don't have /ʌ/. They say /bʊs/ "bus" or /ʊp/ "up".
For many, "luck" and "look" sound the same (/lʊk/)

 Some people in the north of England and Scotland have [o:] and [e:] for /oʊ/ and
/eɪ/: [go:] "go", [ge:m] "game".

 SOUTHERN [æɪ] for /eɪ/

For many people in Australia, the South of the US and the south of England, /eɪ/
is [æɪ] (casi como "ai"). /aɪ/ in turn sounds [ɑɪ] (cerca de "oi") or, in the American South, [a:].
lays[læɪz]
lies [lɑɪz]/[la:z]

(The pronunciation [a:] and [ma:] for "I" and "my" is quite common in popular music.)

CURRENT TRENDS

 The sound /u:/ (as in "shoe") is moving forward in the mouth towards /y/ (the vowel of French "tu") so
that, for some speakers, "moon" sounds close to [my:n].

 Especially in the Britain, more and more people are using a glottal stop ([ʔ]) for /t/ before some
consonants and at the end of a word if the next word begins with a vowel: pu[ʔ]me , no[ʔ] again ("put
me, not agaIn"). Some people also use it between vowels but this is considered non-standard: /be[ʔ]ə/
"better".

 <th> may be /f/ (/fɪŋk/ for "think"), /v/ (/tə'gevə/) or /d/ (/də/ for "the") - all non-standard.

12
 COMMONLY MISPRONOUNCED WORDS
HIGHLIGHT THE ONES YOU USED TO PRONOUNCE WRONG

Stress syllables are marked by an apostrophe: /ə'pɒstrəfɪ/

 A /ə/ (same sound as in "the" /δə/)  BREAKFAST /'brekfəst/
 ABOVE /ə'bʌv/  BRITAIN /'brɪtn/
 ABROAD /ə'brɔːd/  BROTHER /'brʌðə/ MOTHER /'mʌðə/
 ACCOUNT/ə'kaʊnt/ (different from FATHER /'fɑ:ðə/)
 ACHIEVE /əˈʧiːv/  BROWN /braʊn/ (<OW> is pronounced
 ADVANTAGE(S) /ədˈvɑːntɪʤ(ɪz)/ /aʊ/ in some words and /oʊ/ in others.)
 BUILD /bɪld/
 AFRAID /ə'freɪd/
 BURY /'beri/
 AIRPORT /'eəpɔːt /
 BUSY /'bɪzi/
 ALLOW /ə'laʊ/, ALLOWED /ə'laʊd/ (same
 BUTCHER /ˈbʊʧə/
pronunciation as ALOUD)
 CAREER /kə'rɪə/ (In BrE it sounds just like
 ALMOST /'ɔ:lmoʊst/
KOREA.)
 ALSO /'ɔ:lsoʊ/
 CAUSE /kɔ:z/
 ALTHOUGH /ɔ:l'ðoʊ/ "oldóu"
 CENTURY /ˈsenʧəri/
 AMONG /ə'mʌŋ/
 CHAMPAGNE /ʃæmˈpeɪn/
 AMOUNT /ə'maʊnt/
 ANSWER /'ɑːnsə/  CHANGE /tʃeɪndʒ/
 APPEARANCE /ə'pɪərəns/ (appear+əns)  CHAOS /'keɪɒs/
 APPRECIATE /əˈpriːʃieɪt/  CHARACTER /'kærəktə/
 AREA /'eəriə/  CHEMISTRY /ˈkemɪstri/
 ARGUE/ˈɑːgjuː/  CHILD /tʃaɪld/
 ASKED /ɑ:s(k)t/  CHILDHOOD /'ʧaɪldhʊd/
 ATTORNEY /əˈtɜːni/  CHOCOLATE /ˈʧɒklət/
 AUTUMN /'ɔ:təm/  CHURCH /ʧɜːʧ /
 AVERAGE /ˈæv(ə)rɪʤ/  CIRCUIT /ˈsɜːkɪt/
 BASED ON /beɪst ɒn/ "béiston"  CLIMB /klaɪm/ (The b is silent in all the
 BASS /beɪs/ (the musical instrument) words that end in -mb)
 BEAR /beə/  CLOTHES /kloʊ(ð)z/
 BECAUSE /bɪ'kɒz/ (more usually /bəkəz/ or  CLOUD /klaʊd/ (<ou>=/aʊ/ in most words
/kəz/) and /u:/ in a few like "group")
 BEING /'bi:ɪŋ/ (2 syllables)  COAST, ROAD /koʊst/ /roʊd/ <OA> is
 BIG, DOG, LEG, etc. /bɪg, bæg, tæg/ always pronounced /oʊ/ (except before r, and
(with the /g/ of "get") in the words BROAD, ABROAD)
 BISCUIT /ˈbɪskɪt/  COLD /koʊld/
 BLOOD /blʌd/  COLLEAGUE /ˈkɒliːg/

13
 COLONEL /'kɜ:nəl/ (like KERNEL)  EXAMPLE /ɪg'zɑ:mp(ə)l/
 COLOUR /'kʌlə/  EXPERIENCE /ɪk'spɪ(ə)riəns/
 COMB /koʊm/  EXTREME /ɪk'stri:m/
 COME /kʌm/  EYE /aɪ/
 COMFORTABLE /'kʌmf(ə)təb(ə)l/  FAMILY /'fæm(ə)li/
 COMPANY /'kʌmp(ə)ni/  FAMOUS /'feɪməs/
 CONTROL /kən'troʊl/  FAVOURITE /'feɪvrɪt/
 COUNTRY /'kʌntri/  FIRST, THIRD /fɜ:st/, /θɜ:d/
 COUPLE /'kʌpl/  FLOOD /flʌd/
 COURAGE /ˈkʌrɪʤ/  FLOWER, FLOUR /flaʊə/
 COUSIN /ˈkʌzn/  FOCUS /'foʊkəs/
 COVER /'kʌvə/ (it rhymes with LOVER  FOLK /foʊk/
/'lʌvə/)  FOUND /faʊnd/
 CROW /'kroʊ/  FRIEND /frend/
 CROWD /kraʊd/  FRONT /frʌnt/
 CULTURE /ˈkʌlʧə/  FRUIT /fru:t/
 CUPBOARD /'kʌbəd/  FURNITURE /ˈfɜːnɪʧə/
 CUSTOMER /'kʌstəmə/  GAY /geɪ/ 'homosexual'
 CUT /kʌt/  GENRE /'ʒɒnrə/
 DANGER /'deɪnʤə/  GOVERNMENT /'gʌv(ən)mənt/
 DAUGHTER /'dɔːtə/ (rhyme: WATER)  GREAT /greɪt /
 DEAD /ded/  GREW /gru:/
 DEBT /det/  GUITAR /gɪ'tɑ:/
 DEFINITELY /'def(ə)nətli/  GUY /gaɪ/
 DESIGN /dɪˈzaɪn/  HAIR /heə/
 DEVELOP /dɪ'veləp/  HALF /hɑːf/
 DONE /dʌn/(different from GONE /gɒn/)  HEARD /hɜ:d/ (Compare: HEAR /hɪə/)
 DOUBT /daʊt/  HEART /hɑ:t/
 DOWNLOAD /daʊnloʊd/  HEIGHT /haɪt/
 DOZEN /ˈdʌzn/  HIGHER /haɪə/ (like HIRE)
 DROUGHT /draʊt/ 'sequía'  HISTORY /ˈhɪstri/
 EARLY /'ɜ:li/  HORIZON /hə'raɪzn/
 EITHER, NEITHER /'(n)i:ðə/ or /'(n)aɪðə/  HOTEL /hoʊ'tel/
 ENOUGH /ɪ'nʌf/  HUGE /hju:dʒ/
 ENVIRONMENT /ɪn'vaɪrənmənt/  IDEA /aɪ'dɪə/
 ETCETERA /ɪtˈsetrə /  IF YOU/ɪf juː/ "ifiú"
 EVENING /'iːvnɪŋ/  IMAGE /ˈɪmɪʤ/
 EVENT /ɪ'vent/  IMMEDIATELY /ɪˈmiːdiətli/
 EXAM /ɪg'zæm/  IMPORTANT /ɪm'pɔːtənt /

14
 INSTEAD /ɪn'sted/  OCEAN /oʊʃn/ "óushn"
 INTERESTING /'ɪntrəstɪŋ/  OF /əv/ (Compare: OFF /ɒf/)
 IRON /aɪən/  OPEN /oʊpən/
 ISLAND /'aɪlənd/  OTHER, ANOTHER /'ʌðə/
 ISSUE /'ɪʃu:/
/ə'nʌðə/
 IT'S /ɪts/
 OUR /aʊə/ (or /ɑ:/, like the letter R)
 JUICE /dʒu:s/
 OVEN /'ʌvn/
 KEY /ki:/
 OWN /oʊn/
 KILOMETRE /ˈkɪləmiːtə/ /kɪ'lɒmɪtə/
 PARENT /'peərənt/
 KIND /kaɪnd/
 PARTICULARLY /pəˈtɪkjʊləli/
 KNOW /noʊ/
 POEM /'poʊəm/
 KNOWLEDGE /ˈnɒlɪʤ/
 POST /poʊst /
 LAUGH /lɑ:f/, LAUGHED /lɑ:ft/
 POWER /paʊə/
 LAW /lɔ:/
 PREPARE /prɪ'peə/
 LEAST /li:st/
 PRETTY /'prɪti/
 LETTUCE /'letəs/
 PREVIOUS /'priːviəs/
 LITERATURE /'lɪtrətʃə/ (Casi todas las que
 PRIVATE /'praɪvɪt/
acaban en -TURE: /-ʧə/ "chə".)
 PROCEDURE /prəˈsiːʤə/
 LIVE /lɪv/ ('vivir')
 PUBLIC /'pʌblɪk/
 lives /laɪvz/(plural of "life" vidas)
 PURPOSE /ˈpɜːpəs/
 LONDON /'lʌndən/
 QUEUE /kju:/ (like the letter Q)
 LOVE /lʌv/
 QUOTE /kwoʊt/
 MACHINE /məˈʃiːn / (as if with -sh-)
 RADIO /'reɪdioʊ /
 MARRIED /'mærid /
 REASON /'ri:zn/
 MEDIA /ˈmi:diə/
 REASONABLE /ˈriːz(ə)nəbl/
 MET /met/
 RECEIPT /rɪ'si:t/
 METHOD /'meθəd/
 RECENT /'riːsnt /
 MINUTE /'mɪnɪt/
 RECIPE /'resəpi/
 MONEY /'mʌni/  REGION /'ri:dʒən/
 MORTGAGE /'mɔːgɪʤ /  RELATIONSHIP /rɪ'leɪʃənʃɪp /
 MOST /moʊst/  RÉSUMÉ ('CV') /'rezəmeɪ/
 MOUNTAIN /'maʊntən/  RIVER /'rɪvə/
 NATURAL /ˈnæʧrəl/  ROUGH /rʌf/ (It rhymes with STUFF.)
 NATURE /'neɪtʃə/  ROW /roʊ/ 'fila' - ROW /raʊ/ 'bronca'
 NERVOUS /'nɜ:vəs/  SAID /sed/
 NONE /nʌn/ (it sounds like NUN)  SAW /sɔ:/ (different from SO/soʊ/)
 NOTHING /nʌθɪŋ/  SCENE /siːn/ (like SEEN)
 NOTICE /ˈnoʊtɪs/  SCIENCE /saɪəns/
 NOWADAYS /'naʊədeɪz/  SEPARATE (adjective) /ˈseprət/

15
 SERIES /ˈsɪəriːz/  VEGETABLE /'veʤtəb(ə)l/
 SIGHTSEEING /'saɪtsi:ɪŋ/  VILLAGE /'vɪlɪdʒ/
 SIGN /saɪn/  WALK /wɔ:k/
 SINCE /sɪns/  WATER /'wɔːtə/
 SOCIETY /sə'saɪəti/  WEAPON /'wepən/
 SOLDIER /'soʊldʒə/  WEATHER /'weðə/
 SON /sʌn/ (the same as "sun")  WEIRD /wɪəd/
 SOURCE /sɔːs/ (It sounds like SAUCE in  WHOLE /hoʊl/ (like HOLE)
BrE.)  WITHOUT /wɪð'aʊt/
 SOUTH /saʊθ/(but SOUTHERN) '/sʌðən/  WOMAN /'wʊmən/
 SPAIN /speɪn/ "sspein", not  WOMEN /'wɪmɪn/
"*Espéin"  WON /wʌn/ (=ONE)
 SUBTLE /'sʌtl/  WON'T /woʊnt/ (Compare: WANT
 SUCCESS /sək'ses/ /wɒnt/)
 SUDDENLY /'sʌdnli/  WORD /wɜ:d/
 SUGAR /'ʃʊgə/ SURE /ʃʊə/, /ʃɔ:/  WORK /wɜ:k/
(as if they had sh-)  WORLD /wɜ:ld/
 SUIT /suːt/  WORRY /ˈwʌri/
 SUNBATHE /'sʌnbeɪð/  WORTH /wɜːθ/
 TALK /tɔ:k/  WOULD, SHOULD, COULD
 TEMPERATURE /'temprɪtʃə/ /wʊd/ /ʃʊd/ /kʊd/
 THE /ðə/ (like the article "a" /ə/)  WRITTEN /'rɪtn/ (WRITING /'raɪtɪŋ/)
 THEIR /ðeə/ (=THERE, THEY'RE)  WRONG /rɒŋ/ (The w- is always silent in
 THIS /ðɪs/ (Compare:THESE /ði:z/) words beginning with wr-)
 THOUGHT, CAUGHT, FOUGHT,  YOU /ju:/ "iú"
BOUGHT, BROUGHT,TAUGHT /θɔ:t/  YOUNG /jʌŋ/
/kɔ:t/ /fɔ:t/ /bɔ:t/ /brɔ:t/ /tɔ:t/  YOU'RE /jɔ:/ (like "your")
 THOUSAND /'θaʊz(ə)nd/  YOUTH /juːθ/
 THROUGH /θru:/
 TIRED /'taɪəd/ OTHER WORDS YOU USED TO MISPRONOUNCE
 TOUCH /tʌʧ/ (it rhymes with MUCH)
 TOUGH /tʌf/ (it rhymes with STUFF)
 TOWARD /tə'wɔ:d/, /tɔ:d/(rima con LORD)
 TOWN /taʊn/
 TRUTH /tru:θ/
 TWENTIETH /'twen-ti-əθ/ (3 syllables)
 US (country) /juː'es/
 US /əs/ (strong: /ʌs/)
 VALUE /ˈvæljuː/

16
DISCOURSE MARKERS: CROSS OUT THE ONES YOU ALREADY KNOW
1. BUENO, ... (PENSANDO QUÉ DECIR) 34. PUES VALE.
2. QUE YO SEPA 35. TE AVISO. AVÍSAME
3. POR CIERTO 36. ESO ME RECUERDA...
4. HABLANDO DE... (CUANDO UN TEMA LLEVA A OTRO) 37. ME TEMO QUE NO/QUE SÍ.
5. EN CUANTO A X, 38. ME TEMO QUE...
6. DE TODOS MODOS 39. COMO HE DICHO,
7. Y RESULTA QUE... 40. COMO IBA DICIENDO,
8. A LO QUE IBA. 41. VENGA YA. (ESCEPTICISMO)
9. ESTÁ COMO TRISTE. 42. POR SI ACASO.
10. POR OTRA PARTE, 43. TÚ ENTRA.
11. VERÁS. (ANTES DE EXPLICAR UN PROBLEMA) 44. ¡ES QUE LOS ODIO!
12. AHORA QUE LO PIENSO, 45. LO DUDO.
13. CUANDO SE TRATA DE... 46. EN ABSOLUTO.
14. O SEA 47. ¡VENGA!
15. LO QUE YO DIGO ES QUE... 48. ESO ES.
16. PUES YO SÍ. 49. ..., ANDA. (PARA APREMIAR)
17. ¿Y ESO? 50. Y MUCHO MENOS
18. NI DE BROMA. 51. SIN MÁS DILACIÓN
19. ASÍ ES. 52. DIOS NO LO QUIERA
20. NO PASA NADA. 53. POR DECIR LA VERDAD, LA VERDAD SEA DICHA,
21. VALE. 54. POR EL MOMENTO...
22. (POR MÍ) NO HAY PROBLEMA. 55. YA DE PASO (QUE ESTÁS CON ESO)
23. MUY BIEN. (ACUERDO) 56. A BOTE PRONTO,
24. (QUÉ) BIEN. (SATISFACCIÓN) 57. NI QUE DECIR TIENE (QUE...)
25. EN EFECTO. 58. ESO SÍ
26. EN REALIDAD /DE HECHO ... 59. TÚ MISMO/COMO QUIERAS/ALLÁ TÚ.
27. YA ESTÁ. 60. YA IREMOS VIENDO.
28. ¡Y QUÉ! 61. NO ME EXTRAÑA.
29. (PUES) ENTONCES VÉNDELA. 62. LO CUAL NO QUIERE DECIR QUE
30. EN ESE CASO ME QUEDO. 63. PARA ESO ESTAMOS.
31. ¿QUÉ, VAS A VENDER LA CASA? 64. ¡QUÉ ME VAS A CONTAR!
32. ASÍ QUE NO VIENES. (CONSTATANDO) 65. Y POR SI FUERA POCO,
33. ...ASÍ QUE NO VOY. (POR LO TANTO) 66. ME PARECE BIEN (JUSTO)

17
1. Well, ... 34. OK then.
2. as far as I know 35. I'll let you know. Let me know.
3. by the way 36. That reminds me, (That reminds me that...)
4. Speaking of... 37. I'm afraid not/so.
5. As for X, / As far as X is concerned, 38. I'm afraid (that)
6. anyway 39. As I said,
7. And it turns out that... 40. As I was saying,
8. Anyway, 41. Yeah, right. (pronounced with a flat intonation)
9. She's kind of/sort of sad. (/'kaɪndə/ /'sɔ:(r)tə/) 42. Just in case.
10. On the other hand, 43. Just go in/walk in/get in.
11. The thing is, 44. I just hate them.
12. Come to think of it, 45. I doubt it. /'daʊtɪt/
13. When it comes to... 46. Not at all.
14. I mean 47. Come on!
15. My point is that... 48. That's it.
16. Well I do/can/am/will/did, etc. 49. ..., will you. (often at the end)
17. How come? 50. let alone / much less
18. No way. 51. without further delay/without further ado
19. That's right. 52. God forbid.
20. That's OK. / No problem. 53. Truth be told / To be honest
21. OK. 54. for the time being / for now
22. That's fine (by me). / No problem. 55. While you're at it,
23. OK. / Very well. / Alright. 56. Off the top of my head,
24. Good. / Great. 57. needless to say
25. Indeed. 58. mind you
26. In fact, / Actually, 59. Suit yourself.
27. That's it. / That's all. / (It's) done. 60. We'll see about it.
28. So what! 61. No wonder.
29. (Well) then sell it. / In that case sell it. 62. which is not to say that
30. (Well) then I'm staying. / In that case... 63. Anytime!
31. So, are you going to sell the house? 64. Tell me about it!
32. So you're not coming. 65. and to make matters worse,
33. ...so I'm not going. 66. Fair enough.

18
This is a list of words that are common in the news.
(They're all important. Review the ones in bold first.)
abduct =kidnap deadline
affairs foreign affairs deadly mortal, mortífero
ahead ahead of talks deadlock punto muerto
'antes de las conversaciones' deal trato, tratar
aid foreign aid death penalty pena de muerte
AIDS SIDA death row corredor de la muerte
aim objective debt /det/ deuda
alleged presunto decline =turn down, reject
appeal llamamiento defeat verb and noun
appoint nombrar defendant (noun) acusado, demandado
approach acercarse, aproximarse demand exigir, exigencia
army ejército (navy: armada) demonstrate manifestarse
at stake en juego deploy desplegar
attempt intento, intentar dire nefasto, grave
awards =prizes down by, up by “up by 3%, down by 5%”
axe eliminar (jobs...) drown ahogarse
back apoyar (=stand by) due to (tras “be”) debido a
bailout rescate ($) earthquake terremoto
balance equilbrio ease ease tensions, ease restrictions
ballot papeleta (elecciones) elsewhere somewhere else
ban (also verb) envoy (noun) enviado
barely =hardly face as a verb 'enfrentarse a'
bastion stronghold fail fracasar; failure 'fracaso'
blame someone for culpar a alguien por fears temores
be over haberse acabado figure cifra
be to (=be going to) The vicesecretary is to announce financial financiero
his resignation later today fine multa, multar
bishop obispo fire =sack 'despedir'
blow golpe, revés (esp. figuratively) flee =escape (irregular: fled)
blow up, burst explotar / hacer explotar flood inundar, inundación
break out estallar (violencia) focus on centrarse en
breakdown crisis following tras, después de
breakthrough gran avance forbidden prohibido
briefly brevemente former ex-
bring down derribar (un gobierno) forward hacia adelante
budget presupuesto fund financiar, fondo
bury enterrar further =additional further tax cuts
cabinet gabinete (de ministros) grant conceder grant asylum
call on sbdy. to =ask sbdy. to greeted =received the news was greeted
carry out llevar a cabo with optimism
casualty víctima growth crecimiento
ceasefire alto el fuego guilty culpable (adjective)
chairman, chairwomanpresidente (also: chairperson or heads heads of state ('jefes')
chair) hint suggest
chaos /'keiɒs/ hold hold elections, hold talks
charges cargos (contra alguien) huge very big
chief principal (see “top”) increasingly =more and more
civilian civil injure (in accident) cf. wound (in battle)
claim sostener, afirmar insurgent =rebel
clash conflicto issues asuntos, temas
collapse derrumbe, quiebra, fracaso jail =prison
commited comprometido join unirse a
complaint queja key (n. and adj.) clave
concern inquietud, preocupación latest 'el más reciente' cf last
convict declarar culpable launch lanzar (missile, product)
cope with something enfrentarse a algo, lidiar con algo lead (irregular!) lead to 'conducir a'
correspondent corresponsal leak filtración, filtrar
coup golpe (de estado) left-wing, right-wing de izquierdas, de derechas
court tribunal, juzgado life sentence cadena perpetua
crash chocar (crash into) likely he is likely to... 'probable'
current (cf actual) loan préstamo
cuts job cuts, tax cuts long/short term largo/corto plazo
deadline fecha límite, plazo meet the loot, looter saqueo, saqueador

19
massive enorme ruling fallo (de jurado...)
measures medidas run by dirigido por
the media /i:/ los medios sack =fire 'despedir' hire and fire
migrant /ai/ emigrante scandal escándalo
missing two people are missing schedule horario
mix-up =a mistake due to confusion secretary of state approx. ministro de exteriores,
momentum gain momentum 'progress faster USA
and faster' seek =look for
mourning luto seize apoderarse de, confiscar
move also noun: 'acción, medida...' senior de alto rango
nearly =almost set up organizar, montar
nil The home team won seven-nil sharply drásticamente
on behalf of de parte de, en nombre de shells proyectiles
on board =aboard shrink (past: shrunk) encoger, reducirse
oppose oponerse a slump bajón
otherwise =if not smuggle pasar de contrabando
oust =overthrow, expel, kick out so far hasta ahora
'expulsar' spokesman portavoz
outbreak estallido (de violencia), brote (de spread extender, propagar
enfermedad) stab apuñalar
outlook perspective, opinion, forecast staff personal
outskirts afueras stand by apoyar c.f back
over en relación con there are steady =stable
concerns over step down =resign 'dimitir'
overcome superar (un problema) step up =increase step up efforts
overthrow derrocar strained tensa (relación)
pass pass a law aprobar una ley strike huelga, ataque
path camino, sendero stronghold bastión
peaceful pacífico, tranquilo struggle lucha, luchar (esp. en sentido fig.)
plea (n) =appeal sue demandar (judicialmente)
plead (v) he pleaded “not guilty” summit cumbre
plummet caer en picado support stand by, back
plunder, pillage saqueo, saquear surgery cirugía
plunge sumir plunge into chaos survivor superviviente
point out indicar tackle enfrentarse a
policies políticas (noun) target objetivo, tener como objetivo
polls elecciones; encuestas taxes impuestos
Pope Papa the late … el fallecido ...
poverty pobreza ties with (n.) vínculos con = links to
press prensa top top advisors 'de alto rango'
pressure put pressure on tough difficult, strong
prevent impedir, prevenir trade comercio
profit beneficio ($) trapped atrapado
proposal propuesta treaty tratado (noun)
prosecute procesar (law) trial juicio
prospect perspectivas (de futuro) outlook trigger gatillo; desencadenar
provide proporcionar (provide sbdy. with x) troops tropas
pull out retirarse, arrancar, etc. truce tregua
raid redada, incursión underway en marcha
raise levantar, elevar, recaudar unscathed ileso
(transitivo) up to hasta (cantidad)
rape violar, violación urge instar
reach alcanzar verdict veredicto
refugee refugiado vessel =ship, boat
refusal negativa, rechazo vow =promise
release liberar, liberación; lanzar, warn advertir
lanzamiento (de un producto) warning advertencia
relief alivio weapon (but “armado” is “armed”)
remain permanecer widely ampliamente
remarks comentarios widespread widespread chaos/looting...
report informar, informe wing ala
request pedir, petición withdraw =pull out or retreat
resign dimitir =step down within within hours 'en cuestión de horas'
resource recurso witness testigo; ser testigo
rise aumentar (intransitivo) world-wide world-wide-web
row /au/ bronca

20
UNIT ONE - LANGUAGE
CAN YOU RECOGNIZE THESE WORDS?

/dʌbd/
/brɑːnʧ/

/ʤɜː'mænɪk/

/'foʊniːm/

/kɔɪn/

/sɔːs/

/'loʊnwɜːd/

/'reʤɪstə/

/'ʤɑːgən/

/slæŋ/

/ɑː'keɪ-ɪk/ /aʊt'deɪtəd/
/oʊld 'fæʃnd/ /bloʊk/
/'kʌrənt/ /'waɪələs/
/'ʧeəmən/ /'wɒtsəneɪm/
/məz/ /'θɪŋi/
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

VOCABULARY NOTES: HOMEWORK:

READ UNITS 38, 89, 97, 98, 99
(TAKE A LOOK AT 82 TOO)
(37, 88, 96, 97, 98, 81 for the 2nd edition)

21
THE ENGLISH SUBJUNCTIVE
(At this level it's enough for you to it exists and learn some of the most useful fixed phrases.)

It is is used in some fixed phrases (formulaic subjunctive):

 God save the Queen!
 Long live the King!
 Thy will be done. (From the Lord's Prayer)
 Be that as it may, ... (=Despite that)
 So be it. 'Que así sea'.
 God forbid. 'Que Dios no lo quiera'.
 Come what may. 'Pase lo que pase'.
 Suffice it to say that... 'Basta decir que...'
 Come spring, come February, etc. 'When spring comes, when Frebruary arrives'
 Far be it from me (to...) 'No es mi intención.' 'Dios me libre'.
 "Until death do us part" or "until death us do part" (found in some marriage vows)
(=until death parts 'separates' us)
In "Nobody move!", "Someone help me!" or "Everybody be quiet" the verb is in the imperative.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
In formal English certain verbs (e.g. demand, insist, recommend, suggest), adjectives (e.g. essential,
important, vital) and nouns (e.g recommendation, suggestion, demand) can be followed by ‘that’ +
subjunctive (mandative subjunctive) to indicate that something must be done.
 People demand that the troops be withdrawn.
 It is important that everyone register.
 I support the recommendation that they not be punished.
The following alternative constructions may be more common in less formal styles, especially in British
English:
 People demand that the troops are withdrawn / should be withdrawn.
 It is important that everyone registers / should register.
Note the difference of subjunctive and indicative in the following example.
 She insisted that he be present. = She wanted him to be there.
 She insisted that he was present. = She knew that he really was there.
In formal/literary written English you can find the conjunction "lest" 'no sea que' followed by the subjunctive:
 I was worried lest she (should) catch me (more commonly: "that she might catch me")

A more important pattern for you to remember may be:

 Is it necessary for us to take off our clothes?
__________________________________________________________________________
The "were-subjunctive" can be used after I wish, If only (both: 'ojalá') and after "if" in type
2 conditional sentences.
 I wish I were there. (or "was" in less formal styles)
 If I were you, ... (or "was" in less formal styles)

22
TRANSLATION
 This is a SPOKEN translation activity that we will be doing in pairs or groups of three.
 You will work with a different person every day.
 Try to translate directly into English without reading the Spanish sentences aloud.
 Don't spend too long on each sentence; it's better to do several rounds.
 Literal word-by-word translations are often unacceptable.
 There may be other possible translations. I have tried to give the most usual ones.
 In the boxes on the left you can keep track of your incorrect answers.
 Keep practising at home.

1. Si ellos lo quieren así, que así sea.

2. Sea como sea (a pesar de eso), la presidenta (de la empresa) tiene que
dimitir.
3. Estaremos juntos pase lo que pase.
4. Que Dios nos ayude.
5. Que nadie se mueva.
6. Es imprescindible que la señora Perry conozca la fuente.
7. ¿Esa palabra está anticuada?
8. Exigieron que habláramos
9. Ella sugiere que usemos más argot.

NOTE: The English subjunctive is found in some expressions and, mainly in formal English, after
certain verbs (demand, insist, suggest, require, It is imperative that...). It is always like the
infinitive without "to". A special kind of subjunctive, the "were-subjunctive" may be used in second
conditionals "If I were a rich man" and after "If only/I wish" ('ojalá').

1. If that's the way (that) they want it (to be), so be it. / If they want it (to be) that way, so be it.

2. Be that as it may (=despite that), the chairwoman/chairperson has to resign (/rɪ'zaɪn/) /step down.

3. We'll be together come what may. (=no matter what happens, whatever happens)

4. God help us.

5. (Let) Nobody/No-one move. [This is considered an imperative.]

6. It's imperative/essential (that) Ms Perry (should) know the source. (Less formal: that she knows)

7. Is that word old-fashioned?

8. They demanded (that) we (should) talk.

9. She suggests (that) we (should) use more slang.

23
GRAMMAR REMINDER - HOW DO YOU SAY "¿QUIEREN QUE HABLEMOS?"*
WANT, ASK (cuando significa pedir a + OBJECT +TO-INFINITIVE
alquien que haga algo), TELL, EXPECT , (for example: him, you, me,
NEED, WOULD LIKE Tony, my mother, Mary's
doctor)

There are other verbs that follow that pattern, like "encourage", but these are the ones that cause
the most trouble.

1. Quiero que te vayas. I want you to go (away) / to leave.

2. (él) Me va a pedir que le ayude. (a él) He's going to ask me to help him.
3. Esperan que ganemos. (cuentan con ello) They expect us to win. (We're expeced to win)
4. Necesitan que salgamos un momento. They need us to go/get/step out for a moment/minute.
5. Quiere que me case con ella. She wants me to marry her.
6. Pídele (a ella) que entregue el paquete. Ask her to deliver the parcel/package.
7. Me gustaría que filtraras la información. I'd like you to leak the information.
8. Quieren que os calléis. They want you to be quiet.
9. Nos pidieron que nos sentáramos. They asked us to sit down. (We were asked to...)
10. Nos gustaría que participarais. We'd like you to take part (to participate).
11. ¿Quieres que le eche la culpa a ella? Do you want me to blame her?
12. Quiero que la liberen. I want them to release/free her. / I want her to be....
13. Quiero que se acabe esta pesadilla. I want this nightmare to end/to be over.
14. Pídele a ese hombre que nos ayude. Ask that man to help us.
15. Me gustaría que fueras testigo de ello. I'd like you to witness it.
16. ¿Esperas que yo lo haga todo? Do you expect me to do it all? (everything)
17. Te pedí que no lo hicieras. I asked you not to do it.
18. Diles que no se preocupen. Tell them not to worry.
19. (ella) Me dijo que le subiera el sueldo. (a él) She told me to give him a rise/(AmE raise).
20. Dile (a él) que no lo denuncie. Tell him not to report it.
21. (él) Me dijo que te dijera que no quería que He told me to tell you (that) he didn't want you to park
aparcaras ahí. there.
22. ¿Quieres que se ahoguen? Do you want them to drown?
23. Ella quiere que la lleve su prima. She wants her cousin to take her.
24. Dile que saque la basura. (a ella) Tell her to take out the trash/garbage/BrE rubbish.
25. Quieren que (él) sea más humilde. They want him to be humbler.

* Do they want us to talk?

24
Reports that say that something hasn't happened are always interesting
to me, because as we know, there are known knowns; there are things we
know we know. We also know there are known unknowns; that is to say we
know there are some things we do not know. But there are also unknown
unknowns – the ones we don't know we don't know. DONALD RUMSFELD
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20160908-the-language-rules-we-know-but-dont-know-we-know

THE LANGUAGE RULES WE KNOW BUT DON'T KNOW WE KNOW By Mark Forsyth 8 September 2016

Over the weekend, I happened to go viral. Or rather a single paragraph from a book I wrote called The
Elements of Eloquence went viral. The guilty paragraph went like this:
“Adjectives in English absolutely have to be in this order: opinion-size-age-shape-colour-origin-material-
purpose-Noun. So you can have a lovely little old rectangular green French silver whittling knife. But if you
mess with that word order in the slightest you’ll sound like a maniac. It’s an odd thing that every English
speaker uses that list, but almost none of us could write it out.”
English speakers love to learn this sort of thing for two reasons. First, it astonishes us that there are rules
that we didn’t know that we knew. That’s rather peculiar, and rather exciting. We’re all quite a lot cleverer
than we think we are. And there’s the shock of realising that there’s a reason** there may be little green
men on Mars, but there certainly aren’t green little men. Second, you can spend the next hour of your life
trying to think of exceptions, which is useful as it keeps you from doing something foolish like working.
Actually, there are a couple of small exceptions. Little Red Riding Hood may be perfectly ordered, but the
Big Bad Wolf seems to be breaking all the laws of linguistics. Why does Bad Big Wolf sound so very, very
wrong? What happened to the rules?
Ding dong King Kong
Well, in fact, the Big Bad Wolf is just obeying another great linguistic law that every native English speaker
knows, but doesn’t know that they know. And it’s the same reason that** you’ve never listened to hop-hip
music.
You are utterly familiar with the rule of ablaut reduplication. You’ve been using it all your life. It’s just that
you’ve never heard of it. But if somebody said the words zag-zig, or ‘cross-criss you would know, deep
down in your loins*, that they were breaking a sacred rule of language. You just wouldn’t know which one.
All four of a horse’s feet make exactly the same sound. But we always, always say clip-clop, never clop-clip.
Every second your watch (or the grandfather clock in the hall makes the same sound) but we say tick-tock,
never tock-tick. You will never eat a Kat Kit bar. The bells in Frère Jaques will forever chime ‘ding dang
dong’.
Reduplication in linguistics is when you repeat a word, sometimes with an altered consonant (lovey-dovey,
fuddy-duddy, nitty-gritty), and sometimes with an altered vowel: bish-bash-bosh, ding-dang-dong. If there
are three words then the order has to go I, A, O. If there are two words then the first is I and the second is
either A or O. Mish-mash, chit-chat, dilly-dally, shilly-shally, tip top, hip-hop, flip-flop, tic tac, sing song, ding
dong, King Kong, ping pong.
Why this should be is a subject of endless debate among linguists, it might be to do with the movement of
your tongue or an ancient language of the Caucasus. It doesn’t matter. It’s the law, and, as with the
adjectives, you knew it even if you didn’t know you knew it. And the law is so important that you just can’t
have a Bad Big Wolf.
Tense situations
It’s astonishing quite how expert you are at the English language. There are so many tenses you can use
without even thinking about it, and almost certainly without being able to name them. It depends how you
count them, but there are about 20 that you deploy faultlessly*. The pluperfect progressive passive for an
extended state of action that happened to you prior to another action in the past is, when you put it like
that, rather daunting*. But then you’d happily say “I realised I’d been being watched” without breaking
sweat or blinking. Think how daunting this is for people learning English. The teacher has to explain to

25
them that the English don’t usually use the present tense for things that are happening in the present. “I
brush my teeth” doesn’t mean that you’re doing it right now, it just means that you do it regularly. For
things that are actually happening right now you use the present progressive “I’m brushing my teeth” (but
only if you can speak with your mouth full).
And having learnt that you then have to learn that there are certain exceptions, like the verb ‘to think’ used
as a verb of opinion, as in “I think you’re right”. This is why, incidentally**, lots of non-native speakers will
use phrases like “I am thinking that you are right”. It sounds faintly comic to us, but we had years and years
and years of immersion learning just to get all these subtleties. And English is complex and weird. We
actually have a tense called the Future Present. Imagine having to learn that. But for us it’s just “The train
leaves tomorrow.”
(...)
English is an immensely complicated language to get right, and native speakers often have no idea of its
strangeness. We understand the sentence “I can’t put up with the guy I’m putting up at my house, his put-
downs really put me out and I’m feeling put-upon”. Or “I’m doing up my house and it’s doing me in.”
Literally, that should mean “I’m performing my house skywards and it’s performing me towards the
interior”. These are called phrasal verbs and they are the nightmare of every would-be English speaker.
Somebody once said of Ian Fleming that he got off with women because he couldn’t get on with them. To
us that’s a simple joke, to a learner who also has to get through, get by, get down, get with it, get up… it
does their head in*.
English is largely made up of the rules we don’t know that we know. And actually the rules we know we
know are a rarity. We can cling to a few of them at least. At least we all know that we know that adjectives
have comparatives and superlatives. Big, bigger, biggest. Hot, hotter, hottest. Easy, easier, easiest. It’s
comforting. It’s reliable. It’s something we know that we know. But can you do it with an adjective that’s
three syllables long? Curiouser and curiouser.

GLOSSARY AND NOTES:

**NB: "razón por la cual" can be "reason that", "reason why" or just "reason".
**"incidentally" is the formal version of "by the way"
*you know deep down in you loins = your gut/instinct tells you
*faultlessly 'impecablemente'
*daunting 'abrumador, que amedrenta'
*does their head in (informal): something like 'les hace estallar la cabeza'

READING/WRITING TASK: SUMMARIZE THE TEXT IN 120 WORDS

(You can look up any words you don't know.)
__________________________________________________________
Does the "ding-dong" rule also apply in Spanish?

How would you explain the underlined word to a Spanish learner?

"Eso se lo di a ellos"

"BRITISH MOVIE" warm-up https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pPY-sCiRCeA

DISCUSS FRUSTRATING EXPERIENCES:

inability to understand, misunderstandings, on the phone...

26
A DOOVALACKY = A WATCHAMACALLIT crtl+click on the flag
CRACK ONTO SOMEONE = HIT ON SOMEONE = ?
WATCH UNDER! > CHUNDER? FOLK ETYMOLOGY!
WHAT YOU'D CALL A THONG, WE'D CALL THAT A G-STRING, BUT THONGS TO US ARE YOUR FLIP-FLOPS

--LANGUAGE VARIATION ACCORDING TO REGION, AGE, REGISTER, AND OTHER FACTORS

In (insert place) they say... instead of... When I was little I used to say...
Where I come from, they say... One word I used to mispronounce in English is...
I have a friend from (insert place) who says... Something I'd never say in a formal setting is...
My grandparents say/used to say... Do you use many swear words? In what contexts?

Do you know anyone who changes his/her way of speaking (maybe even their accent!)
depending on the situation? Do you do it yourself?
--ENGLISH CHANGES ACCORDING TO REGION, SOCIAL CLASS, EDUCATION LEVEL OR PROFESSIONAL FIELD.
IN (INSERT VARIETY OF ENGLISH) THERE ARE SOME DIFFERENCES IN VOCABULARY/PHONETICS/
GRAMMAR LIKE... / SUCH AS... ("such as" is more formal)

WRITE YOUR IDEAS HERE

--ENGLISH WORDS/EXPRESSIONS IN SPANISH AND THE OTHER WAY AROUND

You can find loanwords in the field of fashion, aviation, advertising, sports, journalism, science,
technology, art, media, etc. like.../such as... ("such as" is more formal than "like")

WRITE SOME HERE.

What are the reasons such words are used?

convenience, habit, pretentiousness, ignorance, usefulness...

The word X is used because...

it's useful/practical/convenient; it's fashionable; it sounds cool/it sounds more sophisticated; there
is no equivalent in Spanish/there is no suitable translation

Can you think of any concepts that just can't be translated?

27
An excerpt from The Chaos by Gerard Nolst Trenité
Dearest creature in Creation,
Sword and sward, retain and Britain,
Studying English pronunciation,
(Mind the latter, how it's written!)
I will teach you in my verse
Made has not the sound of bade,
Sounds like corpse, corps, horse and worse.
Say—said, pay—paid, laid, but plaid.
It will keep you, Susy, busy,
Now I surely will not plague you
Make your head with heat grow dizzy;
With such words as vague and ague,
Tear in eye your dress you'll tear.
But be careful how you speak,
So shall I! Oh, hear my prayer,
Say break, steak, but bleak and streak,
Pray, console your loving poet,
Previous, precious; fuchsia, via;
Make my coat look new, dear, sew it?
Pipe, snipe, recipe and choir,
Just compare heart, beard and heard,
Cloven, oven; how and low;
Dies and diet, lord and word,
Script, receipt; shoe, poem, toe

How do you pronounce Yosemite? What about Leicester?

___________________________________________________________________________

Once again, The Washington Post has published the winning submissions to its-
yearly neologism contest, in which readers are asked to supply alternate
meanings for common words ... and the winners are:

 Coffee (n.), the person upon whom one coughs.

(following the pattern employer-employee)
 Flabbergasted (adj.), appalled over how much weight you have gained.
(from "flab(by)" + "aghast")
 Abdicate (v.), to give up all hope of ever having a flat stomach.
(from "abs" =abdominal muscles)
 Willy-nilly (adj.), impotent. (real meaning: 'guste o no guste')
(from "willy" =penis)
 Negligent (adj.), describes a condition in which you absentmindedly answer the door in
your nightgown.
(from "négligée" 'salto de cama')
 Lymph (v.), to walk with a lisp.
(from "limp" + "lisp")
 Gargoyle (n.), gross olive-flavored mouthwash.
(from "gargle" + "oil")
 Flatulance (n.) emergency vehicle that picks you up after you are run over by a steamroller.
(from "flat" + "ambulance")
 Balderdash (n.), a rapidly receding hairline.
(from "balder" 'más calvo' + dash)
 Rectitude (n.), the formal, dignified bearing adopted by proctologists.
(from "rectum" + "attitude")
 Pokemon (n), a Rastafarian proctologist.
(from "poke a man" imitating a kind of Jamaican pronunciation)
 Circumvent (n.), an opening in the front of boxer shorts worn by Jewish men.
(from "circumcision" + "vent" 'respiradero')

28
THE TEACHER'S PRESENTATION (and follow-up questions)

Let me tell you something about myself. I had to move out of my parents' house at
the age of seven. I have some fond memories of living with them. They were old-
fashioned people who forged my basic character.

From the age of seven I lived with one of my uncles. His daughter ruled the house
and took care of me. She taught me law, cooking, and many other things. Her
father wasn't around much, but he was a source of wisdom to us. Over the years I
have relied on him for advice and support.

My second family became just as important as the first one, but in my early teens
I decided I no longer wanted to be under my cousin's wing and I moved out on my
own. I kept visiting them every now and then, and I also paid regular visits to one
of my other uncles who was very sophisticated and taught me a great many
useful things too.

Last week I visited my dear cousin and we had a little argument but we soon
made up. I think she's become a little insecure since I became successful.

Recently we've found out who our grandmother was, and we're trying to put
together a family history. Will you help us?

1: Proto-Indo-Euroepan - 2: Proto-Germanic - 3: Latin - 4: Greek - 5: Other Indo-European branches: Celtic, Indo-Iranian, Balto-Slavic, etc.
6: Other Germanic Languages: Danish, German, Dutch, etc. - 7: French - 8: Other Romance languages: Spanish, Catalan, Italian, etc.

29
LEARNING ENGLISH: A TURNING POINT

When I was 14 I saw this in a bookshop window.

I just had to have it. I'd read it twice already, in Spanish, and I liked
English at school, so I thought "This'll be great." And it was. I may have
learned more English from this book than from anything else.
Admittedly, some of the vocabulary may not have been the most useful
but I enjoyed it thoroughly, and sometimes that's what matters.
I think "The Hobbit" is a masterpiece and, although I don't really go in for fantasy anymore,
it'll always be my favourite fiction book. Reading it in English was a turning point.

DO YOU REMEMBER SOME KIND OF "TURNING POINT"?

(in your career, your life, your experience of learning English...)

__________________________________________________________________________

ABOUT 2,000 WORDS APPEAR IN PRINT FOR THE FIRST TIME IN SHAKESPEARE PLAYS. THAT DOES NOT
NECESSARILY MEAN THAT, AS IS COMMONLY BELIEVED, HE INVENTED THEM HIMSELF.

Being alive or not being alive? That's the question.

Is it nobler to put up with all the nasty things that
luck throws at you, or to fight against all those
troubles by simply putting an end to them once and
for all? Dying, sleeping—that’s all dying is—a sleep
that ends all the heartache and shocks that life
on earth gives us—that’s an achievement to wish
for. Dying, sleeping—sleeping, maybe dreaming. Ah,
but there’s the catch: in death’s sleep who knows
what kind of dreams might come, after we’ve put
the noise and commotion of life behind us. That’s
certainly something to worry about. That’s the
consideration that makes us stretch out our
sufferings so long. ORIGINAL HERE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EV4fF3rqWqQ
RECOMMENDATION: SHAKESPEARE RETOLD
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03dwshd/episodes/player
_________________________________________________________________________

30
JUNE 4, 1940 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IHadByMvXk
We shall go on to the end: we shall fight in France, we
shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with
growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we
shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be. We
shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the
landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in
the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall
never surrender, and even if, which I do not for a
moment believe, this island or a large part of it were
subjugated and starving, then our Empire beyond the
seas, armed and guarded by the British Fleet, would
carry on the struggle, until, in God's good time, the
New World, with all its power and might, steps forth to
the rescue and the liberation of the old.
NOTES

2 - BBC NEWS BULLETIN (KEY ON PAGE 32)

The words in bold are on the list of typical "news words" (pages 19 and 20).

Donald Trump has pulled off* one of the biggest electoral shocks in American history by winning
the presidential election for the Republicans. Mr. Trump, who’s never held public office, said
Hillary Clinton had called him to concede victory. He told jubilant supporters in New York that
American must now unite. The billionaire said millions of hardworking men and women had voted
for a better, brighter future. He promised to begin the urgent task of renewing The American
Dream.
It's a movement _1_________________ Americans from all Races, religions, backgrounds
and beliefs, who want and expect our government to serve the people, and serve the people it
will.
Mr. Trump _2_________________ the key swing states* he needed, winning Florida,
Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Iowa and Ohio. BP reports from there.
This region straddling upper North Eastern and Midwestern states was once the seat of America's
powerful industrial sector. Voters responded to Mr. Trump's _3_________________ calls for
protectionist trade policies. His vows to bring back jobs from China and Mexico have struck a
deep chord here. It’s doubtful Mr. Trump can fully _4_________________ what he promised, and
globalization does have its winners here but the verdict was the losers’ cry of economic pain.
President Putin has congratulated Mr. Trump, expressing hope for joint work on bringing Russian-
US relations out of a state of crisis, which he said would help find effective solutions to Global
Security Challenges.
In a joint message the two top leaders of the European Union have spoken of a strategic
_5_________________ with the United States _6_________________ shared values of freedom,
human rights and democracy. They said it was more important than ever to
_7_________________ transatlantic relations to _8_________________ International terrorism,
threats to Ukraine's sovereignty and climate change.
00:13

*PULL OFF (informal) 'conseguir' - *SWING STATES 'estados indecisos (electoralmente)'

31
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
TED - JULIAN TREASURE + teacher's comments
The human voice: It's the instrument we all play. It's the most powerful sound in the world, probably. It's the only one that
can start a war or say "I love you." And yet many people have the experience that when they speak, people don't listen
to them. And why is that? How can we speak powerfully to make change in the world?
What I'd like to suggest, there are a number of habits that we need to move away from. I've assembled for your pleasure
here seven deadly sins of speaking. I'm not pretending this is an exhaustive list, but these seven, I think, are pretty large
habits that we can all fall into.
First, gossip. Speaking ill* of somebody who's not present. Not a nice habit, and we know perfectly well the person
gossiping, five minutes later, will be gossiping about us.
It's been argued that gossip serves a social cohesion purpose -we'll talk about that in unit 3.
Second, judging. We know people who are like this in conversation, and it's very hard to listen to somebody if you know
that you're being judged and found wanting* at the same time.
Third, negativity. You can fall into this. My mother, in the last years of her life, became very negative, and it's hard to
listen. I remember one day, I said to her, "It's October 1 today," and she said, "I know, isn't it dreadful?" It's hard to listen
when somebody's that negative.
And another form of negativity, complaining. Well, this is the national art of the U.K. It's our national sport. We complain
about the weather, sport, about politics, about everything, but actually, complaining is viral misery. It's not spreading
sunshine and lightness in the world.
Excuses. We've all met this guy. Maybe we've all been this guy. Some people have a blamethrower*. They just pass it
on to everybody else and don't take responsibility for their actions, and again, hard to listen to somebody who is being
like that.
Penultimate, the sixth of the seven, embroidery*, exaggeration. It demeans our language, actually, sometimes. For
example, if I see something that really is awesome, what do I call it? And then, of course, this exaggeration becomes
lying, and we don't want to listen to people we know are lying to us.
"exaggeration" does not 'demean' language. It's a universal phenomenon: Me muero de sed.
Me parece genial que vayas. When something "really" is awesome, people say "awe-inspiring".
And finally, dogmatism. The confusion of facts with opinions. When those two things get conflated, you're listening into
the wind. You know, somebody is bombarding you with their opinions as if they were true. It's difficult to listen to that.
So here they are, seven deadly sins of speaking. These are things I think we need to avoid. But is there a positive way
to think about this? Yes, there is. I'd like to suggest that there are four really powerful cornerstones*, foundations that we
can stand on if we want our speech to be powerful and to make change in the world. Fortunately, these things spell a
word. The word is "hail," and it has a great definition as well. I'm not talking about the stuff that falls from the sky and hits
you on the head. I'm talking about this definition, to greet or acclaim enthusiastically, which is how I think our words will
be received if we stand on these four things.
So what do they stand for? See if you can guess. The H, honesty, of course, being true in what you say, being straight
and clear. The A is authenticity, just being yourself. A friend of mine described it as standing in your own truth, which I
think is a lovely way to put it.The I is integrity, being your word, actually doing what you say, and being somebody people
can trust. And the L is love. I don't mean romantic love, but I do mean wishing people well, for two reasons. First of all, I
think absolute honesty may not be what we want. I mean, my goodness, you look ugly this morning. Perhaps that's not
necessary. Tempered* with love, of course, honesty is a great thing. But also, if you're really wishing somebody well, it's
very hard to judge them at the same time. I'm not even sure you can do those two things simultaneously. So hail.
Also, now that's what you say, and it's like the old song, it is what you say, it's also the way that you say it. You have an
amazing toolbox. This instrument is incredible, and yet this is a toolbox that very few people have ever opened. I'd like
to have a little rummage* in there with you now and just pull a few tools out that you might like to take away and play
with, which will increase the power of your speaking.
 Register, for example. Now, falsetto register may not be very useful most of the time, but there's a register in
between. I'm not going to get very technical about this for any of you who are voice coaches. You can locate your
voice, however. So if I talk up here in my nose, you can hear the difference. If I go down here in my throat, which is

32
 where most of us speak from most of the time. But if you want weight, you need to go down here to the chest. You
hear the difference? We vote for politicians with lower voices, it's true, because we associate depth with power and
with authority. That's register.
In linguistics, "register" is a synonym of STYLE (variation in a person's speech along the casual-
formal axis) or a speech variety used by a particular group of people (doctors, for example).
 Then we have timbre. It's the way your voice feels. Again, the research shows that we prefer voices which are rich,
smooth, warm, like hot chocolate. Well if that's not you, that's not the end of the world, because you can train. Go
and get a voice coach. And there are amazing things you can do with breathing, with posture, and with exercises to
improve the timbre of your voice.
 Then prosody. I love prosody. This is the sing-song, the meta-language that we use in order to impart meaning. It's
root one for meaning in conversation. People who speak all on one note are really quite hard to listen to if they
don't have any prosody at all.That's where the word "monotonic" comes from, or monotonous, monotone. Also, we
have repetitive prosody now coming in, where every sentence ends as if it were a question when it's actually not a
question, it's a statement? And if you repeat that one, it's actually restricting your ability to communicate through
prosody, which I think is a shame**, so let's try and break that habit.
That is often called "uptalk" and its implications are disputed.
 Pace. I can get very excited by saying something really quickly, or I can slow right down to emphasize, and at the
end of that, of course, is our old friend silence. There's nothing wrong with a bit of silence in a talk, is there? We
don't have to fill it with ums and ahs. It can be very powerful.
 Of course, pitch often goes along with pace to indicate arousal*, but you can do it just with pitch. Where did you
leave my keys? (Higher pitch) Where did you leave my keys? So, slightly different meaning in those two deliveries*.
 And finally, volume. (Loud) I can get really excited by using volume. Sorry about that, if I startled anybody. Or, I can
have you really pay attention** by getting very quiet. Some people broadcast the whole time. Try not to do
that. That's called sodcasting*, imposing your sound on people around you carelessly and inconsiderately. Not
nice.
Of course, where this all comes into play most of all is when you've got something really important to do. It might be
standing on a stage like this and giving a talk to people. It might be proposing marriage, asking for a raise**, a wedding
speech. Whatever it is, if it's really important, you owe it to yourself to look at this toolbox and the engine that it's going
to work on, and no engine works well without being warmed up. Warm up your voice. (...)

GLOSSARY:
speak ill of (formal) =say bad things about
be found wanting -something like 'encontrarte defectos'
embroidery -literally 'bordado'
cornerstones 'conceptos básicos, piedras angulares'
tempered 'aderezado'
rummage - noun or verb 'hurgar, rebuscar'
blamethrower - a pun on "flamethrower" 'lanzallamas'
** "shame" can mean 'pena' (=pity) or 'vergüenza (bochorno)' (=disgrace). Here it means 'pena'.
deliveries - the main meaning is 'entregas', but here it means 'formas de hablar'
arousal 'excitación'
**I can have you pay attention - See page 34.
sodcasting - a pun on "podcasting" "sod you!" <OFFENSIVE!> 'Que te jodan'.
**a raise - the American version of "a rise" 'aumento de sueldo'

 What do you think about the "seven deadly sins"?

 Do you ever consciously modulate your voice/control your speech pace?
 Do you do anything to care for your voice? (breathing exercises, warm up exercises, gargling...)
 Do you ever get told that you speak too low, too fast, etc?

GO TO PAGE 7 FOR PRESENTATION TIPS

33
HAVE SOMEONE DO SOMETHING (often as part of their job) SEE PAGE 217
1 - I had him write a speech.
GET SOMEONE TO DO SOMETHING (±persuade someone to do something)
2 - I finally got him to write a speech.
COMPARE:
HAVE/GET SOMETHING DONE
3 - I had/got a speech written. (The meaning is similar to 1.)
4 - I had/got my speech stolen. (= My speech was stolen.) (It happened to me.)
_________________________________________________________________
THE NERVOUS TRAINEE PRIEST
PRIEST: In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.
ALL: Amen.
PRIEST: Let us pray. Father, you have made the bond of marriage a holy mystery, a symbol of Christ's love for his
church. Hear our prayers for Bernard and Lydia through your Son, Jesus Christ our Lord, who lives and reigns with you
and the Holy Goat... Ghost. One God, for ever and ever.
ALL: Amen.
(It's his first time. He's a family friend.)
PRIEST: Bernard and Lydia, I shall now ask if you freely undertake the obligations of marriage. Bernard, repeat after
me. I do solemnly declare...
BERNARD: I do solemnly declare...
PRIEST: that I know not* of any lawful impediment...
BERNARD: that I know not of any lawful impediment...
PRIEST: why l, Lydia...
BERNARD: why l, Bernard...
PRIEST: Sorry. Why l, Bernard Godfrey Saint John Delaney,...
BERNARD: why l, Bernard Geoffrey St John Delaney,...
PRIEST: may not be joined in matrimony to Lydia John Hibbott.
BERNARD: may not be joined in matrimony to Lydia Jane Hibbott.
PRIEST: Lydia, repeat after me. I do solemnly declare...
LYDIA: I do solemnly declare...
PRIEST: that I know not of any lawful impediment...
LYDIA: that I know not of any lawful impediment...
PRIEST: why l, Lydia Jane Hibbott,... a spigot
LYDIA: why l, Lydia Jane Hibbott,...
PRIEST: may not be johned in matrimony...
LYDIA: may not be joined in matrimony...
PRIEST: to Bernard Geoffrey Sidd... Siddun... Delaney.
LYDIA: to Bernard Geoffrey St John Delaney.
PRIEST: I call upon those persons here present to witness...
LYDIA: I call upon those persons here present to witness...
PRIEST: that l, Bernard... ... ... ... Delaney,...
BERNARD: [relieved] that l, Bernard Delaney,...
PRIEST: do take thee*, Lydia Jane Hibbott,...
BERNARD: do take thee, Lydia Jane Hibbott,...
PRIEST: to be my awful wedded wife.
BERNARD: to be my lawful wedded wife.
PRIEST: That's ri- That's right. May Almighty God bless you all. The Father, the Son, and the Holy Spigot... Spirit.
ALL: Amen. (Bravo!)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________

*I KNOW NOT (ARCHAIC) = I DON'T KNOW

*ARCHAIC 2ND SG. PERSONAL PRONOUN: THOU, objet form THEE (possessive: THY, THINE)
THOU SHALT NOT KILL (ALSO: YOU SHALL NOT KILL)
LEARN: "IN SICKNESS AND IN HEALTH" "TILL DEATH DO US PART"

34
The Lord's Prayer (Vatican version)
Our Father who art in heaven, ("Thou art" [archaic 2nd person sg.] =You are)
hallowed be thy name. (subjunctive; a modern version could be "let your name be hallowed")
Thy kingdom come. (subjunctive; in current English "let your kingdom come")
Thy will be done on earth, as it is in heaven.("Let your will be done")
Give us this day our daily bread, ("Give us our daily bread today")
and forgive us our trespasses,
as we forgive those who trespass against us,
and lead us not into temptation, ("don't lead us")
but deliver us from evil.

___________________________________________________________________________
PHONETICS - STRONG AND WEAK FORMS
In addition to their strong forms, all of the following words have weak forms with /ə/.

A, AN - almost always weak

THE -usually weak (/δə/ before consonants, often /δi/ before vowels) but sometimes /δi:/ for emphasis:
Are you saying you had tea with the president? (not someone else)

THERE -often weak in "existencial" uses: there's, there are, etc.

AM, ARE, MUST, SHALL, CAN, WAS, WERE - strong at the end of a sentence and for emphasis: I am /æm/ a
teacher. 'Sí que soy profesor.'

HAD, HAS, HAVE - usually weak as auxiliary verbs, but they can pronounced strong for emphasis: Mark had
(/əd/) done that. 'Mark había hecho eso' - Mark had /hæd/ done that. 'Mark sí que había hecho eso.'

AND, BUT - usually weak /(ə)n/, /bət/, but strong for emphasis

AT, FOR, TO, OF (/əv/), FROM -usually weak unless at the end of a sentence

AS -sometimes strong at the beginning of a sentence

THAN -almost always weak

SOME -strong as a pronoun (Give me some. /sʌm/); often weak as a determiner (Give me some money.
/s(ə)m/)

THEM, US, HER -The strong forms indicate emphasis: I see them /δəm/. 'Las veo.' - I see them /δem/. 'Las
veo a ellas.' HER may lose the /h/ and become /ə(r)/.

DO -often weak in DO YOU ("d'you")

(COULD) (WILL), (WOULD), (YOU), (YOUR), (YOU'RE) -They may have informal weak forms with /ə/ but
there's no need to imitate them. The very informal weak form of you is sometimes spelled "ya".

THESE OTHER WORDS MAY HAVE WEAK FORMS WITHOUT /ə/:

BEEN -For many British speakers /bi:n/'bean' is the strong form (used at the end of a sentence) and /bɪn/
'bin' is the weak form); for most Americans it's always /bɪn/.

HE, HIM, WHO -The /h-/ may disappear after a word ending in a consonant.

35
READING TASK - Insert the numbers for each missing paragraph.

Raising a Truly Bilingual Child By PERRI KLASS, M.D. - JULY 10, 2017 (The New York Times)
True bilingualism is a relatively rare and a beautiful thing, and by “true,” I mean speaking two languages with the
proficiency of a native — something most of us will only dream of as we struggle with learning languages in school and
beyond.

But parents should not assume that young children’s natural language abilities will lead to true grown-up language skills
without a good deal of effort. Erika Hoff, a developmental psychologist who is a professor at Florida Atlantic University
and the lead author of a 2015 review article on bilingual development, said: “For everybody trying to raise a bilingual
child, whatever your background and reason, it’s very important to realize that acquiring a language requires massive
exposure to that language.”

Pediatricians advise non-English-speaking parents to read aloud and sing and tell stories and speak with their children
in their native languages, so the children get that rich and complex language exposure, along with sophisticated content
and information, rather than the more limited exposure you get from someone speaking a language in which the
speaker is not entirely comfortable.

If a child grows up with caretakers who speak a foreign language — perhaps a Chinese au pair or a French nanny —
the child may see some benefits down the road in studying that language. But if a child grows up speaking that second
language — Korean, say — with cousins and grandparents, attending a “Saturday School” that emphasizes the
language and the culture, listening to music and even reading books in that language, and visits Korea along the way,
that child will end up with a much stronger sense of the language.

Dr. Hoff works in South Florida, where there is a very educated and affluent population raising children in Spanish and
English. “The children start out as baby bilinguals, but the older they get, the more English overtakes Spanish,” she
said. “The ones who are successful bilinguals as adults are still much better in English than they are in Spanish — they
didn’t go to school in Spanish, they don’t read books in Spanish, and when you actually measure the size of their
vocabularies, or the grammar they understand, or the coherence of the narrative they produce, they are not as proficient
as they are in English.”

Gigliana Melzi, a developmental psychologist and associate professor of applied psychology at New York University
who studies language in Spanish- and English-speaking Latino families, agreed. “Parents will need to be mindful about
introducing the child to literacy in that language,” she said. “They will need to be thoughtful about ways they will
encourage the child to maintain the language.” It’s also important, she said, to watch the individual child and make sure
the child is not overloaded with demands because of parental expectations and ambitions; maybe three languages on
top of a musical instrument and a serious sport is just too much.

The languages you learn as a child are important, but so are the languages you learn later in life. “We all know people
who make great contributions and do great science in English and are not native speakers,” Dr. Hoff said. “The human
brain is amazing, and the human capacity to acquire language is amazing.”

So what should parents do if they want to give their children a bilingual boost? “Find a native speaker and have that
native speaker have fun, interesting conversations with your child, and your child will learn something,” Dr. Hoff said.
“Don’t expect it will turn your child into a perfect balanced bilingual, but that’s O.K.” Whatever you do is an advantage.

So true bilingualism may be rare, but parents shouldn’t be discouraged on that account, since all the skills that children
acquire along the way are very valuable, Dr. Melzi said. “It’s worth it, but it’s a lot of work.”

36
1 Parents come up with all kinds of strategies to try to promote this kind of exposure. Some families decide that
each parent will speak a different language to the child. But the child will be able to sort out the two languages even
if both parents speak them both, Dr. Hoff said. “There is certainly no research to suggest that children need to have
languages lined up with speakers or they get confused.” On the other hand, that rule could be a way of making sure
that the non-English language is used.

2 Highly competent bilingualism is probably more common in other countries, since many children growing up in
the United States aren’t exposed to other languages. But the steps along the road toward bilingualism can help a
child’s overall facility with language. And early exposure to more than one language can confer certain advantages,
especially in terms of facility with forming the sounds in that language.

3 Pediatricians routinely advise parents to talk as much as possible to their young children, to read to them and
sing to them. Part of the point is to increase their language exposure, a major concern even for children growing up
with only one language. And in order to foster* language development, the exposure has to be person-to-
person; screen time doesn’t count for learning language in young children — even one language — though kids
can learn content and vocabulary from educational screen time later on. “For bilingual development, the child will
need exposure to both languages,” Dr. Hoff said, “and that’s really difficult in a monolingual environment, which is
what the U.S. is.”

4 Dr. Melzi said that often, a child who has been fluent in two languages in the preschool years goes to school
where English is spoken, and starts using English to describe what happens there. “There is a push worldwide
where English becomes like the lingua franca, so it’s important that the child be exposed to the other language
early, and the younger you are, the more nativelike* you’re going to sound,” she said. On the other hand, older
children may learn more easily: “The younger you are, the more head start* you have,” she said. “The older you
are, the more efficient learner you are, you have a first language you can use as a bootstrap*.”

5 It does take longer to acquire two languages than one, Dr. Hoff said, and that, again, comes back to the
exposure. “A child who is learning two languages will have a smaller vocabulary in each than a child who is only
learning one; there are only so many hours in the day, and you’re either hearing English or Spanish,” Dr. Hoff said.
The children will be fine, though, she said. They may mix the languages, but that doesn’t indicate confusion. “Adult
bilinguals mix their languages all the time; it’s a sign of language ability,” she said.

GLOSSARY:
foster =promote
nativelike =like a native ("-like" is a productive suffix: childlike, worm-like)
head start 'ventaja'
bootstrap 'impulso' (literally 'trabilla [de bota]')

37
 One of the options for each gap is wrong. Which is it?
Multilingualism - harm or benefit for our brains?
Multilingualism has always been a greatly polarising topic. Does it harm or help
our brains? Today, science confirms: multilingualism is a blessing.
Parents with different native languages often _1___________ a difficult question: Should they keep
both languages involved in _2___________ their children or rather teach them one language only
and drop the other one? Naturally, parents would want to choose whatever is best for their child.
But this is where it gets tricky: what actually is better for the child? This question has been hotly
debated for a long time. Critics have _3___________ it is confusing for children to learn two
languages at once. According to them, children who grow up multilingually are less able to master
a single language perfectly. Instead, they speak several languages imperfectly.
Science's current status
However, many believe multilingualism to be a _4___________ for our language skills. If you have
ever tried to learn a new language as an adult, chances are you may have been tempted to quit at
one point or another. Trying to remember new and foreign-sounding vocabulary might still have
been _5___________ but being able to speak your new language of desire without an accent? Not
so much.
But what does science suggest today about multilingualism? What are the actual facts and what
long-term effects does multilingualism have?
The benefits of monolingualism
A study examined the number of words both monolingually and multilingually-raised children
knew in a language. The results were that children who grew up multilingually knew fewer words
than their monolingually-raised counterparts ('equivalentes'). _6___________, their IQ was on
average lower than children who grew up speaking only one language.
Insufficient evidence
A detailed analysis, however, puts these findings into perspective. Research shows that the initial
difference in the number of words known in a language by both groups is balanced out during
primary school when multilingual and monolingual children follow the same education. Scientists
_7___________ believed multilingual children to have a lower IQ than monolingual children
because the multilingual children who participated in the above-mentioned study came from
various (including socially disadvantaged) backgrounds, whereas the participating monolingual
children all came from_8___________ families. Thus, the initial difference found in their
vocabulary was not a result of multilingualism but of the children's different social backgrounds.
Multilingualism as a blessing
A child's brain seems to benefit from growing up multilingually. Advantages are not only seen in
language skills but also in other areas. Several studies have shown that children who grow up
speaking more than one language are more _9___________ to put themselves in someone else's
position. This was tested in an experiment where toys of different sizes were placed in front of
young children. A grown-up who could not see the smallest-sized toy was sat** opposite the
children and was _10___________ to ask the children to move the smallest-sized of all toys. The
children who had been raised monolingually now moved the actual smallest-sized toy (the one that
the grown up had not been able to see). The multilingual children, however, picked up the
smallest-sized toy that was visible to the grown-up, indicating that they had put themselves in his
position (or rather his perspective) and integrated this perspective into their own behaviour.
Childhood as the time of accent-free learning
As a grown-up, it is almost impossible to speak a new language without an accent. The older we

38
get, the more we are stuck with our accents and the harder it is to _11___________ them. Our
brains are not wired to stay the same so in the course of our lifetime, we lose the ability to learn a
new language accent-free. Only as children and young adolescents are we able to learn a new
language without an accent. This is why children who grow up speaking two or more languages can
fully _12___________ them like native speakers.
Protection against dementia
This is not to say, however, that grown-ups do not benefit from multilingualism. The scientist Ellen
Bialystok examined people suffering from dementia and analysed whether there were any
differences between monolingual and multilingual people with dementia. Her findings showed that
_13___________ who had been multilingual their entire life on average developed symptoms four
years later than patients that only spoke one language. It is believed that multilingual people are
often forced to battle the impulse not to say a word in the wrong language.
More benefits than risks
The once predominant assumption that multilingualism leads to confused children struggling with
their lacking vocabulary has been _14___________ by recent research findings that agree that
multilingualism during childhood is the key to acquiring** a new language accent-free later in life,
to _15___________ the ability to empathize with others as well as delaying (to a certain degree)
symptoms of dementia. ORIGINAL TEXT HERE: https://www.neuronation.com/science/multilingualismharm-or-benefit-our-brains

** a grown-up was sat (BrE) = a grown up was sitting

**NB the key to doing something

GAP 1 Face Confront Wonder

GAP 2 Breeding Raising Bringing up
GAP 3 Argued Claimed Denied
GAP 4 Blessing Good thing Curse
GAP 5 Feasible Manageable Off limits
GAP 6 Consequently What's more Furthermore
GAP 7 Stupidly Mistakenly Erroneously
GAP 8 Well-off Wealthy Filthy-rich
GAP 9 Likely Probably Inclined
GAP 10 Said Instructed Told
GAP 11 Lose Get rid of Make fun of
GAP 12 Master Talk Speak
GAP 13 Those All The ones
GAP 14 Refuted Refused Rejected
GAP 15 Boosting Strengthening Enforcing

---REJECT someone or something = TURN something DOWN = REFUSE something 'rechazar'

---REFUSE TO DO SOMETHING 'negarse a' - Make up some examples.

---DENY SOMETHING, DENY DOING SOMETHING 'negar' - Make up some examples.

---REFUTE (formal) MEANING ONE: 'refutar' =DISPROVE ('prove that an argument or theory is wrong')

MEANING TWO = DENY ('say that an argument or accusation is not true')

39
WHY WE DO CLOZE TESTS:
 THERE WILL BE A CLOZE TEST-TYPE ACTIVITY IN THE FINAL EXAM.
 IT'S GOOD READING PRACTICE.
 WE'LL BE TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THESE KINDS OF ACTIVITIES TO REMIND YOU OF
INTERESTING GRAMMAR/VOCABULARY POINTS.
Guidelines:
Don't dwell on any given gap. Move on. Sometimes you can find what you need elsewhere in the text.
Narrowing down the number of available answers usually helps.
It may be necessary to reread the whole sentence -even the whole paragraph. Pay special attention to
what comes right before the gap and what follows right after (including punctuation). What word category
would be grammatical? A verb? A noun? A preposition? An adjective? An adverb? An article/determiner/
pronoun? An interjection?
Practical guideline:
Flip thorough all the available answers: "carried out tests however 104 people", "carried out tests that 104
people", "carried out tests early 104 people", etc. And select the ones you think might be grammatical and
make sense.
__________________________________________________________________________

SHORT DISCUSSION:
Exchange your ideas about (or experiences of) bilingualism.
Do the same for dubbing.
___________________________________________________________________________
The McGurk Effect (video) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-lN8vWm3m0
-What are we bombarded by at any given moment?

-What do our brains do a remarkable job of?

-What is not always the case?

-Why does the illusion occur?

-The effect works regardless of...

_________________________________________________________________
Do you know where these CATCHPHRASES come from?
Did I do that? Make my day.
You talkin' to me? I ain't gettin' on no plane.
The truth is out there. I am the danger.
Let's be careful out there. I am the one who knocks.
Live long and prosper. Others:..........................................................
How ya doin'? ......................................................................
Bazinga! (an interjection) ......................................................................

40
Some interjections

DUH EH
(MY) GOODNESS TUT (TUT) / TSK (TSK)
INDEED EW / UGH
PHEW OUCH /OW
NAH SHOOT
CHEERS MEH

I went to the restaurant, eh, but my friends didn't show up.

NOTES

FRIENDS: A BABY'S FIRST WORD

From "The One with the Lottery"

A: You guys, you're not gonna believe this. I was just saying good night to Emma, and she
said her first words!
B: What? Well, what did she say?
A: She said, "Gleba"!
(B reacts with indifference)
A: Isn't that amazing?
B: Oh, yeah. No, no, no, that's great.
A: Why aren't you more excited?
B: Rach, gleba is not a word.
A: Well, of course it is.
B: Okay. Uh, what does it mean?
A: Well, I don't know all the words.
B: You know, I'm just glad I didn't miss my daughter's first word.
A: Yes you did! Gleba is a word!
B: Okay. Use it in a sentence.
A: Okay. Emma just said, "Gleba".
B: It's not a word.
A: Okay, okay, fine. I'm gonna look it up!
B: Okay, great. While you're at it, she said another word the other day. Why don't you,
whyntcha* you look up pffrrff?
A: All right. Okay. Okay. Gleba, gleba, gleba... Gleba! Ha! Here it is! "The fleshy, spore-
bearing inner mass of certain fungi."
B: She's gonna be a scientist!
*a casual contraction of "why don't you" /waɪnʧə/
Go to p. 17 for a list of discourse markers.

41
EXAM-TYPE RECORDED SPEAKING TASKS (full list at the end of this book)
_______________________________________SPEAKING TASK ONE (INDIVIDUAL) (4-5 MINUTES)
TALK ABOUT YOUR EXPERIENCE OF LEARNING ENGLISH.
THINK FOR 10 MINUTES AND WRITE NOTES.

 EARLY MEMORIES
 SETBACKS/DIFFICULTIES
 TURNING POINT(S)
 REAPING THE REWARDS: WHAT IT HAS MEANT FOR YOU AND WHAT YOU'RE LOOKING FORWARD TO.
___________________________________SPEAKING TASK TWO (CONVERSATION) (6-7 MINUTES)

LANGUAGE SKILLS

 ARE PEOPLE'S WRITING OR SPEAKING SKILLS ON THE DECLINE?

 LINGUISTIC SKILLS: TO WHAT EXTENT DO THEY INFLUENCE PEOPLE'S SOCIAL LIFE AND PROFESSIONAL PROSPECTS?
 WHAT ARE THE BEST WAYS TO IMPROVE THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE SKILLS OF THE POPULATION?

Look up the of the following figures of speech and find examples in the lyrics below:

metaphor, simile, imagery, repetition, assonance, (internal) rhyme, onomatopoeia, poetic license...

"Lose Yourself"
Look, if you had one shot, or one opportunity He won't have it, he knows
To seize everything you ever wanted in one moment His whole back's to these ropes
Would you capture it or just let it slip? It don't matter, he's dope
He knows that, but he's broke
His palms are sweaty, knees weak, arms are heavy He's so stagnant he knows
There's vomit on his sweater already, mom's spaghetti When he goes back to this mobile home, that's when it's
He's nervous, but on the surface he looks calm and ready Back to the lab again yo
To drop bombs, but he keeps on forgettin' This whole rhapsody
What he wrote down, the whole crowd goes so loud He('d) better go capture this moment and hope it don't*
He opens his mouth, but the words won't come out pass him (standard: it doesn't pass him)
He's choking, how everybody's joking now
The clock's run out, time's up over, blaow! [Hook:]
Snap back to reality, Oh, there goes gravity You better lose yourself in the music, the moment
Oh, there goes Rabbit, he choked You own it, you better never let it go
He's so mad, but he won't You only get one shot, do not miss your chance to blow
Give up that** easy, no (=**so easily) This opportunity comes once in a lifetime yo
TAKE A LOOK AT THE LIST OF FIGURES OF SPEECH ON PAGE 211

42
 UNIT TWO: WORKING AND STUDYING

laughlin.com/ideas

1 - SELECTION OF VOCABULARY: mainly from ENGLISH VOCABULARY IN USE, UNITS 1-7 +handout (2nd
edition: 1-6 + handouts). When you read the units, if you see other words that sound familiar, it may be
worth learning them too. In addition to the words on the list below, learn those that you think might be
useful according to your likes or professional needs.

HOW MANY OF THESE WORDS CAN YOU RECOGNIZE ONLY BY LOOKING AT THE PHONETIC SYMBOLS?

/baɪ hɑːt/ by heart /ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv/ comprehensive

/'roʊt ˌlɜːnɪŋ/ rote learning /pəˈpeʧueɪt/ perpetuate
/kræm/ cram /ˌbetər 'ɒf/ better-off
/ˌɪnsaɪd 'aʊt/ inside out /ɪkˈsel/ excel
/əˈsaɪnmənt/ assignment /ˈskɒləʃɪps/ scholarships
/ˌdɪsəˈteɪʃ(ə)n/ dissertation /ˌstjuːdnt 'loʊnz/ student loans
/ˈθiːsɪs/ thesis /ˌʌndəˈgræʤuət/ undergraduate
/əkˈnɒlɪʤ/ acknowledge /fiːz/ fees
/miːt ə ˈdedlaɪn/ meet a deadline /diːl/ deal
/səbˈmɪt/ submit /ˈkaʊntəpɑːt/ counterpart
/əˈses/ assess /ˌtɔːk 'ʃɒp/ talk shop
/ˈfiːdbæk/ feedback /rɪˈwɔːdɪŋ/ rewarding
/ˈʤɜːnlz/ journals /ˌvɒlənˈtɪə/ volunteer
/ˈpeɪpəz/ papers /ʃɪft/ shift
/ˌwel 'kwɒləfaɪd/ well-qualified /ˌnɒk 'ɒf/ knock off
/ˌdrɒp 'aʊt/ drop out /ˈʧælənʤɪŋ/ challenging
/ˌkæri 'aʊt/ carry out /ˈglæmərəs/ glamorous
/rɪˈsɜːʧ/ /'ri:sɜːʧ/ research /ˌded 'end/ dead-end

43
/diːmoʊtɪˈveɪtɪd/ demotivated /ˌbrænd ˈlɔɪəlti/ brand loyalty
/ˌself ɪmˈplɔɪd/ self-employed /ˈɔːkʃ(ə)n/ auction
/ˈfr iːlɑːns/ freelance /ˌred 'teɪp/ red tape
/draɪv/ drive /ɪnˈvest ɪn/ invest in
/'tiːm ˌpleɪə/ team player /ˈstɑːtʌp/ start-up
/pəˈtɜːnəti ˌliːv/ paternity leave /ʃɪp/ ship
/pɜːks/ perks /ˌstɑːf məˈrɑːl/ staff morale
/ˈbenəfɪts/ benefits /ˈboʊnəs/ bonus
/rɪˈdʌndənsiz/ redundancies /ˈwɪlɪŋ/ willing
/'koʊld ˌkɔːlɪŋ/ cold calling /'ʃɔːt ˌtɜːm/ short-term
/ˈpɜːʧəs/ purchase /'soʊl ˌdæmɪʤ/ soul damage
/ˌʃɒp əˈraʊnd/ shop around /ˌɒntrəprəˈnɜː/ entrepreneur
/stɒk/ stock /dɪˈlɪvə/ deliver

LOOK THESE UP TOO:

brainstorming on-the-job training
on call What does your job involve?
on duty stuck behind a desk
fired up take the initiative /ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/
burned-out set up a business, run a business
paperwork I haven't looked back.
deal with

BACK-OF-THE-BOOK UNITS: 63, 72, 77 (2nd ed: 62, 71, 76)

(You can google the following words or do a Youglish search.)
63: SECTION A (EXCEPT SOUNDLESS); SLAM, CRASH, SQUEAK, SIZZLE; SECTIONS C AND D

72: AUTHORIZE, ENDORSE, GIVE CARTE BLANCHE/THE GO-AHEAD/THE GREEN LIGHT, CLAMP DOWN ON, OUTLAW

77: THE WHOLE UNIT EXCEPT PANGS OF GUILT AND LAMENT; LEARN "MOURN FOR" AS 'estar de luto por'.

DEMOCRATS (blue) and REPUBLICANS (red)

44
SPOKEN TRANSLATION

 Try to translate directly into English without reading the Spanish sentences aloud.
 In the boxes on the left you can keep track of your incorrect answers.
 Keep practising at home.

VOCABULARY REVIEW, IMPERSONAL USE OF THE PASSIVE, NEGATIVE QUESTIONS, INVERSION

AFTER "NOT ONLY", BETTER OFF, EVEN IF, END UP, ETC.

1. ¿El aprendizaje repetitivo funciona a largo plazo?

2. No he vuelto a empollar toda la noche desde que era estudiante de
posgrado, y no estoy dispuesto a volver a hacerlo.
3. Hemos adquirido material por valor de 2.000 libras.
4. ¿Atender a los padres no es la parte más dura?
5. Hay que entregar la tesis.
6. Hay que llevar a cabo una evaluación de las condiciones de trabajo.
7. No pedí un préstamo (estudiantil) para acabar en un trabajo sin futuro
donde me dicen que estoy demasiado cualificado.
8. Se ofreció voluntariamente para encargarse del papeleo.
9. ¿No han reconocido tu contribución?
10. Pensé en montar un negocio pero toda esa burocracia me quitó la idea.
11. Estamos mejor así, aunque tengamos que vivir de tu pensión de
momento.
12. No solo hago el turno de noche los fines de semana, sino que estoy a
cargo de las entregas.
13. En lugar de dar bonificaciones deberíamos invertir en formación.
14. ¿No tienes que pagar el envío?
15. ¿Eso no afectaba a la moral/ánimo del personal?
16. Hay que tener mucha energía (empuje) para afrontar este desafío.
17. Estaba tan quemada que decidió tomarse un año libre y después se hizo
autónoma. Dice que ahora es mucho más feliz.
18. Insisten en que sus empleados asistan a esas reuniones inútiles.

___________________________________________________________________
GRAMMAR DRILL - QUESTION TAGS
At this level, question tags should start to become automatic. Cover the question tag and try to say the
following sentences in 25 seconds.

1. I wouldn't do that, would I? 7. You're the supervisor, aren't you?

2. She can work there, can't she? 8. I've tried to help them, haven't I?
3. You'll pay the fees, won't you? 9. She's not going to quit, is she?
4. I'm a good boss, aren't I? 10. You need a break, don't you?
5. They haven't been fired, have they? 11. She didn't do her best, did she?
6. He was promoted, wasn't he? 12. He's not in today, is he?

Intonation changes the meaning of the tag: means it's a real question; just asks for confirmation.

45
1. Does rote learning work in the long term/run?

2. I haven't crammed (BrE also "swotted") all night since I was a postgraduate student, and I'm

not willing to do it again.

3. We have purchased material worth 2,000 pounds.

4. Isn't dealing with parents the toughest/hardest part?

5. The thesis has to be submitted (formal)/handed in (less formal).

6. An assessment of (the) working conditions has to/must be carried out.

7. I didn't take out a student loan to end up in a dead-end job where I'm told (or: they tell me)

I'm overqualified.

8. She volunteered to deal with the paperwork.

9. Haven't they acknowledged your contribution?

10. I thought about/of setting up a business but all that red tape put me off (the idea). ("put off"

also means 'aplazar': Let's put off the meeting.)

11. We're better off this way, even if we have to live on your pension for now/for the time being.

12. Not only do I work the night shift on weekends (Br: at weekends), but I'm in charge of

deliveries. (or: I don't just work the night shift on weekends; I'm also...)

13. Instead of/Rather than handing out/giving bonuses, we should invest in training.

14. Don't you have to pay for shipping?

15. Didn't that affect staff morale?

16. You've got to have/You have to have/You need to have a lot of drive to face this challenge.

Or: A lot of drive is needed to...

17. She was so burned out that she decided to take a year off and then she became self-employed.

She says she's far/much/a lot happier now. (informal: way happier)

18. They insist (that) their employees/staff (should) attend those useless meetings. / They insist on

their employees attending those useless meetings.

46
Put the paragraphs in the right order.

http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20170504-the-strange-reason-spaniards-eat-late

The strange reason Spaniards eat late By Jessica Jones BBC - 8 May 2017

1 Being 60 minutes behind the correct time zone means the sun rises later and sets later, bestowing* Spain
with gloriously long summer evenings and 10pm sunsets. Those who run Spain’s tourist resorts believe that
more sunlight is a large draw* for visitors. The regional government of the Balearic Islands ‒ which include
Mallorca, Menorca and Ibiza ‒ is strongly against returning to GMT and has even campaigned to maintain
year-round summer time (CET+1) to allow visitors to take full advantage of the region’s mild winter
climate.
2 “The fact that the time in Spain doesn’t correspond to the sun affects health, especially sleep,” said José
Luis Casero, president of the National Commission for the Rationalization of Spanish Schedules, an
organisation that has been campaigning for Spain to return to the correct time zone since 2006. “If we
changed time zones, the sun would rise one hour earlier and we’d wake up more naturally, meal times would
be one hour earlier and we’d get an extra hour’s sleep.”
Spaniards have traditionally coped with their late nights by taking a mid-morning coffee break and a two-
hour lunch break, giving them the opportunity to enjoy one of the country’s most infamous traditions: the
siesta.
3 It is 10pm in the Madrid neighbourhood of La Latina, one of the city’s oldest areas, and the cobbled*
streets thrum* with the sounds of people enjoying plates of gambas al ajillo (garlic prawns) and cocido
Madrileño (a hearty chickpea, pork and chorizo stew). Restaurants are bustling at an hour when, in most
other countries, chefs would be hanging up their aprons* for the night. While travellers might attribute
Spain’s late mealtimes to the country’s laidback Mediterranean attitude, the real reason is a little more
peculiar. Spaniards are living in the wrong time zone, and have been for more than 70 years.
4 When it comes down to it, economist Nuria Chinchilla, an expert in work-life balance at the Instituto de
Estudios Superiores de la Empresa business school in Barcelona, feels that quality of life for Spaniards is
more pressing* than preserving an extra hour or two of evening light for tourists.
“We have continuous jetlag,” she said. “Tourism will always be there and tourists don’t care. The number of
hours of sunlight will be the same, whether it is an extra hour in the morning or in the evening.”
5 Changing the workday would threaten Spaniards’ customary naptime, although whether or not citizens
would mind is still up for debate. A January 2017 study by research company Simple Lógica found that less
than 18% of Spaniards nap regularly, while nearly 60% never take a siesta. In fact, business owners in many
of the country’s major cities and holiday resorts remain open during the midday break to cater to tourists.
Meanwhile, those who do nap express frustration when changes in their daily routine prevent them from
sleeping mid-day.
6 “We should really banish the siesta in Spain because it doesn’t fit with reality,” Casero said. “And with
the change of time zone bringing meal times forward and giving us an extra hour of sleep, there would be
less need for a rest at midday.”
7 Glance at a map and you’ll realise that Spain – sitting, as it does, along the same longitude as the UK,
Portugal and Morocco – should be in Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). But Spain goes by Central European

47
Time (CET), putting it in sync with the Serbian capital Belgrade, more than 2,500km east of Madrid.
8 But for many Spaniards, living in the wrong time zone has resulted in sleep deprivation and decreased
productivity. The typical Spanish work day begins at 9am; after a two-hour lunch break between 2 and 4pm,
employees return to work, ending their day around 8pm. The later working hours force Spaniards to save
their social lives for the late hours. Prime-time television doesn’t start until 10:30pm. Meanwhile, in the
northwestern region of Galicia, the sun doesn’t rise until after 9am in winter, meaning that residents are
starting their day in the dark. (Teacher's note: most of Galicia is actually two time zones out.)
9 So why are Spaniards living behind their geographic time zone? In 1940, General Francisco Franco
changed Spain’s time zone, moving the clocks one hour forward in solidarity with Nazi Germany. For
Spaniards, who at the time were utterly devastated by the Spanish Civil War, complaining about the change
did not even cross their minds. They continued to eat at the same time, but because the clocks had changed,
their 1pm lunches became 2pm lunches, and they were suddenly eating their 8pm dinners at 9pm. After
World War II ended, the clocks were never changed back. However, in 2016, Spanish Prime Minister
Mariano Rajoy announced that the government was working on a plan to implement a new workday
schedule ending at 6pm as opposed to 8pm. One important element of the plan was evaluating the possibility
of changing Spain’s time zone from CET to GMT – something that has sparked a heated discussion
throughout the country.

GLOSSARY
bestow 'otorgar'; a draw 'un atractivo' (Look up the meanings of the verb draw.); cobbled 'adoquinado'; thrum
'tamborilear'; aprons 'delantales'; pressing =urgent

CF move the clock forward

The USA has 4 time zones, which match "natural" time zones fairly accurately:
Pacific, Mountain, Central and East

 How do daylight saving time changes affect you, if at all?

 Are you for returning to the correct time zone?

48
DISCUSSING WORK paperwork

 Basic language review customers

complaints
-What does your job involve? (Or: What did your last job involve?)
invoices
It involves... (+noun/-ing)
I deal with... make appointments
I handle...
I'm responsible for... (+noun/-ing) attend meetings
I'm in charge of... (+noun/-ing) show people around
I have to...
I run a... fix/repair things
I advise people on/about...
make deliveries
Yes/no questions make copies
-Do you have job security? send emails
-Do you have to do overtime?
-Do you ever have to attend meetings? How do you feel about that? answer the phone
-What are some perks of your job? 'advantages inherent to the job'
-Do you ever feel overworked? work with the public
-How many jobs have you applied for in your life? be on call
-When was the last time you updated your CV?
-Have you ever done any job training without being paid? type letters
-Is it possible to be promoted in your job?
-Have you ever worked part-time? ...................
-If you run a business... how is it going? What are the advantages and disadvantages?
-Would you like to keep doing something related to your job after you retire? ...................
-Have you ever turned down (=rejected) a job offer? If so, do you regret it? ...................
-HAS ANYONE YOU KNOW BEEN...

fired/sacked? If so, for what? (answer: for -ing)

laid off? (because there's not enough work)
given a bonus?
given a pay rise recently?
forced to accept lower wages? (=less money)
forced to take time off?
overworked? (=they made them work too much)
offered a great work offer that you/they rejected?

 Difficulties

-Have you had any mind-numbing or soul-crushing jobs? How long did you last?

-Have there been times when you were close to burning out?

-Have there been times when you struggled to get the job done in time?

-Have you had any rude, creepy, or incompetent bosses? (a creepy person makes you feel uncomfortable)

49
  Share your thoughts on the following:
-FLEXITIME
'a system of working a set number of hours with the starting and finishing times
chosen within agreed limits by the employee' (Google)
-USE OF SOCIAL APPS AT WORK
-NAPS AT WORK
-CIGARETTE BREAKS

GET USED TO + noun/-ing (Here, USED TO is pronounced /ju:zd tə/).

Compare: I used to do that. /ju:stə/

Do you think you could get used to...

-DRIVING A 16-TON TRUCK? -WORKING ON A FARM?

-WORKING ON AN OIL RIG 'plataforma' AT SEA? -WORKING IN A SLAUGHTERHOUSE? 'matadero'
-TEACHING? -TESTING MATTRESSES FOR A LIVING?
-WORKING NIGHT SHIFTS? -WORKING FROM HOME?
-HANDLING COMPLAINTS ALL DAY? -WORKING 60 HOURS A WEEK?
-WORKING IN TELESALES? -MACHINES DOING ALL THE WORK FOR YOU?

 Well, that's actually what I do for a living.  It would be tough at first, but eventually I
 I could definitely get used to doing that. (In think I'd get used to it.
fact I have some experience.)  I don't think I could get used to that.
 That's a big part of what I do already.

5 - What degree of freedom do you have at work?

I'm not allowed to... OR I can't...
I can do whatever I want. (I'm my own boss.)
I can do what I want, within reason.
6 - EXTRA QUESTIONS

1. What would be your ideal job? Maybe it's your current one, but if not, say:
My ideal job would be one where I would/could...
2. What would it take for you to quit your job? 'qué haría falta'
3. Have you gone on strike? If so, for how long? I was on strike for...
What were the reasons? We demanded...
4. Are you a member of a union? If so, what's the annual fee? 'cuota' What do they fight for?
5. Do you think there should always be a minimum wage? If so, what do you think it should
be? What about a maximum wage?
6. When was the last time you took some time off?
7. Do you have experience of working abroad? If so, what did you get out of it?
8. Is anyone you know a workaholic?

50
DISCUSSING EDUCATION

1 - Looking back on your school/university days, what would you have done differently?

If I had known... I would've + past participle

2 - Do you have experience of studying abroad? If so, what did you get out of it?
If not, would you contemplate it?

3 - Which features do you value the most in a teacher? Pick 4 and then compare your choices.

being good at explaining things taking the initiative

being a people person keeping calm under pressure
enjoying working with different kinds of people having patience and never losing their nerve
having a passion for what they do having a good sense of humour
having a strong knowledge of their subject being fair
having good time-managing skills coping well with change (being adaptable)
being a team player enjoying a challenge
being firm being practical

4 - What could be done to improve education in our country?

You can practice "There should(n't) be..." and the passive voice

There should be smaller class sizes.

More money should be invested in...
Stricter discipline should be insisted upon.

IDEAS FOR FURTHER DISCUSSION

 SUBSIDIZED SCHOOLS CONTROVERSIES /'sʌbsədaɪzd/

(Remember: PRIVATE /'praɪvət/, PUBLIC /'pʌblɪk/)
 USE OF SMARTPHONES AT SCHOOL
 CURRICULUM CONTROVERSIES
 HOMESCHOOLING
 UNIVERSITY TUITION FEES

THE PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE

“I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for
which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.”

51
BULLYING (3 SYLLABLES: /'bʊl.i.ɪŋ/)
PREVALENCE OF BULLYING AT SCHOOL IN SELECTED COUNTRIES (SOURCE: OECD PISA 2015 Database)

 NETHERLANDS 9.3  UNITED STATES 18.9

 PORTUGAL 11.8  CANADA 20.3
 SPAIN 11.9  UNITED KINGDOM 23.9
 NORWAY 17.7  NEW ZEALAND 26.1

HAZING ('novatadas') IN AMERICA

 Do you find the data above striking in any way?

 Have you witnessed/experienced/prevented any episodes of bullying?
 How can bullying be prevented?
 Initiation rites: where do you draw the line?
 Speculate on the long-term effects of bullying and/or hazing.

SCRAWNY. CHUBBY. SHORT. QUEER: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mnKPEsbTo9s

52
SHORT DEBATES - For or against? In pairs, take turns being for or against:
1. Religion being a compulsory subject for all secondary-school students
2. Students wearing any kind of religious symbols at school
3. Teaching half the subjects in English in Spain
4. English becoming the official language of the United States
5. A total ban on using smart phones in class
6. Insisting that students should not use English loanwords
______________________________________________________________________________________
An excerpt from the "Enough is enough" speech by Michelle Obama.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjVurEpRAuk (2'15'')
(...) The belief that you can do anything you want to a woman. It is cruel. It’s frightening. And the truth is, it hurts. It
hurts. It’s like that sick, sinking feeling you get when you’re walking down the street
_1____________________________ and some guy yells out vulgar words about your body. Or when you see that guy
at work that stands just a little too close, _2____________________________ a little too long, and makes you feel
uncomfortable in your own skin.
It’s that feeling of terror and violation that too many women have felt when someone
has_3____________________________ them, or forced himself on them and they’ve said no but he didn’t listen --
something that we know happens on college campuses and countless other places every single day. It reminds us of
stories we heard from our mothers and grandmothers about how, _4_______________________, the boss could say
and do_5____________________________ to the women in the office, and even though they worked so hard, jumped
over every hurdle 'obstáculo' to prove themselves, it was never enough.
We thought all of that was_6____________________________, didn’t we? And so many have worked for so many
years to end this kind of violence and abuse and disrespect, but here we are, in 2016, and we’re hearing these exact
same things every day on the campaign trail. We are _7____________________________ in it. And all of us are doing
what women have always done: We’re trying to keep our heads above water, just trying to get through it, trying to
_8____________________________ like this doesn’t really bother us maybe because we think that admitting how
much it hurts makes us as women look weak. Maybe we’re afraid to be that vulnerable. Maybe we’ve grown
accustomed to _9____________________________ these emotions and staying quiet, because we’ve seen that
people often won’t take our word over his. Or maybe we don’t want to believe that there are still people out there who
think so little of us as women. Too many are treating this as just another day’s headline, as if
our_10____________________________ is overblown or unwarranted, as if this is normal, just politics as usual. But,
New Hampshire, be clear: This is not normal. This is not politics as usual. (Applause.) This
is_11____________________________. It is intolerable. And it doesn’t matter what party you belong to -- Democrat,
Republican, independent -- no woman deserves to be treated this way. None of us deserves this kind of abuse.
(Applause.)
And I know it’s a campaign, but this isn’t about politics. It’s about basic human decency. It’s about right and wrong.
(Applause.) And we simply cannot _12___________________________ this, or expose our children to this any longer
-- not for another minute, and _13____________________________ for four years. (Applause.) Now is the time for all
of us to stand up and say enough is enough. (Applause.) This has got to stop right now. (Applause.)
Elsewhere in the speech:
DISTURBING 'perturbador', SHAMEFUL 'bochornoso', LEWD 'lascivo'
Remember: DEMEANING 'degradante, denigrante'
BRAG ABOUT 'alardear de', SEXUAL ASSAULT, SWEEP UNDER THE RUG, LOCKER ROOM
BANTER 'bromas de vestuario', GROPE 'toquetear, meter mano', AN ISOLATED INCIDENT
Notice the pronunciation of COULDN('T) (H)A(VE) PREDICTED /kʊdn(t)ə(v)/
AND LEARN: HARASS, (SEXUAL) HARASSMENT, MOLEST (=abuse sexually), MOLESTER

53
__________________________________________________________________________

RECOMMENDATIONS: SPANISH NEWS SOURCES IN ENGLISH BBC RADIO 4 IN FOUR

______________________________________________________________________________________________
WEAK FORMS: CAN, ARE, THEM

/ə/ /ɑ:/
The documents are ready. The documents are ready.
The classrooms are empty. The classrooms are empty.

/δəm/ /δem/
Tell them. Tell them.
Fire them. Fire them.

/kən/, /kn/ /kæn/

You can work here. You can work here.
You can do it. You can do it.

MORE SCHWA (ə) PRACTICE:

TALK TO THE BOSS.
THE PEOPLE AT THE OFFICE*

THERE'S A NEED FOR LEADERS.

WORKING FOR THE COMPANY

THE ROLE OF THE HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

LOOK AT THE PROBLEM FROM A DIFFERENT ANGLE.

HE MADE IT TO THE TOP, BUT AT THE COST OF HIS HEALTH.

*"office" can be /'ɒfəs/ or /'ɒfɪs/

54
(WATCH THIS FIRST: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XoomvWXunRc)

MOVIE SCENE: REPORTING FOR DUTY (SKYFALL) (the expressions marked with an asterisk are
somewhat rude) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afTGf56fvT8

M: Where the hell** have you been?

BOND: Enjoying death. Double oh seven reporting for duty.
M: Why didn't you call?
BOND: You didn't get the postcard? You should try it some time. Get away from it all. It
really lends perspective.
M: (they) Ran out of drink where you were, did they?*
BOND: What was it you said? "Take the bloody shot." ("bloody" as an intensifier [BrE] is rude)
M: I made a judgment call.
BOND: You should have trusted me to finish the job.
M: It was the possibility of losing you or the certainty of losing all those other agents. I
made the only decision I could and you know it.
BOND: I think you lost your nerve.
M: What do you expect, a bloody apology? You know the rules of the game. You've been
playing it long enough. We both have.
BOND: Maybe too long.
M: Speak for yourself.
BOND: Ronson didn't make it, did he?
M: No.
BOND: So this is it. We're both played out.
M: Well, if you believe that, why did you come back?
BOND: Good question.
M: Because we're under attack. And you know we need you.
BOND: (SIGHS) Well I'm here.
M: You'll have to be debriefed and declared fit for active service. You can only return to duty
when you've passed the tests, so take them seriously. And a shower might be in order.
BOND: I'll go home and change.
M: Oh, we've sold your flat, put your things into storage. Standard procedure on the death
of an unmarried employee with no next of kin. You should have called.
BOND: I'll find a hotel.
M: Well, you're bloody well not sleeping here.

**Where the hell...? (rude) Not rude: Where on earth...? Very rude: Where the f*ck...?
*Posititive question tags with positive statements (not very usual) can indicate sarcasm, disbelief...
*bloody well (BrE) is rude. It is used before a verb to stress anger or disapproval.

55
MULTIPLE CHOICE CLOZE:

The ‘handsome weeping boys’ paid to wipe away your tears By Emily WebbOutlook, BBC World Service - 25 August 2016
Japanese companies hire people to make staff cry

There are about 10 of us sitting in a conference room in an office block in Tokyo and a man has just put
_1________ a selection of film clips. As the music blares* from tinny-sounding speakers, a heart-
rending* story about a deaf man and his daughter begins. The daughter is struck down with a terrible
illness and is rushed to hospital. The man, unable to communicate that he is her father, is not allowed
past the reception desk. The film ends with him crying inconsolably as she dies alone.
As the second film - about a _2________ ill dog - starts, I hear a muffled* sob from the other side of the
room. Minutes later, there are some loud _3________ noises to my right. Within 15 minutes, half of the
room is staring at the screen, tears streaming* down their faces. The man showing the films begins to
walk around and, with a large cotton handkerchief**, softly wipes the tears from people's faces. He
diligently refolds the handkerchief for each person to offer them a dry patch.
"When I started running these workshops, there were some quite awkward moments," the man with the
handkerchief, Ryusei, tells me. He has model good looks and is taking his _4________ role very
seriously.
"I wasn't practised enough and so couldn't cry easily and this would mean the audience couldn't cry
either. But it's much better now, I can cry and so others follow." His job title is _5________ unusual:
ikemeso danshi, or "handsome weeping boy". He runs sessions with the sole purpose of making people
cry. "Japanese are not used to crying in front of people. But once you cry in front of others, the
environment will change, particularly in a business."
The idea is to _6________ your vulnerability - when others see that, it's supposed to bring people
together so they work better as a team. Most of the films he plays focus on ill pets or father-daughter
relationships, and appear to be targeted at women. I'm told that anyone can come along but today, all but
one of the _7________ are female. The sole man is the company boss who arranged the session.
Companies can choose from a selection of handsome weeping boys. One is a trained dentist who does
this as a sideline, while others play the part of a gymnast, a funeral director or shoe shiner.
Today's facilitator, Ryusei, is known as a "good-looking-but-slightly-older weeping boy" - the others are
in their 20s while he is nudging* 40.
In Tokyo, other companies have launched similar projects. _8________ cuddling sessions and rent-a-
friend services are already available in town.
The crying workshops were Hiroki Terai's idea - he's a businessman determined to get Japanese people
to express their emotions, "I have always been interested in the hidden sagas of human beings," he says.
It all began when he was 16. With no friends at school, Hiroki ate his lunch in a toilet cubicle, alone. It
was a difficult time: "It was around then I feel I started to find out more about people's real emotions -
on the surface they're smiling but that's not always how they feel.
His first project was running divorce ceremonies for couples whose marriages have broken down, "The
_9________ of the ceremony is crushing the wedding ring with a hammer." The couples said that crying
was the most cathartic moment. Hiroki therefore decided to set up a crying business in 2013. It started
with workshops open to everyone in Tokyo.
"People would** come and cry together. When they cried they said they felt really good afterwards," he
says. "The only problem was the perception of crying men. People thought they were weepy or wimps."
Hiroki's solution? Crying workshops led by handsome men. He wanted to bring the image of crying
men into the mainstream while using those men to make other people cry.

56
I asked him why the men have to be good looking. He shrugs his shoulders, "I think it's because it's so
different to daily life," he says. "It's exciting."
People can be surprised by their own response to the films. "I thought I wouldn't cry," Terumi confesses
- she's a comedian who's making a documentary about the session. "But I really cried a lot."
_10________ the clips about father and daughter that got her: "My father's still alive but I'm over 30
years old… still now, I sometimes don't behave well towards my father," she laughs, nervously. "I
started to regret that."
Not everyone is so moved, _11________. With a conspiratorial glance over her shoulder, Uria, an
employee at the office, asks: "Is it okay to tell the truth?" I _12________ her she can. "Honestly I'm not
interested in this kind of movie. I think there were five or six movies, so many people died. I don't like
it! I don't think that's moving. I was not moved."
The whole premise of Hiroki's business is the idea that Japanese people don't cry enough. I wonder if
this is a stereotype, but most of today's participants seem to agree. "Japanese people are not really good
at expressing their emotions." Terumi tells me. "People working at companies don't express their
opinions or feelings too much."
And it is this that drives Hiroki, the company's founder. "I want Japanese people to cry," he says with
real animation. "Not only at home but in the office. If you cry at work [you think] your co-workers will
not want to touch you - there's a really negative image. "But I know that after you cry and let people see
your vulnerability, you can get along even better with people, _13________ is also good for the
company. It creates a better working environment and people get along better."
As I leave, I reflect on a surreal evening. Did I cry? No. However, if I had been able to focus on the
films, I think I might have done. _14________, I was creeping around the back of the room trying to
record crying noises for my radio report. Not too conducive to a good sob.

GAP 1 UP ON (---)
GAP 2 UGLY TERMINAL FATALLY
GAP 3 GIGGLING SCOFFING SNIFFING
GAP 4 WIPE-TEAR WIPING-TEARS TEAR-WIPING
GAP 5 REAL NOT AT ALL SOMEWHAT
GAP 6 SHOW OFF SHOW OUT SHOW UP
GAP 7 ATTENDANTS GOERS ATTENDEES
GAP 8 ASEXUAL BISEXUAL NON-SEXUAL
GAP 9 APEX CLIMAX VORTEX
GAP 10 THEY WERE SURELY IT WAS
GAP 11 ARE THEY THOUGH INSTEAD
GAP 12 ENSURE ASSURE EXPLAIN
GAP 13 THAT AND WHICH
GAP 14 THEREFORE INSTEAD HOWEVER

Blare 'atronar, retumbar'

Heart-rending 'que te parte el corazón' (more about this pattern on page 90)
Muffle 'silenciar', muffled 'amortiguado (un sonido)'
Stream -here 'salir a raudales'
Handkerchief -pronounced "hankerchiff"
Nudge 'dar un codazo' (aquí 'acercarse a')
**Notice the use of "would" meaning "used to" (past habit)

KEY ON PAGE 58

57
You Still Need Your Brain By DANIEL T. WILLINGHAM MAY 19, 2017
Most adults recall memorizing the names of rivers or the Pythagorean theorem in school and
wondering, “When am I ever gonna use this stuff?” Kids today have a high-profile spokesman.
Jonathan Rochelle, the director of Google’s education apps group, said last year at an industry
conference that he “cannot answer” why his children should learn the quadratic equation. He
wonders why they cannot “ask Google.” If Mr. Rochelle cannot answer his children, I can.

With the right knowledge in memory, your brain deftly* puts words in context. Consider “Trisha
spilled her coffee.” When followed by the sentence “Dan jumped up to get a rag,” the brain
instantly highlights one aspect of the meaning of “spill” — spills make a mess. Had the second
sentence been** “Dan jumped up to get her more,” you would have thought instead of the fact that
“spill” means Trisha had less of something. Still another aspect of meaning would come to mind
had you read**, “Dan jumped up, howling* in pain.”

Perhaps internet searches will become more sensitive to context, but until our brains communicate
directly with silicon chips, there’s another problem — speed.

Speed matters when the quadratic equation is part of a larger problem. Imagine solving 397,394 x
9 if you hadn’t memorized the multiplication table. Sure, you could look up 4 x 9, but you could
easily lose the thread of the problem as you did so**. That’s why the National Mathematics
Advisory Panel listed “quick and effortless recall of facts” as one essential of math education.

Deeper knowledge of words also helps. Your knowledge of what a word means, how it’s spelled and
how it sounds are actually separate in the brain. That’s why you may recall one but not the others,
as when you know what you want to say (“someone who owes money”) but can’t find the word
(“debtor”). Good readers have reliable, speedy connections among the brain representations of
spelling, sound and meaning. Speed matters because it allows other important work — for
example, puzzling out* the meaning of phrases — to proceed.

The brain beats the internet when it comes to context and speed, but the internet clobbers* the
brain when it comes to volume. You can find any fact on the internet, even alternative ones. Your
brain, in contrast, is limited, so how should we choose what to learn?

The internet is poor at putting information in context. Kids who look up the quadratic equation
may end up like the child who looked up “meticulous”; they have a definition, but they don’t have
the background knowledge to use it correctly. Students should learn not only the formula but also
why it works and how it connects to other math content. That’s how contextual knowledge
develops in the brain, and that’s why vocabulary instruction seldom consists of simple
memorization of definitions — students are asked to use the words in a variety of sentences. The
same should be true of more advanced concepts and for the same reason.

58
1 Students should learn the information for which the internet is a poor substitute. Getting
information from the internet takes time, so they should memorize facts that are needed fast and
frequently. Elementary math facts and the sounds of letters are obvious choices, but any
information that is needed with high frequency is a candidate — in algebra, that’s the quadratic
equation.

2 Speed matters for reading, too. Researchers report that readers need to know at least 95
percent of the words in a text for comfortable absorption. Pausing to find a word
definition is disruptive. Online, the mere presence of hyperlinks compromises reading
comprehension because the decision of whether or not to click disrupts the flow of understanding.

3 Google is good at finding information, but the brain beats it in two essential ways. Champions of
Google underestimate how much the meaning of words and sentences changes with context.
Consider vocabulary. Every teacher knows that a sixth grader, armed with a thesaurus, will often
submit a paper studded* with words used in not-quite-correct ways, like the student who looked
up “meticulous,” saw it meant “very careful,” and wrote “I was meticulous when I fell off the cliff.”

4 The meaning of “spill” depends on context, but dictionaries, including internet dictionaries,
necessarily offer context-free** meanings. That’s why kids fall off cliffs meticulously.

5 Using knowledge in the head is also self-sustaining, whereas using knowledge from the internet
is not. Every time you retrieve information from memory, it becomes a bit easier to find it the next
time. That’s why students studying for a test actually remember more if they quiz themselves than
if they study as they typically do, by rereading their textbook or notes. That parades* the right
ideas before the mind, but doesn’t make them stick. In the same way, you won’t learn your way
around a city if you always use your GPS, but you will if you work to remember the route you took
last time.

6 It’s a grave mistake to think Google can replace your memory. It can, however, complement it, if
we keep in mind what each does best.

7 Quick access is supposed to be a great advantage of using the internet. Students have always
been able to look up the quadratic equation rather than memorize it, but opening a new browser
tab (see pic) takes moments, not the minutes required to locate the right page in the right book.
Yet “moments” is still much slower than the brain operates.

**had the second sentence been, had you read -That's the inverted 3rd conditional, which we'll see.
deftly 'hábilmente'
howling 'aullar/(here: dar alaridos)'
**as you did so (formal English) =as you did that
puzzle out 'resolver'
clobber (informal) 'machacar' BROWSER TABS
studded 'tachonado, salpicado'
**-free (Compare: sugar-free, cruetly-free, duty-free...)
parade 'hacer desfilar' (Remember the meaning 'desfile'.)

59
key:
A JOB INTERVIEW (THE PURSUIT OF "HAPPYNESS")
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gHXKitKAT1E
Assistant: Chris Gardner.
Chris: Chris Gardner. How are you? Good morning. Good to see you again. Chris Gardner, pleasure. I’ve
been sitting out there for the last half-hour trying to come up with a story that would explain my being
here dressed like this. And I wanted to come up with a story that would demonstrate qualities that I’m sure
you all admire here, like earnestness or diligence or team-playing, something. And I couldn’t think of
anything. So the truth is I was arrested for failure to pay parking tickets.
Interviewer 1: Parking tickets?
Chris: And I ran all the way here from the Polk Station, the police station.
Interviewer 2: What were you doing before you were arrested?
Chris: I was painting my apartment.
Interviewer 2: Is it dry now?
Chris: I hope so.
Interviewer 2: Jay says you’re pretty determined.
Interviewer 1: He’s been waiting outside the front of the building with some 40-pound gizmo for over a
month.
Interviewer 2: He said you’re smart.
Chris: Well, I like to think so.
Interviewer 2: And you want to learn this business?
Chris: Yes, sir, I want to learn this business.
Interviewer 2: Have you already started learning on your own?
Chris: Absolutely.
Interviewer 2: Jay?
Interviewer 1: Yes, sir.
Interviewer 2: How many times have you seen Chris?
Interviewer 1: Oh, I don’t know. One too many, apparently.
Interviewer 2: Was he ever dressed like this?
Interviewer 1: No, no. Jacket and tie.
Interviewer 2: First in your class in school? High school?
Chris: Yes, sir.
Interviewer 2: How many in the class?
Chris: Twelve. It was a small town.
Interviewer 2: I’ll say.
Chris: But I was also first in my radar class in the Navy, and that was a class of twenty. Can I say
something? I’m the type of person, if you ask me a question, and I don’t know the answer, I’m gonna tell
you that I don’t know. But I bet you what. I know how to find the answer, and I will find the answer. Is
that fair enough?
Interviewer 2: Chris. What would you say if a guy walked in for an interview without a shirt on and I
hired him? What would you say?
Chris: He must’ve had on some really nice pants.
___________________________________________________________________________________
LEFT, MISSING, ONE TOO MANY
ONE IS MISSING. 'FALTA UNA'
THERE'S ONE TOO MANY. 'SOBRA UNA.' (COMPARE: THERE ARE TOO MANY.)
I HAVE (GOT) ONLY ONE LEFT. THERE'S ONLY ONE LEFT. ONLY ONE IS LEFT. 'SOLO QUEDA UNA'
HOW LONG (IS IT) TILL XMAS?
ONLY 3 WEEKS TO GO TILL XMAS. ONLY 3 WEEKS REMAINING TILL XMAS. ONLY 3 WEEKS LEFT TILL XMAS.

60
EXAMPLES OF FACTUAL TV SHOWS/YOUTUBE CHANNELS
THE GRAND TOUR: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZ1Sc5xjWpUnp_o_lUTkvgQ
BONDI VET: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRnSnAq44St3dzNdgPpfChA
WHEELER DEALERS: car restoration https://www.youtube.com/user/WheelerDealersTV
OTHERS:

____________________________________________________________________
LIVIN' ON A PRAYER Notice a common AmE pronunciation of DOCKS, NOT, SHOT

(Once upon a time, not so long ago) chorus

Tommy used to work on the docks, Woah, we're halfway there
(the) union's been on strike Woah, livin' on a prayer
He's down on his luck, it's tough, so tough Take my hand, we'll make it I swear
Gina works the diner all day working for her man Woah, livin' on a prayer
She brings home her pay, for love, for love
Tommy's got his six-string in hock
bridge Now he's holding in what he used to make it talk
She says we've got to hold on to what we've got So tough, it's tough
It doesn't make a difference if we make it or not Gina dreams of running away
We've got each other and that's a lot for love When she cries in the night, Tommy whispers
We'll give it a shot Baby, it's okay, someday

____________________________________________________________________
WRITING TASK
Invent a magazine interview on the subject of your career. The answers don't have to be true. Write 3
questions at least. (about 350 words)
_________________________________________________________________________________
SPEAKING TASK
Talk about the current state of education. What are the main problems? To what extent are they related?
Focus on 3 or 4 of them in a 5-minute speech.

IDEAS
School funding, group sizes, drop-out rates, discipline issues, curriculum controversies,
the Education for Citizenship subject, Religion as a subject, bilingual schools and bilingual
teachers, teaching methods, distractions in the classroom, technology, teachers' and
students' workload, integration problems, bullying, the influence of society, the role of the
family, drugs, alternative approaches, universities nowhere near the top of world rankings,
the relationship between education and the world of work...

61
Why you need to question your hippo boss By David Silverberg

As Richard sat in an important meeting at work, he and his colleagues

nervously considered the hippo in the room. Richard, who works for a TV
production company in Toronto, was attending a key meeting to discuss
future projects. And the hippo was dominating proceedings far too
much._1______ for the firm's health and safety considerations, there wasn't
actually a large semi-aquatic mammal in the room with them. _2______, this "hippo" was an
acronym for "the highest paid person's opinion", and the other attendees were too scared to
question its wisdom.
"I can recall meetings where people are brainstorming, throwing around ideas, and ultimately
going with what the boss _3______ with on a whim," says Richard, 34, who did not want us to use
his surname. "You kind of see all the subordinates in the room glancing at each other defeated,
[their faces] saying, 'are we really going ahead with this?'"
Most of us have had to work for an overly dominating hippo at some time in our careers - a boss
who staff feel unable to criticise, or _4______ every idea employees feel they have to praise.
But how often is the unchallenged boss's decision correct? Far from all the time, if a study by the
Rotterdam School of Management is to be believed. The report found that projects led by junior
managers were more likely to be successful than those that had a senior boss in charge, because
other employees felt far more able to voice their opinions and give critical feedback. Balazs
Szatmari, the lead author of the study, says: "The surprising thing in our findings is that high-status
project leaders _5______ more often."I believe that this happens not despite the unconditional
support they get, but actually because of it."
Mr Szatmari, who looked at 349 projects in the video games industry dating back to 1972, says that
staff were likely to fear "the possible consequences of criticising the work of high-status
employees".
Short of* senior bosses not allowing _6______ to do much at work, what is the solution? Sarah
Biggerstaff, a lecturer in leadership at Yale School of Management in Connecticut, says that
companies simply have to work hard to allow staff to question their senior bosses' decisions
without any fear of reprisal*. "It can be challenging to give feedback if there is a culture of fear
around the office," she says.
"In that kind of organisation, if you don't go with the flow you won't get promoted. Or what's
happened historically is that people pay lip service* to executives instead of giving them
constructive feedback in order to toe the line*."
James Farrow, founding director of UK management consultancy Curium Solutions, agrees that
senior managers should encourage staff to question their decisions and then "acknowledge the
different perspective, and not _7______ to disprove their viewpoint". He adds that senior figures
should "never ridicule or push back strongly in large groups, so that people feel safe voicing their
views".
Brian Morgan, professor of entrepreneurship at Cardiff Metropolitan University, says there are
_8______ examples of bad business decisions that may have been prevented if senior bosses had

62
been more willing to accept a collective approach to decision making. "The recent
whistleblowing controversy at UK bank Barclays has brought into sharp focus the importance of
creating a corporate culture of openness, where employees feel confident to speak candidly about
some of the _9______ facing the business," he says. Prof Morgan adds that Royal Bank of
Scotland's ill-fated* decision to buy Dutch bank ABN Amro in 2007 for £50bn may also have been
avoided if middle managers at RBS had been given more of a say.
US computer group Cisco Systems has had a formal feedback system in place for a number of years
to prevent senior figures _10______ decisions in isolation. Cassandra Frangos, vice president for
global executive talent and organisational development at Cisco, says that in one incident it was
reported that an executive "was distant and defensive, and that he didn't partner on key business
decisions". "The feedback was instantly _11______ for the executive," she says.
Mr Szatmari's suggested solution to the problem is for the leader of any new project to be kept
secret, thereby* encouraging junior managers to be more willing to put across* their honest
opinions. He says such a "blind review process" would work best in a large business, and "offer an
opportunity for leaders to learn from their staff, and to engage in the type of meaningful dialogue
every company should have".
Back in Toronto, Richard says he remembers one project in particular that a former hippo pushed
through. "One idea, an animated musical web series, never really went anywhere commercially,
and deep down it was what we all expected."

GLOSSARY
short of 'a menos que, sin llegar a' (Compare: We're short of wine.)
reprisal 'represalia'
pay lip service 'hablar de boquilla'
toe the line 'conformarse'
ill-fated 'condenado'
thereby (formal) 'de esa manera'
put across 'expresar'

GAP 1 GREATFULLY THANKFULLY AS

GAP 2 I MEAN NONETHELESS INSTEAD
GAP 3 COMES ACROSS COMES AWAY CAME UP
GAP 4 WHOM WHOSE WHEN
GAP 5 SUCCEED FAIL RESULT
GAP 6 THEMSELVES STAFF ANYONE
GAP 7 LEAP HESITATE INSIST
GAP 8 NUMEROUS LOADS OF A GREAT DEAL OF
GAP 9 ISSUES TOPICS BOSSES
GAP 10 TO MAKE TO MAKING MAKING
GAP 11 SOUL-DESTROYING HEART-BREAKING EYE-OPENING

AFTER YOU FINISH THE ACTIVITY, READ THESE NOTES:

NOTES: "greatfully" doesn't exist; gratefully does. "Thankfully" is something you say when something bad did't
happen. "I mean" and "loads of" are <spoken> English. "A great deal of" is used with uncount. nouns.

63
A STRICT HEADMASTER https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ppVpdsClN80

Headmaster: Well now, Mr. Perkins. It was good of you to come in. I realise that you're a busy man, but I didn't
think this matter could be discussed over the electric telephone.
Mr Perkins: No. No, absolutely, Headmaster, I mean, if Tommy is in some sort of trouble, then I'd like to nip it in the
bud. 'cortar por lo sano'
Headmaster: Well, quite frankly, Tommy is in trouble. Recently his behaviour has left a great deal to be desired.
Mr Perkins: Dear.
Headmaster: He seems to take no interest in school life whatsoever (=at all). He refuses to muck in (=participate)
on the sports field. And it's weeks since any master has received any written work from him.
Mr Perkins: Oh, dear me.
Headmaster: Quite frankly, Mr Perkins, if he wasn't dead, I'd have him expelled.
Mr Perkins: I beg your pardon?
Headmaster: Yes, EXPELLED! If I wasn't making allowances for the fact that your son is dead, he'd be out on his
ear! ('de patitas en la calle')
Mr Perkins: You mean he's dead?
Headmaster: Yes... He's lying up there in sick bay now, stiff as a board and bright green, and this is, I fear, typical
of his current attitude. You see, the boy has no sense of moderation: one moment he's flying around like a paper
kite, and the next moment he's completely immovable. And beginning to smell.
Mr Perkins: Well, how did he die?!
Headmaster: Well, is that important?
Mr Perkins: Why, yes, I think so!
Headmaster: Well... Well... Well, it's all got to do with the library, you see. We've had a lot of trouble recently with
boys taking out library books without library cards. Your son was caught, and I administered a beating, during which
he died. But you'll be glad to know... You'll be glad to know that the ringleader ['cabecilla'] was caught, so I don't think
we'll be having any trouble with library discipline. You see, the library card system...
Mr Perkins: I'm sorry...You beat my son to death?
Headmaster: Yes, yes, so it would seem. Please, I'm not used to being interrupted. You see, the library card
system was introduced...
Mr Perkins: Well, exactly what happened?
Headmaster: Well, apparently, boys were just slipping into the library and taking the books!
Mr Perkins: No, during the beating!
Headmaster: Oh, that? Well...well, one moment he was bending over, the next moment he was lying down, I
mean...
Mr Perkins: Dead?
Headmaster: Mmm... deadish! ... Mr.Perkins, I find this morbid fascination with your son's death quite disturbing.
What I'm talking about is his attitude! And quite frankly, I can see where he gets it from.
Mr Perkins: Well, it wasn't me that beat my son to death! (see p. 218)
Headmaster: Well, that was perfectly obvious to me from the first day he arrived here. I wondered then, as I
wonder now, if he might not have turned out a very different boy indeed if you had administered a few fatal beatings
earlier.
Mr Perkins: Are you mad!?
Headmaster: (He understands "mad" as "angry") I'm FURIOUS! In order to accommodate the funeral, I had to
cancel afternoon school on Wednesday!
Mr Perkins: This is preposterous!
Headmaster: Yes, it is. Or at least, it would be...if it were true.
Mr Perkins: ...What?
Headmaster: I've been joking, Mr Perkins. Pardon me, it's my strange academic sense of humour. I've been pulling
your leg.
Mr Perkins: Oh, thank God!
Headmaster: I wouldn't cancel afternoon school to bury that little shit!

64
 THE WOLF OF WALL ST
A I've got to say, I’m incredibly excited to be a part of your firm. I mean…the clients you have
are absolutely…
B F*ck the clients. Your only responsibility is to put meat on the table. Have you got a girlfriend?
A I’m…I’m married. I have a wife, her name is Teresa. She cuts hair.
B Congratulations.
A Thank you.
B Think about Teresa. Name of the game: move the money from your clients' pocket into your
pocket.
A Right. But if you can make the clients money at the same time, it’s advantageous to everyone,
correct?
B No. Number one rule of Wall Street: nobody, I don’t care if you’re Warren Buffet or if you’re
Jimmy Buffet, nobody knows if a stock is going to go up, down, sideways or in f*cking circles,
least of all stock brokers, right?
A Mm-hmm.
B It’s all a fugazi. Do you know what fugazi is?
A "Fugaizi", it’s a fake…
B Yeah, "fugaizi", fugazi. It’s a "wazi", it’s a "woozi". It’s…fairy dust. It doesn’t exist, it’s never
landed, it is no matter, it’s not on the elemental chart. It’s not f*cking real.
A Right.
B Alright?
A Right.
B Stay with me.
A Mm-hmm.
B We don’t create shit, we don’t build anything.
A No.
B So if you've got a client who bought stock at eight, and it's now at sixteen, and he’s all f*cking
happy, he wants to cash in and liquidate, take his f*cking money and run home... you don’t let
him do that.
A Okay.
B 'Cause that would make it real.
A Right.
B No, what do you do? You get another brilliant idea, a special idea. Another “situation”, another
stock to reinvest his earnings and then some. And he will, every single time.
A Mm-hmm.
B 'Cause they’re f*cking addicted. And then you just keep doing this, again, and again, and
again. Meanwhile, he thinks he’s getting rich, which he is, on paper. But you and me, the brokers?
A Right.
B We’re taking home cold hard cash via commission, motherf*cker*.
A Right. That’s incredible, sir. I’m…I can’t tell you how excited I am.
B You should be.

*REMINDER: THE WORDS "F*CK" AND "MOTHERF*CKER" ARE EXTREMELY OFFENSIVE

65
FINANCIAL REGRETS (YOURS OR SOMEBODY ELSE'S). THINK FOR 3 MIN. FIRST AND THEN EXCHANGE IDEAS.

I WISH I HADN'T SPENT SO MUCH MONEY ON...

I SHOULD'VE SPENT LESS MONEY ON...
useful expression: They ripped me off 'Me estafaron'
I REGRET SPENDING SO MUCH MONEY ON...
I REGRET WASTING MY MONEY ON...

I REGRET (NOT) INVESTING IN...

IF I HAD(N'T) DONE THAT, I WOULD'VE /COULD'VE...

I SHOULD(N'T) HAVE TAKEN OUT A LOAN TO...

I SHOULD(N'T) HAVE BORROWED MONEY TO...
I REGRET TAKING OUT A LOAN TO.../ I REGRET BORROWING MONEY TO...

--WHEN WAS THE LAST TIME... IT'S THRIFTY TO

YOU PAID FOR SOMETHING IN INSTALMENTS? 'a plazos'
PREPARE TODAY FOR
YOU WERE OVERDRAWN? (=IN THE RED)
THE WANTS OF
YOU SPLASHED OUT / SPLURGED ON SOMETHING?
TOMORROW (Aesop)
--WHO'S THE THRIFTIEST PERSON IN YOUR FAMILY?
--DO YOU KNOW ANYONE WHO'S A SPENDTHRIFT? 'derrochador'
--HOW HAS ONLINE SHOPPING AFFECTED YOUR FINANCES?
_________________________________________________________TRAINWRECK
A: Okay, so you... You had the salmon. That's about $14.
B: What are you doing, man?
A: You had two Cokes.
B: Dude, are you trying to split the bill?
A: Look. Look, I... Look, I told you those refills weren't free.
B: Yeah. No, no, no, no, no. We're not splitting the bill. Pick up the check.
A: Why do I have to pick up the check?
B: 'Cause you're LeBron James.
A: Listen, don't look at me any differently now just because I('ve) got a little money. Look, I don't know how long this
could last. Anything can happen.
B: Right. BE ABOUT TO usually means 'estar a punto de', but here
A: I'm not about to end up like MC Hammer. "I'm not about to" means something like "I don't want to".
B: Yeah.
A: Listen, you owe $32.43.
B: You know what? I'm... I'll pay it, but you('ve) gotta pick up a check every once in a while.
A: No, no, no. Don't pay for the whole thing. Just pay your part. It's better for our friendship. Equals forever.
B: All right. All right, fine. All right. I'll put my credit card in. Put a credit card in. We'll split it.
A: Okay. That's what I'm talking...(LeBron realizes he doesn't have his wallet.)
B: F*ck you.
A: I think...
B: F*ck you.
A: I think I left my wallet.
B: F*k you.
A: It's right in the car!
B: F*ck you.

66
UNIT THREE: PEOPLE (English Vocabulary in Use: 8, 9, 10 -2nd ed. 7, 8, 9)

¯\_(ツ)_/¯
1. /ɪˈmoʊʃənl/ 9. /ˈskrʌfi/
2. /ˈstʌbən/ 10. /grɪn/
3. /ˌkɒnʃiˈenʃəs/ 11. /paʊt/
4. /dɪsˈtrʌstf(ə)l/ 12. /ʃrʌg/
5. /ʃruːd/ 13. /grɪˈmeɪs/, /ˈgrɪməs/
6. /ˈθrɪfti/ 14. /ˈswɔːði/
7. /ˈkʌnɪŋ/ 15. /pɪg ˈhedɪd/
8. /blʌnt/ 16. /kənˈsiːtɪd/

The following words can wait:

UNIT 8: diligent, morose, dogged, unstinting, parsimonious, immoderate, pithy, terse, verbose, garrulous
UNIT 9: sallow, scowl, gangling
UNIT 10: aloof, taciturn, effusive, disdainful, haughty
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

1. emotional 5. shrewd 9. scruffy 13.grimace

2. stubborn 6. thrifty 10.grin 14.swarthy
3. conscientious 7. cunning 11.pout 15.pig-headed
4. distrustful 8. blunt 12.shrug 16.conceited

BACK-OF-THE-BOOK UNITS: 62, 65, 68, 75 (2nd ed. 61, 64, 67, 74)
62: COURTEOUS, INSOLENT, ETIQUETTE, THE DONE THING, RAISE YOU EYEBROWS, TWITCH, FLINCH,

65: SUFFIX -ISH, 5 NEW COLOURS, VIVID, BLUE-COLLAR WORKERS, SEE RED, RED-CARPET, GREEN WITH ENVY,
GREY MATTER, WHITE-COLLAR WORKERS

68: ANALOGY, AFFINITY, INTERCHANGEABLE, INDISTINGUISHABLE, DIVERSE, DISTINCT, DISTINCTIVE, DIVERSIFY

75: PAT ON THE BACK, BACK-HANDED COMPLIMENT, PRAISE SOMEONE FOR SOMETHING, PAY TRIBUTE TO, SUCK
UP TO (INFORMAL), FLATTER, FLATTERY

ENGLISH VOCABULARY IN USE 15 (2nd ed. 14):

LEARN ALL THE WORDS EXCEPT DODDERY, PASS OVER, BEREAVED, BEQUEATH, INTESTATE
----------------
FBI'S TEN MOST WANTED: some interesting physical appearance (and crime) vocabulary

67
Look at the Chinese Horoscope animal signs on page 20 of English Vocabulary in Use.
Do you agree with your adjectives?

My description is spot-on.
I don't think I'm particularly...
It is true that I can be ... ...... at times.
I'm not ... ... ... in the least. (=at all)
I can be a bit ... ... ... sometimes, but I'm not as ... ... ... as (somebody else).
I'm definitely more ... ... ... than I used to be.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

FROM BBC FUTURE (http://www.bbc.com/future)

HOW DARK IS YOUR PERSONALITY? (machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy)
http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20151123-how-dark-is-your-personality

68
LOOK AT THE BODY SHAPE ADJECTIVES BELOW.
 DO A GOOGLE IMAGES SEARCH (PERHAPS YOU SHOULD ACTIVATE THE "SAFE SEARCH" OPTION)
 DO A YOUGLISH SEARCH
 COMPARE WORDS/PHRASES ON GOOGLE BOOKS NGRAM VIEWER
YOU CAN USE NGRAMS TO SEE THE RELATIVE FREQUENCY OF WORDS IN ENGLISH (AND OTHER LANGUAGES).

overweight (cf. underweight 'too thin')

thin 'delgado'
skinny (often disapproving)
slim ('thin in an attractive way')
well-built
plump 'rellenito'
petite 'menuda'
curvy
stout 'corpulento+relleno'
scrawny 'escuálido'
wiry 'fibroso'
weedy 'esmirriado'
stocky 'bajo y robusto'
lean 'delgado pero fuerte'

skinny jeans

69
TRANSLATION

 Try to translate directly into English without reading the Spanish sentences aloud.
 In the boxes on the left you can keep track of your progress.
 Keep practising at home.

1. Resultó ser incluso más testarudo de lo que creíamos.

2. ¿No son de complexión fuerte?
3. (ella)¿Qué pinta tenía? -Muy desaliñada.
4. Anda por los 30 y es tirando a bajo. Tiene el cabello castaño rojizo.
5. ¿Quién es el adolescente desgarbado de la foto?
6. Apenas tienen arrugas.
7. Es la persona menos ambiciosa que jamás he conocido.
8. Aunque es un pelín engreído, tiene buen fondo.
9. Tú contrata al tío que tenga mejores ideas, aunque tenga entradas o
barriga cervecera.
10.Se rio y no le dio importancia. (use "shrug")

1. He turned out to be even more stubborn/obstinate (or: even more pig-headed) than we
thought.
2. Aren't they well-built?
3. 'What did she look like?' 'Very messy-looking. / Very scruffy.' (Instead of "very" you can use
"really", which is more informal.)
4. He is thirtyish (or: He is around thirty) and shortish (or: on the short side). He has reddish
brown hair. (A similar colour would be "auburn.")
5. Who is the lanky teenager in the photo?
6. They have hardly any wrinkles. (They hardly have any wrinkles.)
7. He/She is the least ambitious person I've ever met.
8. Although/Though /Even though he's a bit conceited (a bit full of himself, a bit big-headed),
his heart is in the right place/he has a good heart. (Also: He means well.)
9. (Just) hire the guy who has the best ideas (or: the person with the best ideas), even if he has
receding hair/a receding hairline or a potbelly.
10. She laughed and shrugged it off. (You can also say: She laughed it off.)

GRAMMAR DRILL: COMPOUND ADJECTIVES

Con el corazón roto broken-hearted (also: heart-broken)

De cara redonda round-faced
Despistada (lit "de mente ausente") absent-minded
Agarrado (tacaño, lit. "de puños apretados) tight-fisted
De mente abierta open/broad-minded
Estrecho de miras narrow-minded
De piernas largas long-legged
Con los pies planos flat-footed
El monstruo de ojos verdes the green-eyed monster ('envy')
Fals@ (lit. "de dos caras") two-faced

70
 Do parents really matter? Brian Boutwell
14 Jun 2017
Everything we thought we knew about how personality is formed is wrong
Parenting does not have a large impact on how children turn out. An incendiary claim, to be sure**, but if
you can bear with me until the close of this article I think I might be able to persuade you — or at the very
least chip away* at your certainty about parental influence.
First, if later today the phone were to ring** and the voice at the other end informed you that you have an
identical twin. You _1_________ have lived your entire life up to that point not realising that you had a
clone. The bearer* of this news says arrangements have been made to reunite you with your long-lost
sibling. In something of a daze*, you assent, realising as you hang up that you’ve just agreed to meet a
perfect stranger.
There was a time when separating identical twins at birth, _2_________ infrequent, did happen thanks to the
harsh nature of adoption systems. One of the people who helped reunite many of them was the great
psychologist Thomas Bouchard. I first read about Professor Bouchard’s work, wonderfully described by the
psychologist Nancy Segal, when I was a graduate student. I still think about it often. What would it be
_3_________ to live a large chunk** of my life not knowing that I had a twin, and then meet him as an
adult? Would our conversations ever go beyond polite small talk about the weather, sport or current events?
I’m sure similar thoughts went through the minds of the people in Bouchard’s study, and _4_________
person after person realised — happily, I suspect — that they had a lot in common with the image of
themselves sitting across the table. Their characters were often remarkably in step*, as were their intellects,
their behaviours, even their hobbies and eccentricities. The similarities often ran deep, cutting to the bone of
their beliefs and their morality.
Our intuition sometimes seems to testify against the work of Bouchard and his team. The emphasis on
nurture dictates that identical twins, reared* apart and reunited later in life, should not be all that similar.
And yet** they are. _5_________, adopted children who share no distinguishing DNA with one another but
are raised together should be quite similar. Yet they are not, and this poses some problems for traditional
ideas about how parents shape children.
It’s not just Bouchard’s work that suggests parents have less influence than we think. Decades of research
into behavioural genetics — twin studies, family studies and the adoption and identical-twin stories I have
already mentioned — all point in the same direction. The shared environment, the experiences that create
similarities between siblings raised together — the part of the environment that most often captures
parenting influences — are all secondary when it comes to personality, behaviour or intelligence. What’s
more, my own work as a criminologist, and that of my colleagues, has revealed the same pattern of findings
when _6_________ to violence, antisocial behaviour and crime.
This apparent puzzle (which is something of a scientific heresy) becomes clearer if we accept that genetic
factors play an important role in making us who we are. Yes, the environment matters, but not just the
environment that the child experiences in the home. The environment in this sense is _7_________ more
nebulous and hard to nail down* — behavioural geneticists call it the ‘non-shared’ environment and it
includes anything that causes two siblings to be different from each other. And I really mean anything. The
psychologist Steven Pinker puts it this way: ‘A cosmic ray mutates a stretch of DNA, a neurotransmitter zigs
instead of zags, the growth cone of an axon goes left instead of right, and one identical twin’s brain might
gel into a slightly different configuration from the other’s.’ In other words, we should not presume that
random chance plays a vanishingly* small role in making us the people that we are today.
_8_________ the randomness of life, we already have a window on to what parts of culture children are
swayed* by. Both Pinker and the psychologist Judith Rich Harris remind us that the children of immigrants
adopt and speak with the accent and language of their peers. The movies people watch, the music we listen
to, and much else that we’d put under the general heading of ‘culture’ are deeply affected by our peers. What
else would you expect, really? Wanting and needing to_9_________ in is not just a passing phase of
childhood. To some extent, it’s essential for living.
So ‘the environment’ does play a role in shaping who we are, but it’s not ‘the environment’ in merely the
conventional sense of how your folks* parent you (=raise you) and your siblings.
All of this is indicative of something deeper — an aspect which is less arcane* and more relevant to daily
life. A great many pundits, advice givers, and professional psychologists have spent decades being wrong

71
about why people turn out the way they do.
A child is not a blank canvas. How many books have been written about the way people should and should
not parent their children? How many approaches have been suggested by experts who are not really in a
position to know? Yes, they may hold advanced degrees, but the truth is that the advice they offer tends to
_10_________ the genetic influences that we now know to be at work. The studies that identify those
influences often find that parenting — unless it is actually malign** — has very little impact on how
children turn out. The huge ‘parenting advice’ industry is largely bunkum*.
What does this mean for you if you’re a parent wanting to know how to raise a happy, well-adjusted child? I
generally _11_________ parenting advice columns, so that is not what is on offer here. I can sympathise
with the idea that having a child brings with it a host* of responsibilities that are exciting but also terrifying.
At this point, I would turn again to the psychologist Judith Rich Harris, who authored the definitive book on
this subject. Harris writes: ‘We may not hold their tomorrows in our hands but we surely hold their todays,
and we have the power to make their todays very miserable.’
Pinker, meanwhile, makes the point that it should be enough for us to remember that our children are human
beings, worthy of the same ethical treatment we give to our friends, other relatives, and even to strangers. So
protect your children, provide for them, be good to them, and make memories with them. Apart from that,
don’t _12_________ to have very much say in how they turn out.

GAP 1 SHOULD WOULD MUST

GAP 2 NOT WHILE IT'S
GAP 3 ABOUT FAILING LIKE
GAP 4 DESPITE INDEED YET
GAP 5 CONTRASTINGLY UNFORTUNATELY IDEALLY
GAP 6 APPLIED APPLICABLE APPLYING
GAP 7 WAY A LITTLE BIT FAR
GAP 8 BEYOND BENEATH FORGET
GAP 9 FILL GIVE FIT
GAP 10 FOCUS ON EMPHASIZE IGNORE
GAP 11 ADORE LOVE LOATHE
GAP 12 WAIT FORGET EXPECT

GLOSSARY
**to be sure 'sin lugar a dudas' reared =raised, brought up
chip away at 'socavar' nail down 'determinar'
**if the phone were to ring (formal) -used vanishingly small =almost invisible
for improbable conditions swayed =influenced
bearer 'portador' your folks (informal) =your parents
daze 'aturdimiento' arcane =mysterious
**chunk (informal) 'cacho' **malign, benign /mə'laɪn/ /bə'naɪn/
in step 'acompasado, sincronizado' bunkum =nonsense
**and yet =and despite that a host of 'multidud de'

72
 1. DOES THE TEXT MAKE SENSE TO YOU?
TO WHAT EXTENT DID YOUR UPBRINGING SHAPE YOU AND YOUR SIBLINGS?
2. WHO DO YOU TAKE AFTER, PERSONALITY-WISE?
'a quién has salido, en términos de personalidad'
3. HOW HAS YOUR PERSONALITY EVOLVED OVER THE YEARS?

4. WHAT ASPECT(S) OF YOUR PERSONALITY CAUSE(S) THE MOST TROUBLE FOR YOU?
5. CAN YOU THINK OF ANYTHING PEOPLE TEND TO GET WRONG ABOUT YOU? WHAT
ASSUMPTIONS DO THEY MAKE BASED ON WHERE YOU'RE FROM, YOUR FAMILY, YOUR LOOKS,
YOUR JOB...?

6. WHO DO YOU LOOK THE MOST (OR THE LEAST) IN YOUR FAMILY? EXPLAIN.
7. HAVE YOU EVER BEEN TOLD THAT YOU HAVE A CELEBRITY LOOK-ALIKE?

___________________________________________
LOGICAL FALLACIES
Choose two and make up an example of each.

1. STRAWMAN - misrepresenting someone's argument to make it easier to attack

2. SLIPPERY SLOPE - asserting that if we allow A to happen, then Z will consequently happen too,
therefore A should not happen
3. SPECIAL PLEADING - moving the goalposts or making up exceptions when a claim is shown to be false
4. THE GAMBLERS FALLACY - believing that 'runs' occur to statistically independent phenomena such as
roulette wheel spins
5. BLACK-OR-WHITE - where two alternative states are presented as the only possibilities, when in fact
more possibilities exist.
6. APPEAL TO AUTHORITY - using the opinion or position of an authority figure, or institutions of authority,
in place of actual argument
7. FALSE CAUSE - presuming that a real or perceived relationship between things
means that one is the cause of the other
8. AD HOMINEM - attacking your opponent's character or personal traits instead of engaging with their
argument
9. LOADED QUESTIONS - asking a question that has an assumption built into it so that it can't be answered
without appearing guilty
10. BANDWAGON - appealing to popularity or the fact that many people do something as an attempted form
of validation
11. BEGGING THE QUESTION - a circular argument in which the conclusion is included in the premise
12. COMPOSITION/DIVISION - assuming that what's true about one part of something has to be applied to
all, or other, parts of it
13. APPEAL TO EMOTION - manipulating an emotional response in place of a valid or compelling argument

73
14. TU QUOQUE - avoiding having to engage with criticism by turning it back on the accuser - answering
criticism with criticism
15. BURDEN OF PROOF - saying that the burden of proof lies not with ('no corresponde a') the person making
the claim, but with someone else to disprove
16. NO TRUE SCOTSMAN - making what could be called an appeal to purity as a way to dismiss relevant
criticisms or flaws of an argument
17. THE TEXAS SHARPSHOOTER - cherry-picking data clusters to suit an argument, or finding a pattern to
fit a presumption
18. APPEAL TO NATURE - making the argument that because something is "natural" it is therefore valid,
justified, inevitable, or ideal
19. THE FALLACY FALLACY - presuming that because a claim has been poorly argued, or a fallacy has
been made, that it is necessarily wrong
20. PERSONAL INCREDULITY - saying that because one finds something difficult to understand that it's
therefore not true
21. AMBIGUITY - using double meanings or ambiguities or language to mislead or misrepresent the truth
22. GENETIC - judging something good or bad on the basis of where it comes from, or from whom it comes
23. MIDDLE GROUND - saying that a compromise, or middle point, between two extremes is the truth
24. ANECDOTAL - using personal experience or isolated examples instead of a valid argument, especially to
dismiss statistics

COGNITIVE BIASES
Research two of the following and find or invent an example.

ANCHORING BIAS - AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC - BANDWAGON EFFECT - BLIND-SPOT BIAS

CHOICE-SUPPORTIVE BIAS - CONFIRMATION BIAS - CONSERVATISM BIAS
DUNNING-KRUGER EFFECT - FALSE CONSENSUS EFFECT - HINDSIGHT BIAS - IKEA EFFECT
INFORMATION BIAS - LOSS AVERSION - OSTRICH EFFECT - OUTCOME BIAS
PLACEBO EFFECT - PRO-INNOVATION BIAS - RECENCY BIAS - SALIENCE BIAS
STEREOTYPING - SURVIVORSHIP BIAS - ZERO-RISK BIAS

notes

74
Psycho thrillers: five movies that teach us how the mind works
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/apr/24/psycho-thrillers-five-movies-how-mind-works-psychologists

Power, violence, death and reality … the movies can teach us plenty about life’s big issues. From
the Godfather to Groundhog Day, five psychologists pick the films that tell us what makes humans
tick

#1 - Groundhog Day by Philippa Perry

‘Freud gave his patients the chance to re-edit their narratives’

In Groundhog Day, weatherman Phil Connors lives the same day

_1_________ again. At one point, he has a chat in a bar with two
drunks: “What would you do if you were stuck in one place and every
day was exactly the same and nothing you did mattered?” “That just
sums it up for me,” replies the drunk. It sums it up for a lot of us.

Freud _2_________ patients to tell their stories and_3_________ them to free-associate

around their narrative to find out how they thought and felt about themselves. This gave his
patients the chance to relive /ri:'lɪv/, re-examine and possibly re-edit their narratives in terms
of the way they conduct themselves (=behave) in the present. Our earliest environment has a
profound impact _4_________ us and forms, to a great extent, how we see and interact with
the world.

When we first meet Connors, _5_________ by Bill Murray, whatever happened to him in his
past has made him _6_________, sarcastic, antisocial and rude. He is trapped in the narcissistic
defence of assuming he is superior to everyone else and we see people being circumspect
around him and not enjoying his company. In psychotherapy, we often talk about “self-
fulfilling prophecy” – if you expect everyone not to like you, you behave defensively and, hey
presto (=voilà), your prophecy comes true. Being trapped in the same day is a metaphor for how
he is stuck in this pattern.

Groundhog day also illustrates object relations theory: the theory of how we find bad objects
(a negative influence from our past) in objects that are around us in the present. To find our
bad object we _7_________ and find negative traits even when, in other people’s eyes, there
would be _8_________. For example, at the Groundhog Day festival that Phil reports on from
the small town of Punxsutawney, he can only see hypocrisy and farce, _9_________ the TV
producer, Rita (Andie MacDowell), sees the beauty of tradition and the enjoyment it brings to
the people. In object relations theory, the idea is that the psychoanalyst becomes a good object
for the patient, and with the analyst’s facilitation the patient finds good objects where hitherto

75
(=until then) they could not. Rita is Phil’s good object and the catalyst in Phil’s transformation.
Her influence begins to rub off. He discovers the joys of educating himself in literature, art and
music. He finds out about people, helping them and befriending them rather than writing
them off and finds out that this has its own reward.

The tradition of Punxsutawney is that if the groundhog, also called Phil, can see its shadow on
Groundhog Day, the town will get six more weeks of winter. It takes Phil the weatherman quite
a long time to see his shadow too, but when _10_________ he does, the day miraculously moves
on. In Jungian theory, the shadow refers to negative aspects of your own personality that you
disown ('repudias') and project on to others. There are also positive aspects to the shadow that
remain hidden from consciousness. Jung said that everyone carries a shadow and that
_11_________ it is embodied in the individual’s conscious life, the darker and more destructive
it has the potential to be.

Although we don’t have the luxury of living in the same day for as long as we need to in order
to recognise how we sabotage ourselves, our mistakes do have a habit of happening often
enough for us to become aware of them. What _12_________ of our lifespan is time enough
(literary; usually: enough time) to do something about it.

Philippa Perry is a psychotherapist and the author of the graphic novel Couch Fiction.

GAP 1 ON AND OFF FOREVER OVER AND OVER

GAP 2 FORCE MADE ENCOURAGED
GAP 3 MADE HAD GOT
GAP 4 UPON IN ABOVE
GAP 5 STARRED PLAYED IMPERSONATED
GAP 6 GREEDY GROSS GRUMPY
GAP 7 SEARCH FOR SEARCH SOUGHT
GAP 8 ANY NONE LITTLE
GAP 9 WHEREAS HOWEVER BECAUSE
GAP 10 AT LEAST AT LAST IN THE LEAST
GAP 11 THE MORE ALTHOUGH THE LESS
GAP 12 WAS LEFT REMINDS REMAINS

EXPLANATION AND KEY

76
EXPLANATION 1 una y otra vez; "on and off" means 'de manera intermitente' and "forever" collocates with "more":
forever more - 2 grammar: "make" doesn't take "to" after the object except in the passive voice: They were made to
work. - 3 "get someone to do something" - 4 "upon" is a formal synonym of "on" - 5 An actor can "star" in a movie, or a
movie can "star" an actor; "impersonate" means 'imitar/hacerse pasar por' - 6 "greedy" doesn't align with the other
adjectives; "gross" means 'asqueroso' in informal English. - 7 "search" (without "for") means 'cachear/registrar'; "sought"
is the past of "seek" ("seek" would be possible here.) - 8 "there would be any" means 'habría cualquiera'; "there would
be little" means 'habría poco' - 9 "because" doesn't make sense; "however" is used at the beginning of a new sentence
(or after the subject of a new sentence). - 10 "At least" means 'al menos'; "in the least" means "at all" - 11 "the more"
correlates with "the darker" - 12 Do not confuse "remain" and "remind"; "IS LEFT" would be possible, but it doesn't make
sense in the past.

___________________________________________________________________________

SKYFALL

PSYCHOLOGIST: I'd like to start with BOND: Sky.

some simple word associations. Just tell PSYCHOLOGIST: M.
me the first word that pops into your BOND: Bitch.
head. For example, I might say "Day" and PSYCHOLOGIST: Sunlight.
you might say... BOND: Swim.
BOND: Wasted. PSYCHOLOGIST: Moonlight.
PSYCHOLOGIST: All right. Gun. BOND: Dance.
BOND: Shot. PSYCHOLOGIST: Murder.
PSYCHOLOGIST: Agent. BOND: Employment.
BOND: Provocateur. PSYCHOLOGIST: Country.
PSYCHOLOGIST: Woman. BOND: England.
BOND: Provocatrix. PSYCHOLOGIST: Skyfall. (PAUSE) Skyfall.
PSYCHOLOGIST: Heart. (Skyfall is the Bond family estate in Scotland)
BOND: Target. BOND: Done.
PSYCHOLOGIST: Bird.

CREATE YOUR OWN FREE ASSOCIATION EXCERCISE AND THEN "ANALYZE" THE RESULTS:

This test reveals underlying issues with...

This reveals a repressed desire to...
This clearly indicates that...

77
TED - ROBERT SAPOLSKY LISTEN AND FILL IN THE GAPS WITH ONE OR TWO WORDS

-overpower 'doblegar' -lunge 'abalanzarse' -schlocky 'chabacano'

-snarl 'rugir' -shower head 'alcachofa (de ducha)'
-otherworldly 'como de otro mundo' -laser tag 'juego con pistolas de láser' ("play tag" es jugar
-grapple 'forcejear' -sever =cut al pilla-pilla)
-pin him down 'sujetarlo (en el suelo)' -mate 'aparearse'
-eardrums 'tímpanos' -**for starters (informal) 'para empezar'
-blunt 'romo' (Remember the other meaning we've seen.) -**real (instead of "really": informal AmE)
-fester 'infectarse' -**comes at, running at: "At" implies aggression with verbs
-but (...) but (...) but (...) - repetition of "but" (usually not like "throw", "shout" or "run". "Running at me" is not the
acceptable) for effect same as "running to me".

The fantasy always runs something like this. I've overpowered* his elite guard, burst into his secret bunker with my
machine gun ready. He lunges* for his Luger. I knock it out of his hand. He lunges for his cyanide pill. I knock that out of
his hand. He snarls*, comes at me with otherworldly* strength. We grapple*, we fight, I manage to pin him down* and
put on _1___________________. "Adolf Hitler," I say, "I arrest you for crimes against humanity."

Here's where the Medal of Honor version of the fantasy ends and the imagery _2___________________ . What would I
do if I had Hitler? It's not hard to imagine once I allow myself. Sever* his spine at the neck. Take out his eyes with a
blunt* instrument. Puncture his eardrums*. Cut out his tongue. Leave him alive on a respirator, tube-fed, not able to
speak or move or see or hear, just to feel, and then inject him with something cancerous that's going to fester* and
pustulate until every cell in his body is screaming in agony, until every second feels like an eternity in hell. That's what I
would do to Hitler.

I've had this fantasy since I was a kid, still do sometimes, and when I do, my heart speeds up -- all these plans for the
most evil, _3___________________ soul in history. But there's a problem, which is I don't actually believe in souls or
evil, and I think wicked belongs in a musical. But there's some people I would like to see killed, but* I'm against the
death penalty. But I like schlocky* violent movies, but I'm for strict gun control. But then there was a time I was at a laser
tag* place, and I had such a good time hiding in a corner shooting at people. In other words, I'm your basic confused
human when it comes to violence.

Now, as a species, we obviously have problems with violence. We use shower heads* to deliver poison gas, letters with
anthrax, airplanes as weapons, _4___________________ as a military strategy. We're a miserably violent species. But
there's a complication, which is we don't hate violence, we hate the wrong kind. And when it's the right kind, we
_5___________________ , we hand out medals, we vote for, we mate* with our champions of it. When it's the right kind
of violence, we love it. And there's another complication, which is, in addition to us being this miserably violent
species, we're also this extraordinarily _6___________________ , compassionate one. So how do you make sense of
the biology of our best behaviors, our worst ones and all of those ambiguously in between?

Now, for starters**, what's totally boring is understanding the motoric aspects of the behavior. Your brain tells your spine,
tells your muscles to do something or other, and hooray, you've behaved. What's hard is understanding the meaning of
the behavior, because in some settings, pulling a trigger is an _7___________________ act; in others, it's heroically
self-sacrificial. In some settings, putting your hand on someone else's is deeply compassionate. In others, it's a deep
_8___________________ . The challenge is to understand the biology of the context of our behaviors, and that's real**
tough.

One thing that's clear, though, is you're not going to get anywhere if you think there's going to be the brain region or the
hormone or the gene or the childhood experience or the evolutionary mechanism that explains everything. Instead,
every bit of behavior has multiple levels of causality.

Let's look at an example. You have a gun. There's a crisis going on: _9___________________ , violence, people
running around. A stranger is running at** you in an agitated state -- you can't quite tell if the expression is frightened,
_10___________________ , angry -- holding something that kind of looks like a handgun. You're not sure. The stranger

78
comes running at you and you pull the trigger. And it turns out that thing in this person's hand was a cell phone. So we
asked this biological question: what was going on that caused this behavior? What caused this behavior? And this is a
multitude of questions.
(...)
14:55 What we're left with here is this inevitable cliché /'kli:ʃeɪ/: "Those who don't study history
are destined to repeat it." What we have here is the opposite of it. Those who don't study the
history of extraordinary human change, those who don't study the biology of what can
transform us from our worst to our best behaviors, those who don't do this are destined not to
be able to repeat these incandescent, magnificent moments. So thank you.

WATCH THE REST OF THE TALK HERE:

https://www.ted.com/talks/robert_sapolsky_the_biology_of_our_best_and_worst_selves

PAY SPECIAL ATTENTION TO THE FOLLOWING WORDS:

realm (=field/kingdom), in pain (She's in pain.), sluggish 'lento', antisocial, abused, the odds
are that... (=chances are that...) 'lo más probable es que...', amazingly, up to 'hasta' (He
walked up to me. Up to [=until] 1988), herds, slavery

 HAVE YOU EVER FANTASIZED ABOUT KILLING SOMEONE?

(ACCORDING TO STUDIES, MOST PEOPLE HAVE.)

 DO YOU ENJOY VIOLENT BOOKS/FILMS/VIDEOGAMES? TO WHAT EXTENT DO THEY HAVE AN

EFFECT ON PEOPLE'S INTERACTIONS?

 WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THE CLICHÉ ABOVE?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

3 - GRAMMAR REVISION: X + -ED COMPOUND ADJECTIVES

ADJECTIVE/ADVERB+-ED NOUN+-ED
(BROKEN-HEARTED TYPE) (HEART-BROKEN TYPE)
ANCHO DE ESPALDAS LOCAMENTE ENAMORADO
MIOPE ATÓNITA
CON LOS OJOS COMO PLATOS BRONCEADO
DE MAL CARÁCTER MANCHADO DE SANGRE
SIN UN BRAZO COSECHADO A MANO
OLDVIDADO HACE TIEMPO HECHO A MANO
SENSIBLE, SUSCEPTIBLE HECHA EN CASA
ESPABILADA LAVADO A LA PIEDRA

79
MOVIE SCENE: LITTLE MISS SUNSHINE

(FOCUS ON WEAK FORMS AND SPOKEN CONTRACTIONS)

"gonna" is a week word: /gənə/ - no stress!
A: Grandpa?
B: Yeah
A: I'm kinda scared about tomorrow.
B: Are you kiddin' me? You're gonna blow 'em out of the water. They're not gonna know what hit 'em.
A: Grandpa?
B: Yeah.
A: Am I pretty?
B: Olive, you are... the most beautiful girl in the whole world.
A: Nah, you're just saying that.
B: No, I'm not. I'm madly in love with you. And it's not because of your brains or your personality. It's
because you're beautiful, inside and out.
A: Grandpa?
B: What?
A: I don't want to be a loser. (pronounced "wanna")
B: You're not a loser. Where'd you get the idea you're a loser? ("where'd" = where did)
A: Because Daddy hates losers.
B: Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa. Back up a minute. You know what a loser is? A real loser is somebody
that's so afraid of not winning, they don't even try. Now, you're trying, right?
A: Yeah.
B: Well, then you're not a loser. We're gonna have fun tomorrow, right?
A: Yeah.
B: We can tell 'em all to go to hell. Good night, sweetie. I love you.
_______________________________________________________________________________________

"WHOEVER GOSSIPS TO YOU WILL GOSSIP ABOUT YOU."

 DO YOU THINK GOSSIP IS ALWAYS HARMFUL?

 READ THE FOLLOWING TEXT AND COMMENT ON IT.

GOSSIP
People find it irresistible for good reason: Gossip not only helps clarify and enforce the rules that keep
people working well together, studies suggest, but it circulates crucial information about the behavior of
others that cannot be published in an office manual. As often as it sullies ('ensucia') reputations,
psychologists say, gossip offers a foothold ('punto de apoyo') for newcomers in a group and a safety net
for group members who feel in danger of falling out.
"There has been a tendency to denigrate gossip as sloppy and unreliable" and unworthy of serious study,
said David Sloan Wilson, a professor of biology and anthropology at the State University of New York
at Binghamton and the author of "Darwin's Cathedral," a book on evolution and group behavior. "But
gossip appears to be a very sophisticated, multifunctional interaction which is important in policing
behaviors in a group and defining group membership."
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/16/science/have-you-heard-gossip-turns-out-to-serve-a-purpose.html?_r=0

80
JK ROWLING https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JtrnccQ6Dgo&t=150s

What's your favourite virtue? _1_________________

What vice do you most despise? _2_________________
What are you most willing to forgive? _3_________________
(...)
I'd had a short and really quite catastrophic marriage, and I'm left with this baby, and I've
got to get this baby back to Britain, and I've got to rebuild us a life, and
_4_________________kept me going through that, and it was only when I came to rest that
it hit me what a complete __________________ I had made of my life, and that hit me quite
hard.
We were as skint* as you can be without being _5_________________ . In other words, we
were existing entirely on _6_________________ , and at that point I was definitely
clinically_7_________________. And that's just characterized for me by
a_8_________________, a coldness and an inability to believe that you will feel happy
again or that you could feel _9_________________ again. It's just all the colour
_10_________________ out of life, really. *skint (informal) 'pelad@'

I have no nostalgia _1_________________for childhood. I mean, I wouldn't go back if you paid

me, ever, and I can remember moments of _2_________________in childhood such as you can't
recapture because you're totally weightless, aren't you, you have no responsibilities, so when
you're a happy boy you're happy. There's nothing in the back of your mind as there is now, right
now, doing this interview, saying you didn't pay the gas bill and they're going to cut you off while
you're being interviewed. So you have that, but you forget, well I don't forget, but adults surprise
me by appearing to forget how _3_________________you feel as a child, how despairing and
just... enormous _4_________________on you as a child, even a happy child.
--And how cruel the other kids can be.
They can be _5_________________, and I was _6_________________and I hated it. I had
great friends, which got me through that, no problem. But I can remember, yeah, going home in
tears. I can remember not wearing the right clothes.
--You were an unhappy child.
No, I don't think I was an unhappy child. I wouldn't look back and say I was an unhappy child, but
there were times when I was unhappy. I think the point I'm making is I can remember how
unhappy I was, _7_________________many adults who will look back and will have been just
as unhappy as I was but will go "Ah, it was a golden time, it was a golden time", forgetting! Even
if you really talk to them: "Yeah, there was a boy who used to wait for me on the corner of our
street with a cricket bat." Yeah, that sounds delightful. You must have just loved that, but people
forget.
--But isn't the mind a wonderful thing to let you _8_________________that?
Mine clearly isn't, because it won't let me erase it. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydQ5uP1o4AI

81
PHONETICS: /p/ /t/ /k/ at the beginning of a word [pʰ tʰ kʰ] DO THE PIECE OF PAPER TEST!

Toby

Ah, hello, it's nice to see you all here. Now, as the more perceptive
of you probably realize by now, this is Hell, and I am the Devil -good
evening- but you can call me Toby, if you like. We try to keep things
informal here, as well as infernal. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ut116mBuPpg

1. Talk about your naming preferences: Hebraic, Latin/Greek names, Germanic names, Basque
names, names from nature, double names, foreign names...
2. Do you like your own name? Who chose it and why? Do different people call you by
different names? Is there an affectionate version of your name?
3. Do you know the origins and meaning of your surname? What about your first name?
4. Do you have a nickname? Did you use to have one? (If so, how did you get it?) Does your
family have one?
5. Do you usually use your own name online? Do you have one or more nicknames/usernames
for your online activities?
6. Do you think parents should have complete freedom to name their children?
7. Do you think people should be free to change their names in any way they want?
8. Do you know any unisex names in any language?
9. Do you know any "unfortunate" name/surname combinations?
________________________________________________________________________________________

Air kisses
Formerly the province of the French and fashionistas, the air kiss is now common
currency. To the awkward amateur, though, it can lead to nervous pecks and
unexpectedly offered second cheeks. Only air-kiss those with whom you've shared a social
occasion – a party or lunch, say. Two kisses are standard in the media, whereas older
generations are happy with one. Team with a "mwah" sound for full insincere effect. Real
pros form a sideways pout as they do so, then bray something like "Brunch soon,
sweedie*!" (from The Guardian) ("sweedie" represents a certain pronunciation of "sweetie")
/ɔ:kwəd/
CAN YOU REMEMBER ANY AWKWARD SITUATIONS INVOLVING GREETINGS?
WHAT ABOUT OTHER KINDS OF AWKWARD SOCIAL SITUATIONS?
WHAT DO YOU THINK THE APPROPRIATE INTERPERSONAL DISTANCE IS FOR:
1. SOMEONE YOU'RE IN AN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIP WITH
2.A CLOSE FRIEND
3.AN ACQUAINTANCE
4.A STRANGER

82
 WHICH IS CORRECT? IN SOME CASES, BOTH MAY BE.
What Is The Difference Between Transsexual And Transgender? Facebook’s New Version Of ‘It’s Complicated’
Mar 17, 2014 01:27 PM By Susan Scutti
Earlier/Sooner this year, Facebook created a stir when it added 50 gender options for its billions of users.
Collectively, the terms reveal the company’s recognition of a diversity of possible gender identities and gender
presentations. For many people, it raised questions about the terms of identity and inspired some to ask: What is the
difference between transsexual and transgender?

Transsexuals are people who transition from one sex to another. A person born as a male can become recognizably female
through/by the use of hormones and/or surgical procedures; and a person born as a female can become
recognizably male. Indeed/That said, transsexuals are unable to change their genetics and cannot acquire the
reproductive abilities of the sex to which they transition. Sex is assigned at birth and refers to a person’s biological status
as male or female. In a way/In other words, sex refers exclusively to the biological features: chromosomes,
the balance of hormones, and internal and external anatomy. Each of us is born as either male or female, with rare
exceptions of those born intersex who may display characteristics of both sexes at birth.

Transgender, unlike transsexual, is a term for people whose identity, expression, behavior, or general sense of self does not
conform to what is usually associated with the sex they were born in the place they were born. It is often said sex is a
matter of the body, while/whereas gender occurs in the mind. Gender is an internal sense of being male,
female, or other. People often use binary terms, for instance masculine or feminine, to describe gender just as they do
when referring to sex. But gender is more complex and encompasses (=includes) more than just two possibilities. Gender
is also influenced by culture, class, and race because behavior, activities, and attributes seen as appropriate in one society
or group may be viewed otherwise/differently in another. (see page 220 for the meanings of otherwise.)

Transgender, then, unlike transsexual is a multifaceted term. One example of a transgendered person might be a man who
is attracted to/by women but also identifies as a cross-dresser. Other examples include people who consider themselves
gender nonconforming, multigendered, androgynous, third gender, and two-spirit people. All of these definitions are inexact
and vary from person to person, however/yet each of them includes a sense of blending or alternating the binary
concepts of masculinity and femininity. Some people using these terms simply see the traditional concepts as restrictive. Less
than one percent of all adults identify as transgender.

Gender identity and sexual orientation are not the same. Sexual orientation, according to the American Psychological
Association, refers to an individual’s enduring (=lasting) physical, romantic, and/or emotional attraction to another person.
Transgender people may be straight, bisexual, lesbian, gay, or asexual. Biological factors as/like prenatal hormone
levels, genetics, and early childhood experiences may all contribute to the development of a transgender identity, according
to some researchers/researches. http://www.medicaldaily.com/what-difference-between-transsexual-and-
transgender-facebooks-new-version-its-complicated-271389

83
PUT THE PARAGRAPHS IN THE CORRECT ORDER

DON'T BELIEVE IN GOD? MAYBE YOU'LL TRY UFO'S

--1 Furthermore, evidence suggests that the religious mind persists even when we lose faith
in traditional religious beliefs and institutions. Consider that roughly 30 percent of Americans
report they have felt in contact with someone who has died. Nearly 20 percent believe they
have been in the presence of a ghost. About one-third of Americans believe that ghosts exist
and can interact with and harm humans; around two-thirds hold supernatural or paranormal
beliefs of some kind, including beliefs in reincarnation, spiritual energy and psychic powers.
--2 These numbers are much higher than they were in previous decades, when more people
reported being highly religious. People who do not frequently attend church are twice as likely
to believe in ghosts as those who are regular churchgoers. The less religious people are,
the more likely they are to endorse empirically unsupported ideas about U.F.O.s, intelligent
aliens monitoring the lives of humans and related conspiracies about a government cover-up
of these phenomena.
--3 Nonetheless, there is reason to doubt the death of religion, or at least the death of what
you might call the “religious mind” — our concern with existential questions and our search for
meaning. A growing body of research suggests that the evidence for a decline in traditional
religious belief, identity and practice does not reflect a decline in this underlying spiritual
inclination.
--4 A great many atheists and agnostics, of course, do not think U.F.O.s exist. I’m not
suggesting that if you reject traditional religious belief, you will necessarily find yourself
believing in alien visitors. But because beliefs about U.F.O.s and aliens do not explicitly invoke
the supernatural and are couched in ('expresados en') scientific and technological jargon, they
may be more palatable to those who reject the metaphysics of more traditional religious
systems.
--5 An emerging body of research supports the thesis that these interests in nontraditional
supernatural and paranormal phenomena are driven by the same cognitive processes and
motives that inspire religion. For instance, my colleagues and I recently published a series of
studies in the journal Motivation and Emotion demonstrating that the link between low
religiosity and belief in advanced alien visitors is at least partly explained by the pursuit of
meaning. The less religious participants were, we found, the less they perceived their lives as
meaningful. This lack of meaning was associated with a desire to find meaning, which in turn
was associated with belief in U.F.O.s and alien visitors.
When people are searching for meaning, their minds seem to gravitate toward thoughts of
things like aliens that do not fall within our current scientific inventory of the world. Why? I
suspect part of the answer is that such ideas imply that humans are not alone in the universe,
that we might be part of a larger cosmic drama. As with traditional religious beliefs, many of
these paranormal beliefs involve powerful beings watching over humans and the hope that
they will rescue us from death and extinction.
--6 Are Americans becoming less religious? It depends on what you mean by “religious.” Polls
certainly indicate a decline in religious affiliation, practice and belief. Just a couple of decades
ago, about 95 percent of Americans reported belonging to a religious group. This number is

84
now around 75 percent. And far fewer are actively religious: The percentage of regular
churchgoers may be as low as 15 to 20 percent. As for religious belief, the Pew Research
Center found that from 2007 to 2014 the percentage of Americans who reported being
absolutely confident God exists dropped from 71 percent to 63 percent.
--7 This view, however, does not capture the fundamental nature of the religious mind — our
awareness of, and need to reckon with (=deal with), the transience and fragility of our
existence, and how small and unimportant we seem to be in the grand scheme of things. In
short: our quest for significance. Dozens of studies show a strong link between religiosity and
existential concerns about death and meaning. For example, when research participants are
presented with stimuli that bring death to mind or challenge a sense of meaning in life, they
exhibit increased religiosity and interest in religious or spiritual ideas. Another body of
research shows that religious beliefs provide and protect meaning.
--8 Ask yourself: Why are people religious to begin with? One view is that religion is an
ancient way of understanding and organizing the world that persists largely because societies
pass it down from generation to generation. This view is related to the idea that the rise of
science entails the fall of religion. It also assumes that the strength of religion is best
measured by how much doctrine people accept and how observant they are.
--9 It is important to note that, thus far, research indicates only that the need for meaning
inspires these types of paranormal beliefs, not that such beliefs actually do a good job of
providing meaning. There are reasons to suspect they are poor substitutes for religion: They
are not part of a well-established social and institutional support system and they lack a
deeper and historically rich philosophy of meaning. Seeking meaning does not always equal
finding meaning.
The Western world is, in theory, becoming increasingly secular — but the religious mind
remains active. The question now is, how can society satisfactorily meet people’s religious and
spiritual needs? Clay Routledge is a professor of psychology at North Dakota State University.
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/21/opinion/sunday/dont-believe-in-god-maybe-youll-try-ufos.html

Give yourself 1 point for every 2 contiguous paragraphs in the right sequence (no matter where they are).
Give yourself 1 extra point if you put the first paragraph in the first position.
Give yourself an extra point if you put the last paragraph in the last position.
Key: 6-3-8-7-1-2-5-4-9 (8 points + 2 extra points = 10 points)
Examples:
8-3-6-5-7-1-2-9-4 - 2 points (7 and 1, and 1 and 2 are contiguous in the original text.)
6-8-1-7-2-5-3-4-9 - 2 points + 1 extra point = 3 points

NOTES

SPEAKING - INDIVIDUAL TASK

PERSONALITY CHANGES
Talk for 4/5 minutes:
 To what extent it is possible to change
 Events or turning points that made you change
 A famous transformation in history or fiction
KEY:

85
 Is empathy overrated?
 Are we built to live in the moment? (cf. "at the moment")
 Are there any upsides to revenge?

1 - Is Empathy Overrated? February 21, 2017 by DEREK BERES

Empathy seems to be a quality you can never overdo. It’s like a megavitamin of emotionally
relating: the more you display, the better a human you are. Yet just like vitamins, argues Yale
psychology professor Paul Bloom in his new book, Against Empathy, too much is too much.
(...)
As with many words, empathy has multiple meanings. Bloom is specific about the type of empathy
he’s discussing: Empathy is the act of coming to experience the world as you think someone else
does … If your suffering makes me suffer, if I feel what you feel, that’s empathy in the sense that I’m
interested in here.
(...)
Bloom then discusses the difference between what Binghamton professor and Asian Studies scholar
Charles Goodman describes as “sentimental compassion” and “great compassion.” The first is
similar to empathy, which leads to imbalances in relationships and one’s own psychological state.
Simply put, it’s exhausting.
When practicing great compassion one creates distance from the suffering, just as a good therapist
will do. This type of relating can be indefinitely sustained, as you’re not carrying the emotional
burden of the other person. Rather than simply acting from an emotional perspective, you’re
reasoning out the best course of action, something Bloom reminds us is common when raising
children: a little bit of suffering (usually in the form of deflated expectations) now for greater
knowledge later.
FULL ARTICLE HERE: http://bigthink.com/21st-century-spirituality/is-empathy-overrated

2 - We Aren’t Built to Live in the Moment.

By MARTIN E. P. SELIGMAN and JOHN TIERNEY MAY 19, 2017
We are misnamed. We call ourselves Homo sapiens, the “wise man,” but that’s more of a boast**
than a description. What makes us wise? What sets us apart from other animals? Various answers
have been proposed — language, tools, cooperation, culture, tasting bad to predators — but none is
unique to humans. What best distinguishes our species is an ability that scientists are just beginning
to appreciate: We contemplate the future. Our singular foresight* created civilization and sustains
society. It usually lifts our spirits, but it’s also the source of most depression and anxiety, whether
we’re evaluating our own lives or worrying about the nation. Other animals have springtime rituals
for educating the young, but only we subject them to “commencement”* speeches grandly
informing them that today is the first day of the rest of their lives.
A more apt name for our species would be Homo prospectus, because we thrive by considering our
prospects. The power of prospection is what makes us wise. Looking into the future, consciously
and unconsciously, is a central function of our large brain, as psychologists and neuroscientists have
discovered — rather belatedly*, because for the past century most researchers have assumed that
we’re prisoners of the past and the present.
Behaviorists thought of animal learning as the ingraining* of habit by repetition. Psychoanalysts
believed that treating patients was a matter of unearthing and confronting the past. Even when
cognitive psychology emerged, it focused on the past and present — on memory and perception.
But it is increasingly clear that the mind is mainly drawn to the future, not driven by the past.
Behavior, memory and perception can’t be understood without appreciating the central role of
prospection. We learn not by storing static records but by continually retouching memories and

86
imagining future possibilities. Our brain sees the world not by processing every pixel in a scene but
by focusing on the unexpected.
Our emotions are less reactions to the present than guides to future behavior. Therapists are
exploring new ways to treat depression now that they see it as primarily not because of past traumas
and present stresses but because of skewed* visions of what lies ahead.
Prospection enables us to become wise not just from our own experiences but also by learning from
others. We are social animals like no others, living and working in very large groups of strangers,
because we have jointly constructed the future. Human culture — our language, our division of
labor, our knowledge, our laws and technology — is possible only because we can anticipate what
fellow humans will do in the distant future. We make sacrifices today to earn rewards tomorrow,
whether in this life or in the afterlife promised by so many religions.
FULL ARTICLE HERE: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/19/opinion/sunday/why-the-future-is-always-on-your-mind.html

3 - The hidden upsides of revenge

Revenge serves a very useful purpose – even the idea of seeking it gives us pleasure. Why is this?
By Melissa Hogenboom - 3 April 2017
(...)
The answer is that far from an evolutionary mistake, revenge serves a very useful purpose. Michael
McCullough puts it this way: although people might say seeking revenge "is really bad for you" – that
it might ruin your relationships, for example – the fact that it exists at all is a very good thing. Its main
goal is to work as deterrent, which in turn has clear advantages for our survival. Consider prison or
gang culture, where if you meddle with the wrong person, revenge attacks are a sure consequence. "If
you have a reputation for someone who is going to seek retribution, people are not going to mess with
you or take advantage," says Chester. In Leonardo DiCaprio's Oscar-winning performance in The
Revenant, so powerful is his desire for revenge that it keeps him alive. With broken bones and open
wounds, he drags himself through a hostile and dangerous terrain to avenge his son's killer.
Even the threat of revenge might deter an attack, says McCullough. "The individual who responds to
that harm is going to do better than the individual who takes the slap on the cheek and lets the bad guy
have his way." Just like hunger, he considers it a primal urge that needs to be itched*. Only then can
the avenger move on** "because that goal has been fulfilled", in a similar way that we only stop
feeling hungry after we have satiated our appetite.
So if a main purpose of revenge is about deterring harm, it is a very good thing indeed. That is not to
say, says McCullough, that we should encourage people to indulge in seeking revenge. "We can both
appreciate what it's for, understand it's not the product of afflicted minds, and also have an interest in
helping people curtail* their desire for revenge," he says.
FULL ARTICLE HERE: http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170403-the-hidden-upsides-of-revenge

GLOSSARY
**boast 'fanfarronada'. Learn the verb boast in its positive meaning: 'tener, poder presumir de' : All our
rooms boast ocean views.
foresight 'previsión'
commencement 'ceremonia de graduación'
belatedly 'con retraso'
ingrain 'inculcar'
skewed 'distorsionado'
itch -usually 'picar' but sometimes 'rascar' (=scratch) informally
**Only then can the avenger move on. -Notice the inversion after "only then".
curtail =limit

87
UNIT FOUR: RELATIONSHIPS

(English Vocabulary in Use: 11, 12, 13, 14 -2nd ed. 10, 11, 12, 13)

1. /ɪnˈfæʧueɪtɪd/ 7. /ˈælaɪz/
2. /ˈbʊz(ə)m/ 8. /ˈsaʊə/
3. /əˈkweɪntəns/ 9. /kreɪv/
4. /ˈkɒliːg/ 10./ˈkʌvət/
5. /tuː-feɪst/ 11./loʊð/
6. /təˈwɔːdz/ /tɔːdz/ 12./əbˈnɒkʃəs/

WORDS THAT CAN WAIT:

UNIT 11: besotted, a man after my own heart, well-matched, amiable
UNIT 12: unswerving, unscrupulously, staunch, discord, family feud
UNIT 13: placate, defuse, conciliate, jubilant
UNIT 14: loathsome, abhor, abhorrence, officious, ostentatious, puerile, fickle, dejected, forlorn

BACK-OF-THE-BOOK SELECTION: UNITS 66, 67, 69, 70 (2nd ed. 65, 66, 68, 69)
66: dash, race, pop, speed up, plunge, plummet, soar, rocket, slump, tumble, crawl, creep
67: whole unit
69: glitch, setback, obstacle, impediment, dilemma, ordeal, problematic, arduous, convoluted, complex,
insufferable, tough, traumatic, pain, drag, chore, What's got into him?+one synonym, hassle, slog, in a fix,
tricky, off the hook, downside
70: whole unit

"Creep"
When you were here before I want you to notice
Couldn't look you in the eye When I'm not around
You're just like an angel You're so f*cking special
Your skin makes me cry I wish I was special
You float like a feather
In a beautiful world CHORUS
I wish I was special
You're so f*cking special She's running out again
She's running out
CHORUS: Run, run, run, run, run
But I 'm a creep 'baboso'
I 'm a weirdo 'bicho raro' Whatever makes you happy
What the hell am I doing here? Whatever you want
I don't belong here You're so f*cking special
I wish I was special
I don't care if it hurts But I'm a creep
I want to have control I'm a weirdo
I want a perfect body What the hell am I doing here?
I want a perfect soul I don't belong here
_______________________________________________________________________________________

1. infatuated 3. acquaintance 5. two-faced 7. allies 9. crave 11. loathe

2. bosom 4. colleague 6. towards 8. sour 10. covet 12. obnoxious

88
 1. No solo se gustan, sino que comparten un vínculo especial.
2. No se imaginaba que acabaría casándose con él. (Begin: "Little...")
3. Es a ti a quien quiero.
4. Se declararon amor eterno.
5. No es más que un enamoramiento pasajero.
6. Está desolado; eran almas gemelas.
7. La tengo en gran estima.
8. No tienen más remedio que aguantar sus (mutuas) infidelidades.
9. ¿(ella) No está un pelín distante con ellos últimamente?
10. Estáis hechos el uno para el otro: tú eres pretencioso y ella es una falsa.
11. Acabábamos de entrar a la suite nupcial cuando sonó la alarma. (Begin: No
sooner...)
12. ¿Por qué tiene que ser tan crítica con mis amigos? Me resulta muy irritante.
13. anhelo de amor
14. El quisquilloso de tu padre viene mañana.
15. Si antes nos sentamos a la mesa, antes empiezan a discutir. (en aquella ocasión)
1. Not only do they like each other (one another), but they share a special bond.
2. Little did she know that she would end up marrying him.
3. I love you. / You're the one I love. (or: It's you that I love./ It's you who I love./ It's you I love. -In these
examples, "you" is the object; go to p.218 for a few examples of cleft sentences with pronouns as subjects)
4. They declared their everlasting/eternal love for each other. (for one another)
5. It's just a crush. / It's nothing but a crush.
6. He's devastated; they were kindred spirits. (soul mates)
7. I hold her in high regard.
8. They have no choice but to put up with each other's infidelities. (one another's; mutual)
('infiel' -in a relationship- is "unfaithful")
9. Hasn't she been a bit distant towards them lately?
10. You're made for each other (for one another): you're pretentious and she is two-faced.
11. No sooner did we go/walk into the bridal room than the alarm went off/rang.
12. Why does she have to be so critical of my friends? I find it very irritating.
13. a yearning/a longing/a hunger/a thirst for love
14. Your nitpicking*/fussy father is coming tomorrow. *see page 90
15. No sooner did we sit at the table than they started/began arguing/to argue.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
INVERSION-TRIGGERING STRUCTURES (Some of these are quite formal/literary)
Don't use these patterns in exams until you become familiar with them. Don't use them at the beginning of a text.
Not a (single) word... In no other place/country... (Only) rarely...
Not until... At no (other) time... Hardly ever.../Seldom...
Nowhere... Never (before) No sooner... than...
In no way...* Neither.../Nor... Not only... (but also)
Under no circumstances... By no means... Not once...
On no account... Little did she know that...** Only then...
*Compare: No way was that a coindicence! (informal), There's no way that was a coincidence (no inversion)
**usually followed by "would" or "going to"
FIND AN EXAMPLE SENTENCE OF 4 OF THEM AND WRITE THEM DOWN.

89
GRAMMAR: COMPOUND ADJECTIVES CONTAINING A PRESENT PARTICIPLE (-ING)
DURADERO long-lasting
SUFRIDO (QUE AGUANTA "SUFRE" DURANTE MUCHO TIEMPO) long-suffering
DE GRAN ALCANCE ("QUE LLEGA LEJOS") far-reaching
ETERNO everlasting
INTERMINABLE never-ending
FÁCIL DE TRATAR, DE BUEN TRATO easygoing
GUAPO good-looking
QUE BATE RÉCORDS record-breaking
APETECIBLE (QUE HACE LA BOCA AGUA) mouth-watering
QUE HACE PENSAR thought-provoking
LENTO slow-moving
QUE AHORRA TIEMPO time-saving
AVANZADO (EN LA MANERA DE PENSAR) "QUE PIENSA HACIA ADELANTE" forward-thinking
ESPELUZNANTE ("QUE LEVANTA EL PELO") hair-raising
QUE PROVOCA INVERSIÓN (sintáctica) inversion-triggering
OTHERS

________________________________________________________________________________
DISCUSS THE BASIS OF FRIENDSHIP. YOU CAN TALK ABOUT YOUR OWN EXPERIENCE TOO.

AS DIFFERENT AS CHALK AND CHEESE (NOT) SEE EYE TO EYE COMMON INTERESTS EMPATHY
TRUST SOMEBODY STAND BY SOMEONE COME WHAT MAY STAY IN TOUCH

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING QUOTES RESONATES WITH YOU THE MOST? 'te ves reflejad@'

 I KEEP TELLING MYSELF TO STOP TALKING TO WEIRDOS BUT THEN I WOULD NOT HAVE ANY FRIENDS LEFT.

 IF YOU WANT TO FIND OUT WHO'S A TRUE FRIEND, SCREW UP OR GO THROUGH A ROUGH PATCH.
THEN SEE WHO STICKS AROUND.
 A STRONG FRIENDSHIP DOESN'T REQUIRE DAILY CONVERSATION OR
BEING TOGETHER. AS LONG AS THE RELATIONSHIP LIVES IN THE HEART,
TRUE FRIENDS NEVER PART.

90
 ONCE WE'VE MADE CLEAR WE'RE TALKING ABOUT PAST HABITS, WE CAN
USE "WOULD" INSTEAD OF "USED TO"
(except with stative verbs such as love, be, understand, and feel)

Gaydar Exists. What Does This Mean for Straight People? By Debra W. Soh June 20, 2017
Ah, to be 21 years old again. A typical night out for me consisted of throwing on the skimpiest outfit I could find,
paired with impossibly high heels, and meeting up with my gay boys at someone’s apartment to drink and kiki*.
This would last a few hours before the neighbors would complain about the noise and we’d stumble over to the
local drag show or club. There would always be lots of drama, whether it was bumping into your friend’s ex
who was guilty of cheating or some random boy elbowing you on the way to the coat check. The night would
usually culminate in someone crying or throwing up in the bathroom, and we would all take that as a pretty
good sign that it was time to go home.

Something about spending my formative adult years immersed in the gay community bestowed upon* me,
even a decade later, the impeccable ability to tell—within two seconds of meeting someone—whether he is
gay. Now, a recent review paper in the Archives of Sexual Behavior confirms, for the first time, that gaydar isn’t
a myth: It turns out we’re able to tell someone’s sexual orientation “accurately” from surprisingly subtle cues in
their speech, mannerisms and physical appearance.
(...)
I’ve also been hearing a lot lately about how sexual orientation and gendered behavior are two completely
unrelated things, but the reality is—at least from a scientific perspective—they are interconnected and, as
you’ve seen, noticeable across a wide range of measures across many different sub-disciplines within
sexology. We can acknowledge that there are identifiable differences between gay and straight people without
being homophobic.
Perhaps the most important thing I took away from the paper was that people with higher anti-gay prejudice
have less accurate gaydar because they tend to assume that everyone is straight. I’d argue that pretending
gay people are the same as straight people, besides whom they go to bed with, only does a disservice in
battling this ignorance and obtaining equal rights and representation for the community. That being said,
even if you think you have perfect gaydar, you should never assume any person you meet is
gay or lesbian based on signs alone, nor corner them with the question. One of the most
important rights a gay person has is the right to come out on their own terms.
kiki (n/v): gossiping, chatting about shallow (=superficial) things and being silly with friends
bestow (up)on: (formal) 'otorgar'

FULL ARTICLE HERE: http://www.playboy.com/articles/gaydar-exists

Gaydar (a portmanteau of gay and radar) is a colloquialism referring to the intuitive ability of a person to
assess others' sexual orientations as gay, bisexual or heterosexual. Gaydar relies almost exclusively on non-
verbal clues and LGBT stereotypes. These include the sensitivity to social behaviors and mannerisms; for
instance, acknowledging flamboyant ('llamativo') body language, the tone of voice used by a person when
speaking, overtly rejecting traditional gender roles, a person's occupation, and grooming ('aseo') habits.
The detection of sexual orientation by outward (=external) appearance or behavior is frequently challenged
by situations in which masculine gay men who do not act in a stereotypically "gay" fashion, or
with metrosexual men (regardless of sexuality) who exhibit a lifestyle, spending habits, and concern for
personal appearance stereotypical of fashionable urban gay men. (WIKIPEDIA)

91
DO SOME RESEARCH AND DISCUSS YOUR FINDINGS:
PANSEXUAL THE MALE GAZE HETERONORMATIVE

NOTES

92
"effing" is a euphemism for "fucking"
DISCUSS THE TWEET COMPARISON (IS IT FAIR?) AND THE VALIDITY OF THE CONCEPT OF OBJECTIFICATION.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
PASSIVE-AGGRESSIVE RELATIONSHIP TECHNIQUES
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vnKPdMXIdo
THE KEY TO A GREAT RELATIONSHIP IS CONTROL. CONTROL IS THE _1___________ THAT KEEPS
YOUR RELATIONSHIP TOGETHER.
WHEN AMBER WON'T** TALK TO ME, SHE REALLY HELPS ME LEARN THAT I DID
SOMETHING WRONG. BECAUSE SHE WON'T TELL WHAT I DID THAT WAS WRONG, DEEP
DOWN I JUST ASSUME THAT I'M SIMPLY WRONG FOR WHO I AM AT THE
_2___________OF MY BEING. WHEN I GIVE JP THE COLD SHOULDER, IT'S ENCOURAGEMENT FOR HIM TO BE A
BETTER PERSON, BECAUSE I DON'T REALLY LIKE WHO HE IS.
(SARCASTIC COMMENTS) JP SHOWS SO MUCH _3___________WITH ME THROUGH HIS SNARKY* COMMENTS
AND AT THE SAME TIME HE SHAMES ME A LOT. (snarky = sarcastic)
JP'S CRITICISMS OF MY AMBITIONS REMIND ME THAT I'M NOT ENOUGH OF A PERSON TO _4___________MY OWN
HOPES AND DREAMS. AMBER'S DREAMS HAVE NO PLACE IN OUR RELATIONSHIP BECAUSE
THEY _5___________MY ABILITY TO CONTROL HER.

I USE A COMPLIMENT TO SLIGHTLY _6___________MY HARSH CRITICISM OF AMBER.

I HAVE A LOT OF EXPECTATIONS THAT JP WILL NEVER BE ABLE TO MEET, AND HE _7___________THE OPPORTUNITY
TO FEEL HURT ABOUT NOT LIVING UP TO MY IMPOSSIBLE STANDARDS.
I WOULD MUCH RATHER HAVE HER HURT ME RATHER THAN FEELING HER OWN HURT
(=pain). AND I THINK THAT BY _8___________WITH HER EMOTIONAL ABUSE
EVENTUALLY I'LL BE ABLE TO RESCUE HER. YOU'RE MY _9___________ IN SHINING ARMOR!

To “give someone the cold shoulder” is to ignore someone deliberately.

**Notice the use of "won't" meaning 'doesn't want to'.

93
____________________________________________________________________________________
BEFORE LOOKING AT THE DATA BELOW, WHAT JOBS WOULD YOU SAY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH
HIGHER OR LOWER DIVORCE RATES?

CAN YOU DETECT ANY PATTERNS? SPECULATE.

DIVORCE RATE BY OCCUPATION IN THE US (SOURCE: https://flowingdata.com/2017/07/25/divorce-and-occupation/)

BARTENDERS 53% MARRIAGE: WHAT WOMEN/MEN WANT
FLIGHT ATTENDANTS 51% 1939 VS. 2008 (USA)
TELEMARKERTERS 49%
MASSAGE THERAPISTS 48% WORK IN PAIRS. ONE OF YOU LOOKS AT THE
BUS DRIVERS 46% CHART AND THE OTHER TRIES TO GUESS HOW
VALUES HAVE CHANGED.
POSTAL SERVICE CLERKS 44%
ACTORS 42% THE IMPORTANCE OF X HAS INCREASED/RISEN*
FISHING WORKERS 41% SLIGHTLY/SIGNIFICANTLY/DRAMATICALLY.
CASHIERS 40% THE IMPORTANCE OF X HAS DECLINED
PETROL STATION OPERATORS 39% SLIGHTLY/SIGNIFICANTLY/DRAMATICALLY.
SOCIAL WORKERS 38%
THE IMPORTANCE OF X HAS REMAINED THE
TRAVEL AGENTS 37% SAME. *RISEN /rɪzn/
NURSES 36%
POLICE OFFICERS 35%
EMOTIONAL STABILITY, MATURITY
FAVORABLE SOCIAL STATUS
PHOTOGRAPHERS 32% SIMILAR RELIGIOUS BACKGROUND
AIRCRAFT PILOTS 30% SIMILAR POLITICAL BACKGROUND
ATHLETES 29% CHASTITY 'castidad'
TEACHER ASSISTANTS 28% EDUCATION, INTELLIGENCE
COMPUTER PROGRAMMERS 27% SOCIABILITY
SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS 27% GOOD HEALTH
PLEASING DISPOSITION 'temperamento agradable'
PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS 26%
GOOD LOOKS
ARCHITECTS 25% MUTUAL ATTRACTION - LOVE
VETERINARIANS 24% DEPENDABLE CHARACTER
PHYSICIANS (=DOCTORS) 21% DESIRE FOR HOME, CHILDREN
CHEMICAL ENGINEERS 21% REFINEMENT, NEATNESS 'pulcritud'
CLERGY (=CHRISTIAN MINISTERS) 20% GOOD FINANCIAL PROSPECTS
MEDICAL SCIENTISTS 20% AMBITION, INDUSTRIOUSNESS 'laboriosidad'
GOOD COOK, HOUSEKEEPER
ACTUARIES 17% 'actuarios de seguros'
SIMILAR EDUCATION BACKGROUND

94
95
This Is What's Wrong With Modern Relationships by Esther Perel January 6, 2016 3:59 AM

We live in an era of on-demand dating. You want someone now, you don't want them in two hours, or vice versa.
Our lack of accountability, one might argue, is what's standing in the way of successful, lasting relationships for the
younger generation.
“I’ve been dating a woman for three weeks, but after we had sex for the first time, she’s stopped texting me back.
WTF**?” – Edward, 36
Rejection has always been a part of the relationship landscape. But is the new trend of ghosting increasing our
acceptance of ambiguous ends? Last month, I spoke about love at a conference with 2,500 millennials. There, I
was introduced to these new norms of intimate relationships and the corresponding vocabulary.
These tactics of maintaining unclear relationships and prolonging breakups all produce what I call stable ambiguity.
This means you're afraid to be alone but unwilling to fully engage in intimacy building — a holding pattern that
affirms the undefined nature of the relationship, which has a mix of comforting consistency AND the freedom of
blurred lines.
We want to have our cake and eat it, too. We want to have someone available to cozy up* with when it’s snowing,
but if something better comes along, we want the freedom to explore.
In this relationship culture, expectations and trust are in constant question. The state of stable ambiguity inevitably
creates an atmosphere in which at least one person feels lingering* uncertainty, and neither person feels truly
appreciated or nurtured. We do this at the expense of our emotional health, and the emotional health of others. It’s
time to bring back relationship accountability.
In situations like Edward’s, the person who does the ghosting hopes the ghosted** will just “get the hint,” as
opposed to having to communicate that he/she is no longer interested. However, inaction has causality. At first,
Edward runs the gamut ('gama') of reasons he hasn’t heard back: She must be having a really busy work week. She
lost her phone. She doesn’t want to seem too eager.
At first, relaxed and patient, Edward tries to be understanding, but his attempts at insight soon morph (=turn into)
into uncertainty and self-doubt. Am I bad in bed? Did I say something to offend her? Am I unlovable? In the
absence of information, he will fill the gaps, and what he imagines is most likely worse than reality.
Ghosting, icing*, and simmering* are manifestations of the decline of empathy in our society — the promoting of
one’s selfishness, without regard for the consequences to others. There is a person on the other end of our text
messages (or lack thereof*), and the ability to communicate virtually doesn’t give us the right to treat others poorly.
I encourage you to end relationships respectfully and conclusively, however brief they may be. Act with kindness
and integrity. This allows both people to enter into their next relationships with more experience and a clear head
rather than filled with disappointment and insecurity.
Here are a few ideas the other person would appreciate you addressing in a final conversation:
-Thank you for what I’ve experienced with you.
-This is what I take with me, from you.
-This is what I want you to take with you, from me.
-This is what I wish for you, hence forward*.
Of course, duos dancing in the stable ambiguity zone don’t always end in breakup. Sometimes this state is the
training wheels period needed for one or both parties to realize they want something more. This is normal for a
brief, beginning phase but not as the defining mode of a relationship.

-**WTF =what the f*ck giving unclear reasons for ending a relationship'
-cozy up with =acurrucarse con -simmering 'not ending a relationship completely
-**ghosting 'the practice of ending a relationship by because you think you think you might have to settle
stopping all communication suddenly and without for 'conformarse con' that person later on.
explanation' -thereof (formal) =of it/them
-lingering 'persistente' -hence forward (very formal) =from now on 'de ahora
-icing 'the practice of behaving in a distant way and en adelante'

96
Have you been ghosted/simmered/iced? How did it feel?
Do you wish you could redo a breakup?
_________________________________________________________________________________
FRANK AND CLAIRE UNDERWOOD: AN UNHOLY MARRIAGE (S1E1 13:43)
A: NAME.
B: You didn't call.
A: I was-
B: You didn't call me, NAME. Nine hours. You don't not call me*, not
when it's this** big.
A: You're right.
B: When have we ever avoided each other?
A: I wanted a solution first.
B: Do you have one?
A: Not yet.
B: This affects me, too, NAME. And it's not the money I'm upset about.
It's that we do things together. When you don't involve me, we're in
free-fall.
A: I should've called you, and I didn't.
B: What happened?
A: She says they needed to keep me in congress.
B: Linda said that?
A: Walker wasn't even there. That's what really gets me. He didn't have
the courage to look me in the eye.
B: I knew you shouldn't trust that woman.
A: I didn't. I don't. I don't trust anyone.
B: Then how could you not see this coming?
A: I never thought they were capable.
B: You don't usually underestimate people, NAME.
A: I know. Hubris (=arrogance). Ambition.
B: You should be angry.
A: I'm livid.
B: Then where is that? I don't see it.
A: What do you want me to do? Scream and yell? Throw a tantrum ('berrinche')?
B: I want more than I'm seeing. You're better than this, NAME.
A: Well, I'm sorry, NAME. I am sorry.
B: No, that I won't accept**.
A: What?
B: Apologies. My husband doesn't apologize, even to me.
*COMPARE: Lo que no puedes hacer es no llamarme.
**THIS BIG: "this" and "that" can mean "so" ('tan') in informal English: It's not that important.
**THAT I WON'T ACCEPT: an example of FRONTING. Fronting is much less common than in Spanish.

_________________________________________________________________________________
SPEAKING - INDIVIDUAL TASK: KEYS TO A SUCCESSFUL RELATIONSHIP
Talk for 4/5 minutes:
 Compatibility
 Circumstances (family, friends, work...)
 Behavior/attitude/everyday life: some tips
WRITING TASK: WRITE AN ARGUMENTATIVE (opinion) COMPOSITION ON ANY OF THE
TOPICS SEEN IN UNITS THREE AND FOUR.

97
UNIT 5: FOOD AND HEALTH (English Vocabulary in Use: 23, 24, 51, 52, 53, 54 -2nd ed 22, 23, 50, 51, 52, 54)

1. /ˈhoʊlsəm/
2. /ˈviːgən/
3. /ˈresəpi/
4. /ˈhɑːfˈbeɪkt/
5. /ˈkɜːtiəs/
6. /ˈkɒnʃəs/
7. /ˈfʌsi/
8. /ˈnɪblz/
9. /fɪˈzɪʃən/
10. /ˈfiːvərɪʃ/
11. /θrɒb/
12. /stuːl/
13. /puː/
14. /ˈæsmə/
15. /ˈeɪlɪŋ/
16. /stroʊk/
17. /ˈlentəlz/
18. /poʊz/
19. /brɪsk/
20. /ˌgaɪnɪˈkɒləʤɪst/
21. /ɪnˈʃɔ:rəns skiːm/

1. wholesome 8. nibbles 15. ailing

2. vegan 9. physician 16. stroke
3. recipe 10. feverish 17. lentils
4. half-baked 11. throb 18. pose
5. courteous 12. stool 19. brisk
6. conscious 13. poo 20. gynaecologist
7. fussy 14. asthma 21. insurance scheme
WORDS THAT CAN WAIT: sullen, take pot luck, out of sorts, bunged up, locum, on the mend, fever pitch, jaundiced,
in the running, skate around, sail through

BACK OF THE BOOK SELECTION

64 (2nd ed 63): weighed down with, weigh up, weigh on you, weigh in, thicken, solidify, thin, water down,
impenetrable, impervious to criticism
71 (2nd ed 70): twofold, quadruple, erratic, GDP, discrepancy, flawed, multiple, inconsistent with, err on the
side of caution, round down
79 (2nd ed 78): section A, arbitrary, distort, predominant, widespread, contradict, perceive, trigger, crucial,
somewhat
83 (2nd ed 82): give or take, quite a few, stacks, section B

98
Translate
1. No seas tan remilgada (melindrosa). Acábatelo.
2. El personal es muy amable (cortés) y se desvive por agradar a los comensales.
3. El etiquetado de vuestras comidas preparadas es engañoso.
4. No solo hay más recetas veganas aquí, sino que están más buenas (sabrosas).
5. Estamos decididos a reducir el contenido de azúcar de nuestros batidos.
6. Esta vez no me quiero pasar. Aún recuerdo la resaca del año pasado.
7. Es muy golosa. Le van a encantar tus natillas.
8. No te des un atracón como de costumbre.
9. Una dieta de 1.200 calorías no es buena idea a largo plazo
10. Se cree que la avena reduce los niveles de colesterol, lo cual reduce el riesgo de infarto
cerebral.
11. La dieta de la chocolatina frita no es tan sana como pensaba ni de lejos. Me ha subido el
colesterol más de un 30%.
12. publicidad dirigida a consumidores que se preocupan por su salud
(Translate using a compound adjective.)
13. No es más que otra de las propuestas mal concebidas del gobierno. Seguro que fracasa.
14. Son las enfermedades infecciosas las que representan los mayores desafíos.
15. Me he hecho análisis de sangre y estoy pensando en ponerme a dieta.
16. Millones de personas está a punto de quedarse sin seguro médico.
17. ¿Me está usted diciendo que no hay un solo radiólogo en todo el hospital?
18. Ella cree que estaríamos mejor con un sistema de salud financiado públicamente.
19. Te deberías cuidar más. Una caminata a buen paso cada mañana te haría bien.
20. Exijo saber quién analizó mis muestras de heces.
1. Don't be such a fussy eater / Don't be so fussy/picky/finicky. Eat up.
2. The staff are very courteous and go out of their way to please the diners. /'daɪnəz/
3. The labels/labelling on your ready-made meals are/is misleading.
4. Not only are there far/many/a lot more vegan recipes here, but they're tastier too.
5. We're intent on reducing/determined to reduce the sugar content of our shakes.
6. I don't want to overdo it this time. I still remember last year's hangover.
7. She has a sweet tooth. She's going to love your custard.
8. Don't stuff your face/yourself as usual.
9. A 1,200-calorie diet is not a good idea in the long term/run.
10. Oats are believed/thought to lower/reduce cholesterol levels, which lowers/reduces stroke risk /the risk of stroke.
(or: It is believed/thought that oats...)
11. The fried chocolate bar diet is nowhere near as healthy as I thought (it was). My cholesterol has gone up/increased
by more than 30%. (by over 30%)
12. advertising aimed at health-conscious consumers
13. It's nothing but/It's just another (one) of the government's half-baked proposals. It's bound/sure to fail. (It will
certainly fail.)
14. It is the infectious diseases that pose the biggest health challenges.
15. I('ve) had my blood tested and I'm thinking about/of going on a diet.
16. Millions (of people) are about to lose their health insurance. (about to be left without...)
17. Are you telling me there isn't a single radiologist in the whole hospital? (For singular countable nouns, "the whole"
is preferred to "all the.")
18. She thinks we'd be better off with a publicly funded healthcare system.
19. You should take (better) care of yourself. / You should look after yourself. A brisk walk every morning would do you
good.
20. I demand to know who tested my stool samples.

99
1 "A #-NOUN + NOUN"
una cena de tres platos a three-course dinner
un pack de 4 latas (de conserva) a 4-tin pack
una comida de 800 calorías an 800-calorie meal
un plan de tres fases a three-stage/phase plan
un escáner (TAC) de dos millones de euros a two million Euro CT scanner

2 Clefting: it is(n't)/was(n't) X that...

Meeting Jim made me more health-conscious. > It was meeting Jim that made me more health-conscious.
By reading the label you can make the right choices. > It's...
At that moment he realized he needed to quit smoking. > It was...
When we arrived at the hospital he started sneezing. > It was... / It wasn't until...
I trust you. > It's...
It hurts worst at night. > It's...
The spices make his dishes special. > It's...
The government's got to take measures. > It's...
The fish dishes caught my attention. > It was...
(She's unhappy but) her illness didn't make her unhappy. > It wasn't...
________________________________________________________________________________

BBC FUTURE: CAN YOU BE TOO CLEAN? http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20151118-can-you-be-too-clean

manky 'mugriento' dummy -'chupete' (BrE in that **essentials =essential things

go haywire =become chaotic meaning) **eventually -a false friend!
**for this reason (formal) deliver -here 'asistir en el parto' take heart =feel encouraged
= that's why conundrum =puzzling situation slather on =apply a lot of
weed out 'erradicar' foster =encourage ....................................................

PART 1: "BLIND" CLOZE

What’s your routine? Do you shower every morning, or skip a few days? Do you change the bedsheets weekly, or only
when they get _1___________? How about your towels: New ones – like clockwork – every Saturday, or do you wait
until they are, well, just that a touch on the manky* side?
We live in an age of _2___________. Our soaps are antibacterial. Our household cleaners promise to kill 99.9% of
germs. Microbes are bad, plain and simple. But at the same time, some scientists also tell us that being too clean is also
wrong, because it might help cause asthma and allergies. So is there a balance between keeping obsessively clean and
learning to live with the bacteria all around us?
We have known since the late 19th Century – and the discoveries of German physician Robert Koch – that certain
bacteria cause specific diseases. Since then, sanitation and cleanliness have _3___________improved our health.
Yet not all microbes are bad. Yes, there are bacteria that cause unpleasant or even deadly diseases, but lots of them are
extremely useful and _4___________to our health. They make vitamins in our _5___________, coat our skin to protect
us from harmful microbes, and help us digest food. Outside of our bodies, they decompose organic waste, make half the
world's oxygen and fix nitrogen levels in the air – helping make the Earth the life-supporting planet it is. Today, many
scientists argue that people have become “too clean” for their own good.
In 1989, the British epidemiologist David Strachan was the first to suggest that the exposure to infections during
childhood would provide a good defence against allergies in later life. It’s an idea known as ‘Hygiene Hypothesis’.
An allergy is, in fact, our immune system going haywire*, by perceiving a _6___________substance as a major attack.
Our bodies, says Dorothy Matthews, biologist at Russell Sage College in Troy, New York, may overreact to beneficial
microbes, because our immune systems have forgotten how to live with them. For this reason**, we may have to
understand how microbiota – the microorganisms living on and in our body – can help us. “It is essential to pass on the
maternal microbiota – symbiotic harmless organisms in the gut, skin and elsewhere – and we need contact with the
microbial biodiversity from the environment,” says Graham Rook, an epidemiologist at University College London.

100
PART 2: CHOOSE THE RIGHT OPTION
Weeding* out pathogens
Take a baby’s dummy* that’s fallen to the floor. It’s better for the mother to suck it clean/clean it sucking
rather than provide a new sterile one, he says, because this has been shown to accelerate development of the
infant's microbiota, and reduces allergies. One could totally/arguably describe it as exposure therapy, starting
with food. “Eat a varied diet, preferably with farm produce,” says Rook. It’s also better to exercise in nature, not a
gym. And while we might think dogs are dirty, they also help most of us to increase microbial biodiversity and
reduce allergies.
In a way/Anyway, the immune system is like a farmer. It makes sure that our bodies have the microbes that
are important for our development, physiology, metabolism, even brain functions, while at the same time doing
plenty of weeding, getting rid of the microbes that contain pathogens. No wonder/You know that a lack of
diversity in our microbiota is associated with a huge range of illnesses. Having said that, there is still no convincing
proof that the lack of a specific type of microbe can cause a particular disease. “This might well come one day,”
says Rook, “but the problem is technically and statistically enormously complex.”
Others agree. “The microbiome has been linked to immunity, autism, allergy, autoimmunity, mood, and the
development of our central nervous system,” says Mary Ruebush, microbiologist and instructor at Becker
Professional Education School. And this exposure therapy begins the moment we are born – children who are
delivered* vaginally have much lower rates of allergy than those delivered with/via caesarean, possibly because
of this early exposure to the mother’s normal vaginal flora, she adds.
Our exposure to good microbes early in life can be an enormous profit/benefit to our health, explains Rook.
For instance, early exposure to microbes in our gut activates some immune cells in such a way that as we get
older, they do not over-respond to microorganisms. Rook calls these microbes our “old friends”. And we are missing
their friendship, because extreme cleanliness means that often we don’t come in contact with microbes in the same
way that our ancestors did.
This presents something of a conundrum* for people hoping to live healthily/healthier lives. How can we
avoid disease from the bad bacteria, while still fostering* the good bacteria? Rook certainly wouldn’t advocate
jumping/skipping the essentials**, such as washing your hands. Scientists consider dirty hands as one of
the most likely reasons why infections are passed between us. Getting your hands clean is not just a question of
how long you wash them, but how “well”. You have to apply soap and water, rub all surfaces of the hands
thoroughly for at least 15 seconds, then rinse under running water and then dry them, say the experts. The rubbing
with soap detaches the germs from your skin, while the rinsing takes them off the hands.
But not all of our body has to be washed so stringently. Obsessive washing “disrupts the normal flora which keep
you healthy by competing with harmful organisms”, says Ruebush. “Operating your immune system in an
environment of sterility is like sensory deprivation for the brain. Eventually**, it goes insane, hence/therefore
the increased amount of allergy and autoimmunity associated with persons who try too hard to avoid all exposure
to anything in their environment,” she says. A long shower every day may not be advisable, cos/as it removes the
“good bacteria” from our skin. But you should wash around your genitals and anywhere you sweat a lot. And you
should change your underwear every day.
(...)

PART 3: MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST - DISCARD THE WRONG OPTION(S)

Strength after sickness
Studies show the benefits. Children who grew up in an environment that was not obsessively clean have lower
rates of allergy and asthma. And certain bacteria also actively protect us from _1___________disease and even
some types of anxiety and depression.
A healthier life, it seems, can be _2___________by exposure to farm animals and harmless but vital
microorganisms in dirt, food, and water. “Microbial exposure is important for_3___________the development of
effective regulatory pathways that keep inflammation under control,” says Thom McDade, a biological
anthropologist at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois.

101
If the “hygiene hypothesis” is correct, it may explain the rapid _4___________of both asthma and allergy cases
during the past 20 years. Of course, there are other explanations too, for example public health trends such as the
_5___________use of purified water, the overuse of antibiotics, and – of course – changes in our environment
_6___________higher levels of pollution.
“It is _7___________that many factors that are part of the Western lifestyle are involved. Antibiotics will disturb the
beneficial microbes in our bodies and thereby harm the immune responses,” says Hanski. _8___________, he
adds, studies clearly show that vaccines are not harmful and play no role in the increase in allergies. On the plus
side, says Ruebush, you can take heart* in knowing that every time you get a little sick, you get a little stronger.
“The message is not one that most people want to hear: they want the quick pharmaceutical fix for the slightest bit
of discomfort. But every time you take the quick fix, you make your body a little weaker.” That’s something to
remember the next time you’re tempted to slather on* the shower gel.

GAP 1 INTESTINAL BOWEL TUMMY

GAP 2 BOOSTED ENHANCED ACHIEVE
GAP 3 ENCOURAGING PROMOTING STOPPING
GAP 4 RAISE RISE INCREASE
GAP 5 RESTRICTED DECREASED WIDESPREAD
GAP 6 LIKE AS SUCH AS
GAP 7 UNLIKELY LIKELY IMPROBABLY
GAP 8 ON THE CONTRARY IN CONTRAST THUS

Disclaimer All content within this article is provided for general information only, and should not be treated as a substitute for the medical
advice of your own doctor or any other health care professional. The BBC is not responsible or liable for any diagnosis made by a user based on
the content of this site. The BBC is not liable for the contents of any external internet sites listed, nor does it endorse any commercial product or
service mentioned or advised on any of the sites. Always consult your own GP if you're in any way concerned about your health.

These habits are more important than showering every day in terms of health and safety:
(adapted from the remainder of the article)

 WASH CHOPPING BOARDS IMMEDIATELY AFTER CHOPPING RAW FISH OR MEAT.

 IT'S BEST NOT TO SHARE HAND TOWELS AND OTHER PERSONAL CARE ITEMS.
 WASH DAMP CLOTHS AFTER EVERY USE OR AT LEAST RINSE THEM WELL IMMEDIATELY
AFTER USE AND DRY THEM.
 LAUNDRY OF TOWELS AND LINEN SHOULD BE DONE AT 60C (140F) TO BEAT THE BUGS,
OR WITH “OXYGEN-BASED BLEACHING AGENTS” IN THE WASHING POWDER IF IT’S
DONE AT LOWER TEMPERATURES. (BLEACH 'LEJÍA')
 CLOSE THE TOILET LID WHEN FLUSHING.
 CHANGE PYJAMAS AT LEAST ONCE A WEEK.

--- DISCUSS THE ADVICE ABOVE

--- HOW LONG CAN YOU GO WITHOUT SHOWERING BEFORE YOU START
TO FEEL UNCOMFORTABLE?
--- WOULD YOU DO THIS?

"MY RELATIONSHIP WITH DIRT IS ONE OF MUTUAL RESPECT." (anonymous)

102
NIGELLA LAWSON (the so-called queen of food porn) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3Gbl_Sy2iw (1:07)

I've got a lot of tiramisus _1__________________________and yes, I know it shows, but...

What I love about this_2__________________________ liqueur is that it's got an almost

_3__________________________toastiness about it.

This is instant espresso powder, a lot of it. I need 15 grams or_4__________________________

Obviously if you've got _5__________________________and it's strong, use that.

The sponge fingers for the tiramisu need to be_6__________________________in this later, but it is too
warm, so I'm going to set it aside to cool.

I'm going to give the whites a quick_7__________________________ first.

(I) Always feel very _8__________________________when there's a big bowl in front of me.

On top of those two egg _9__________________________I want 75 grams of castor sugar, so we're using
a pixie's _10__________________________. (pixie 'duende')

TEACHER'S PRESENTATION

When I was 23 I decided to try my luck in the UK. I've never been a fussy eater, and I was on
a pretty tight budget, so I was pleased to find a range of very cheap products at the local
Sainsbury's. It was called "Economy". Some of those products became my everyday
"staples":

 Sardines in tomato sauce

 Mini raspberry tarts
 Peach slices
 Baked Beans
 Wholemeal (Whole-wheat) bread
 Fruit-flavoured yogurt
 Orange juice (from concentrate)

I wasn't very health-conscious at the time. I now realize my diet was probably too high in
sugar, but life was hectic and in 3 months I lost 7 pounds, which I quickly regained when I
came back to Spain for the summer.

FOLLOW-UP QUESTION:

Have there been times in your life when your diet was less than ideal, or special in any way?

________________________________________________________________________________

103
Work in pairs. One student reads text A and the other reads text B (page 105). Then tell
each other as much as you can remember.

TEXT A - Why eating a lot of fat is worse for men than women 15 February 2017
It's generally agreed that eating too much fat is bad for you, but exactly how much damage it can
do depends on whether you are a man or a woman, writes Dr Zoe Williams.
Eating too much fat can make you put on weight and lead to heart disease - especially if you eat
too much of the wrong kind of fat, such as the omega-6 fats found in many processed foods. But
now it seems sausages, pastries and cakes are even worse for men than they are for women.
A recent study measured how the two sexes responded when they spent a week eating large
amounts of these foods and how it affected their ability to control blood sugar levels. I wanted to
test this diet myself, and in order to compare my response to that of a man I persuaded the person
behind the research, Dr Matt Cocks of Liverpool John Moores University, to join me.
Before we started, our body fat was measured and our blood sugar levels
recorded. We were given glucose monitors to wear to keep track of our
blood sugar throughout the week.
Zoe's typical day on the high fat diet
 Breakfast: Three eggs, 30g cheddar cheese, 60g chorizo, 10g butter
 Lunch: 10g butter, cheese and onion roll, pork pie, two cheese strings
 Dinner: 150g pork belly, 30g cheddar cheese, 60g coleslaw, three hash
browns*
 Snacks: Can of cola, 30g nuts COLESLAW
In order to have an impact in just one week, our diet contained about 50% more calories than we
would normally eat. A typical evening meal included a couple of sausages, some hash browns, a
few slices of bacon, and a lump* of cheese.
Twice during the week, Matt and I also drank a sugary drink to introduce sugar into our blood
stream. This mimics* what happens when we eat carbohydrates which our bodies break down into
sugars. The glucose monitors would be able to show us whether the diet was affecting our ability
to clear this sugar from our blood.
When we looked at the results we saw that, like the women in Matt's study, my ability to control
my blood sugar levels didn't get any worse on the diet. Matt, however, got 50% worse at clearing
glucose from his blood. The same trend was apparent in Matt's research, where on average men
got 14% worse at controlling their sugar levels.
"One of the first steps towards type 2 diabetes is poorer control of glucose," says Matt. "So what
we're seeing here is that I've really lowered my control of sugar, and if I continued with that for a
long time, that would probably progress to type 2 diabetes."
The diet Matt and I undertook was extreme but in the real world the same processes will be
happening to a lesser extent in people who regularly overconsume unhealthy fats.
So what can men do about it? The best advice is to eat a balanced diet but exercise can also help.
"If you have a meal and then you exercise, then you're going to start to burn that meal," says Matt.
"So say you eat a very high fat meal or a sugary meal -you can start to remove the negative effects
by going for a walk afterwards."

hash browns 'croquetas de patata'

lump -here 'pedazo'
mimic =imitate

104
TEXT B - COOKING OIL SCANDAL HURTS SPAIN ABROAD
By JAMES M. MARKHAM, Special to the New York Times Published: October 19, 1981
MADRID, Oct. 18— A scandal involving the illicit sale of toxic cooking oil, which has taken at least 160
lives and spread panic among Spanish consumers, has begun to concern nations that import Spanish canned
goods and vegetable oils.
A week ago, the European Parliament in Strasbourg, France, voted in favor of a system that would permit
the rapid withdrawal of contaminated products sold in the Common Market in light of the Spanish
situation, which has affected some 15,000 people who consumed rapeseed oil that had been intended for
industrial use. (...)
As a precautionary measure, Italy earlier this month temporarily blocked imports of Spanish olive oil and
canned goods such as fish that contain oil until health authorities had determined the toxic agent that has
produced the fatalities. The French Government is expected to follow the Italian example by banning the
import of similar products for three months beginning tomorrow.
A Blow to the Government
The spreading European rejection of Spanish food exports is seen here as another blow to the troubled
Government of Prime Minister Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo, which has been widely perceived as sluggish (=slow)
and inept in its responses to the adulteration scandal. (...)
Since then, investigators have pinpointed a handful of companies that imported denatured rapeseed oil,
which had been specifically treated with aniline to make it fit only for industrial use, and others that had
processed it at high temperatures to rid it of its chemical taste and color. It appears that either this
processing or the manner in which the oil was transported converted the aniline into a substance, anilide,
which may be a toxic agent in combination with rapeseed oil.
21 Brands Listed as Toxic
A total of 21 brands of cooking oil, which in many cases had been sold by ambulatory vendors, have so far
been listed as toxic by the Government, which believes that the bulk* of the poison oil has now been
withdrawn from the market. But only yesterday in Madrid a shop was discovered selling one of the first
brands to have been banned.
A large majority of the people attacked by the toxic syndrome come from poor and rural families in
Madrid, Castile and Leon who were tempted by the low prices of the rapeseed oil, which is heavily used in
Spanish cooking. But medical experts, including a World Health Organization team that is doing an
epidemiological study in Avila, are still baffled* by the exact mechanism of the syndrome since animal
studies with anilide have not reproduced the same disease patterns.
When the first death occurred in May, doctors and the press began calling the disease ''atypical pneumonia,''
since victims complained frequently of respiratory complications, as well as skin rashes and sores*. But it is
now evident that the poisoning generates a polio-like atrophy of muscles that, in fatal cases, ends in the
collapse of the lungs.
More than 800 people are still hospitalized, and doctors report that the small but persistent weekly death
list is composed mostly of relapses*, not new, acute cases, which suggests that not many fresh poisonings
are occurring. But no cure has been found that can reverse the syndrome and restore patients to full health,
and specialists are worried about the prospects of the 15,000 people known to have been affected, as well
as long-term genetic consequences for newborn babies.
So far, 22 businessmen and others have been arrested in the scandal.

the bulk of 'el grueso de, la mayor parte' sores 'llagas' (Remember sore as an adj: 'dolorido, irritado')
baffled =puzzled relapses 'recaídas'

FOOD-GRADE RAPESEED OIL IS SAFE AND HEART-FRIENDLY, BUT TO THIS DAY IT REMAINS ASSOCIATED
WITH THE TOXIC OIL SYNDROME AMONG SPANISH CONSUMERS. SOME FOOD COMPANIES AVOID THE
WORD "COLZA" AND USE SYNONYMS LIKE "NABINA" INSTEAD.

DO YOU REMEMBER ANY OTHER FOOD HEALTH SCARES?

105
SOME FOOD CONTAMINATION INCIDENTS
--2008 – Baby milk scandal, in China. 300,000 babies affected, 51,900 hospitalisations and 6 infant deaths. Lost
revenue compensation~$30M, bankruptcy, trade restrictions imposed by 68 countries, 60 or more arrests, executions,
prison sentences, and loss of consumer confidence. Melamine from the contaminated protein worked into the food
chain a year later.
--2012, June – A Brazilian housewife discovered a XXXXXXXXXXXX at the bottom of a can of Knorr tomato paste.
Unilever was fined £3,100 ($4,800) by the Supreme Federal Court. She was awarded £1,110 ($1,700) for moral
damages, as she and her family had consumed a meal prepared with the paste.
--2013, January – It was disclosed that horse meat contaminated beef burgers had been on sale in Britain and Ireland.
Two companies, ABP Food Group and Liffey Meats, had supplied various supermarkets with contaminated own brand
burgers from their meat factories in the U.K. and Ireland.
--2013, February – In Germany 200 farms are suspected of selling eggs as "organic" but not adhering to the conditions
required for the label.
--2013, March – A batch of 1800 almond cakes with butter cream and butterscotch from the Swedish supplier, Almondy,
on its way to the IKEA store in Shanghai were found by Chinese authorities to have too high an amount of coliform
bacteria and were subsequently destroyed. (too high an amount = an amount that is too high)
--2013, May – Halal Lamb Burgers contained samples of Pork DNA, affected schools 19 schools in Leicester, UK.
--2016, February–March – Mars Chocolates contamination incident, in which plastic found in candy bars led to a recall
affecting 55 countries.
________________________________________________________________DISCUSSION

How fussy an eater** are you? Do you have a sweet tooth? Do you have a favourite dish?
(**COMPARE: HOW GOOD A SWIMMER ARE YOU?)

Have you ever gone on a diet? Why? Is there anything you feel you need to cut back on right now?

THE 8-INGREDIENT DESERT ISLAND DIET! CREATE YOUR OWN AND COMPARE IT TO YOUR CLASSMATES'.
JUSTIFY YOUR CHOICES: YOUR TASTES, NUTRITIONAL NEEDS, ETC.
Remember: HIGH/LOW IN...
cholesterol, protein, vitamins, fibre, salt, fat, unsaturated fat, mercury, omega-3, calories, antioxidants, sugar

___________________________________________________________________________________________
What are your views on food labeling? Can you mention any examples of misleading labels?

WHO maximum intake recommendations:

25g of sugar (it includes fruit juice), 5g of salt (the NHS says 6)
Do you eat more than that?

What might get in the way of people following such recommendations? (=What impediments might there be?)
Can you name any foods which you think are healthier or less healthy than it's generally thought?

Recommendation: NUTRITION DATA: http://nutritiondata.self.com/

___________________________________________________________________________________________
Have you ever had food poisoning? What caused it? What were the symptoms? How did you treat it?
Have you ever thought about going vegetarian or vegan? (=becoming vegetarian or vegan)
Have you ever heard of flexitarianism?

A flexitarian diet is one that is plant-based with the occasional inclusion of meat, perhaps for social reasons.

106
ANNIE HALL - LOBSTER
A: Alvy, now, don't panic! Please stop it!
B: I told you it's a mistake to ever bring a live thing** in the house.
A: Stop it! Don't do that. Go for that one there.
B: Maybe we should call the police. Dial 911. It's the lobster squad. 'brigada'
A: Come on, Alvy, they're only baby ones, for God's sakes**.
B: If they're only babies, then you pick 'em up.
A: Oh all right! All right! Here! Here you go!
B: Don't give it to me! Don't! Look! One crawled behind the refrigerator. It'll turn up* in our bed at night. Will you get out
of here with that thing? Jesus! Talk to 'em. You speak "shellfish". Hey, look. Put it in the pot.
A: I can't put it in the pot! I can't put a live thing** in hot water.**
B: What do you think we're gonna do, take him to the movies?
A: Oh, good, Alvy. Oh, thank you.
B: OK. It's in. It's definitely in the pot. Annie, there's a big lobster behind the refrigerator. I can't get it out. This thing's
heavy. Maybe if I put a dish of butter sauce here with a nutcracker, it'll run out the other side...
A: I'm gonna get my camera.
B: You know, I think if I could pry* the oar up... We should have gotten** steaks, 'cause they don't have legs; they don't
run around.
A: Goddamn it! Oh, jeez! Pick this lobster up. Hold it, please.
B: You're gonna take pictures now?
A: Alvy, it'll be wonderful. Oh, lovely!
B: Oh, God! That's disgusting!
A: One more, Alvy. Please! Oh, good!

turn up =appear
**for God's sake 'por amor de Dios' (for the sake of = for the benefit of: Art for art's sake, for my own sake, for clarity's sake )
**A live /laɪv/ animal is an animal that is alive
**"In hot water" also means 'in trouble' (informal)
pry (or prize/prise) 'hacer palanca'
**"gotten" is the usual past participle of "get" in AmE when it doesn't mean possession or obligation.

--Do you remember any similarly chaotic scenes at home or at work? /keɪ'ɒtɪK/ /si:nz/
--Can you recall any funny kitchen or bathroom mishaps /'mɪs.hæps/? (=minor accidents)
--Are there any dishes or kinds of food you find gross? (/groʊs/ =disgusting -informal in this meaning)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Azzury Street 4 months ago
The problem with American dietary trends is rice and corn -- you heard it here first, folks! Triple baconater
burgers, extra cheesy cheese puffs, double battered deep fried chicken pieces, extra meaty meat supreme
pizzas, chilli dogs, hot dogs, corndogs, cream-filled donuts, cream-covered cheesecakes, cheese-stuffed
pizzas, extra butter waffles, chicken and waffles, cream and waffles, ice cream and waffles, deep fried ice
cream, deep fried chocolate, deep fried steak, deep fried bacon, bacon on fries, bacon on burgers, bacon on
toast, bacon on bacon, bacon-wrapped sausages, bacon in salad, bacon in ice cream, bacon in thick-shakes,
barbecued brisket, barbecued ribs, baby back ribs, pork ribs, fried ribs, bacon and ribs, chicken stuffed inside
turkey, bacon stuffed inside chicken, cheese stuffed inside everything, hickory smoked ham, bacon-styled
ham, ham in a can, canned spam, meatloaf, corned beef, baloney, pastrami, salami, Big Macs, Quarter
Pounders, Whoppers, Triple Cheeseburgers, Quadruple Heart-Attack SuperDuper Bacon Deluxe Meals,
deep-fried, up-sized, super-sized, hung up to dry with fries on the side, served to order for your big fat
American smiles. For** never fear, it is the corn, the wheat, the rice, the yams, the potatoes, and the fruits
that** are the real problems inherent in modern dietary trends. So eat away Americans, and don't even think
about putting that bacon strip down and picking up a banana instead: that would be a death-sentence!
** Here "for" means 'because' (formal) **Clefting: It is the corn (...) that are...

107
 Relax, You Don’t Need to ‘Eat Clean’ By AARON E. CARROLLNOV. 4, 2017
We talk about food in the negative: What we shouldn’t eat, what we’ll regret later, what’s evil,
dangerously tempting, unhealthy.
The effects are more insidious than any overindulgent amount of “bad food” can ever be. By fretting* about
food, we turn occasions for comfort and joy into _(1)__________ of fear and anxiety. And when we avoid
certain foods, we usually compensate by consuming too much of others.
All of this happens under the guise* of science. But a closer look at the research behind our food fears shows
that many of our most demonized foods are actually fine for us. Taken to extremes, of course, dietary choices
can be harmful — but that logic cuts both ways*.
_(2)__________salt. It’s true that, if people with high blood pressure consume a lot of salt, it can lead to
cardiovascular events like heart attacks. It’s also true that salt is _(3)__________in processed foods. But the
average American consumes just over three grams of sodium per day, which is actually in the sweet spot* for
health. Eating too little salt may be just as dangerous as eating too much. This is _(4)__________true for the
majority of people who don’t have high blood pressure. Regardless, experts continue to push for* lower
recommendations.
Many of the doctors and nutritionists who recommend avoiding certain foods fail to properly explain the
magnitude of their risks. In some studies, processed red meat in large amounts is associated with an increased
relative risk of developing cancer. The absolute risk, _(5)__________, is often quite small. If I ate an extra
serving of bacon a day, every day, my lifetime risk of colon cancer would go up less than one-half of 1 percent.
Even then, it’s debatable.
_(6)__________, we’ve become more and more susceptible to arguments that we must avoid certain foods
completely. When one panic-du-jour* wanes*, we find another focus for our fears. We demonized fats.
Then cholesterol. Then meat.
For some people in recent years, gluten has become the enemy, even _(7)__________wheat accounts for
about 20 percent of the calories consumed worldwide, more than pretty much** any other food. Fewer than 1
percent of people in the United States have a wheat allergy, and fewer than 1 percent have celiac /'si:liæk/
disease, an autoimmune disorder that requires sufferers to abstain from gluten. Gluten sensitivity (the catchall*
disorder that _(8)__________many Americans to abstain from gluten) is not well defined, and most people
who self-diagnose don’t meet the criteria.
Nonetheless, at least one in five Americans regularly chooses gluten-free foods, according to a 2015
poll. Sales of products with gluten-free labels _(9)__________to $23 billion worldwide in 2014, up from $11.5
billion worldwide in 2010.
Gluten-free diets can lead to deficiencies in nutrients such as vitamin B, folate and iron. Compared with regular
bagels, gluten-free ones can have a quarter more calories, two and a half times the fat, half the fiber and twice
the sugar. They also cost more.
The hullabaloo* over gluten echoes /ékoʊz/ the _(10)__________over MSG that began roughly half a century
ago, and which has yet to fully subside*. MSG, or monosodium glutamate, is nothing more than a single
sodium atom added to glutamic acid — an amino acid that is a key part of the mechanism by which our cells
create energy. Without it, all oxygen-dependent life as we know it would die.
A 1968 letter in The New England Journal of Medicine started the frenzy*; the writer reported feeling
_(11)__________, weakness and palpitations after eating at a Chinese restaurant. A few limited studies
followed, along with a spate* of news articles. Before long, nutrition experts and consumer advocates* such as
Ralph Nader were calling for MSG to be banned. The Food and Drug Administration never had to step in; food

108
companies saw the writing on the wall*, and dropped MSG voluntarily.
Many people still _(12)__________believe that MSG is poison. We certainly don’t need MSG in our diet, but
we also don’t need to waste effort avoiding it. Our aversion to it shows how susceptible we are to
misinterpreting scientific research and how slow we are to update our thinking when better research becomes
available. There’s no evidence that people suffer disproportionately from the afflictions — now ranging from
headaches to asthma — that MSG-averse cultures commonly associate with this ingredient. In studies all over
the world, the case against MSG just doesn’t hold up*.
Too often, we fail to think critically about scientific evidence. Genetically modified organisms are perhaps the
best example of this. G.M.O.s are, _(13)__________, one of our best bets for feeding the planet’s growing
population. When a 2015 Pew poll asked Americans whether they thought it was generally safe or unsafe to
eat modified foods, almost 60 percent said it was unsafe. The same poll asked scientists from the American
Association for the Advancement of Science the same question. Only 11 percent of them thought G.M.O.s
were unsafe.
Most Americans, at least according to this poll, don’t seem to _(14)__________what scientists think. In fact,
Americans disagree with scientists on this issue more than just about any other, including a host of contentious
topics such as vaccines, evolution and even global warming.
If people want to avoid foods, even if there’s no reason to, is that really a problem? The answer is: yes.
Because it makes food scary. And being afraid of food with no real reason is unscientific — part of the
dangerous trend of anti-intellectualism that we confront in many places today.
Food should be a cause for pleasure, not panic. For most people, it’s entirely possible to eat more healthfully
without living in terror or struggling to avoid certain foods altogether. If there’s one thing you should cut from
your diet, it’s fear. (The New York Times)

fret =worry catchall 'que vale para todo'

under the guise =bajo el disfraz, con el pretexto hullabaloo 'revuelo'
it cuts both ways =it has both good and bad aspects subside 'apagarse'
sweet spot 'punto óptimo' frenzy =hysteria
push for 'presionar para que haya' a spate 'avalancha (fig.)'
-du-jour (French) 'en boga, de moda' advocates 'defensores'
wane 'declinar' the writing on the wall =warning sign (fig.)
**pretty much (quite informal) =practically it doesn’t hold up 'no se sostiene'

GAP 1 sources fountains disorders

GAP 2 consider as for not
GAP 3 abused overused absent
GAP 4 specially hardly especially
GAP 5 mind you however folks
GAP 6 strangely enough but nevertheless
GAP 7 if so though
GAP 8 cause leads carried
GAP 9 rose daisy fell
GAP 10 mayhem panic excitement
GAP 11 down numbness boredom
GAP 12 can't wrongly rightly
GAP 13 in paper in theory I reckon
GAP 14 mind care matter

109
TED - SUZANA HERCULANO Listen and fill in the gaps.
(...) 10'38'' How did we get here, then? Well, if our brain costs just as much energy as it should, and if we can't
spend every waking hour of the day feeding, then the only alternative, really, is to _1_____________ get more
energy out of the same foods. And remarkably, that matches exactly what our ancestors are believed to have
invented one and a half million years ago, when they invented cooking. To cook is to use fire to pre-digest foods
outside of your body. Cooked foods are softer, so they're easier to _2_____________ and to turn completely into
mush* in your mouth, so that allows them to be completely digested and absorbed in your gut, which makes them
yield* much more energy in much less time. So cooking frees time for us to do much more interesting things with
our day and with our _3_____________ than just thinking about food, looking for food, and gobbling down* food all
day long.
So because of cooking, what once was a major liability, this large, dangerously expensive brain with a lot of
neurons, could now become a major _4_____________, now that we could both afford the energy for a lot of
neurons and the time to do interesting things with them. So I think this explains why the human brain grew to
become so large so fast in evolution, all of the while* remaining just a primate brain. With this large brain now
_5_____________ by cooking, we went rapidly from raw foods to culture, agriculture, civilization,
_6_____________ stores, electricity, refrigerators, all of those things that nowadays allow us to get all the energy
we need for the whole day in a single sitting at your favorite fast food joint. So what once was a solution now
became the problem, and ironically, we look for the solution in raw food.
So what is the human advantage? What is it that we have that no other animal has? My answer is that we have the
largest number of neurons in the cerebral cortex, and I think that's the simplest explanation for our
_7_____________ cognitive abilities. And what is it that we do that no other animal does, and which I believe was
fundamental to allow us to reach that large, largest number of neurons in the cortex? In two words, we cook. No
other animal cooks its food. Only humans do. And I think that's how we got to become human.
Studying the human brain changed the way I think about food. I now look at my kitchen, and I _8_____________ to
it, and I thank my ancestors for coming up with the invention that probably made us humans. Thank you very
much. (Applause)
mush 'papilla' - yield (here: 'producir') - gobbling down 'engullir' - all of the while =at the same time
________________________________________________________________________________
The Tanganyika laughter epidemic of 1962 was an outbreak of mass hysteria – or mass
psychogenic illness (MPI) – rumored to have occurred in or near the village of Kashasha on the western
coast of Lake Victoria in the modern nation of Tanzania (formerly Tanganyika) near the border of Uganda.
The laughter epidemic began on January 30, 1962, at a mission-run boarding school for girls in Kashasha.
The laughter started with three girls and spread haphazardly (=randomly) throughout the school, affecting
95 of the 159 pupils, aged 12–18. Symptoms lasted from a few hours to 16 days in those affected. The
teaching staff were not affected but reported that students were unable to concentrate on their lessons.
The school was forced to close down on March 18, 1962.
After the school was closed and the students were sent home, the epidemic spread to Nshamba, a village
that was home to several of the girls. In April and May, 217 people had laughing attacks in the village, most
of them being school children and young adults. The Kashasha school was reopened on May 21, only to be
closed again at the end of June. In June, the laughing epidemic spread to Ramashenye girls’ middle school,
near Bukoba, affecting 48 girls.
The school from which the epidemic sprang** was sued; the children and parents transmitted it to the
surrounding area. Other schools, Kashasha itself, and another village, comprising thousands of people,
were all affected to some degree. Six to eighteen months after it started, the phenomenon died off. The
following symptoms were reported on an equally massive scale as the reports of the laughter itself: pain,
fainting, flatulence, respiratory problems, rashes, attacks of crying, and random screaming. In total 14
schools were shut down and 1000 people were affected. ** spring - sprang - sprung

DO YOU REMEMBER ANY UNCONTROLLABLE LAUGHTER EPISODES?

110
SCENE: AS GOOD AS IT GETS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LrtpRNsdfYs
A: You want to dance?
B: I've been thinking about that since you brought it up before.
A: And?
B: No. I don't get this place. They make me buy a new outfit and let you in in a housedress. I don't get it.
(A prepares to leave)
What? Wait. No, wait. Why? Where are you going? No, why? I didn't mean it that way. I mean, you've got to sit down. You
can still give me the dirty look, just sit down and give it to me.
A: Pay me a compliment, Melvin. I need one. Quick. You have no idea how much what you just said hurt my feelings.
B: The minute someone gets that they need you, they threaten to walk out.
A: A compliment is something nice about somebody else. Now or never.
B: Okay.
A: And mean it.
B: Can we order first?
A: Okay.
B: Two hard-shell crab dinners! Pitcher of ice-cold beer! Baked or fries? (A: Fries.) Fries. One baked, one fried! Okay. Now... I
got a real great compliment for you, and it's true.
A: I'm so afraid you're about to say something awful.
B: Don't be pessimistic. It's not your style. Okay. Here I go. Clearly a mistake. I've got this what... ailment ('dolencia'). My
doctor, a shrink that I used to go to all the time, he says that in 50 or 60 percent of the cases, a pill really helps. I hate pills.
Very dangerous thing, pills. Hate. I'm using the word "hate" here about pills. Hate. My compliment is, that night when you
came over and told me that you would never...
A: (uncomfortable) Uh...
B: All right, well, you were there. You know what you said. My compliment to you is, the next morning I started taking the pills.
A: I don't quite get how that's a compliment for me.
B: You make me want to be a better man.
A: That's maybe the best compliment of my life.
B: Well, maybe I overshot* a little, because I was aiming at just enough to keep you from walking out. (*overshoot 'pasarse')

STEPHEN FRY ON MENTAL HEALTH https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TopruGzX4U

Q: You've been very outspoken and helped many people deal with their own inner issues and that sort of thing by sort of
dancing with your demons in public and talking about the very meaningful and very potent moments in your life. What has
been the biggest challenge in terms of connecting with your audience and going about that? (=approaching that)

1. What is the most likely cause of death for people under 35 in the UK?
2. What takes enormous care, understanding and coping from friends, family and lovers?
3. What's Fry's condition?
4. What other mental disorder that is on a spectrum does he mention?
5. Why did he go to his psychiatrist today?
6. What was the bad news? (NB: "news" is uncount.)
7. What is the "mixed state" characterized by?
8. What are some of the side effects of the new medication?
9. Why can he be open about his condition?
10. What is the illness the public has?
11. What concept didn't exist in people's heads when Fry was at school? SEE PAGE 223

111
How Alcohol and Caffeine Helped Create Civilization By Chelsea Follett March 02, 2017
No two drugs have arguably defined human civilization the way alcohol and caffeine have. Nature created
both to kill creatures much smaller than us — plants evolved caffeine to poison insect predators, and
yeasts produce ethanol to destroy competing microbes.

On the other hand, research suggests that alcohol may have helped create civilization itself. Alcohol
consumption could have given** early homo sapiens a survival edge. Before we could properly purify
water or prepare food, the risk of ingesting hazardous microbes was so great that the antiseptic qualities of
alcohol made it safer to consume than non-alcoholic alternatives — despite alcohol’s own risks.

At first, humans obtained alcohol from wild plants. Palm wine, still popular in parts of Africa and Asia
today, may have originated** in 16,000 BC. A Chilean alcoholic drink made from wild potatoes may date
to 13,000 BC.

“The domestication of plants [was] driven by the desire to have greater quantities of alcoholic beverages,”
claims archeologist Patrick McGovern. It used to be thought that humanity domesticated wheat for bread,
and beer was a byproduct*. Today, some researchers, like McGovern, think it might be the other way
around. (*byproduct 'resultado adicional')

Before the Enlightenment, Europeans drank alcohol throughout the day. Then, through trade with the Arab
world, a transformation occurred: coffee, rich with caffeine, a stimulant, swept across the continent and
replaced alcohol, a depressant.

After the Boston Tea Party, many Americans opted for coffee over tea, raising their caffeine
intake. Thomas Jefferson called coffee, “the favorite drink of the civilized world.” Even today, Americans
consume three times more coffee than tea. In the words of historian Mark Pendergrast, “The French
Revolution and the American Revolution were planned in coffeehouses.”

Today, despite population growth, fewer people live in poverty than ever before. People live longer lives,
are better educated, and many more enjoy the blessings of liberal democracy than was the case decades
ago.

A version of this first appeared in USA Today.

112
1 Alcohol has been with us since the early days, but caffeine use is more recent. Chinese consumption of
caffeinated tea dates back to at least 3,000 BC. But the discovery of coffee, with its generally far stronger
caffeine content, seems to have occurred in 15th century Yemen.

2 Even our primate ancestors may have consumed** ethanol in decomposing fruit. Robert Dudley, who
created the “drunken monkey” hypothesis, believes that modern alcohol abuse “arises from* a mismatch
between prehistoric and contemporary environments.” (*arises from =results from )

3 As writer Tom Standage put it,

“The impact of the introduction of coffee into Europe during the seventeenth century was particularly
noticeable since the most common beverages of the time, even at breakfast, were weak ‘small beer’ and
wine. Both were far safer than water, which was liable to be contaminated … Coffee … provided a new and
safe alternative to alcoholic drinks. Those who drank coffee instead of alcohol began the day alert and
stimulated, rather than relaxed and mildly inebriated, and the quality and quantity of their work improved
… Western Europe began to emerge from an alcoholic haze that had lasted for centuries.” 'niebla/confusión'
Coffeehouses quickly became important social hubs (=centres), where patrons (=customers) debated
politics and philosophy. Adam Smith, the father of economics, frequented a coffeehouse called Cockspur
Street and another called the Turk’s Head, while working on The Wealth of Nations.

4 Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive drug worldwide. Alcohol gave civilization its start,
and it certainly helped the species drown its sorrows during the grinding poverty of much of human
history. But it was caffeine that gave us the Enlightenment and helped us achieve prosperity.

5 The Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution saw an explosion of innovation and new ideas. Living
standards skyrocketed. New forms of government arose. More recently, globalization took the classical
liberal ideal of peaceful exchange to new heights and reduced worldwide inequality.

6 True to its toxic origins, alcohol kills 3.3 million people each year, causing 5.9% of all deaths and 25% of
deaths among people aged 20 to 39. Alcohol also causes liver disease, many cancers, and other devastating
health and social problems.

7 Researchers now believe the desire for a stable supply of alcohol could have motivated** the
beginnings of agriculture and non-nomadic civilization. Residue on pottery at an archeological site in Jiahu,
China, strongly suggests that humanity has drunk rice wine since at least 7,000 BC. Rice was domesticated
in 8,000 BC, but the people of Jiahu made the transition to farming later, around the time we know that
they drank rice wine.

**NOTICE THE USE OF COULD/MIGHT/MAY HAVE + PAST PPLE. FOR SPECULATING ABOUT PAST EVENTS

Turn over the page for the key and then you can read the following suggested explanations:
- It ties in with the idea of toxicity mentioned in the 1st paragraph. The 3rd paragraph "on the other hand" introduces the positive side of
alcohol.
- "even our primate ancestors" (The idea of early humans consuming alcohol must precede that for the sequence of ideas to make sense.)
- The following paragraph ("the domestication of plants"...) elaborates on the idea that desire for alcohol may have motivated agriculture.
- It introduces caffeine. It logically has to precede "Before the Enlightenment..."
- It expands on the previous paragraph.
- It advances the chronology and ties in with the penultimate paragraph (inequality - poverty).
- It summarizes the text.

113
 KEY:

ALCOHOL AND OTHER RECREATIONAL DRUGS

In English there is an incredibly large number of words that mean 'drunk' or 'on drugs'. Here are a few:
--intoxicated, inebriated (both FORMAL)
--under the influence (of...)
She was charged with DUI/DWI" (driving under the influence/driving while intoxicated)
--hammered, blitzed (VERY INFORMAL) 'completely drunk'
--wasted (INFORMAL) 'under the influence of drugs/alcohol'
--high (on...), stoned (both INFORMAL) 'under the influence of drugs' ("stoned" is used for drugs that relax you)

OTHER USEFUL WORDS

long-term effects, a health hazard 'un peligro/riesgo para la salud', harm (verb/noun), harmful,
alcoholic, booze (infomal, uncount.) =alcohol, hangover 'resaca', hungover 'resacos@',
dependence, addicted to, hooked on (informal), abuse drugs (verb), drug abuse (noun), withdrawal
(symptoms) 'síndrome de abstinencia', go cold turkey (=stop without cutting down gradually), the
DT's (=delirium tremens), drug rehabilitation (informal: rehab), binge drinking 'a lot of drinking in
a short period of time', go on a binge, overdose (also OD) (both noun and verb).................................

JAMES HETFIELD ON THE JOE ROGAN EXPERIENCE (1'28''): HOW HARD WAS IT FOR YOU TO GET SOBER?
What was the biggest motivation?

What was his wife right to do?

Where did he go to "sort this shit out"? (sort out 'solucionar')

What did they do to him there?

How was he after coming out of the aftercare places? What was his attitude?

What "frigging saved my life"? ("frigging" is an <offensive> intensifier, not quite as strong as "fucking".)

What's he very grateful for?

What doesn't he need to do to his kids?

What did he think booze was helping him with? GO TO 222 FOR TRANSCRIPT

________________________________________
Do you know any other celebrities that are/were heavy drinkers/substance abusers? Discuss the effects on
their health, cognitive abilities, performance, creativity, behaviour, attitude...

114
PITT ON DRUGS* (From GQ Style: https://www.gq.com/story/brad-pitt-gq-style-cover-story)

In this interview excerpt, Brad Pitt talks about his struggle with addiction and describes his addictive patterns.
Read it individually and then act it out in pairs. Have you detected similar patterns in anyone you know?

People call it a midlife crisis, but this isn't the same—

No, this isn't that. I interpret a midlife crisis as a fear of growing old and fear of dying,
you know, going out and buying a Lamborghini. [pause] Actually—they've been looking
pretty good to me lately! [laughs]
There might be a few Lamborghinis in your future!
“I do have a Ford GT,” he says quietly. [laughs] I do remember a few spots along the road
where I've become absolutely tired of myself. And this is a big one. These moments have
always been a huge generator for change. And I'm quite grateful for it. But me,
personally, I can't remember a day since I got out of college when I wasn't boozing or had
a spliff ('porro'), or something. Something. And you realize that a lot of it is, um—
cigarettes, you know, pacifiers ('chupetes'). And I'm running from feelings. I'm really, really
happy to be done with all of that. I mean I stopped everything except boozing when I
started my family. But even this last year, you know—things I wasn't dealing with. I was
boozing too much. It's just become a problem. And I'm really happy it's been** half a
year now, which is bittersweet, but I've got my feelings in my fingertips again. I think
that's part of the human challenge: You either deny them all of your life or you answer
them and evolve.
________________________________________
Was it hard to stop smoking pot?
No. Back in my stoner days (stoner 'porrero'), I wanted to smoke a joint (=spliff) with Jack
and Snoop (Dogg) and Willie (Nelson). You know, when you're a stoner, you get these really
stupid ideas. Well, I don't want to indict (=accuse) the others, but I haven't made it to
Willie yet. ('aún no he llegado a Willie')
I'm sure he's out there on a bus somewhere waiting for you. How about alcohol—you don't
miss it?
I mean, we have a winery. I enjoy wine very, very much, but I just ran it into the ground
(=overdid it). I had to step away for a minute. And truthfully I could drink a Russian under
the table with his own vodka (drink more than them). I was a professional. I was good.
So how do you just drop it like that?
You don't want to live that way anymore.
What do you replace it with?
Cranberry juice and fizzy water. I've got the cleanest urinary tract in all of L.A., I
guarantee you! But the terrible thing is I tend to run things into the ground. (...)
Do you think that's a thing?
I do it with everything, yeah. I exhaust it, and then I walk away. I've always looked at
things in seasons, compartmentalized them, I guess, seasons or semesters or...
_______________________________________________________________________________________
*a pun: 'Pitt puesto' or 'Pitt (habla) sobre las drogas'

**Notice the use of "It's been..." for elapsed time: 'Ha(n) pasado...' (Remember: It's been a long time. 'Ha
pasado mucho tiempo.' '¡Cuánto tiempo!')

115
 "WINSTON TASTES GOOD LIKE A CIGARRET SHOULD"

Discuss drug policy:

8 years on, some people have changed their initial opposition to the indoor smoking ban. Comment on that.
Marihuana for medical purposes -should it be legalized?
Should any other illegal drugs be legalized?
Botellón: economic issues, public health, cultural expression, public order
Would any of the following have any effect in reducing binge drinking? http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16466646

1. Subtly making drinks weaker 6. Banning alcohol marketing

2. Enforcing a minimum price for alcohol 7. Targeting middle-class professionals
3. Getting people back into pubs 8. Not drinking a lot in front of the children
4. Raising the legal drinking age 9. Stop exaggerating the problem: If people think everyone
5. Nationalizing the sale of alcohol else is doing it, they might say 'Why shouldn't I?'
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The stain of doping on athletics
A large number of still unbroken records, particularly in women's events, shows the impact of the last
doping dark age before out-of-competition testing was introduced in 1989. (Source: Financial Times)

116
________________________________________________Some facts about health care in the US:
 There is no universal public health system.
 In 2000 the country spent almost three times as much as Spain. More than half was private spending, in contrast to
less than a third in Spain.
 Its health system was ranked 31st by the WHO in 2000. Spain's was 7th. (WHO rankings are not universally
accepted.)
 There are two government-sponsored plans: Medicare (for senior citizens) and Medicare (for poor people).
 The Affordable Care Act, also called Obamacare, managed to nearly halve the number of uninsured people in 6
years: from 16% of the population to 8.7%.

From Wikipedia: The Affordable Care Act was intended to increase health insurance quality and affordability, lower
the uninsured rate by expanding insurance coverage and reduce the costs of healthcare. It introduced mechanisms
including mandates, subsidies and insurance exchanges. The law requires insurance companies to accept all
applicants, cover a specific list of conditions and charge the same rates regardless of pre-existing conditions or sex.
 Obamacare mandates that everyone above a certain tax threshold ('umbral') buy private health insurance, which is
the most controversial aspect of the law.
 President Trump announced plans to repeal ('derogar') Obamacare, but has so far been unable to. There has been
speculation that some Trump voters might lose their health insurance if Obamacare were to be repealed.
 Some right-wing libertarians think that health care should not be considered a universal human right.
 Some people on the left think that private health insurance companies shouldn't exist.
 Life expectancy is 3 years lower than in Spain.
 The US leads the world in medical research.
 It has the best survival rates for some kinds of cancer.

CONVERSATION TASK (6-7 MINUTES) - HEALTH CHALLENGES_________________________________

1 - WAYS OF IMPROVING THE GENERAL HEALTH OF THE POPULATION
(EDUCATION, FOOD, DRUG POLICY, ETC.)
2 - SPAIN'S HEALTHCARE:
-MAINTAINING OR IMPROVING QUALITY
-MAKING IT MORE SUSTAINABLE AND EFFICIENT
3 - EXCHANGE PERSONAL EXPERIENCES.

USEFUL VOCABULARY: abolish, what/who should be covered, coverage, health tourism, plastic surgery,
dental care, alternative therapies, preventive medicine, prevention, public policies, regulations, campaigns to
raise awareness, drug/pharmaceutical companies, "Big Pharma", emergency departments, GP or family
doctor, the doctor's surgery/office, waiting lists, inequality, an aging population, publicly funded, privately
funded, funding ('fondos, financiación'), insurance companies, competition, co-payment, generic drugs,
community/primary health centres, working conditions, abuse 'abusar de', self-medication, overprescription,
antibiotic resistance, mental health, mental disorder, psychoactive drugs, tranquilizers, antidepressants

WRITING TASK_______________________________________________________________________
Write a magazine article in 250-300 words. Choose A or B, or write both:
A: Write about eating habits and health for a lifestyle magazine. Invent a title.
B: Write about your food experiences for a travel magazine. Invent a title.
____________________________________________________
PRESENTATION/WHOLE CLASS DISCUSSION: LIFE EXPECTANCY ACROSS EUROPE

117
HEALTH CHALLENGES (BBC FUTURE: http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170331-50-grand-challenges-for-the-21st-century)

1 Tim Jinks, Head of Drug Resistant Infections at Wellcome Trust

Modern medicine depends on doctors having effective drugs to treat infections. But many common infections are
becoming more difficult to treat because bacteria are becoming resistant to the drugs available. Drug-resistant infection
– or antimicrobial resistance – is a very serious health threat to us all. Already it results in around 700,000 deaths a year
globally. Within a generation it could be 10 million; it could mean we can no longer safely carry out not only complex,
life-saving treatments such as chemotherapy and organ transplants but also more routine operations like caesareans
and hip replacements. More needs to be done to improve our ability to diagnose, treat and prevent drug resistant
infections and to speed up development of new antibiotics to replace those no longer effective in protecting us against
deadly infections.
2 Anit Mukherjee, policy fellow at the Center for Global Development
Technological innovation is progressing rapidly not only in the digital sphere but also in areas such as health, education,
nutrition, food safety and life-saving/enhancing drugs. However, the gains of these new technologies are being captured
by a minority of the population both domestically and internationally. While the digital divide has received more attention
(and is being bridged significantly), inequality is manifesting in other sectors that ultimately affect peoples’ well being.
One outcome is human migration which is not only political but also economic and social. The other is the more frequent
outbreaks of diseases, epidemics and pandemics such as ebola, MARS and Zika. In a world where there is a sentiment
against movement of goods and people, how can developing societies adapt to increasing inequalities and build
systems of governance to ensure human security?
3 Elizabeth Bradley, Professor of Grand Strategy, Head of Branford College, Professor of Public Health and Faculty Director of
the Yale Global Health Leadership Institute
The tremendous impact that social, environmental and behavior factors have on our health overall. Recent research has
shown that a country’s ratio of health to social service spending is predictive of some key health outcomes, like life
expectancy, infant mortality, and maternal mortality. Genetics and health care play a role, but social, environmental, and
behavioral factors have far greater impact on the whole health of a population. Some examples of social service
investments include job training, supportive housing, and nutritional support – all of which have traditionally had an
underestimated focus of attention. Health and social services should be better integrated toward the achievement of
common metrics, like lower rates of smoking, obesity, and depression. More research is needed, to measure the health
care cost savings of early childhood education or income support programs, and to identify the most sustainable
integrated models. Meaningful change in our world’s health may come less from investing in medical care than in
addressing (=dealing with) the social determinants of health.
____________________________________________________
GO OVER THIS LIST AND CROSS OUT THE WORDS YOU ALREADY KNOW:
bug (informal) (='virus' /'vaɪrəs/) pull a muscle 'tener una contractura'
cough and sneeze /kɒf/ indigestion -I had indigestion from eating..
have a runny nose sprain -I sprained my ankle.
have a fever/a temperature /'fi:və//'temprɪtʃə/ dislocate a bone
itch 'picor, picar' scratch 'rascar' choke 'atragantarse'
feel sick (=want to vomit) dizzy 'mareada'
injury 'lesión' /'ɪnʤəri/ faint 'desmayarse'
have a sore throat/feet/eyes 'dolorido, irritado' stitches 'puntos'
swell (swelled, swollen) 'hincharse' (prescription) drugs
ache /eik/ stomach ache, backache, headache, antiseptics, antibiotics, painkillers
toothache cure (noun and verb)
wisdom teeth 'muelas del juicio' heal 'cicatrizar, sanar' The cut heals.
hurt 'doler (puntualmente)' My leg hurts. rest 'descansar, descanso'
pain (be in pain) (have pain in...) diagnose (v.), diagnosis (n.)
cramps 'calambres' recover/get better
menstrual cramps treatment
chronic take pills/ tablets
walk with a limp 'cojear' tests (blood tests, urine tests...)

Think back to a few minor health problems and compare them in pairs/groups.

118
UNIT SIX: LIFESTYLE (English Vocabulary in Use: 16, 17, 18, 19 -2nd ed 15, 16, 17, 18)

1. /ˌθerəˈpjuːtɪk/ 5. /ˈklɪŋi/ 9. /ˈkʌmftəbl/ 13. /ˈfɜːnɪʃt/

2. /kʌlʧə vʌlʧə/ 6. /smɑːt kæʒuəl/ 10. /ˈhektɪk/ 14. /liːs/
3. /ʧɔːz/ 7. /meɪd tə ˈmeʒə/ 11. /kiːn/ 15. /ˈsoʊʃəlaɪz/
4. /ˈkliːvɪʤ/ 8. /sliːv/ 12. /ˈgɑːmənt/ 16. /ˈnetwɜːkɪŋ/

WORDS THAT CAN WAIT:

UNIT 16: DABBLER (BUT LEARN "DABBLE IN")
UNIT 17: SCANTY, GLAMMED, DONE UP TO THE NINES, THE HEIGHT OF FASHION, TREND-SETTER,
BE HAND IN GLOVE, ON A SHOESTRING, PUT SOMEONE IN A STRAITJACKET
UNIT 18: GRANNY FLAT, HIT HOME, NOTHING TO WRITE HOME ABOUT, LEAD A SHELTERED LIFE,
TAKE YOUR LIFE IN YOUR HANDS
UNIT 19: A DO, HOBNOB, KNOCK AROUND WITH, OUTSTAY YOUR WELCOME, CLIQUEY, BE AN ITEM

therapeutic, culture vulture, chores, cleavage, clingy, smart-casual, made-to-measure, sleeve,

comfortable, hectic, keen, garment, furnished, lease, socialize, networking

English Vocabulary in Use - BACK OF THE BOOK

59 (2nd ed 58) extensive, spacious, roomy, wide open spaces, scattered,
cramped, congested, compact, bustling, labyrinth, boundary, squeeze in, stuff in
60 (2nd ed 59) in a sec, since the year dot, in the nick of time, inexorable,
incipient, linger, simultaneous, duration, prolong, at short notice, repeatedly
73 (2nd ed 72) fed up with, sick of, I've had enough of, it's not on, enough is
enough, I wish you would(n't), I wish to..., unsatisfactory, this is shameful, grumble
__________________________________________________________GARMENT CONFUSION

Spanish AmE BrE

pantalones pants ( "trousers" is less common) trousers
(but "hot pants")
bragas panties knickers
underpants (also for men) pants (also for men)
("panties" is less common)
ropa interior underwear
jersey sweater, pullover (a kind of sweater) jumper, sweater, pullover, jersey
pichi jumper pinafore dress
chaleco vest waistcoat
camiseta (interior) undershirt vest
bañador swimming costume bathing suit
swimsuit (f) - swimming trunks (m)
tirantes suspenders braces
liguero garter belt suspenders
mono (de trabajo) coveralls overalls
peto overalls dungarees
riñonera fanny pack bum bag
fiesta de disfraces costume party fancy dress party

119
Highlighting a part of a sentence
I hate the high ceiling. (spoken emphasis)
What I hate is the high ceiling. / The high ceiling is what I hate. (pseudo-clefting)
It's the high ceiling (that) I hate. (clefting)
(The high ceiling , I hate) (fronting)

1. No sabía que eras tan aficionada a la lectura. ("una lectora tan entusiasta")
2. No me importa/molesta tener que cortar el césped; lo que no gusta es arrancar las malas hierbas.
3. Va siendo hora de que les digamos cuatro verdades.
4. En esa época hacía mis pinitos pintando.
5. ¿Hasta qué punto eres adicto a las compras?
6. Estuve viviendo en aquel edificio alto una temporada.
7. -La he visto hace nada. (Acabo de verla) -¿Ah sí? Pues es la tercera vez que me da plantón.
8. ¿Qué tal los van preparativos del banquete de boda? -De momento todo bien.
9. Estuvimos hablando y después me fui a mi cuchitril.
10. ¿Has visto el conjunto de Eli? No es atuendo adecuado para la oficina.
(Eli y vosotros estáis en la oficina.)
11. ¿No te fijaste en que llevaba un reloj de bolsillo? (en la fiesta de anoche)
12. -Creo que la vida social de Jake es inexistente. -¡Al contrario! Es un juerguista.
13. Lo que valoro más son estos objetos heredados.
14. El que me repugna es él. (use "aversion")
15. (ya en casa) Hoy ha sido un día frenético en el trabajo. ¿Vemos una peli?
16. Me estoy impacientando porque aún no han elegido los tejidos ni los accesorios.
17. No es una actividad lucrativa, y tampoco es gratificante.
18. Ni ella ni su hermana fueron a la fiesta de disfraces.
19. Esta mañana han llegado los monos de trabajo y los cascos de seguridad.
20. ¿Qué has dicho? No te he oído.
1. I didn't know you were such a keen reader. (such a book lover)
2. I don't mind mowing (or: having to mow) the lawn; what I don't like is (the) weeding. ("to weed" means to pull
out weeds) ALSO: it's the weeding that I don't like. [clefting]
3. It's (high) time we told them a few home truths. (It's time [for us] to tell them a few home truths.)
4. At that time I dabbled in painting. (At that time I used to dabble in painting)
5. How much of a shopaholic are you? (To what extent are you a shopaholic?)
6. I lived in that high-rise (building) for a while.
7. 'I saw her just now. (I've just seen her.)' 'Oh yeah?/Really? Well this is the third time she's stood me up.'
8. 'How are the wedding reception preparations coming along?' 'So far so good.'
9. We talked for a while and then I went/headed (off) to my hovel.
10. Have you seen Eli's outfit? It's/That's not the proper/right attire for the office. (It's not appropriate/suitable attire)
11. Didn't you notice (that) he was wearing a pocket watch?
12. 'I think Jake's social life is non-existent.' 'On the contrary! He's a party animal.'
13. What I value the most are these heirlooms. /'eəlu:mz/ ALSO: It's these heirlooms that I value the most.
14. The one (that) I have an aversion to is him. / It's him (that) I have an aversion to. / He's the one (that/who) I
have an aversion to. / I have an aversion to him.
15. Today was a hectic day at work. Do you want to watch a movie? (Shall we watch a movie?)
16. I'm getting impatient because they still haven't chosen the fabrics or the accessories.
17. It's not a lucrative activity, and it's not rewarding either. (nor is it rewarding.)
18. Neither she nor her sister went to the fancy dress party.
19. The overalls (AmE: coveralls) and the safety helmets arrived this morning.
20. What did you say? I didn't hear you.

120
DISCUSSION________________________________________________________________
-What is the most rewarding aspect of your current job (or any past jobs)?

-Write down three facts, situations, or activities that you find reassuring ('tranquilizador,
reconfortante'), relaxing/calming/soothing or therapeutic. Then compare them to your classmates'.

1 2 3
2

-What's a time-consuming activity you wish you didn't have to do?

-How much of a culture vulture are you? ('interested in anything cultural')

-How much of a couch potato are you?

-Mention an activity that you dabble in or have dabbled in.

(If you dabble in an activity, you're not very serious about it.) ('hacer tus pinitos')

-Mention an activity you went off. (=lost interest in) Why did you stop liking it?

-Are you hooked on something right now? (="addicted" to)

-Are there any household chores you don't mind doing?

-Do you have a hectic social life? -If so, do you wish it was less hectic?

_______________________________________________________________________________________
-What garments are invaluable /ɪnˈvæljəbl/ to you? ("Garment" is a formal word that means 'piece of clothing.')

-Are you fond of accessories /əkˈsesəriz/? (jewellery, shoes, hats, cufflinks 'gemelos'...)

-Have you got any tailor-made clothes? (=made-to-measure)

-Do you have an aversion to any of the following fabrics?

wool, velvet, suede /sweɪd/, tweed, tartan, satin, polyester, nylon, lycra /ˈlaɪkrə/, linen /ˈlɪnən/, leather/ˈleðə/,
lace, gauze /gɔːz/, fleece, denim, cotton, corduroy /ˈkɔːdərɔɪ/, cashmere /kæʃˈmɪə/, canvas /ˈkænvəs/...

-What is the oldest piece of clothing in your wardrobe?

Is it worn out? Why haven't you chucked it out? (informal 'thrown it out/away')

-Do you ever wear any hand-me-downs? ('clothes previously worn by someone else')

-Do you remember any awkward situations where you felt you weren't (or somebody else wasn't)
wearing the right clothes? (not appropriate, not suitable for the job, etc.)

scruffy, tacky 'hortera', frumpy (=dull 'boring' and not fashionable), too revealing, too much/little cleavage,
skimpy 'using very little material', too conservative, too formal, too informal/casual

-Do you ever cringe /krɪnʤ/ when looking at old photos? (=be very embarrassed)

-Discuss recent controversies regarding dress codes in the workplace.

"Dress-down day": Are you familiar with the concept?

-What kind of clothes are you most comfortable in? How hard is it to strike a balance between comfort
and style?

121
-Do you enjoy dressing up for a special event?

-Are you fashion-conscious? What's all the rage right now? What's this season's must-have item?

-Is anyone a fashion victim? (They follow the latest trends even if they don't suit them or make them look silly.)

-Do you remember the meaning of "speaking off the cuff"? Can you guess the meaning of "have
something up your sleeve"?

_______________________________________________________________________________________
If you had to rent a new place now, would you like it to be furnished or unfurnished?
Would you prefer a cottage or a converted loft?

If you made $8,000 a month, would you rather pay $90 for a hovel ('cuchitril') or $7,000 for a
mansion? (It includes a butler and bills.)

Discuss pros and cons of high-rise buildings.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
How much of a party animal are you?

Have you ever thrown a housewarming party?

Have you ever gone to a fancy dress party? What were you dressed up as?

Look at English Vocabulary in Use, Unit 18, section B. Does your job require any of that?

Who did you hang out with when you were 16? Do you keep in touch with those people?

Do you remember being stood up? (If someone stands you up, they don't show up to a date.)

GET RID OF CLUTTER!_______________________________ (Listen and complete with 1-3 words)

 (being a minimalist) It's similar to how an _(1)_________________ person lives an empowered life, because
they don't have things. _(2)_________________, minimalism brings freedom and enrichment to your life.
 At its _(3)_________________, minimalism is a luxurious lifestyle. It's not about being so poor that you have the
inability to have things -that's _(4)_________________.
 Having _(5)_________________in my house is really just a metaphor for just how much I am.
 I went with the minimalist _(6)_________________that exudes the notion I'm here to just be.
 Minimalism starts with _(7)_________________and there's* 3 key steps that you need to know about it.
 Enjoy the newfound happiness and freedom that _(8)_________________into your life.
 Being rich and living like a rich person, that's an outdated wardrobe in the _(9)______________of fashionable
lifestyles.
 Nature is too busy. You go in the forest and you have trees, leaves, vines, _(10)_________________, plants,
birds.
 I firmly believe that _(11)_________________is a much more evolved form of abundance, and that's my only
belief.
 I think economic growth should be _(12)_________________in how much is taken away from the people.
 This book isn't about anything and it doesn't contain _(13)_________________information because there
wouldn't be any value in that; it would just _(14)_________________you of your ability to think for yourself.
 You have nothing to lose; _(15)_________________you don't have to be afraid of losing things.
*There's 3 key steps (INFORMAL/NON-STANDARD) =There are 3 key steps

122
KEY:

How much of a minimalist are you? Do you need to get rid of clutter?

CAN YOU CLEARLY DISTINGUISH "RID" FROM "READ"?

What is it like to live in a trailer park? https://www.quora.com/What-is-it-like-to-live-in-a-trailer-park-1
The trailers aren't very aesthetically pleasing. They're long and narrow and put narrow end to
the street in most cases. They're called mobile homes but at least in my part of the world,
they're brought on a truck, assembled, tethered (=attached) to the ground, leveled with
concrete blocks and they're not really _(1)_____ to move that often. The homes depreciate,
not at the same rate as a vehicle but they do not typically increase in value. Even _(2)_____
you own the trailer you usually have to pay rent on the lot. (la parcela)

For me, it was a more economical alternative to _(3)_____ in an apartment. I live in a 1200 square foot home with three
bedrooms and two full baths. My room is really big, and the other two bedrooms are good sized as well. It also has the
advantage that you don't share a wall with your neighbors.

There are _(4)_____, of course. My walls have visible seams ('junturas') that are covered by strips of wood and all of that
painted over. It's not very pretty. You don't have windowsills ('alféizares'); the double-paned windows are flush ('a ras') with
the wall, so blinds will stick out from the wall. Everything in the home is a nonstandard size, from the doors to the window
screens to the air filters. If you need to replace anything you either have to buy from a special store or make your own
solution. I drilled the hole in the door 1/8" wider when I needed to replace an interior doorknob and bought special screws for
installing an interior chain lock on my metal door.

Then there's the trailer park itself. Some mobile home communities do a decent job of appearing upscale**, requiring certain
things for the appearance of the home (they made me take down my money-saving, _(5)_____ outdoor clothesline) but it is
still a trailer park and sometimes the stereotypes are true. I have some neighbors that are wonderful responsible people and
have good kids, and then there's the skinhead who walks his pitbull around the neighborhood wearing _(6)_____ shirt and a
leather vest with swastikas on it. I have the neighbors I have to call the police on for everything from gunshots to beatdowns
(=beatings) over drugs in the middle of the street. A woman was murdered in the trailer across from mine last year. My
husband caught a guy trying to enter my house with a screwdriver.

But when I lived in a really nice suburban neighborhood in a home that cost over 200,000, we _(7)_____ broken into when I
was upstairs sleeping so it's something that can and does happen anywhere. ("suburb" doesn't have any negative connotations.)

I don't want to live in a trailer for the rest of my life. I really do not feel that this is a place I can be proud _(8)_____ and that
I'd want to put any money into. But it's almost paid _(9)_____ and we need to get our debt paid, and living in a place that
costs $400 a month for a good-sized home just makes sense now.
**upscale (mainly AmE), upmarket (BrE) 'bueno/caro (barrio)'

GAP 1 THOUGHT INTENDED ADEQUATE

GAP 2 THOUGH IF SO
GAP 3 LIVING LIVE STAY
GAP 4 UPSIDES DISADVANTAGE DRAWBACKS
GAP 5 ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY TREE-HUGGING HIDEOUS
GAP 6 A NO T
GAP 7 HAD WAS GOT
GAP 8 ABOUT OF IN
GAP 9 UP OFF FOR ITSELF

Unusual dwellings: What's the most peculiar place you've lived in or stayed at?

123
1 "no están pensados para" (they're not intended to) -"adequate" means 'good enough' - "they're not thought to" would mean 'se cree que no...'
2 Compare: even if you own 'aunque tengas, incluso si tienes' - even though you own (=although you own) 'aunque tienes'; even so 'aún así'
3 an alternative to living: living works as a noun here 'una alternativa a vivir' (cf. an alternative to live 'una alternativa para vivir')
4 meaning (and "disadvantages" would have to be plural)
5 "tree-hugging", which shows disapproval, usually refers to people; "hideous" (=horrible) wouldn't make much sense here.
6 "Wearing a tee-shirt" would be grammatically correct, but it would convey no useful information (nor would "wearing a shirt")
7 we got broken into (informal passive) = we were broken into (=our house was broken into)
8 always pround OF something (or proud TO do something)
9 pay up 'pagar lo que debes a desgana', pay off (a loan) 'saldar', pay for itself 'amortizarse'

COMMON PET PEEVES: DO THESE THINGS ANNOY YOU? UNDERLINE ANY WORDS YOU DON'T KNOW.

1. People who drink directly out of the 18. People who leave food that can spoil (milk,
milk/orange juice container. butter, etc.) out too long, instead of putting it
2. People that don't use coasters. back in the fridge when they are done.
3. When people take 20 napkins, use one, then 19. Someone opening a cabinet door or drawer
throw them all away. and leaving it open.
4. Finding a shoe and not finding its mate next to 20. Clipping toenails in bed.
it. 21. When the toilet paper roll is backwards.
5. When your spouse/roommate uses the butter 22. Wet, dirty, slimy dishrags left in a heap in the
to put on their toast, and leaves crumbs in the bottom of the sink.
container. 23. Hair in the shower drain.
6. Guys who leave the toilet seat up. 24. How clothes hangers get all tangled with each
7. When you open the DVD case and it is empty other.
or a different movie is in it. 25. Dried toothpaste in the washbasin.
8. Dirty dishes in the sink. 26. When people don't rinse their dishes before
9. When people don't put the toothpaste tube cap they put them in the sink.
back on. 27. People who can't decide on one radio/tv
10. People who leave the door open when they go station, and constantly flip back and forth.
to the bathroom. 28. A dirty stove/cooker top.
11. Having to use more than one remote. 29. When cooking is done, all food particles should
12. When people put the spoons/forks in the wrong be cleaned off the stove.
section of the utensil separator. 30. Using the toilet paper down to the last few
13. People who don't pick up after themselves. squares without getting a new roll.
14. People who put salt on everything without 31. If you pee on the seat, wipe it off.
tasting it first. 32. An unmade bed.
15. When somebody turns off the lights when you 33. When people don't flush the toilet.
are still in the room. 34. Eating in bed and leaving crumbs.
16. When the person who takes the last of 35. People who try to talk to you while you're in the
something puts the empty package back. bathroom.
17. Hair strands left on shower walls. 36. ...................................................................

124
The Invictus Games are an international Paralympic-style multi-sport event, created by Britain's
Prince Harry, in which wounded, injured or sick armed services personnel and their associated veterans
take part in sports including wheelchair basketball, sitting volleyball, and indoor rowing.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NwpdPETg_mc&t=50s (THE GAP-FILLING ACTIVITY STARTS AT 1:48)

I was, that's right; I was feeling very _1______________________________ I think the best way to explain it to
people...

I'd already been told I _2______________________________ to go to Iraq but...

...and be taken away from your team, not knowing what was going to happen to them, and whether you were going
to be indirectly responsible was a huge thing, it was something I had to _3______________________________ .
You know, once on that plane, heading back, with three wounded British soldiers who were
_4______________________________ with tubes coming out of their mouth and out of their arms...

I just spent a few minutes there just sitting with them and unable to speak, obviously, but that was a real
_5______________________________ in my life.

...and it was only 2012 after hearing about the Warrior Games, being able to see it and doing my second tour that I
actually realized sport plays a _6______________________________ in the rehabilitation of so many people -this
surely is a magical thing.

(INTERVIEWER) You can pick up a _7______________________________, popular or unpopular, and make it

front-page news.

To me, I don't think it's an unpopular __(same as 7)__ as such. I think it just- it's something that needed a
_8______________________________ shone on it.

...and I think all we've done is create this sporting platform where they can be in their element. It's literally, it's lives
being changed _9______________________________ , so with regard to the question... (with regard) to my
mother, I think it's not a_10______________________________; this is not about landmines, let's say; this is more
about 15 different nations of individuals that need rehabilitation.

To be honest with you, sadly, that line between public and private life is almost _11_________________________
anymore, and we will continue to do our best to ensure that there is the line, you know. We are completely aware
that we're in a very _12______________________________ position and...

Everyone has a right to their_13______________________________ and a lot of members of the public get it, but
sadly in some areas there is this sort of incessant need to find out about every little bit of detail about what goes on
_14______________________________ .

125
-At 6,000 steps a day, ours is one of the countries where people walk the most. How much do you walk?
-Do you have any sport apps on your phone or watch?
-What sport have you ever had the most fun playing?
-Discuss the effects of sport on you.
-When it comes to exercising, are you the kind of person that requires self-discipline and willpower?
____________________________________________________________________RUSH
A: Good to see you. I heard you were spending more and more time in one of these.
B: Do you fly?
A: No. I don't think they'd insure me.
B: You should try. It's good for discipline. You have to stay within the rules, stick to regulations, suppress the ego. It helps
with the racing.
A: And there I was thinking you were about to wax lyrical* about the romance of flight.
B: No, that's all bullshit. So, what brings you here?
A: A friend's wedding. At least I think it was a wedding. It might have been a birthday or something. It's all a bit of a blur. How
about you? Have you been at Fiorano?
B: Pre-season testing.
A: You're relentless.
B: Thank you.
A: I'm not sure that was meant as a compliment.
B: When do you start testing? Next week?
A: No. What, are you nuts? I didn't just win the biggest thing of my life so I could get right back to work.
B: Why? You have to. To prove to all the people who will always say you just won it because...
A: Because of what? Because of your accident? Niki, is that other people, or is that you? I won, okay? On the all-important
day, when it came down to it*, we raced on equal terms, equally good cars. And I put my life on the line, and I saw it through*.
B: And you call that winning?
A: Yes.
B: The risks were totally unacceptable. You were prepared to die. To me, that's losing.
A: Yes, I was. I admit it. I was prepared to die to beat you that day. And that's the effect you have on me. You'd pushed me
that** far. And it felt great. I mean, hell, isn't that what we're in this for? To stare death in the face and to cheat it? Come on,
there's nobility in that. It's... It's like being knights.
B: You English, you're such assholes. You know my position. Twenty per cent risk...
A: No, no, no, Niki, don't bring the percentages into this. Don't be a pro. The minute you do that, you kill what's good about
this. You kill the sport. (They call him.) I've got to go. Careful in this thing.
B: James. You know, in hospital, the toughest part of my treatment was the vacuum. Pumping the shit out of my lungs. It was
hell. And while doing it, I was watching television. You winning all my points.
A: Your points?
B: "That bastard Hunt," I would say. "I hate that guy." And then one day the doctor came and said, "Mr Lauda, may I offer a
piece of advice? Stop thinking of it as a curse to have been given an enemy in life. It can be a blessing, too. A wise man gets
more from his enemies than a fool from his friends." And you know what? He was right. Look at us. We were both a pair of
kids when we met. Hot-headed jerks** in Formula 3. Disowned* by our families. Headed nowhere. And now we're both
champions of the world. It was not bad, huh?
A: No, it's not bad.
B: So, don't let me down now. I need you busting my balls*. Get back to work.
A: I will, Niki, I will. But I intend to enjoy myself first. Some of life needs to be for pleasure. What's the point of having a
million cups and medals and planes if you don't have any fun? How is that winning? I'll see you on race day, champ.
B: You will... champ.
A: You look good, Niki. The only guy to have his face burnt off and it be an improvement.
wax lyrical about 'alabar'
when it came down to it -something like 'a la hora de la verdad'
see something through 'llevar a cabo'
**that far -Remember: "that" can mean "so" ('tan, así de') in informal English
**jerks -a rude word! 'gilipollas' ("jerk" also means 'tirar bruscamente de')
disowned 'repudiados'
bust someone's balls -rude! 'tocar las pelotas'

126
Recommendations:
ENGLISH LANGUAGE & USAGE (AT STACK EXCHANGE): https://english.stackexchange.com/
LINGUEE: http://www.linguee.com/english-spanish/search?source=auto&query=CRINGE
WIKTIONARY: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Daisy_Dukes
RADIO GARDEN: http://radio.garden/live/london/bbc-radio-4/
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

PRESENT PERFECT - PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS - PAST SIMPLE

"OPEN"
Have you (ever)...?
I've never read any books by him.
I've travelled around the world. Compare: In 1988 I travelled around the world.

"VISIBLE RESULTS"/"RELEVANT TO THE PRESENT"/"NEWS"

Oh no! What have you done?!
I've finished the book, so you can borrow it.
Trump has won the election.

"SINCE/FOR" (present perfect/present perfect continuous)

How long have you been here?
I've been saying that for years.
I haven't had this car very long.

"SO FAR" ('DE MOMENTO') (present perfect/present perfect continuous)

This cruise has been good (so far). Compare: That trip was good. (stepping off the cruise ship; it's over)

WITH THE WORDS RECENTLY, LATELY (present perfect/present perfect continuous)

Lately I've been thinking a lot.

WITH "JUST" (OPTIONALLY); WITH YET, ALREADY AND STILL

I('ve) just talked to her.
Have you finished yet? We've already finished. I'm getting impatient because they still haven't paid me.
_______________________________
COMPARE: Have you seen John? (I'm looking for him.)
Did you see John? (when you went to Baltimore)
Pete hasn't come to work (yet). (He might still come.)
Pete didn't come to work. (The work day is over.)
_______________________________

USE THE SIMPLE PAST FOR MOST OTHER CASES, INCLUDING:

She phoned me this morning.

With "just now": I saw her just now. (similar to I've just seen her.)

What was that?! (a noise, for example)

Sorry, I didn't hear you. Could you say that again?
Did you hear that!? (a cry for help in the distance, for example) cf. Have you heard the new song (yet)?

Also as a translation of "estuve -ndo": Estuvimos charlando. We chatted (for a while).

127
 SUITABLE - APPROPRIATE* --- ADEQUATE --- ACCURATE
'adecuado, apropiado' (=good enough) 'exacto, preciso'
*'suitable for a particular situation'

INDIVIDUAL TASK: FREE TIME ACTIVITIES

Talk for 4/5 minutes:
 things you couldn't get the hang of 'pillarles el tranquillo'/you've dabbled in/you went off
 the influence of your hobbies on your social life
 one you'd like to take up ('empezar') and reasons

WRITING TASK
You've recently bought 3 garments online and none of them are good enough.
In about 200 words, write an email to the company (invent the name) in which you explain:
 details of the clothes and when you purchased them
 why you're not satisfied (There should be a different problem with each of the items.)
 what you would like them to do about it
Be firm but not rude. See the handout provided by the teacher.
_______________________________________________________________________________________

The Only Thing That Looks Good On Me Is You (1996) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=onn8x-qDrtg

Well I don't _______________in no* Armani ______________

No Gucci shoes - or _______________ boots  circular file (humorous) 'waste paper
I've tried the latest lines from A to Z basket'
But there's just one thing that _____________________  "Nobody else will ever do." Here, "do"
means 'be satisfactory'.
The only thing I want This won't do. We need something better.
The only thing I need  "stick to": here =remain loyal
The only thing I choose NB: "It's you that I stick to" is an example of
The only thing that __________________...is you clefting.
 If something looks good ON you, you look
I'm not satisfied with Versace ____________ good IN it.
Put those patent ____________ pants - in the circular file
Sometimes I think I might be lookin' good
But there's only one thing that ____________ like it should

chorus

Yeah it's you - it could only be you

Nobody else will ever do
Yeah baby it's you - that I stick to
Yeah we stick like glue

*standard: any

KEY:

128
UNIT 7: THE ARTS (English Vocabulary in Use 3rd ed.: 20, 21, 22)

1. /ðə li:d/ 5. /tʌŋ ɪn ʧiːk/

2. /fɑː feʧt/ 6. /ˈɜːnɪst/
3. /ˈtiːdiəs/ 7. /ˈpɔɪnjənt/
4. /ɒŋˈkɔː/ 8. /ˈmemwɑːz/
(words at the bottom of the page) original polychromy

OTHER WORDS SELECTED FROM ENGLISH VOCABULARY IN USE

(We've already seen some of them.)
overrated, underrated, risqué, gripping, moving, memorable/unforgettable, hilarious, clap,
masterpiece, boo, praise, flop, unconvincing, audition, rehearsal, interpretation, cover, portrayal,
visually literate (and whatever terms you deem interesting in 20-A), original, predictable, highbrow,
impenetrable, transparent, sophisticated, challenging, evocative, thought-provoking, intriguing,
priceless, worthless, poorly done, skilful, depict, focus, colourful, illustrate, motif, chronicle,
compelling, acclaimed, chilling, a page-turner, insight, enigmatic, breathtaking, engaging, journal,
compulsive reading, you can't put it down, informative, ahead of its time, can't get into it, readership

English Vocabulary in Use 3rd ed. - BACK OF THE BOOK

-84 mumble, raise your voice, shout at, yell at, bicker, chat away, exaggerate, generalize, stutter
-Read units 91 and 96.

1. Más te vale volver a pintar paisajes.

2. Fue a través de la música como encontré a mi alma gemela.
3. Si ellos no hubiesen censurado esa escena, la película habría recibido el galardón.
(Translate it using the very formal inverted conditional.)
4. De no ser por ti no me habría hecho bailarín. (Translate it in two ways at least.)
5. Si hubiera sabido que ella estaba disponible, la hubiera seleccionado para el papel
principal. (Translate it using the very formal inverted conditional.)
6. Tengo que aguantar sus (de ella) comentarios irónicos sobre mis habilidades. (Use a
phrasal verb with two particles.)
7. Si te acercas al cuadro (con el objetivo: si haces zoom) verás que no está pintado
sobre lienzo.
8. El público aplaudió su actuación hilarante. (de ellos)
9. El diálogo era un poco picante (subido de tono) para aquel público.
10. Me cuesta estar al corriente de las últimas tendencias en diseño gráfico.
11. Vuestra pasión por la ópera se me ha pegado.
12. En la novela es retratado como un intolerante.
SOME OTHER PHRASAL VERBS WITH TWO PARTICLES:
make up for ('compensar'), look forward to, stand up for ('alzarse en defensa de'), put up with ('tener que
aguantar', go in for ('soler gustar'), get on with ('seguir con algo'), get on/along with, cut down on
(=consume less), listen in (on...) ('escuchar sin que alguien se dé cuenta'), live up to ('estar a la altura de')
___________________________________________________________________________

the lead - far-fetched - tedious - encore - tongue-in-cheek - earnest - poignant - memoirs

129
I stopped pretending to myself that I was anything other than what I was, and began to direct
all my energy into finishing the only work that mattered to me. Had I really succeeded at
anything else, I might never have found the determination to succeed in the one arena I
believed I truly belonged. J.K. Rowling

WERE-TO AND INVERTED CONDITIONALS:

 Inverted with "should": Should we sell the painting (formal/literary)

= If we should sell the painting (formal)
= If we sell the painting

 We can express a less probable future with were to:

If he were to tell the truth, the whole system would unravel.
The inverted version is very formal:
Were he to tell the truth, the whole system would unravel.

 There's also an inverted version of the third conditional. It is quite formal:

If I had known that, I would not have written the novel. >
> Had I known that, I would not have written the novel.
If we hadn't taken these measures, the crisis would have worsened. >
> Had we not taken these measures, the crisis would have worsened.
(No contraction in the inverted version.)
___________________________________________
Ways of saying 'Si no hubiera sido por'
1-If it hadn't been for... / 2-Had it not been for...(formal)/
3-If it weren't (or: wasn't) for... / 4-Were it not for (formal) / 5-But for...
(3, 4 and 5 can also mean 'Si no fuera por'.)
If it hadn't been for your help, she would've failed.
You wouldn't be living there if it weren't/wasn't for me.
__________________________________________________________________________
1. You'd better go back to painting landscapes.
2. It was through music that I found my soul mate.
3. Had they not censored that scene, the film/movie would have got(ten)/received/been given
the award/prize. (MORE COMMON: If they hadn't censored...)
4. If it hadn't been for you/If it wasn't for you/If it weren't for you/Were it not for you (very
formal)/Had it not been for you (very formal)/But for you... I wouldn't have become a dancer.
5. Had I known (that) she was available, I would have cast her for/in the lead.
(or: the leading role) (MORE COMMON: If I had known...)
6. I have (got) to put up with her tongue-in-cheek (or: ironic) remarks about my skills.
7. If you zoom in on the painting, you'll see (that) it's not painted on canvas.
8. The audience clapped/applauded their hilarious performance. /hɪ,leəriəs pəˈfɔːməns/
9. The dialog(ue) was a bit too risqué/racy for that audience. /rɪskeɪ/ /'reɪsi/ /'ɔ:diəns/
10. I find it hard/difficult to stay/keep up-to-date on/with the latest graphic design trends.
(or: trends in graphic design) (also: I find it hard to keep up with...)
11. Your passion for opera has rubbed off on me.
12. In the novel he's portrayed/depicted as a bigot. /pɔː'treɪd/ /bɪgət/

130
KATE WINSLET TALKS ABOUT CARNAGE (trailer: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPX6-4Bo7XU)

OUTRAGE MAYHEM CHAOS INSANITY DEVASTATION

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e1njvXG76u4
 Nancy and Allan, my character and Christoph's character, we have been invited to the Longstreets' house to
just try and_1______________________, to try and figure out a way to get the boys to patch this up and to
just resolve it.
 Everyone _2______________________ it with a very different opinion, with a very different attitude, and all
hell breaks loose.
 Before you know it, it becomes nothing to do with the boys and their fight but entirely to do with these two
different marriages and the _3______________________ between them.
 (I thought) 'I'm sure we'll probably rehearse everything', but I didn't realize...I think none of us could've
_4______________________ this thing that Roman did which was to have us all learn the script.
 I was personally really _5______________________ that we did that.
 It sounds like such a sort of clichéd thing but it was a very _6______________________ for all of us to be
thrown right into the deep end, you know, shocked into action** by Roman suddenly saying 'OK, go away this
weekend and learn the whole thing'.
 I love that. I mean it's, you know, this job is _7______________________, but when it becomes even more of
a challenge than you could ever have anticipated it might be, it's just so (much) fun to have to rise to that
challenge, you know. And to be with these actors who, you know, John and Jodie and Christoph, who are so
_8_________________________________________ at what they do...
 If one of us had been in any way _9______________________, it would have been another story, I think.
 The comedy is in the writing, it's in the story, and it's within the framework of how the piece is set up, and I
think _10______________________ the fact that it's a satire, yes, that's important to do, and we've all been
able to do that, but, you know, you can't play these moments and try and make them funny. You know, you
have to sort of play the_11______________________ of the moment, or the lunacy of the moment.
 Sometimes it's funny in and of itself, so it's about knowing when to do something that might actually be
amusing on camera or when to just _12______________________ the circumstances to be the thing that is
humourous.
 You learn these things as you go and kind of hope for the best, a little bit, and hope that you are doing
something that is, you know, _13______________________ and funny.
 Throughout this piece we hear all of these characters use really aggressive, robust words as either
_14______________________or ways of explaining their own emotions or their perception of what someone
else is thinking.
 None of them take responsibility for the words that come out of their mouths at all, and that's one of the
reasons why it _15______________________ in the way that it does.

**"shocked into action" -We'll see that pattern in unit 10.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Read the text and choose the right option for each gap.
1 in/on 7 was substituted for/was replaced with
2 disposable/available 8 to be/being
3 summit/paramount 9 were suppose to/were meant to
4 in/at 10 as/though
5 on/in 11 end by/end up
6 F-word/swear word 12 at/in
_________________________________________________________________________________

131
 Sony's Clean Version: The story so far on film sanitisation By Lauren Turner, Entertainment reporter
http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-40286905
If you've been (1) a long-haul flight* recently, you might have noticed the films being shown were a bit different from
their cinematic release. They're usually a bit shorter as they've been made family-friendly for any young eyes who can
see your screen. Earlier this month Sony decided to make these sanitised versions ( 2) to download at home, choosing
24 titles including Ghostbusters and Easy A. But now they've had to backtrack* after filmmakers complained about the
move.
 Which films are included? There's an initial list of 24 films which have been watered down*. They include
action dramas, superhero movies and romcoms (=romantic comedies).
 What has Sony said? After the outcry Man Jit Singh, president of Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, said
their directors were of "(3) importance to us" and they wanted to "respect those relationships to the utmost*. We
believed we had obtained approvals from the film-makers involved, for use of their previously supervised television
versions as a value-added extra on sales of the full version," he said. "But if any of them are unhappy or have
reconsidered, we will discontinue it for their films."
 How was the scheme announced? The Clean Version initiative was launched, complete with its own website,
(4) the beginning of June. In its initial press release, Sony said the initiative would "allow viewers to screen the
broadcast or airline versions of select Sony films, free from certain mature content". They said Clean Version "allows
viewing for a wider audience giving people the chance to watch their favourite films together". The move comes after
third party services had been making similar edits of films - so Sony decided to do the work themselves too.
 How do people get a clean version? They can choose to download a clean version of the film from a number
of platforms listed (5) Sony's website.
 What has the reaction been? Mixed. Knocked Up star Seth Rogen (who doesn't have any films affected by
the move so far) was one of the first to react when news of Clean Version emerged. He pleaded, adding a (6) for
emphasis, "please don't do this to our movies". He went on to explain some of the changes that were made to a TV
version of Pineapple Express, by way of example - saying that one expletive became "j'accuse!" and the word
"casserole" (7) a similar-sounding insult.
Judd Apatow, who produced Step Brothers - one of the first films to have a Clean Version released - tweeted: "So now
we are being asked if we are okay with our movies (8) released in a sanitised form. Let me be clear - it is not okay."
But Digital Trends website said: "This is good news for consumers. Parents get to introduce the kids to some of their
favourite films and those without little ones can go ahead and watch them the way they ( 9) be seen."
The Directors Guild of America (DGA) has said the "hard-fought-for rights that protect a director's work and vision" are
"at the very heart of our craft and a thriving film industry". They said: "The DGA has notified Sony that it expects the
immediate removal of all 'clean' versions of the affected films from availability until Sony secures permission from each
and every director, and provides them with an opportunity to edit a version for release in new media."
 How have they been changed? It varies from film to film - perhaps unsurprising (10) their ratings vary from
PG to R. For example, the clean version of Will Ferrell's comedy Step Brothers - originally given an R rating for "crude
and sexual content" according to Sony - has had 23 instances of violence taken out, 152 of bad language and 91 of
sexual content. The Drew Barrymore and Adam Sandler romcom 50 First Dates had a PG13 for "crude sexual humour
and drug references". Its clean version has had 10 violent moments, 34 uses of bad language and 34 instances of
sexual content taken out. Horror comedy Goosebumps was a PG when it came out - so it could be described as family-
friendly already. But its clean version had four fewer incidences of violence, with five uses of bad language and five
examples of nudity taken out too.
 What happens now? We wait to see if any of the films are removed from Sony's list - and if they (11) adding
more to it, or scrapping* the scheme altogether. It will be also interesting to see what the public reaction is to the
scheme, as it's not entirely clear who it is aimed at, with many of the films already considered to be suitable for older
children - and others perhaps not appealing to a younger audience at all (12) the first place. But at least film fans can
rest assured that they can still watch versions filled with profanity, violence and nudity - if they so desire.

long-haul flight 'vuelo de larga distancia' to the utmost (formal) 'al máximo'
backtrack 'recular, retractarse' scrap -here 'descartar'
watered down 'diluir/(here) moderar'

132
 RECOMMENDATIONS: 6-MINUTE ENGLISH - MODERN ART AT THE ART STORY

Sheldon: So what’d you think?__________________________________________THE BIG BANG THEORY

Amy: It was good.
Sheldon: That’s it? Good?
Amy: I enjoyed it. When you told me I was going to be losing my virginity, I didn’t think you meant showing me
Raiders of the Lost Ark for the first time.
Sheldon: My apologies. I chose my words poorly. I should have said you were about to have your world
rocked* on my couch. Anyway, thank you for watching it. It’s one of my all-time favourites.
Amy: It was very entertaining despite the glaring* story problem.
Sheldon: Story problem? You, oh, Amy, what a dewy-eyed moon-calf* you are. Raiders of the Lost Ark is the
love child of Steven Spielberg and George Lucas, two of the most gifted filmmakers of our generation. I’ve
watched it 36 times, except for the snake scene and the face-melting scene, which I can only watch when it’s
still light out, but I defy you to find a story problem. Here’s my jaw, drop it.* I DARE YOU TO...
Amy: All right. Indiana Jones plays no role in the outcome of the story. If he weren’t in the film, it would turn out
exactly the same.
Sheldon: Oh, I see your confusion. You don’t understand. Indiana Jones was the one in the hat with the whip*.
Amy: No, I do, and if he weren’t in the movie, the Nazis would have still found the ark, taken it to the island,
opened it up and all died, just like they did. Let me close that for ya.

rock your world: to be something that someone likes very much :The new video game will rock your world .
glaring 'flagrante, evidente' - dewy-eyed moon-calf 'boba ingenua' - jaw-dropping =astonishing - whip 'látigo'

DISCUSS_________________________________________________________________________

--"film sanitization"
--your "cult" movies
--underrated and overrated actors and/or films
--acting skills in real life
--characters you'd like to play in a film or play
--a moment in your life that felt like a movie
--far-fetched movie plots 'inverosímiles'
--story problems CINEMA SINS: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYUQQgogVeQY8cMQamhHJcg

 Do you like movies that make you uncomfortable?

 Whose recommendations do you trust? (family, friends, newspaper/TV/online reviews...)
 Are there any movie scores (=film soundtracks) that you particularly like?

133
Sunny Day
Sweepin' the clouds away
On my way to where the air is sweet
Can you tell me how to get,
How to get to Sesame Street
______________________________________________________________________________

Work in pairs. One student reads text A and the other reads text B. Then tell each other as
much as you can remember.

text A Sesame Street breaks Iraqi POWs (2003) (POWs = Prisoners of War)

Heavy metal music and popular American children's songs are being used by US interrogators to break the
will of their captives in Iraq http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3042907.stm
Uncooperative prisoners are being exposed for prolonged periods to tracks by rock group Metallica and
music from children's TV programmes Sesame Street and Barney in the hope of making them talk. The US's
Psychological Operations Company (Psy Ops) said the aim was to break a prisoner's resistance through
sleep deprivation and playing music that was culturally offensive to them.
However, human rights organisation, Amnesty International, said such tactics may constitute torture - and
coalition forces could be in breach of the Geneva Convention.
Sergeant Mark Hadsell, of Psy Ops, told Newsweek magazine: "These people haven't heard heavy metal.
"They can't take it. If you play it for 24 hours, your brain and body functions start to slide*, your train of
thought slows down and your will is broken. That's when we come in and talk to them."
Sgt Hadsell's favourites are said to be 'Bodies' from the XXX film soundtrack and Metallica's 'Enter
Sandman'. The theme tune from the US children's programme Sesame Street and songs from the purple
singing dinosaur Barney are also on their hit list. "In training, they forced me to listen to the Barney "I Love
You" song for 45 minutes. I never want to go through that again," one US operative told the magazine.
'No lasting effect'
Rick Hoffman, vice president of the Psy Ops Veterans Association, told BBC Radio 4's Today programme that
such a tactic would have no long-lasting effect on prisoners. "The use of this kind of audio-technique is
rather new in interrogation," he said. "There have been other kinds of non-lethal, non-harmful techniques,
such as sleep deprivation which leave no long-lasting effects but do have the end result of breaking down
the individual's will to resist questioning."
Amnesty International told BBC News Online that at least one Iraqi captive - a civilian, later released - had
reported being kept awake for up to four days by loud music. "This is an issue that seriously concerns us. If
there is a prolonged period of sleep deprivation, it could well be considered torture," said a spokeswoman.
"It is a very difficult line to draw between what constitutes discomfort and what constitutes torture - that
line will vary for individuals and it would depend on each particular case," she added. She said they were
looking into* whether the US and UK were abiding by* their responsibilities under the Geneva Convention
on the treatment of prisoners of war.
The UK's Ministry of Defence has said all its prisoners are being held under the terms of the Geneva
Convention.

slide =decline (Remember the meaning 'deslizarse'.) - look into =investigate - abide by =obey

134
text B Is Walk on the Wild Side transphobic? Adam Boult 19 MAY 2017 • 1:56PM
A Canadian student association has published an apology after a playing the Lou Reed song Walk on the
Wild Side during a university event. The apology describes the song as having 'transphobic lyrics'.
"The playlist was compiled by one of the Executives with the intent of feeling like a road trip from the 70s
and 80s," wrote a representative of the University of Guelph Central Student Association. "The song was
included solely on those terms and made in ignorance as the person making the list did not know or
understand the lyrics."
Walk on the Wild Side featured on Lou Reed's 1972 album Transformer, and is arguably his best-known
song as a solo artist. Its lyrics describe a number of individuals Reed knew from frequenting Andy Warhol's
Factory - among them transgender 'Superstars' Holly Woodlawn and Candy Darling.
The opening lines** of Walk on the Wild Side recount Woodlawn's journey to New York:
Holly came from Miami, F.L.A.
Hitchhiked her way across the U.S.A.
Plucked her eyebrows on the way.
Shaved her legs and then he was a she.
She says, 'Hey, babe, take a walk on the wild side.'
The Student Association wrote: "We now know the lyrics to this song are hurtful to our friends in the trans
community and we’d like to unreservedly apologize for this error in judgement. We have committed as an
organization to be more mindful in our music selection during any events we hold. We will be meeting to
discuss how we can create better playlists in the future. If there are students or members of the campus
community who overheard the song in our playlist and were hurt by its inclusion and you’d like to talk with
us about it and how we can do better, we welcome that."
The apology prompted incredulity from followers when it appeared on Facebook, with several questioning
the assertion that the song is transphobic.
In a further statement a spokesperson said: "The lyrics, 'and then he was a she,' devalues the experiences
and identities of trans folks. The first issue with this is that it minimizes the experiences of oppression, and
obstacles that trans people must overcome in order to be accepted in society (it’s not as simple as shaving
one’s legs). It suggests that a change of appearance is required to identify as trans, and this is a myth.
Additionally, stating that conversing (=talking), spending time with, or having sex with a trans person is
'taking a walk on the wild side' is also problematic. It labels trans folks as 'wild' or 'unusual' or
'unnatural' which is a dangerous rhetoric."
Holly Woodlawn, who died in 2015, spoke positively about the song later in life, saying: "(Film director) Paul
Morrissey made me a star, but Lou Reed made me immortal.” www.telegraph.co.uk
** "lines" means 'versos' and "verses" means 'estrofas'

Comments
Ando Douglas 21 May 2017 7:06AM
I'm interested in hearing from the 4% who currently agree with the poll about the lyrics being 'problematic,' I think we
should hear them out. But in 'shaved her legs and then he was a she,' Reed's use of 'her' legs respects the person's
wish to be acknowledged as a woman - if Reed had been inconsiderate he would have said 'He shaved his legs". Also,
the line is a sort of dramatic shorthand* way of advancing the story; I don't think it implies that a change of grooming*
equals a sex change.
Then there's the perennial perturbation that songs get this kind of judgemental societal scrutiny in a way that novels,
poems and screenplays never do. *shorthand 'taquigráfico' - *grooming 'acicalamiento'

Mitch Voxx 21 May 2017 1:23AM

Lou Reed transphobic? A quick google of "lou reed rachel" will take you to several articles on Lou's romantic relationship
with a transsexual named Rachel -- a relationship that lasted for years. When rock writer Lester Bangs made vicious
comments about Rachel in a piece that he wrote about Lou, Lou never forgave him for it. But hey kids, don't let facts get
in the way of promoting your ignorant and opportunistic victim narrative. get in the way 'estorbar'

135
 ______________________________________________________________________music /'mju:zɪk/ musician /mju:'zɪʃn/
Learn a bunch of expressions from these music reviewers:

(VIDEO) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iWAe9zc_tyA

breakthrough album - set the bar high - classic rock - mindblowing - give someone credit (for) - groundbreaking
It sounds rocky and stuff. - It's definitely rock 'n' roll. - It's so not cool! - This song is
smooth. - That came out of nowhere! - Who on earth would listen to that! - People can dance
to it. - Their songs are really catchy. - They're seriously stuck in my head. - They would not
be a band without the lead singer. - They're classics. (see page 220) - It's kind of outdated. - It's
not good for you, bro. - They're posing like they're cool, but they're not to me. - How do
people like this? - It's kind of beautiful, to be honest. - This is a weird storyline.
We're going to have you listen to...
I'm totally listening to them more often!
How'd she die? (spoken; informal) (=How did she die?)

"It goes like this:" (then you hum/sing/whistle the song)

SOME MUSICAL GENRES /'ʒɒnrəz/

classical music, jazz, opera, gospel, pop, rock, hard rock, heavy metal, funk, hip-hop, blues,
reggaeton, reggae, electronic, soul, R&B, dance, folk, country, electropop, copla, trova,
flamenco, new flamenco, rumba, cha-cha-cha, bolero, bachata, merengue, salsa,
bossa nova, samba, tango, protest song, soundtracks...

Discuss:
 "Music died in the mid-nineties."
 stimulating and soothing music
 overrated and underrated musicians
 music that makes you cringe
 music that gives you goose bumps/sends shivers down your spine
 catchy tunes a singer-songwriter
 secret pleasures
 memorable concerts
 arguments over music at home or in the car
 songs made popular by commercials
 covers that are better than the originals
--Choose 3 cd's belonging to 3 different genres for the proverbial desert island.
--How have your musical tastes evolved? Have anybody's likes rubbed off on you?
--Do you have a good ear? Do you know anyone who's tone deaf? Do you think musical talent is
rooted in genes?
--What do you think about paying for music?

136
Brian May analyzes "Get the Funk Out"

OK, we start off with a lovely crunching riff and you're thinking: Where does this
_(1)___________? Where does this go? Just more funk, right? But... ... And that's
beautiful enough, but... ... If that doesn't bring _(2)___________to your eyes as a
guitarrist, I don't know where things are. And there's more, you know.
See, that to me is the _(3)___________of what a solo should be on a record, you know.
Of course it's preconceived, you know, it's built, it's constructed, but within that is this
incredible kind of _(4)___________that's there. It sounds like it's coming straight out of
inside him -and it is, you know. Those things don't happen very often. That's an amazing
solo. I mean, that ranks to me _(5)___________any great solo you want to mention.
On pure technical ability alone, that's _(6)___________; I could never do that. No way in
a month of Sundays could I learn that solo. This is Nuno's own thing; it's a
_(7)___________thing; it's a landmark, that's a landmark in rock history, and it should
have its own medal struck* and _(8)___________to Nuno Bettencourt and Extreme.

*strike a medal = coin a medal

_______________________________________________________________________________________
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,
Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore—
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,
As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.
“’Tis some visitor,” I muttered, “tapping at my chamber door—
Only this and nothing more.”

________________________________________________________________________________
WRITING TASK (200-350 WORDS)
Write a movie review. Include information and/or your opinion on most or all of the following:
DIRECTOR, CAST, SETTING, PHOTOGRAPHY, PLOT, SCRIPT, DIALOGUES, MUSIC, MESSAGE

OPTIONAL WRITING TASK (200-350 WORDS)

Write an argumentative composition about cultural policy and/or the role of art.

OPTIONAL WRITING TASK

Write a poem.

CONVERSATION TASK (6-7 MINUTES)

 Compare the kinds of art you're fond of.
 Make plans for an art-filled long weekend.
 Discuss what art course(s) you could attend together.

137
 DOCTOR WHO
The Doctor: Between you and me, in a hundred words, where do you think Van Gogh rates
in the history of art?
Curator: Well... erm... big question, but, to me Van Gogh is the finest painter of them all.
Certainly the most popular, great painter of all time. The most _1______________, his
_2______________ of colour the most magnificent. He transformed the pain of his
tormented life into _3______________ beauty. Pain is easy to _4______________, but to
use your passion and pain to _4______________ the ecstasy and _5______________ and
magnificence of our world... no one had ever done it before. Perhaps no one ever will again.
_6______________, that strange, wild man who roamed ('vagaba por') the fields of Provence
was not only the world's greatest artist, but also one of the greatest men who ever lived.

Vincent by Don McLean

Starry starry night And now I...
Paint your palette blue and grey
Look out on a summer's day For** they could not love you
With eyes that know the But still your love was true
Darkness in my soul. And when no hope was left in sight on that
Shadows on the hills starry
Sketch the trees and the daffodils Starry night.
Catch the breeze and the winter chills You took your life
In colors on the snowy linen land. As lovers often do;
And now I understand what you tried to But I could have told you
say to me Vincent
How you suffered for your sanity This world was never
How you tried to set them free. Meant for one
They would** not listen As beautiful as you.
They did not know how
Perhaps they'll listen now. Starry
Starry Starry night
Starry night Portraits hung in empty halls
Flaming flowers that brightly blaze Frameless heads on nameless walls
Swirling clouds in violet haze* reflect in With eyes
Vincent's eyes of China blue. That watch the world and can't forget.
Colors changing hue* Like the stranger that you've met
Morning fields of amber grain The ragged* men in ragged clothes
Weathered faces lined in pain The silver thorn of bloody rose
Are soothed beneath the artist's Lie crushed and broken
Loving hand. On the virgin snow.

**They would not listen =They didn't want to listen. - haze 'neblina' - hue 'tono'
** For (literary) 'pues' - ragged 'harapiento'

138
LITERARY ARTS (poetry, prose, drama...) DISCUSSION
VISUAL ARTS (drawing, painting, ceramics, photography, architecture, sculpture...)
PERFORMING ARTS (music, theatre, opera, dance...)

1. Do you have any artistic skills?

I'm an accomplished sculptor. I do a bit of sculpting. I dabble in sculpture.
2. Should art be trusted to provide insights into human nature? To what extent should it be a tool for
social change? Is all art political?
3. Mention and discuss an example of controversial /,kɒntrə'vɜːʃ(ə)l/ art.
4. Should potentially offensive art be censored /'sensəd/?
5. Discuss one or two works of art /wɜ:ks əv ɑ:t/ you consider masterpieces.
(some useful adjectives: stunning, breathtaking, enigmatic, ahead of its time, poignant /'pɔɪnjənt/ [=moving])

6. Are there any museums or galleries you haven't got around to seeing yet?
('que no has tenido tiempo/oportunidad de ver')
7. Do you remember any disappointing exhibitions?
8. Investing in art: How much would you pay for this painting of V. Putin
by George W. Bush?
9. Can you think of any art mysteries that remain unsolved (to this day)?
10. Look at the headline below. Can you think of any critically acclaimed films, plays or books that you
found tedious? (or the other way around)
11. What page-turners have you read lately? (books that you couldn't put down)
What about impenetrable ones you just couldn't get into and never finished?
12. If you were to write your own memoirs, how would you approach the task?
13. Have you ever been on stage?
14. Do you remember any plays you loved or hated? Is it always better to see a play than to read it?

IDEA: READ A MOVIE SCREENPLAY (a script that includes scene directions)

15. Are you into (artistic) dance or do you know anyone who is?
16. What would it take for you to boo a performer? Have you ever asked for an encore?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

139
 UNIT 8: TRAVEL (English Vocabulary in Us 3rd ed.: 25, 26, 27)
WORDS THAT CAN WAIT:
roadworthy, tyre tread, tailback, clamp, stopover, berth, discerning, hordes, tracts

1. /ˈbreθəlaɪzə/ 4. /kruːz/ 7. /ˈsiːnɪk/

2. /ˈpen(ə)lti pɔɪnts/ 5. /ˈmaɪlɪʤ/ 8. /boʊst/
3. /ɪgˈzɔːst/ 6. /ˈʃæleɪ/ 9. /ˈɔː ɪnˌspaɪərɪŋ/
(words at the bottom of the page)
__________________________________________________English Vocabulary in Use 3rd ed. - BACK OF THE BOOK

UNIT 61 - Learn: limp, hop, stagger, stumble, tiptoe, strut, chase, hop on/off, pour into, flood, take giant
steps, take unprecedented steps
UNIT 76 - Learn: promise the moon, anticipate, under oath, swear words, pledge*, vow, keep a promise, at
stake, don't bet on it, you bet, the odds of something happening
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

SPECIALLY-ESPECIALLY; A BIT-A LITTLE-SOMEWHAT; MAY/MIGHT/COULD HAVE + PARTICIPLE; LET ALONE;

"AS" MEANING 'at the time when'; INSOFAR AS; NO MATTER; WAY-MUCH-FAR + COMPARATIVE; ODDS;
EXCLAMATORY "SOME"; "SOME" MEANING 'approximately' BEFORE A NUMBER;
ADJECTIVES AFTER A NOUN; NOT QUITE; VOCABULARY REVISION

1. Estos neumáticos están especialmente diseñados para esas condiciones.

2. Me gustaron las actividades, en especial las caminatas.
3. Supuestamente era un compartimento de clase preferente, pero íbamos un pelín apretujados.
4. El choque en cadena lo pudo causar un conductor borracho.
5. No quieren ir (ahí) de excursión, ni mucho menos a pasar las vacaciones.
6. Cuando se iba cojeando a su camarote, el viejo capitán murmuró una maldición.
7. El turismo es bueno para la comarca en la medida en que supone una fuente de ingresos.
8. Por más que lo intento, no consigo relajarme cuando estoy de vacaciones.
9. Ella dice que unas vacaciones de 2 semanas son demasiado cortas. (Emphasize "too" in three
ways: informal, neutral and formal.)
10. Coincidimos en el crucero. Vaya casualidad.
11. Menuda vista que tenéis desde aquí arriba. (Translate using exclamatory "some".)
12. El viaje en tren dura unas 15 horas.
13. Las playas no respondieron a nuestras expectativas. Estamos un tanto decepcionados.
14. No hay trenes directos; tienes que hacer trasbordo en Atocha.
15. Me apetece ir a un lugar diferente.
16. Les dimos la mejor habitación disponible.(a ellos)
17. Necesitamos una autocaravana más grande que esa.
18. El hotel no era tan lujoso ni impresionante como se nos había prometido.

breathalyzer -- penalty points -- exhaust -- cruise -- mileage -- chalet -- scenic -- boast -- awe-inspiring

140
1. These tyres (AmE tires) are specially (=specifically) designed for those/such conditions.

2. I liked the activities, especially (=particularly) the hikes.

3. It was supposed to be a first class compartment, but we were a bit/a tad cramped (for space).
(or: it was a bit cramped.)
[One common pronunciation of "supposed to" is /s(ə)'poʊstə/ -cf. supposedly 'supuestamente' /sə'poʊzɪdli/]

4. The pile-up may/could/might have been caused by a drunk driver. /'kʊdəv, 'maɪtəv, 'meɪ(h)əv/

5. They don't want to go there on a day trip, let alone/much less spend their holidays there.

6. As he limped /lɪmpt/ (off) to his cabin, the old captain muttered/mumbled a curse.

7. Tourism is good for the region inasmuch as/insofar as it represents/constitutes a source of income.

8. No matter how (much/hard) I try, I can't (seem to) relax/unwind on holiday/(AmE) vacation.

9. She says that a 2-week holiday/vacation is way too short (informal)/much too short/far too short (more
formal). [Do not confuse "(much) too" with "too much (+uncount noun)"]

10. We met (or: We happened to meet) on the cruise. What are the odds (of that happening)./What a
coincidence./It's a small world. (Cf. We (first) met/We were introduced/We became acquainted)

11. (This is/That's) Some view you get/have (from) up here. [informal] NB /sʌm/ (strong!)

12. The train journey/The journey by train takes some fifteen hours. (also: about, around, roughly,
approximately)

13. The beaches didn't live up to our expectations. We're somewhat disappointed.

14. There are no/There aren't any through trains; you have to/you've got to change (trains) at Atocha.

15. I feel like going somewhere different. / I feel like going to a different place.

16. We gave them the best available room/the best room available.

17. We need a bigger camper van than that. / We need a camper van (that's) bigger than that.

18. The hotel wasn't as luxurious or stunning as we'd been promised.

(or: "wasn't quite as" -casi pero no- / "wasn't anywhere near as" -ni de lejos-)

An RV / Motor home

141
 WHAT DO YOU FIND ANNOYING ABOUT TRANSPORT?

1. The overall lack of reliability annoys me more than anything. Nobody leaves or arrives on
time and complaints are ignored.
2. Rotten parking! I just had to get into my car through the passenger door and crawl into the
driver's seat. Not easy when you're nearly 70 and have arthritis.
3. Dirty, unreliable and expensive trains. Lousy parking at stations. Hugely complex ticket
pricing, and basically, the whole system is an appalling mess.
4. The people. There is a lack of Civil Society where I live.
5. Buses: slow and unreliable. Trains: expensive, dirty and in peak times so overcrowded you
can't even get on. I love it when the train is two carriages shorter than promised. Oh, let's
not mention refunds. I may start using obscenities. Answer? Very simple. Give people the
right to work from home unless the company can prove it needs you at the office.
6. That the successful bus operation model found in the capital is denied to the rest of the
country.
7. People eating inside the train! The smell is awful, the chewing noise is awful, and for God's
sake, the noise of the packaging!!!! And of course, people talking on their phones, as if no
one else could understand their conversation. The best idea ever invented was the "silent
carriages", although it's pretty rare to find them in every train.
8. Too much of three things: security, security and security. We are becoming a paranoid
civilization. There must be a way to identify trustworthy people; I'd even agree to be
microchipped if necessary to bypass searches.
9. Animal fatalities including human, loss of land, petrol... I'd prefer a monorail system as
intricate as it needs to be to get from my block to anywhere I want to go.

YOU:

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________

Top Gear - The World's Most Dangerous Roads https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UZ8SxeL2CmA

The journey to Delhi would give us our first _1_______________________ of life on provincial
Indian highways, an experience which, _2_______________________, would be terrifying.
Let me give you some _3_______________________ statistics. Throughout India there are now
74 million vehicles, roughly twice what we have in the UK, so you'd expect the
_4_______________________ to be twice as high. It isn't.
We were on the most dangerous kind of road, the _5_______________________.
'_6_______________________ tractor up ahead, chaps!'
(1 minute without any gaps. Listen for "That lorry's very close".)
'The road_7_______________________ for no obvious reason.'
Two nerve-jangling hours later, we arrived at the town where we'd be staying the night, and as
we refueled, I _8_______________________.
'What James has done is turned my heater up to full and then removed the heater
_9_______________________ so I can't turn it back down again.
The next morning the madness continued, _10_______________________ we could actually see
what was going to kill us.

142
STUDY THE FOLLOWING WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS FOR 8 MINUTES AND THEN

 DISCUSS ANNOYING/DANGEROUS HABITS.

 DESCRIBE A MINOR ROAD ACCIDENT YOU'VE WITNESSED OR BEEN IN.
 COMPARE YOUR TRANSPORT COMPLAINTS. (the ones you wrote at home and any others)

 DOUBLE-PARK One of my rear/front tyres blew.

 GO AROUND A ROUNDABOUT 'rotonda'  HAVE A PUNCTURE 'pinchársete una rueda'
 BEEP/SOUND/HONK YOUR HORN  HARD SHOULDER 'arcén'
 TAILGATE YOU (=follow you too closely),  BUMP (into) 'dar un golpecito a'
 HOG THE FAST LANE (=stay on the fast  (cf. BUMP 'bache', BUMPER 'paragolpes',
lane) HOG 'acaparar' BUMPY 'bacheado', SPEED BUMP 'badén')
 GIVE WAY (AmE also YIELD) 'ceder'  POTHOLE 'bache'
 USE YOUR INDICATORS  TOW 'remolcar'
 STALL 'calarse'  TOWTRUCK 'grúa'
 START/STOP THE ENGINE  CENTRAL RESERVATION 'mediana'
 REVERSE, BACK UP 'dar marcha atrás'  ALONGSIDE ME (=beside me)
 PULL OVER 'parar (a un lado)'  A BREAKDOWN 'una avería'
 PULL INTO... 'incorporarse a'  DENT '(pequeña) abolladura' (also a verb)
 OVERTAKE 'adelantar'  SCRATCH ('arañazo, arañar')
 CUT IN FRONT OF YOU (=overtake without  RECKLESS 'temerario'
leaving enough space)  ROAD RAGE 'cabreo del conductor'
 CUT YOU OFF 'incorporarse haciéndote  MAN(O)EUVRE /mə'nu:və/
frenar'  DITCH 'cuneta, zanja'
 SKID 'derrapar'  GET OFF/ON THE BUS
 SWERVE (=If you car swerves, you lose  GET OUT OF/IN(TO) THE CAR
control of it/it goes out of control.)  B-ROAD (BrE =minor road)
 CRASH INTO 'chocar contra'  MOTORWAY (BrE)/FREEWAY (AmE)
 GO OFF THE ROAD 'salirse de la carretera'  TOLL ROAD 'carretera de peaje'
 HEAD-ON COLLISION  HANDS-FREE SET 'el manos libres'
 OVERTURN 'volcar'
 THE BACK OF THE CAR, THE FRONT OF THE
CAR, THE SIDE OF THE CAR
 THE CAR WAS A WRITE-OFF 'siniestro total'
 KNOCK DOWN, RUN OVER 'atropellar'
 DIP YOUR (HEAD)LIGHTS 'poner las cortas'
 ROLL UP/DOWN THE WINDOWS
 RELEASE THE HANDBRAKE (don't leave it on!)
 BLOW/BURST 'reventar'

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

143
 Is it foolish for a woman to cycle alone across the Middle East? http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-39351162
When Rebecca Lowe _(1)_____________________ solo from the UK for Iran by bicycle, her friends thought she had taken
leave of her senses*. But although she had to endure gropers, extreme heat and heavy-handed* police, most of the
people she met were a long way removed* from stereotypes.
The day I left London to embark on a 6,000-mile (10,000km), _(2)_____________________ cycle to Tehran, I was deeply
unprepared. I wasn't fit. I had never used panniers*. I had no sense of direction. It was six years since I had last ridden up a hill.
But for all my doubts*, I was dedicated to the task at hand. My aims were simple: develop enviably shapely* calves, survive and
shed light on a region long misunderstood by the West.
Mostly, I wanted to show that _(3)_____________________ the Middle East is far from the volatile hub of violence and fanaticism
people believe. And that a woman could cycle through it safely. Not everyone had faith in my ability to do so, however. "We think
you'll probably die," one friend told me before I left. "We've put the odds at about 60:40."
Others were less _(4)_____________________. A man in the pub said I was a "naive idiot who would end
_(5)_____________________ decapitated in a ditch - at best". A good friend sent me a copy of Rudyard Kipling's If, stressing the
importance of keeping "your head when all about you* / Are losing theirs".
Yet I remained tentatively confident. The region may be politically precarious, but from experience I knew the people to be warm
and kind. Crime _(6)_____________________ were low and terrorist strongholds* isolated and avoidable. Even exposed on a
bike, I felt my odds of staying alive weren't bad.
I'd chosen a bicycle for its simplicity and slowness of pace, and its immersive, worm's-eye view*. On a bike you don't just observe
the world but are absorbed within it. You are seen as _(7)_____________________ and endearingly unhinged*, and are
welcomed into people's lives.
I set off in July 2015. _(8)_____________________ the next four months I inched* my way with sluggish* determination across
Europe. As summer bled into* autumn, my stamina gradually grew - along with my thighs. By Bosnia they were formidable. By
Bulgaria they had developed their own gravitational field.
But leaving Europe was nerve-wracking. I was now outside my comfort zone, in the relative unknown.
In front of me _(9)_____________________ Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt, Sudan, Oman, the UAE and Iran. Pre-warned about
men, terrorists and traffic, I began the Asian leg of my journey with caution. I swiftly* relaxed, however. A truck driver stopped just to
hand me a satsuma*. A cafe owner gave me his earmuffs*. Dozens of others offered food, water, lifts and lodgings*, and endless
varieties of kebab. _(10)_____________________ the Middle East, it was the same. Doors were forever flung wide* to greet this
strange, two-wheeled anomaly who was surely in need of help, and possibly psychiatric care.
My _(11)_____________________ varied widely: rich and poor, mullahs and atheists, Bedouin and businessmen, niqab-clad*
women and qabaa-robed men. Every person and community was different, but certain traits linked them all: kindness, curiosity and
tolerance.
In Sudan, families fed me endless vats* of ful (bean stew) and let me sleep in their modest mud-brick houses. One Nubian family
gently restored me to health after I ran out of water in the Sahara and collapsed, vomiting and delirious, on their doorstep: the
lowest point of the trip, and the only time I experienced true panic.
Iranian hospitality felt like a soft protective cloak*, omnipresent and ever-reliable. So much wonderful, impractical food was given to
me by _(12)_____________________ - watermelons, bread, bags of cucumbers - that much** had to be discarded.
Persian culture pulsed* with contradictions. _(13)_____________________ my first day, the police admonished me for removing
my headscarf in blazing* heat under a tree. Minutes later the officer's sister-in-law was serving me khoresh gheimeh (lamb and split
pea stew) in her _(14)_____________________ bungalow.
The trip was not all blissfully* _(15)_____________________, of course. There were the sex pests*, for a start. In Jordan, Egypt
and Iran, I was groped, ogled* and propositioned with disappointing regularity. In Egypt, one randy* tuk-tuk* driver got his
comeuppance* following a juicy bum squeeze by being beaten to a pulp by the police convoy on my tail - my horror at their brutality
only outdone* by my undisguised glee*.
In Jordan, a truck driver who'd _(16)_____________________ following a puncture repeatedly asked for kisses and grabbed my
breasts. Fortunately his bravado* ceased abruptly at the sight of my penknife* wafting ominously* close to his crotch*.
Such incidents angered me intensely, and were often frightening and unsettling. Lechery is hardly** a preserve of the Middle East,
but there were areas where strains* of patriarchy and entitlement ran deep.
I realised quickly, however, that these men were not monsters. They were ignorant and often ill-educated.
_(17)_____________________ severely sexually frustrated within a culture where physical intimacy is shameful and stigmatised.
They were more _(18)_____________________ opportunists than malicious aggressors, and it was usually easy enough to send
them scuttling cravenly* on their way.
There were certain things no-one could help with, however. The traffic was obscene by Turkey and got progressively worse. The
heat was obscene by Sudan - upwards of 40 degrees C - and also got progressively worse.

____________________________________________________________________READ THE REMAINDER OF THE ARTICLE

Toilets were a serious concern. In the remote gold mining regions of northern Sudan, where few women ventured, there simply
weren't any. "Look around you," a man at one roadside shack* told me, gesturing to the entirely exposed desert behind him. "The
Sahara is your toilet."

144
The most worrisome* issue, however, was political. Across the region, repression was palpable, and foreign journalists clearly
weren't welcome. Don't tell the authorities your profession, I was told, or others would pay the price too. I took this advice - yet it
was hard to feel at ease.
In Egypt, ruled by a heavy-handed military regime, tourists were tightly controlled and protected. The police were suffocating in
their oversight*, escorting me 500 miles (800km) down the Nile and aggressively grilling* everyone I met.
In Iran, I was given more freedom. Yet foreigners are not permitted to stay with locals without permission, and several of my hosts
endured an intense grilling by police. Some of those aware of my profession declined any contact at all due to fear of repercussion.
Everywhere I went, security and oppression continually curbed* freedom and dissent. In Turkey, pro-Kurdish human rights lawyer
Tahir Elçi was killed by an unknown gunman a few days after we met. In Sudan, two students were killed in clashes with regime
forces and supporters during my brief stay in Khartoum.
In Jordan and Lebanon, refugee camps were visibly struggling to cope with the growing numbers of Syrians fleeing war. The
enduring impression was a region in crisis, stretched hopelessly between tyranny and terror. Yet there was light along the way -
and that light was the people.
"The world shouldn't judge us by our politics*," a member of the Center for Civil Society and Democracy, a Syrian activist group I
spent Christmas with, told me. "We hate our politics. We should be judged by ourselves."
And that, for me, is the nub* of the matter. The Middle East is a risky place, but the risks are primarily political. Beyond the pockets
of conflict and terror highlighted daily in the media lies a broader reality: that of warm, compassionate communities living normal,
everyday lives.
So is it safe for a woman to cycle alone across the Middle East? With the right precautions, yes. Would I let my daughter do it?
Absolutely not in a month of Sundays - are you mad?
Follow Rebecca Lowe on Twitter: @reo_lowe
____________________________________________________________________________GLOSSARY
take leave of her senses 'perder la swiftly =quickly comeuppance 'merecido'
cabeza' earmuffs 'orejeras' outdone 'sobrepasado'
heavy-handed 'de mano dura' lodgings 'alojamiento' undisguised glee 'regocijo no disimulado'
a long way removed 'muy apartado' doors were forever flung wide = doors bravado 'bravuconería'
panniers 'alforjas' were always open wide my penknife wafts ominously 'mi navaja
for all my doubts =despite all my doubts -clad 'vestid@ con' flota/planea ominosamente'
shapely 'torneado' vats 'tinajas' lechery is hardly a preserve of - 'la lujuria
when all about you =when everyone cloak 'capa' (desde luego) no es exclusiva de'
around you that much -Here it doesn't mean 'so strains 'venas' (cf. veins)
strongholds =bastions much' but 'that'. scuttle cravenly 'escabullirse acobardado'
endearingly unhinged 'encantadoramente pulse 'palpitar' shack 'choza'
desquiciada' blazing heat 'calor abrasador' worrisome =worrying
worm's-eye view -cf. bird's-eye view blissfully 'dichosamente' oversight 'vigilancia'
inch my way 'moverme pasito a pasito' pests 'plagas/pelmazos' grill =question aggressively
sluggish =very slow ogle 'mirar lascivamente' curb 'poner freno a'
bled into -something like 'daba paso a' randy 'salido' our politics 'política/(ideas)políticas
satsuma =a kind of tangerine tuk-tuk nub 'meollo'

GAP 1 WENT AWAY PARTED SET OFF

GAP 2 YEAR-LONG YEARLY ANNUAL
GAP 3 THE BULK OF THE MOST OF ALL OF
GAP 4 BLUNT OPTIMIST OPTMISTIC
GAP 5 END UP END END BEING
GAP 6 RATINGS INDEXES RATES
GAP 7 INOFFENSIVE UNTHREATENING INSANE
GAP 8 ALONG OVER SLOWLY
GAP 9 LAID LIED LAY
GAP 10 THROUGHOUT IN OVER
GAP 11 LANDLORDS HOSTS GUESTS
GAP 12 PASSERS PASSERS-BY GROCERS
GAP 13 IN ON COME
GAP 14 NEARBY NEARLY CLOSE
GAP 15 TROUBLELESS TROUBLE-FREE SOWING AND SINGING
GAP 16 PICKED ME PICKED ME UP RAN ME OVER
GAP 17 TRULY LET ALONE NOT TO MENTION
GAP 18 COWARD CHICKENSHIT COWARDLY

145
SEE PAGE 223

 WHAT'S THE LONGEST BIKE OR MOTORBIKE RIDE OR TRIP YOU'VE EVER TAKEN?
 DO YOU HAVE ANY EXPERIENCE OF TRAVELLING OR WALKING THROUGH (SUPPOSEDLY) DANGEROUS
AREAS?
 WHEN WAS THE LAST TIME YOU WERE PULLED OVER BY THE POLICE?
 HAVE YOU EVER NEEDED ROADSIDE ASSISTANCE?
 WHAT'S THE MOST UNCOMFORTABLE JOURNEY YOU REMEMBER?
HAVE YOU EVER HAD TO "ROUGH IT"? ('live without the possessions and comforts that you normally
have') (cf. SLEEP ROUGH 'dormir al raso')
HAVE YOU EVER HAD TO SLEEP IN YOUR CAR?

REMEMBER
To make a JOURNEY is to travel from A to B; the word JOURNEY is sometimes used figuratively: a journey
of discovery. TRIP includes the stay and the journey back (make/take a trip). The noun TRAVEL means
the activity of travelling (cf. someone's TRAVELS as in Gulliver's Travels). A VOYAGE is a long journey on
a ship or in a spacecraft.

ON HOLIDAY (AmE ON VACATION)

1. ARE YOU THE KIND OF PERSON WHO NEEDS TO GET AWAY FROM IT ALL FROM TIME TO TIME?
2. ARE YOU FAMILIAR WITH THE CONCEPT OF "STAYCATION"? ('a holiday spent at home and
involving day trips to local attractions') DO YOU FIND IT APPEALING?
3. DO YOU LIKE ALL-IN PACKAGES? DO YOU PREFER TO COME AND GO AS YOU PLEASE?
4. TOURING BY CAR: DO YOU LIKE THE IDEA OF HITTING THE ROAD AND DRIFTING ALONG WITH NO
PARTICULAR PLAN?
5. QUICKLY SKIM UNIT 263. THINK FOR A MINUTE, AND THEN TELL EACH OTHER ABOUT A BAD
HOLIDAY EXPERIENCE.
NOTES

6. RECOMMEND A STUNNING LOCATION YOU'VE VISITED

_____________________________________________________________EXTRA: READ AND DISCUSS

Last Chance Tourism - Also known as "Doom Tourism", this emerging trend
involves traveling to places that are environmentally or otherwise threatened (such as the ice caps of Mount
Kilimanjaro, the melting glaciers of Patagonia, or the coral of the Great Barrier Reef) before it is too late. This type of
tourism is believed to be on the rise. Some see the trend as related to sustainable tourism or ecotourism due to the
fact that a number of these tourist destinations are considered threatened by environmental factors such as global
warming, overpopulation or climate change. Others worry that travelling to many of these threatened locations increases
an individual’s carbon footprint and only hastens* problems threatened locations are already facing.
(Adapted from Wikipedia) (*hasten /'heɪsn/ 'accelerate')

146
_______________________________________________BINGO TEXTS
Keith Richards Bentley sold for £763,100 at Goodwood Revival By Steve Huntingford
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/goodwood-revival/11861153/Keith-Richards-Bentley-sold-for-763100-at-Goodwood-Revival.html
A classic Bentley that was _(1)___________ owned by Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards has sold
for £763,100 at auction. The S3 Continental Flying Spur was bought by Richards in 1965 and dubbed “Blue
Lena” in honour of his favourite American singer Lena Horne. One of only 68 right-hand-drive S3
Continental Flying Spurs built by Bentley, the car _(2)___________a 6.2-litre V8 engine and several
unusual modifications, including a secret compartment in the frame for the concealing of illegal substances.
Richards also had the car _(3)___________with darkened rear windows and a Philips record player,
while a pair of loudspeakers behind the front grille were used by Richards’s then-girlfriend Anita Pallenberg
to _(4)________a policewoman and issue bogus instructions to other motorists. (=give false instructions)
During the time Richards owned “Blue Lena”, the car was _(5)___________in several accidents, the most
serious of _(6)___________occurred in 1976, when it left the road and ended _(7)___________in a
field, having ploughed through a hedge and a fence. When the police arrived, they found illegal substances
and Richards was arrested.
Richards sold the car in 1978, and it has just emerged from a full restoration, which _(8)___________five
years to complete. New wing sections and door panels had to be _(9)___________handcrafted. Plus, the
mechanicals were overhauled, the engine was rebuilt, and Connolly was _(10)__________commissioned
to recreate the original beige leather.
The ex-Keith Richards Bentley S3 Continental Flying Spur was sold as part of the Bonhams auction at
the Goodwood Revival historic motor racing festival, which is taking place this weekend.

Is the humble Lada now a classic car? By Elizabeth HotsonBusiness reporter, BBC News

The classic car speeds through the English countryside, a lovingly-maintained example of motoring heritage.
It rounds a left-hand _(1)___________, negotiates a tight right corner,
and gracefully dips out of view, a petrol-fuelled gazelle. This is a collectable
automobile that has seen its value soar in recent years. Proud owner Ed
Hughes is a very happy man. _(2)___________ the 45-year-old's set of
wheels isn't what most people would imagine when they think of a classic
car. It isn't a vintage Ferrari, Lamborghini or Jaguar, for example.
_(3)___________, it's a 1994 Lada Riva, the boxy, four-door Russian
runabout that regularly features in "worst cars of all time" lists. Mr Hughes'
example has a 1.5 litre engine, 80,000 miles on the clock, and a top speed of 95mph (153 km/h). And he loves
Ladas so much that he owns five of them.
While some might scoff at the suggestion that a Lada Riva is a classic car, it does in fact _(4)___________ the
generally agreed criteria - it is an old car that is no longer in production, and there is enough interest in the
vehicle for it now to be collectable rather than scrapped ('desguazado'). And like any classic car worth its salt
('que se precie'), there is money to be made, although not Ferrari-style tens of millions. Mr Hughes bought his
red Riva 14 years ago for £50. It's now _(5)___________ £2,000. As the global classic car industry continues
to grow strongly, an increasing number of previously unheralded cars are now being avidly
_(6)___________. But why the Lada Riva?
'Fashion statement'
Mr Hughes, who _(7)___________ a career in teaching to write full-time for Practical Classics magazine,
admits that Ladas were "deeply unfashionable" for years. But as his father had owned a few of the Soviet cars
when he was growing up, Mr Hughes says "he'd always liked them". So in the late 1990s he started buying Ladas,
including the Riva, which was available in the UK from 1983 to 1997. "As happens with old cars, people were
throwing them away as their _(8)___________ decreased, and I started rescuing some of the nicer models,"
says Mr Hughes. "What they _(9)___________ in fit and finish they make up for in being quite well built
mechanically."
Mr Hughes says there are two main reasons for the big _(10)___________ in the value of Ladas in the UK in
recent years.
"Firstly, a new generation of people in their 20s and 30s like the car's shape - there is nothing like it on the road.
They've now become a fashion statement."

147
THE THICK OF IT - QUALITY TIME_____________________________________________________
ADVISOR: You're late. And you look like shit.
MINISTER: I know both of those things already. Margaret Thatcher used to survive on less than four hours'
sleep a night. How is that possible?
ADVISOR: Monkey glands. She was mad. Mad people have different needs.
MINISTER: And she lived above the shop, of course, so she didn't have to commute. God, London is so big.
Can't we devolve* some of it? If I could get one decent night's shut-eye*.
ADVISOR: Well, Hugh, do yourself a favour and stay over in the flat.
MINISTER: I can't break my promise to Kate.
ADVISOR: I mean, do you actually get to see the children?
MINISTER: Glenn, I don't have time for that. All I do... I work, I eat, I shower -that's it. And occasionally I
take a dump**, just as a sort of treat. I mean, that really is my treat. That's what it's come to. I sit there
and I think 'No, I'm not gonna read the New Statesman. This time is just for me. This is quality time just for
me. Is that normal?
ADVISOR: It's sad. devolve 'descentralizar, delegar' - shut-eye (informal) =sleep - take a dump (vulgar) 'plantar un pino'
MINISTER: At least I've made something. *SEE P. 218 FOR SOME EXAMPLES OF POSSESIVE 'S IN TIME EXPRESSIONS
__________________________________________________
I have fond memories of my train journeys to Galicia. Four years ago
my dog and I bought ourselves a car because it's cheaper in the long
run, and more convenient. But I miss some things, not least feeling
rested when I got off. I used to text my friends from the train and we
would meet for a chat later that day. The 6-hour drive is very tiring, so
much so that now I only travel there on long weekends. I also miss
being able to get some work done, and glancing up from my computer
every now and then to enjoy the scenery. I liked listening to people's
comments as we passed through a particularly beautiful spot.
Listening in on conversations was fun. Once I felt the need to chime in on the topic of post-war Spain,
and before long half the carriage was talking about it.
I used to travel by day, but once I had no choice but to buy a first-class ticket on a sleeper. I had a
whole compartment to myself, and I remember being gently rocked to sleep like a baby.
Of course, it wasn't all good. Delays were fairly common and on several occasions I missed the last bus
to San Martín and had to stay at a hotel, but that's for another presentation.

TRAINS/PLANES/BUSES: HAVE YOU HAD ANY EXPERIENCES LIKE THE TEACHER'S OR THE ONES BELOW?

6 Things that only happen on a long train journey

 Being surprised when a passenger you’ve been sitting opposite for an hour takes a phone call and has a
completely different accent to the one you expected.
 The slumped, snoring businessman and his untouched laptop spreadsheet. "I'll work on the train," must
be Britain's worst kept promise.
 The shaky walk down (=along) a moving carriage: an exact replica of entering a dance floor after eight
pints of San Miguel.
 The split second when you're resting your head on the window and a train passes in the other direction.
Feels like a near-death experience.
 The camaraderie that breaks out when your train is stopped for hours in the middle of nowhere, and the
need to moan (=complain) shatters all social barriers. This is what the war must have been like.
 The old couple treating the journey as an event, chatting to everyone who sits at their table. The best
people on the train. Taken from a longer article originally published on Esquire in 2014

148
SULLY ___________________________________________________________________________
A: Our job is to investigate how a plane ended up in the Hudson River.
B: On the Hudson River. Isn't it a little early in the year to go fishing?
A: Seeking the facts is hardly "fishing", Mr Skyles.
B: OK, here's the most important fact. There's* only two people who know what
happened in the cockpit that day, and I'm one of them.
A: And we appreciate your perspective.
B: Why do you even think we're here today? It's because captain Sullenberger did
not head back to La Guardia. Look, I just finished training on the A320 and I can
tell you the only reason the plane operated as well as it did, that the aircraft could land anywhere is that
captain Sullenberger turned on the Auxiliary Power Unit.
A: He was simply following the QRH.
B: No, no, he wasn't. He wasn't following proper procedure at all, and I know because I had the QRH in my
hands. If he had followed the damn rules we'd all be dead.
*there's + plural is acceptable only in informal spoken English
CHALLENGES: TRANSPORT_________________________________________________________________
Larry Burns, former corporate vice president of Research and Development for General Motors
According to the World Health Organisation, over 1.2 million people a year die from crashes on the world’s roadways.
This is epidemic in scale. Traffic safety experts predict that over 90% of roadway fatalities can be eliminated when
driverless vehicle technology reaches its full potential. Regulators, police organisations and liability (=legal
responsibility) experts responsibly caution that we cannot let driverless technology get in front of safety. However, like
with all epidemics, we also have a responsibility to realise the full potential of cures as soon as possible. While we must
be prudent, we also must not let those with vested interests in human driven cars slow progress. We must work
together to safely accelerate the realisation of driverless vehicles. Reaching this imperative one day sooner could save
over 3,000 lives! VESTED INTERESTS 'intereses creados'
Mary Barra, CEO, General Motors
The auto industry stands at an inflection point where rapidly advancing technology and evolving customer needs offer a
unique opportunity to transform our relationship with customers, communities and the environment. Thanks to
connectivity, electrification, autonomous vehicles and car- and ridesharing, the way customers interact with our vehicles
is going to change in a way that hasn't happened since the industry was born more than 100 years ago. Some view this
as a disruption – we believe it represents a tremendous opportunity to make people’s lives safer, simpler and better.
Realising these changes demands the ability to recruit from a talented pool (group) of diverse candidates with Science,
Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) expertise. Today, there is more demand for some STEM areas than there is
available new talent and the demand continues to grow. It’s one of the reasons we are committed to doing all we can to
encourage young people to pursue careers in STEM, particularly in Technology and Engineering.
STEM: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS
________________________________________________________________________________
CONVERSATION TASK (6-7 MINUTES)
Make preparations for a 3-week trip with three other people across Europe, Africa, or the States. Your
budget is 12,000 Euros. Plan a trip that satisfies both of you. Discuss the route and transport arrangements.
Include some cultural touches and some culinary ones.

INDIVIDUAL TASK (4/5 MINUTES)

 a memorable journey you took/a journey you've always dreamed of
 a fictional/historical journey that you like -ic/-ical adjectives
 a figurative journey in your life See page 220
(knowledge, discovery, wisdom, opinions, career, love, religion...)

WRITING TASK (250-350 WORDS)

Write a tourist brochure for your own special holiday resort (located in a place you like, offering indoor and
outdoor activities you love). Make it as appealing as you can. See unit 27 for some useful language.

149
UNIT NINE: THE ENVIRONMENT (English Vocabulary in Use 3rd ed.: 28, 29, 31, 32, 33)

THE TRANSCRIPTIONS IN THE 1ST COLUMN CAN STAND FOR MORE THAN ONE WORD

1. /ˈsɪəriəl/ 6. /draʊt/ 11. /ˈflʌrɪʃ/

2. /pɔː/ 7. /ˈmaɪgrənt/ 12. /fɪəs/
3. /ruːt/ 8. /ˈstaɪflɪŋ/ 13. /ˈklaɪmət/
4. /soʊ/ 9. /bʌd/ 14. /səˈnɑːrioʊ/
5. /fɜː/ 10. /riːp/ 15. /ɪnˈvaɪərənmənt/

English Vocabulary in Use 3rd ed.: WORDS THAT CAN WAIT

28 coniferous, paddy fields, tend
29 sweltering, deluge, sultry, clammy, chucking it down, under a cloud, the mists of history, whirlwind, thunder as a verb
31 prune back, sprout up, wither, withering, shrivel, wilt
32 pouch, scavenger, dodo
33 LEARN THE WHOLE UNIT

_________________________________________________English Vocabulary in Use 3rd ed. - BACK OF THE BOOK

UNIT 80 - Learn: reiterate, summarize, assert, underscore, account for, comprise, this
brings us to, touch on, deal with, beyond the scope of
UNIT 81 - Learn: jot down, make a note of, draft, cut and paste, bold, italics, shaded,
quotation marks and any other typography terms you don't know
UNIT 85 - Learn: all except pto, biodata, bedsit
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

cereal/serial, paw/pour/poor, route/root, sow/sew/so, fir/fur, drought, migrant, stifling,

bud, reap, flourish, fierce, climate, scenario, environment

150
 1. ¿Por qué no estamos a la vanguardia de la lucha contra el calentamiento global?
2. El sur del país es propenso a la sequía y se espera que el cambio climático agrave la
situación.
3. La degradación medioambiental y el cambio climático provocaron desplazamientos de
población sin precedentes.
4. Están desbordados de papeleo.
5. En el clima económico actual no es inteligente hacer una inversión como esa.
6. Hace bochorno/calor húmedo.
7. Nuestra propuesta tiene sus raíces en un movimiento político comunitario/de base.
8. Cortemos por lo sano antes de que vaya a más.
9. Seguro que (ella) prospera en un entorno como este.
10. Todos los mamíferos son animales de sangre caliente.
11. Se extinguió en el siglo XVII.
12. Aunque consigamos cumplir los objetivos de reducción de emisiones, las temperaturas
tardarán un siglo en estabilizarse en el mejor de lo casos
13. ¿Sabías que obtenemos toda nuestra electricidad de fuentes renovables? Haciendo
eso contribuimos al desarrollo sostenible.
14. El metano es un gas de efecto invernadero extremadamente potente. Se calcula que un
20 por ciento del aumento de temperatura se debe a las emisiones de metano.
15. Deberíamos pensar en los hijos de nuestros hijos.
16. Presiento que estamos a punto de rebasar el "punto de no retorno".
17. Los recortes de emisiones que se han propuesto no son suficientes ni de lejos.
18. Es que no entiendo cómo puedes negar los hechos.
19. ¿Por qué te resulta tan difícil fiarte de los científicos?
_________________________________________________________________________________
A DISJUNCT or sentence adverb is an adverb that expresses the speaker/writer's attitude but does not
modify the (propositional) meaning of the sentence.
Some sentence adverbs are easy to translate: Clearly, frankly, luckily, presumably 'presumiblemente',
allegedly 'presuntamente', obviously, amazingly (informal) 'increíblemente'
Here are some useful ones that can't be translated in one word. Do a Youglish/Google search.
ADMITTEDLY 'cierto es que, reconozco que' Admittedly, it wasn't entirely their fault.
FAMOUSLY 'como todo el mundo sabe' Americans are famously ignorant about global geography.
ARGUABLY 'se puede mantener que' It's arguably the best film this year.
There are at least 4 different ways of translating "curiosamente". Each has a slightly different meaning:
CURIOUSLY (ENOUGH), STRANGELY/ODDLY (ENOUGH), FUNNILY (ENOUGH), INTERESTINGLY
Interestingly, although it was originally a male noise, it's now being used by women.

151
1. Why aren't we / Why are we not at the forefront of the fight against global warming?

2. The south of the country is prone to drought, and climate change is expected to make the situation
worse / to worsen the situation.

3. Environmental degradation and climate change led to/resulted in/brought about/gave rise
to/caused unprecedented population displacement. (Also: population displacement on
an unprecedented scale)

4. They're snowed under with paperwork.

5. In the current economic climate it's not wise/sensible/smart/intelligent to make an investment

like that/such an investment.

6. It's muggy/stuffy/close. /kloʊs/

7. Our proposal is rooted in a grassroots movement.

8. Let's nip it in the bud before it gets (any) worse.

9. She is bound/sure/certain to thrive in an environment like this. (She will definitely thrive...)

10. All mammals are warm-blooded animals.

11. It died out/became extinct in the 17th century.

12. Even if we manage/are able to meet/achieve the emission reduction targets/goals, temperatures
will take a century to stabilize in the best-case scenario. (Also: it will take a century for
temperatures to stabilize)

13. Did you know that we get/obtain our electricity from renewable sources? By doing that (more
formal: By doing so), we contribute to sustainable development.

14. Methane is an extremely powerful greenhouse gas. It is estimated that 20 percent of the increase in
temperature is due to methane emissions. (Compare: 'increase [n] - in'crease [v])
An increase in emissions Emissions have increased by 10%.

15. We ought to/should think about our children's children. (our grandchildren)

16. I have a feeling/I suspect/I sense that we're about to go beyond/go past/pass a point of no return.

17. The emission cuts that have been put forward/proposed aren't nearly enough / are nowhere near
enough.

18. I just can't/don't understand how you can deny the facts.

19. Why do you find it so difficult / Why is it so difficult for you to trust (the) scientists?

152
ISAAC ASIMOV https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o6tSYRY90PA

I had written an article on the greenhouse effect. It was a year-end article. They wanted me to pick out
the most important scientific event of 1988. And I really thought that the most important scientific
event of 1988 would only be recognized sometime in the future when you get a little perspective. But I
thought that the most interesting scientific event of 1988, was the way everyone started speaking
about the greenhouse effect just because there was a hot summer and a _(1)____________, when I
had been talking about the greenhouse effect for 20 years at least, and there were other peple who
talked about it before I did. I mean, I didn't invent it.
So I explained, what was meant by the greenhouse effect, and I also explained that not only were we**
constantly _(2)____________ carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, because we’re burning fossil fuels,
coal and oil and gas, so that the content of the atmosphere as far as carbon dioxide is concerned has
been going up steadily not very rapidly but steadily ever since 1900. And it’s continuing to do so**. The
amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere now is 50% higher than it was in 1900, it’s still only a little
over 300 – 0.035% which is not enough to _(3)____________ us as far as breathing is concerned. But
it’s enough to _(4)____________ the infrared waves that Earth reflects into space and to raise the
temperature of the Earth slightly. The temperature will keep on going up. And not only are we piling in
more and more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, but we are _(5)____________ the forests of the
earth at a great rate. And the forests themselves are the most efficient consumers of carbon dioxide
that there are on Earth. Anything that substitutes for the forests like, let us say, grain fields or
grasslands, is not going to consume carbon dioxide as efficiently. And if we _(6)____________ them
with desert, which is most likely, it won’t absorb the carbon dioxide at all, so that, _(7)____________,
we are contributing** to the greenhouse effect in two ways: by pushing the output of carbon dioxide
and inhibiting the input _(8)____________.

**Notice the inversion after "not only" - do so (somewhat formal) =do that - /kən'trɪbjutɪŋ/

153
https://www.technologyreview.com/s/416786/global-warming-vs-the-next-ice-age/

Global Warming vs. the Next Ice Age

Will the greenhouse effect prevent the return of glaciers?

by FRANKLIN HADLEY COCKS

Global warming is an inescapable issue for our age. But 180 years ago, most
scientists believed that Earth _(1)_______ steadily cooling since it was formed.
When Louis Agassiz presented the concept of a Great Ice Age to the Swiss Society
of Natural Sciences in 1837, his suggestion that the planet had turned colder and
then warmed up again was met with _(2)_______and even hostility, triggering years
of fierce scientific debate before the idea was accepted.
a sensationalist movie
Exactly why our planet occasionally cools down has taken more than a century to work out. Now we know that cyclic
gravitational tugs* from Jupiter and Saturn periodically elongate Earth’s orbit, and this effect combines from time to time
with slow changes in the direction and degree of Earth’s tilt* that are caused by the gravity of our large moon.
_(3)_______, summer sunlight around the poles is reduced, and high-latitude regions such as Alaska, northern Canada,
and Siberia turn cold enough to preserve snow year-round. This constant snow cover reflects _(4)_______sunlight,
cooling things down even more, and a new ice age begins. Naturally, this process does not occur with anything like the
speed portrayed in the movie The Day After Tomorrow, but geological and other _(5)_______shows that it’s happened
at least four times.
With so much attention focused on global warming, this chilly prospect has been all but* forgotten. Given how
catastrophic another ice age could be, one might be tempted to ask whether a human-caused increase
_(6)_______atmospheric and ocean temperatures will actually be a boon*.

There’s little question that global warming is happening. Climate data show that Earth’s average temperature has risen
at least 0.7 oC (1.3 oF) over the 20th century. Temperature increases over the 21st century will probably be two and a
half to five times as large, because greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide allow sunlight to penetrate the atmosphere
but make it harder for outgoing* infrared radiation to escape. _(7)_______, just as carbonated soda fizzes* when it
warms up, warmer temperatures cause the ocean to release carbon dioxide taken up during colder periods. Analyses of
air trapped in glacial ice over the last 800,000 years show that atmospheric carbon dioxide generally ranged between
200 and 300 parts per million by volume (ppmv); increases in these levels were slightly preceded by increases in
temperature caused by natural orbital shifts. During this period, global temperature varied by about 12 oC. Now, carbon
levels are approaching 400 ppmv as the burning of fossil fuels _(8)_______more and more carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere. Even if the rate of growth could be moderated enough to stabilize levels at about 550 ppmv, average
temperatures might well rise by about 5 oC–with devastating effects for us earthlings*, such as rising sea levels and
dramatic changes in weather patterns.
But even that warming will not stave off* the eventual return of huge glaciers, because ice ages last for millennia and
fossil fuels will not. In about 300 years, all available fossil fuels _(9)_______have been consumed. Over the following
centuries, excess carbon dioxide will naturally dissolve into the oceans or get trapped by the formation of carbonate
minerals. Such processes won’t be offset by the industrial emissions we see today, and atmospheric carbon dioxide will
slowly decline toward preindustrial levels. In about 2,000 years, when the types of planetary motions that can induce
polar cooling start to coincide again, the _(10)_______warming trend will be a distant memory.

This means that humanity will be hit by a one-two punch the likes of which* we have never seen. Nature is as
unforgiving to men as it was to dinosaurs; advanced civilization will not survive unless we develop energy sources that
_(11)_______the carbon emissions heating the planet today and help us fend off* the cold when the ice age comes.
Solar, nuclear, and other non-fossil-fuel energy sources need to be developed now, before carbon emissions get out of
hand. MIT (Massachussets Institute of Technology) alumni could play a prominent part _(12)_______the technology
needed to keep us all going. And there are fortunes to be made from the effort. It’s worth thinking about.
tugs 'tirones' - tilt 'inclinación' - all but =almost - boon 'bendición' - outgoing: here it means 'salientes' - fizz 'burbujear' -
earthlings (humorous) 'terrícolas' - stave off/fend off 'mantener a raya' - the likes of which: something like 'de los que'

154
GAP 1 was had been has been
GAP 2 skepticism enthusiasm an open mind
GAP 3 Thus Nonetheless Consequently
GAP 4 no lots of a great deal of
GAP 5 evidences evidence stuff
GAP 6 of in to
GAP 7 What's more Therefore I mean
GAP 8 pump pumps are pumping
GAP 9 will well may well can well
GAP 10 current actual supposed
GAP 11 enhance curb cuts
GAP 12 in discovering to discover for discovering
SEE PAGE 223 FOR THE KEY AND AN EXPLANATION
WORTH /wɜ:θ/
IT'S (NOT) WORTH +ING It's (not) worthwhile.
two thousand pounds' worth of clothing It's a worthwhile charity to support.
These clothes are worth two thousand pounds. It looked like a sapphire, but it was worthless.
It's (not) worth it. worthy of respect /'wɜ:δi/
It's not worth my while. It's worth a try. Trustworthy, praiseworthy, etc.

BBC BULLETIN
President Trump has announced that the United States is _(1)_______________ from the Paris Accord on Climate
Change, calling it an unfair agreement that would cost millions of American jobs. Mr Trump said he was prepared to
negotiate a new agreement or reenter the accord on improved terms, but he said he could not support a deal which,
in his words, punished the US while imposing no meaningful obligations on the world's leading
_(2)_______________. He named China and India.
The _(3)_______________ US president Barack Obama, who negotiated the 2015 deal, said he was confident that
US states, cities and businesses would step up and do even more to lead the way to protect the planet. New York's
mayor Bill de Blasio called the decision an immoral _(4)_______________ on everyone on earth.
A spokesman for the UN secretary general, António Guterres, called it a _(5)_______________ disappointment for
global efforts to reduce greenhouse emissions.
In a joint statement with Germany and Italy, France _(6)_______________ Donald Trump that the Paris agreement
could not be renegotiated.
In other news, security forces in the Philipines say they are now in control after a gunman burst into a casino in the
capital Manila. The national police chief said the incident may have been an attempted _(7)_______________, not a
terror attack. No one was hurt. The gunman is _(8)_______________ .
Germany has suspended the compulsory deportation of most Afghans who've had their _(9)_______________
applications rejected in the wake of* Wednesday's bomb attack in Kabul. It says that for the time being it will only
deport criminals and those deemed* a terrorist threat.
A new study has shown that the annual number of global child deaths caused by diarrhoea fell by a third between
2005 and 2015. Researchers say the improvement is most likely to be caused by better access to clean water and
_(10)_______________ as well as fewer already weak and malnourished children becoming infected. BBC News.

in the wake of =after (something bad) - deemed =considered

155
Complete with 1-3 words. DAVID ARCHER

The _1_________________ weather we have now is not the fire; it's sort of like the fire alarm.
_2_________________ yesterday in Beijing. The highest level they had seen in quite some time.
As you know in Houston they are dealing with deadly flooding and unfortunately the _3_________________
has now risen to seven.
I don't think any of the proposals that have been put forward in the Paris talks are sufficient to, by themselves,
save the planet. It's really only _4_________________ of a problem. What it means in terms of carbon and
energy is that we have to _5_________________ much more quickly.
It's sort of like, you light a fuse 'mecha' and it burns for a couple (of) centuries before it gets to the bomb and
_6_________________.
Right now emissions are growing exponentially but if we ramp down 'disminuir' the emissions at some rate, at
some point it'll become _7_________________ ...
Actually, what it also means is "negative emissions", which is _8_________________ language for cleaning up
our mess. Technologically we can do it. We could do it, no problem. We're very smart people; we set up the
financial _9_______________ and lots of smart people will make lots of money figuring out how to
_10_________________ us energy.
As a physical scientist, it sounds to me like a _11_________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________
/ʌn'presədəntɪd 'kɒrəl 'bliːʧɪŋ ɪn kən'sekjʊtɪv jɪəz həz 'dæmɪʤd tuː θɜːdz əv ɒ'streɪliəz greɪt 'bæriə riːf, 'eəriəl
'sɜːveɪz həv ʃoʊn. ðə 'bliːʧɪŋ - ɔː lɒs əv 'ælʤiː - ə'fekts ə 1,500km (900 maɪlz) streʧ əv ðə riːf, ə'kɔːdɪŋ tə
'saɪəntɪsts. ðə 'leɪtəst 'dæmɪʤ ɪz 'kɒnsəntreɪtɪd ɪn ðə 'mɪdl 'sekʃn, weər'æz lɑːst jɪəz 'bliːʧɪŋ hɪt 'meɪnli ðə
nɔːθ. 'ekspɜːts fɪə ðə prɒk'sɪməti əv ðə tuː ɪ'vents wɪl gɪv 'dæmɪʤd 'kɒrəl 'lɪtl ʧɑːns tə rɪ'kʌvə.
prə'fesə 'teri hjuːz, frəm ʤeɪmz kʊk ˌjuːnɪ'vɜːsəti, sed 'gʌvəmənts məst 'ɜːʤəntli ə'dres 'klaɪmət ʧeɪnʤ tə
prɪ'vent 'fɜːðə 'bliːʧɪŋ. sɪns 1998, wi həv siːn fɔːr əv ðiːz ɪ'vents ənd ðə gæp bə'twiːn ðəm həz 'veərid
səb'stænʃəli, bət ðɪs ɪz ðə 'ʃɔːtəst gæp wi həv siːn, prə'fesə hjuːz toʊld ðə biː biː siː. ðə 'suːnə wi teɪk 'ækʃn ɒn
'gloʊbəl 'griːnhaʊs gæs ɪ'mɪʃnz ænd træn'zɪʃn ə'weɪ frəm 'fɒsl fju:lz tə rɪ'njuːəblz, ðə 'betə./

____________________________________________________________________
--In pairs or groups list all the general environmental issues you can think of and then
compare your list to the one below.

156
--Do the same with the effects of climate change.

Write a few tips and then discuss advantages/usefulness/affordability/practicality.

energy efficiency: lighting/appliances/houses/cars
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
eco-friendly behaviours
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
A GLOBAL PROBLEM: CLIMATE CHANGE
Atmospheric CO2 measured at Mauna Loa is ______ parts per million today. https://www.co2.earth/daily-co2

--Can you describe the greenhouse effect in simple terms? (simple explanation on page 158)

--RESEARCH: climate change positive feedbacks: decreased arctic albedo, methane releases,
drought-forest fires-desertification
--RESEARCH: cap and trade
--RESEARCH: climate engineering

DISCUSS YOUR FINDINGS

v. POLLUTE - n. POLLUTION - n. POLLUTANT - n. POLLUTER - adj. POLLUTING

Great Barrier Reef: Two-thirds damaged in 'unprecedented' bleaching 10 April 2017

Unprecedented coral bleaching in consecutive years has damaged two thirds of Australia's Great Barrier Reef, aerial
surveys have shown. The bleaching - or loss of algae - affects a 1,500km (900 miles) stretch of the reef, according to
scientists. The latest damage is concentrated in the middle section, whereas last year's bleaching hit mainly the north.
Experts fear the proximity of the two events will give damaged coral little chance to recover.
Prof Terry Hughes, from James Cook University, said governments must urgently address climate change to prevent
further bleaching. "Since 1998, we have seen four of these events and the gap between them has varied substantially,
but this is the shortest gap we have seen," Prof Hughes told the BBC. "The sooner we take action on global greenhouse
gas emissions and transition away from fossil fuels to renewables, the better."

157
Certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere (the air around the Earth) trap infrared radiation. The greenhouse effect is caused
by greenhouse gases; the most important greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are: water vapor, carbon dioxide,
and methane. When there is more greenhouse gas in the air, the air holds more heat. This is why more greenhouse gases
cause global warming.
The greenhouse effect is natural. It is important for life on Earth. Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth's average
temperature would be around -18 or -19 degrees Celsius (0 or 1 degree Fahrenheit). Earth would be locked in an ice age.
Because of the greenhouse effect, the Earth's actual average temperature is 14 degrees Celsius (57 degrees Fahrenheit).
The problem is that recently, the greenhouse effect has become stronger. This is because humans have been using large
amounts of fossil fuels, which release carbon dioxide when they are burned. Since carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, it
has caused the planet to warm over the past 150 years.

Climate engineering, commonly referred to as geoengineering, also known as climate intervention, is the
deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climatic system with the aim of limiting adverse global
warming. Climate engineering is an umbrella term for measures that mainly fall into two types: carbon
dioxide removal and solar radiation management. Carbon dioxide removal addresses the cause of global
warming by removing one of the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere. Solar radiation
management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar
radiation.

Emissions trading or cap and trade is a government-mandated, market-based approach to

controlling pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions
of pollutants. Cap and trade schemes are a type of flexible environmental regulation that allows
organizations to decide how best to meet policy targets. Various countries, states and groups of companies
have adopted such trading systems, notably for mitigating climate change.
A central authority (usually a governmental body) allocates or sells a limited number of permits to discharge
specific quantities of a specific pollutant per time period. Polluters are required to hold permits in amount
equal to their emissions. Polluters that want to increase their emissions must buy permits from others willing
to sell them. Financial derivatives of permits can also be traded on secondary markets.
In theory, polluters who can reduce emissions most cheaply will do so, achieving the emission reduction at
the lowest cost to society. Cap and trade is meant to provide the private sector with the flexibility required to
reduce emissions while stimulating technological innovation and economic growth.

Albedo (/ælˈbiːdoʊ/) is a measure for reflectance or optical brightness. It is measured on a scale from zero
(corresponding to a black body that absorbs all incident radiation) to one (corresponding to a white body
that reflects all incident radiation).
Physical implications which arise ('resultan de') from lesser ocean surface covered sea-ice include the ice-albedo
feedback or warmer sea surface temperatures which increase ocean heat content. As Peter Wadhams, a
polar researcher, writes "once summer ice yields to open water, the albedo... drops from 0.6 to 0.1, which
will further accelerate warming of the Arctic and of the whole planet"

Deforestation also drives climate change. Forest soils are moist, but without protection from sun-blocking
tree cover, they quickly dry out. Trees also help perpetuate the water cycle by returning water vapor to the
atmosphere. Without trees to fill these roles, many former forest lands can quickly become barren ('estériles')
deserts.
Removing trees deprives the forest of portions of its canopy, which blocks the sun’s rays during the day, and
holds in heat at night. This disruption leads to more extreme temperature swings** that can be harmful to
plants and animals.
Trees also play a critical role in absorbing the greenhouse gases that fuel global warming. Fewer forests
means larger amounts of greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere—and increased speed and severity of
global warming. **swing-swung-swung: an important verb - swings 'columpios', (here ) 'oscilaciones'

158
Arctic methane release is the release of methane from seas and soils in permafrost regions of the Arctic,
due to deglaciation. While a long-term natural process, it is exacerbated by global warming. This results in
a positive feedback effect, as methane is itself a powerful greenhouse gas.
The Arctic region is one of the many natural sources of the greenhouse gas methane. Global warming
accelerates its release, due to both release of methane from existing stores, and from methanogenesis in
rotting biomass. Large quantities of methane are stored in the Arctic in natural gas deposits, permafrost,
and as undersea clathrates. Permafrost and clathrates degrade on warming, thus large releases of methane
from these sources may arise as a result of global warming. Other sources of methane include
submarine taliks*, river transport, ice complex retreat, submarine permafrost and decaying gas hydrate
deposits. A talik is a layer of year-round unfrozen ground that lies in permafrost areas

________________________________________________________________________________
--Climate change deniers and human psychology: What cognitive biases (p.74) may be at play?
--Discuss possible vested interests.
--Discuss your own involvement and ways to raise awareness.

______________________________________________________________READ AND TELL

A
CONFIRMATION BIAS (OR COGNITIVE DISSONANCE)
We all suffer from confirmation bias (or cognitive dissonance) to some extent. It is the tendency to confirm,
rather than falsify, one’s own belief system. We all put far more emphasis on evidence that corroborates
our own beliefs, and pay far less attention to evidence that disputes them. The result is that through a
number of behavioral tendencies, we all make sure that our belief is always strengthened—regardless of its
validity. The effect is stronger for emotionally charged issues and for deeply entrenched beliefs.
Testing has showed that confirmation biases are prevalent in all levels of intelligence. In fact, some
psychologists even think that intelligent people are more susceptible.
A large reason for confirmation biases is related to how we encode and recall memory. Testing has showed
that our memory is naturally skewed to recall memories that confirm our thoughts and feelings, especially
if those thoughts and feelings are felt particularly strongly at that moment in time.

B
THE DUNNING-KRUGER EFFECT
We have always known the adage (=saying) “a little knowledge is a dangerous thing.” Well, a highly
credible scientific paper published by David Dunning and Justin Kruger concluded that people tend to hold
overly favorable views of their abilities and knowledge in many social and intellectual pursuits.
The authors suggested that this overestimation occurs mostly because people who are unskilled in certain
pursuits suffer a double problem: Not only do these people (Notice the inversion!) reach wrong conclusions and
make inappropriate choices and decisions, but their incompetence prevents them from realizing it.
In a way, the tests proved that people usually don’t know enough about a topic to realize that they don’t
know much about it to make appropriate and rational decisions about it. Paradoxically, improving the skills
of the participants, and thus increasing their competence, helped them recognize the limitations of their
abilities and knowledge. In other words, people who know very little, think they know more than they
actually do, while those who know a lot, think that they know less than they actually do.

159
 THE CLIMATE SKEPTIC'S/DENIER'S "PLAYBOOK" AND SOME RESPONSES
1. Global warming is a hoax. 97% of the world's scientists engaging in a global
conspiracy: Is that easier to believe than basic
climate science?
2. Global warming stopped in 1998. It didn't. You can draw a flat(tish) line if you take 1998
(a record-breaking year) as a starting and stop at
around 2013. That's called "cherry-picking". The last
decade was the hottest ever and the current one is on
track to be even hotter. 2014, 2015 and 2016 are the
hottest years on record.
3. It’s happened before. Yes, but time scale is the key. It's happening again,
hundreds of times faster, and human emissions are
now the dominant cause. Life on Earth (including us)
will struggle to adapt.
4. It’s someone else’s problem. It'll be everyone's, eventually: it's a GLOBAL problem.
And even if it was somebody else's problem, wouldn't
we have a responsibility to act?
5. It’s the sun, stupid. The sun's energy has actually been decreasing since
the 80's.
6. Last winter was cold where I live. What matters is the long-term trend, and we're talking
about a global problem, not a local one. Strange
though it may sound, global warming may lead to
local(ized) cooling.
7. Mars and Pluto are warming too. No life there.
8. Some sites show cooling. See #6.
9. The effects are good. The negative impacts far outweigh any positive ones.
10. The scientists aren’t even sure. They are. At least 97% of the world's scientists agree
that human-caused climate change is real.
11. There is no proof that CO2 is causing global The mechanism by which increased C02 leads to
warming. increased temperatures has been known for more
than a century.
12. There's no consensus. There is. See #10.
13. We can’t even predict the weather next week Do not confuse climate and weather.
14. We can't be sure. Even if we're not 100% sure, that's no justification for
doing nothing. Wouldn't you take action if there was
a 50% risk that your house would burn down within
the next 5 years?
15. Who cares? I do. / Most people do. / You will, eventually.
16. The models are unreliable. They aren't perfect but they have been useful in
predicting temperatures so far.
17. The temperature records are unreliable The warming trend is the same in rural and urban
because of the "urban heat island effect". areas. The satellites confirm the readings.
18. Animals and plants can adapt. Global warming will cause mass extinctions of
species that cannot adapt on such short timescales.

160
 XKCD WEBCOMIC: A TIMELINE OF EARTH'S AVERAGE TEMPERATURE
_______________________________________________________________________________________

In the 2010 book Why vs. Why: Nuclear Power Barry Brook and Ian Lowe discuss and articulate the
debate about nuclear power. Brook makes the following seven arguments in favor of nuclear energy:
--Renewable energy and energy efficiency may not solve the energy and climate crises. /'kraɪsi:z/*
--Nuclear fuel is virtually unlimited and has extremely high specific energy (energy per mass unit).
--New technology may be able to safely dispose of nuclear waste.
--Nuclear power is claimed to be the safest energy option.
--Advanced nuclear power may strengthen global security.
--Nuclear power's true costs are claimed to be lower than either fossil fuels or renewables.
--Nuclear power may lead the "clean energy" revolution. RENEWABLES= RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY
Lowe, in turn, makes the following arguments against nuclear power:
--It may not be a fast enough response to climate change.
--It is claimed to be too expensive.
--The need for baseload electricity (minimum level of demand on the grid) may be exaggerated.
--The problem of waste may still remain unresolved.
--It may increase the risk of nuclear war.
--There are major safety concerns. A NUCLEAR PLANT
--There are better alternatives.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------_______________

*
*All words with the suffix -sis (from Greek): sg. /-sɪs/, pl. <-ses> /-si:z/ (rhyming with "this" / "these" respectively).
Analysis, pl. analyses; dialysis, pl. dialyses; diagnosis, pl. diagnoses; oasis, pl. oases; thesis, pl. theses; etc.

161
 1. MAXIMUM RAINFALL IN 24 HOURS
2. HIGHEST ANNUAL NUMBER OF DAYS OF HAIL
3. THE STRONGEST WIND GUSTS THAT HAVE BEEN RECORDED
________________________________________________________________________________
1. 1870MM. CILAOS (REUNION ISLAND). 15-16 MARCH 1952.
2. 100 DAYS. IN KERICHO (KENYA).
3. 372K / H. ON MOUNT WASHINGTON (NEW HAMPSHIRE, UNITED STATES). APRIL 12, 1934.

__________________________________________________________________________CHALLENGES: ENERGY

Vijay Padmanabhan, Asian Development Bank, Technical Advisor

The one major challenge we will face due to urbanisation will be 'water security'. We are already grappling
(=struggling) with this problem across our developing member countries and with deteriorating river or
surface water quality, lack of sufficient ground water sources and increasing dependence on sea water as a
supply source, we have to bring in innovations in water management. Treatment technology, water aquifer
mapping, recycling and reuse of waste water, etc. are areas of R&D (research and develpment) investment.

ADB is working with a large number of utilities* to address these issues and as we engage many cities and
utilities on a long-term basis with, we will be actively exploring opportunities to bring in value for money
propositions so that the utility benefits in the long term. We are also connecting with industry leaders to
understand market trends so that we can bring the best to our developing member countries.
*utility: here 'empresa de servicio público'

William Ryerson, founder and president, the Population Media Center (a NON-PROFIT)
Perhaps a summary is that the human enterprise has outgrown the long-term ability of the planet’s
renewable resources to support us at our current numbers and our current rates of consumption and waste
generation. Climate change is just one piece of evidence of this fact. Technological improvements, while
potentially important in reducing per capita impact, are not sufficient to make us sustainable unless we also
stop growth in human numbers and reduce average consumption, while simultaneously lessening
(=reducing) the gap between the richest and the poorest people on the planet. Sustainability is a term that
is not well understood and is misused, but the reality is that any activity that is not sustainable will stop. So
far, non-renewable resources are what is primarily driving our economic engine. But by definition, non-
renewables are being depleted (=used up) and for the most part will stop being economically available in
this century. So we must plan rapidly for the day when humanity can live using just renewable resources,
while maintaining the biodiversity that makes the planet habitable. In truth, sustainability is the ultimate**
environmental issue, the ultimate health issue, and the ultimate human rights issue.

Strategies that help to bring about changes in societal behaviour, including reproductive behavior, are
critically important in achieving sustainability. Use of entertainment media is a key component of such
strategies, since a large share of humanity consume entertainment mass media during free time. For that
reason, Population Media Center utilises long-running serialised dramas in various countries to create
characters that gradually evolve into positive role models for the audience to bring about changes in social
norms on a broad array (=range) of critical issues.

**ULTIMATE 'definitivo' (the best) cf. Is that your final answer?

162
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ebeNeQFUMa0
Northern Australia has the highest tides in the tropics, which expose _(1)_____________areas of shoreline.
Octopuses are marine animals: they live and _(2)____________ under water.
At low tide most octopuses would be _(3)_____________ in their rocky pools.
It pulls itself along using the _(4)_____________ that line its arms.
Hunting for _(5)_____________ it walks from pool to pool.
Apart from a rather _(6)_____________ fish, this one is empty.
A rock pool may seem like a safe _(7)_____________ but the octopus's _(4)_____________ enable it to
move just as stealthily ('sigilosamente') in water as out of it.

THIS IS NO ORDINARY OCTOPUS: more emphatic than THIS IS NOT AN ORDINARY OCTOPUS -see p.218
_________________________________________________________________________

SOME VERBS: DUCK, DOG, RABBIT (AmE), RABBIT ON, BADGER, WEASEL OUT, FERRET
OUT, SNAKE, RAM, RAT (ON SOMEONE), HOG, BUG, APE, WOLF DOWN, CLAM UP
SOME ADJECTIVES: CATTY, DOVISH, BULLISH, BEARISH, RATTY, CRABBY, MOUSY
SOME NOUNS: SKUNK, CRANE, SLUG, CATERPILLAR
1. to push something into a place with great force / to crash violently against something
2. expecting a successful future / (STOCK MARKET) Characterized by rising share prices.
3. [UNCOUNTABLE] VERY INFORMAL a powerful form of the illegal drug cannabis
4. BRITISH INFORMAL in a bad mood, or easily annoyed/AMERICAN INFORMAL old and in bad condition
5. INFORMAL to annoy someone
6. to copy someone, especially the way they behave or speak
7. to move in (or have a series of) long curves
8. TRADEMARK An articulated steel band passing round the wheels of a vehicle for travel on rough ground, or a
vehicle with such bands.
9. American INFORMAL run away.
10. INFORMAL to eat something very quickly
11. INFORMAL to suddenly stop talking or explaining something, because you are embarrassed, unhappy,
or want to keep a secret
12. [OFTEN PASSIVE] to cause trouble for someone over a long period of time
13. INFORMAL to tell someone in authority about something that someone you know has done wrong
14. INFORMAL to take or use a lot of something in a way that prevents other people from having it
15. preferring to use peaceful methods to solve problems rather than fighting
16. used for describing someone who enjoys saying cruel or unpleasant things about other people
17. to lower your head or head and body quickly, in order to move under something or to avoid being hit
18. (STOCK MARKET) characterized by falling share prices
19. to try to make someone do something by asking them many times
20. a very tall machine used for lifting or moving heavy objects and building tall buildings
21. British INFORMAL Talk at length, especially about trivial matters
22. INFORMAL to back out of a situation or a commitment, usually in a sneaky way
23. to discover information by searching for it in a determined way
24. (HAIR) dull light brown in colour
25. INFORMAL an amount of a strong alcoholic drink that you drink quickly / INFORMAL a bullet

163
 1. RAM (into) 14. HOG
2. BULLISH 15. DOVISH
3. SKUNK 16. CATTY
4. RATTY 17. DUCK
5. BUG 18. BEARISH
6. APE 19. BADGER
7. SNAKE 20. CRANE
8. CATERPILLAR 21. RABBIT ON
9. RABBIT 22. WEASEL OUT
10. WOLF DOWN 23. FERRET OT
11. CLAM UP 24. MOUSY
12. DOG (BE DOGGED BY) 25. SLUG
13. RAT ON SOMEONE
_________________________________________________________________________________

DO DOGS LOVE THEIR OWNERS?

Compare your opinions and then read the text at the bottom.
_________________________________________________________________________________
--WRITING TASK OR/AND 5-MINUTE INDIVIDUAL SPEAKING TASK:

"TACKLING CLIMATE CHANGE - BIG AND SMALL MEASURES" (suggested title)

--WRITING TASK: "2075: A DYSTOPIA (OR: A UTOPIA). A LETTER FROM THE FUTURE" (200-500 words)

--OPTIONAL COMPOSITION (REPORT/ARGUMENTATIVE): "Environmental challenges in Spain"

Love didn’t start with humans. There is every reason to think that love, in the form we humans
experience it, is shared by all mammals. It is the foundation on which maternal nurturing is based,
and in more social mammals, it gets extended to other individuals.

Love is a mechanism. It causes one individual to prioritize the well-being of another at a similar
level to one’s own well-being. To imagine that dogs act as if they love us, while not actually feeling
love, is simply not parsimonious*.

By far the simplest interpretation of a dog’s apparent affection for its owner is that humans and
dogs inherited the capacity for love from a shared ancestor, and that we love our dogs, and they
love us, because we are two highly social species /'spi:ʃi:z/ that have embarked on a social
mutualism. For a human to love their dog -and for a dog to love their human— is only natural.
Bret Weinstein, Evolutionary Biologist

*parsimonious =scientifically economical; it can also mean the same as "thrifty"

164
UNIT 10: SOCIETY (English Vocabulary in Use 3rd ed.: 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46)

1. /səˈveɪləns/
2. /si: si: ti: vi:/
3. /əˈsaɪləm/
4. /ˈwɒrənt/
5. /det/
6. /pəˈsjuː/
7. /ˈeɪlɪŋ/
8. /ˈpresədənt/
9. /ˈlɔːndə/
10. /ˈʌltɪmətli/
11. /mæl'nʌrɪʃt/ UNIT 34 all except: accommodating, obliging, immediate dispatch
UNIT 35 all except: port of entry
12. /dɔːn/
UNIT 36 all except: adherent, incredulous
13. /ˈpeznt/ UNIT 37 all except: raucous, somber, atmospheric
14. /ˈmɒnək/ UNIT 39 all
UNIT 40 all except: penury, below the breadline, destitute, poverty-stricken
15. /fiːst/
UNIT 41 Learn: lobby, bill, rally, ultimately, constituent, speaker, policies,
16. /ˈbaɪəst/ expertise, allegations
17. /bænd/ UNIT 42 all except: undertake, customary, uphold
18. /fɪʃɪŋ/ UNIT 43 all except: contravene, lodge, pervert the course of justice, uphold/overturn, quash, annulment,
insider dealing, embezzler, lay down the law, a law unto herself
19. /ˈkwɪəri/
UNIT 44 all except: weaponry, besiege, tyrannical
20. /ef eɪ kjuː/ UNIT 45 all except: war-torn, double-dip, alleviate
21. /dɪˈpraɪvd/ UNIT 46 all except: skint, rolling in it, strapped for cash, APR, lump sum, share portfolio

UNIT 30 - Learn: glass ceiling, go through the roof, a window of opportunity, ivory tower, the key
to, behind closed doors, a gateway to, by the back door

English Vocabulary in Use 3rd ed. - BACK-OF-THE-BOOK SELECTION

74: sincere apology, lame excuse, alibi, false pretext, treaty, truce, ceasefire
78: coincide with, approve of, split, division, controversy, reach a compromise, make concessions
86: READ IT. Remember: outweigh, overrated. Learn: misuse, overnight, underestimate, underlying,
upgrade, procrastinate
87: READ IT. Remember: health-conscious. Learn: class-conscious, disposable, manageable, stress-
free, like-minded, idiot-proof, age-related

1. surveillance 8. precedent 15. feast

2. CCTV (closed circuit television) 9. launder 16. biased
3. asylum 10. ultimately 17. banned
4. warrant 11. malnourished 18. phishing
5. debt. 12. dawn 19. query
6. pursue 13. peasant 20. FAQ
7. ailing 14. monarch 21. deprived

165
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created
equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain
unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and
the pursuit of Happiness. (from the United States Declaration of Independence)

1. Exigimos que todos los solicitantes de asilo sean informados de sus derechos.
2. -Disculpe. Tenemos que echar un vistazo a las imágenes de su sistema de
videovigilancia ('de su circuito cerrado de televisión). -Sin una orden no.
3. La vida, la libertad, y la búsqueda de la felicidad se cuentan entre nuestros
derechos inalienables.
4. El sistema trata de manera injusta a las minorías étnicas.
5. La inflación se está disparando, y también la deuda pública.
6. Me costaba llegar a fin de mes.
7. ¿Hay manera de evitar otra burbuja inmobiliaria?
8. Vamos a proponer un plan para revitalizar nuestra debilitada ('achacosa')
economía.
9. No hay jurisprudencia ('precedente legal') en este caso.
10. Se está poniendo en duda/cuestión la eficacia de la prohibición.
11. Las han acusado de blanqueo de dinero.
12. En última instancia, el éxito de las reformas dependerá del apoyo popular.
13. Nuestros programas han tenido éxito a la hora de reducir la malnutrición infantil.
14. La humanidad ha guerreado desde el principio de los tiempos, pero no estamos
condenados a seguir haciéndolo.
15. Los campesinos estaban sujetos a sus señores, quienes a su vez estaban
sujetos al monarca.
16. Hemos encontrado lo que parecen ser los restos de una antigua civilización.
17. Nos dimos un festín con el bufé.
18. El plato fuerte de las fiestas es sin duda el desfile.

166
1. We demand (that) all asylum seekers (should) be informed of their rights.

2. 'Excuse me. We have to take a look at your CCTV footage/images.' 'Not without a warrant.'

3. Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness are among our unalienable rights. (the search for happiness)

4. The system is biased against/discriminates against ethnic minorities. (The system treats ethnic minorities

unfairly.) BIASED IN FAVOUR OF

5. Inflation is skyrocketing/soaring/shooting up, and so is public debt.
BIASED AGAINST
(and public debt too.) /det/
PREJUDICED AGAINST
6. I found it hard/difficult to make ends meet. (I had a hard time +ing.)

7. Is there a/any way to avert/avoid/prevent another housing/property bubble?

8. We're going to put forward/propose a plan to revitalize/revive our ailing economy. (for revitalizing)

9. There's no legal precedent in this case. (There are no legal precedents)

10. The effectiveness of the ban is being questioned. (is being called into question/doubt) /daʊt/

11. They've been charged with/accused of money laundering.

12. Ultimately/Eventually, the success of the reforms will depend on popular support.

13. Our program(me)s have been successful in reducing child malnutrition. (in reducing the number of

malnourished children /mæl'nʌrɪʃt/) (Our programs have managed to/been able to/succeeded in)

14. Humankind has / Human beings have waged war/made war since the beginning/dawn of time, but we

aren't doomed to keep doing it/that/[more formal] so. (have been waging war/making war)

(keep on -ing /continue -ing/ continue to/carry on -ing/go on -ing)

15. Peasants were subject to their lords, who in turn were subject to the monarch.

16. We have found/discovered what seem to be the remains of an ancient civilization. /'éɪnʃnt/

17. We feasted on the buffet. (informal: We stuffed ourselves/our faces at the buffet.)

18. The highlight of the festivities is no doubt/undoubtedly the parade. /ʌn'daʊtədli/

167
 Starving Settlers in Jamestown Colony Resorted to Cannibalism
New archaeological evidence and forensic analysis reveals that a 14-year-old girl was cannibalized in desperation
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/starving-settlers-in-jamestown-colony-resorted-to-cannibalism-46000815/
The harsh winter of 1609 in Virginia’s Jamestown Colony forced residents to do the unthinkable. A recent
excavation at the historic site discovered the carcasses* of dogs, cats and horses consumed during the season
commonly called the “Starving Time.” But a few other newly discovered bones in particular, though, tell a
far more gruesome* story: the dismemberment and cannibalization of a 14-year-old English girl.

Much** is still unknown about the circumstances of this grisly* meal: Who exactly the girl researchers are
calling "Jane" was, whether she was murdered or died of natural causes, whether multiple people
participated in the butchering or it was a solo act. But as Owsley revealed along with lead
archaeologist William Kelso today at a press conference at the National Museum of Natural History, we now
have the first direct evidence of cannibalism at Jamestown, the oldest permanent English colony in the
Americas. “Historians have gone back and forth on whether this sort of thing really happened there,”
Owsley says. “Given these bones in a trash pit, all cut and chopped up, it's clear that this body was
dismembered for consumption.”

By the winter of 1609, extreme drought, hostile relations with members of the local Powhatan
Confederacy and the fact that a supply ship was lost at sea put the colonists in a truly desperate position.
Sixteen years later, in 1625, George Percy, who had been president of Jamestown during the Starving
Time, wrote a letter describing the colonists’ diet during that terrible winter.
"Haveinge fedd upon our horses and other beastes as longe as they Lasted, we weare gladd to make shifte* with
doggs Catts, Ratts and myce…as to eate Bootes shoes or any other leather. And now famin beginneinge to Looke
gastely* and pale in every face, thatt notheinge was Spared to mainteyne Lyfe and to doe those things w hich seame
incredible, as to digge upp deade corpes outt of graves and to eate them. And some have Licked upp the Bloode
which hathe fallen from their weake fellowes."
(Remember or learn: famine, corpse (plural corpses), lick)

Kelso brought them to Owsley for a battery of forensic tests, including microscopic and isotope analysis.
“We CT scanned the bones, then replicated them as virtual 3D models and then put them together, piece by
piece, assembling the skull,” Owsley says. Digitally mirroring the fragments to fill in the missing gaps
allowed the team to make a 3D facial reconstruction despite having just 66 percent of the skull. (CT scan 'TAC')

He’s probably one of the researchers best qualified to make this judgment. As one of the country’s most
prominent physical anthropologists, he’s analyzed many cannibalized skeletons from ancient /'eɪnʃnt/
history, and as an accomplished forensic investigator who works with the FBI, he’s also worked on much
more recent cases, such as one of the victims of 1980s serial killer and cannibal Jeffrey Dahmer. In total, he
estimates that he’s examined more than 10,000 bodies during his career, oftentimes people who were killed
in tragic circumstances, including victims of 9/11 and journalists who were kidnapped and murdered in
Guatemala. Most of his time, though, is spent working on more inspiring cases, such as the 9,000-year-old
“Kennewick Man” discovered in Washington State, and the mysterious remains of ancient Easter Islanders.
“I love the moments when you come up with something that you're just totally in awe of," he
told Smithsonian magazine when he was named one of “35 Who Made a Difference.” “Something that gives
you an overwhelming sense of wow!”

It appears that her brain, tongue, cheeks and leg muscles were eaten, with the brain likely eaten first, because
it decomposes so quickly after death. There’s no evidence of murder, and Owsley suspects that this was a
case in which hungry colonists simply ate the one remaining food available to them, despite cultural taboos.
“I don’t think that they killed her, by any stretch*,” he says. “It's just that they were so desperate, and so
hard-pressed, that out of* necessity this is what they resorted to.”

168
1 Owsley speculates that this particular Jamestown body belonged to a child who likely arrived in the
colony during 1609 on one of the resupply ships. She was either a maidservant or the child of a gentleman,
and due to the high-protein diet indicated by his team’s isotope analysis of her bones, he suspects the latter.
The identity of whoever consumed her is entirely unknown, and Owsley guesses there might have been
multiple cannibals involved, because the cut marks on her shin* indicate a more skilled butcher than
whoever dismembered her head.

2 “The chops to the forehead are very tentative, very incomplete,” says Douglas Owsley, the Smithsonian
forensic anthropologist who analyzed the bones after they were found by archaeologists from Preservation
Virginia. “Then, the body was turned over, and there were four strikes to the back of the head, one of which
was the strongest and split the skull in half. A penetrating wound was then made to the left temple, probably
by a single-sided knife, which was used to pry open the head and remove the brain.”

3 Despite this and other textual references to cannibalism, though, there had never been hard physical
evidence that it had occurred—until now. Kelso’s team discovered the girl’s remains during the summer of
2012. "We found a deposit of refuse that contained butchered horse and dog bones. That was only done in
times of extreme hunger. As we excavated, we found human teeth and then a partial human skull," says
Kelso.

4 It’s long been speculated that the harsh conditions faced by the colonists of Jamestown might have made
them desperate enough to eat other humans—and perhaps even commit murder to do so. The colony was
founded in 1607 by 104 settlers aboard three ships, the Susan Constant, Discovery and Godspeed, but only
38 survived the first nine months of life in Jamestown, with most succumbing to starvation and disease
(some researchers speculate that drinking water poisoned by arsenic and human waste also played a role).
Because of difficulties in growing crops—they arrived in the midst of one of the worst regional droughts in
centuries and many settlers were unused to hard agricultural labor—the survivors remained dependent on
supplies brought by subsequent missions, as well as trade with Native Americans.

5 Kelso’s team of archaeologists will continue to excavate the fort, searching for other bodies that might
help us learn about the conditions faced by some of the country’s first European colonists. This might be the
first specimen that provides evidence for cannibalism, but Owsley is pretty sure there are more to come.
Percy’s letter also describes how, as president of the colony, he tortured and burned alive a man who had
confessed to killing, salting and eating his pregnant wife—so the remains of this woman, along with other
victims of cannibalism, may still be waiting to be found underground. “It’s fairly convincing, now that we
see this one, that this wasn’t the only case,” he says. “There are other examples mentioned here and there in
the literature. So the only question is: Where are the rest of the bodies?”

6 The researchers used this reconstruction, along with the other data, to determine the specimen was a
female, roughly 14 years old (based on the development of her molars) and of British ancestry. Owsley says
the cut marks on the jaw, face and forehead of the skull, along with those on the shinbone, are telltale signs*
of cannibalism. "The clear intent was to remove the facial tissue and the brain for consumption. These
people were in dire circumstances. So any flesh that was available would have been used," says Owsley.
"The person that was doing this was not experienced and did not know how to butcher an animal. Instead,
we see hesitancy*, trial, tentativeness and a total lack of experience."

carcass 'cadáver, animal muerto'

**"much" in a statement (positive sentence) is formal. (That doesn't apply to "so/that much", "too much" and "pretty much".)
grisly =hair-raising
make shift -Learn "makeshift" (adj.) 'improvisado, temporal' a makeshift shelter
ghastly =horrible/terrible
by any stretch (of the imagination) 'de ningún modo'
out of: Here it means 'because of'
shin 'espinilla'
telltale signs 'señales reveladoras
hesitancy -Learn "hesitant" 'vacilante' and "hesitate".

169
 see page 223
College Encourages Lively Exchange Of Idea
Students, Faculty Invited To Freely Express Single Viewpoint
BOSTON—Saying that such a dialogue was essential to the college’s academic mission, Trescott University
president Kevin Abrams confirmed Monday that the school encourages a lively exchange of one idea. “As
an institution of higher learning, we recognize that it’s inevitable that certain contentious topics will come up
from time to time, and when they do, we want to create an atmosphere where both students and faculty
(=teachers) feel comfortable voicing a single homogeneous opinion,” said Abrams, adding that no matter the
subject, anyone on campus is always welcome to add their support to the accepted consensus. “Whether it’s
a discussion of a national political issue or a concern here on campus, an open forum in which one argument
is uniformly reinforced is crucial for maintaining the exceptional learning environment we have cultivated
here.” Abrams told reporters that counseling resources were available for any student made uncomfortable
by the viewpoint.
What's the tone of the text above? What point is the author trying to make?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
-What are some reasons someone might disagree with you? Talk and then look at the bottom of the page.
-How opinionated are you? What about your family? (An opinionated person has strong opinions and
refuses to accept they may be wrong.)
-Do you remember any situations in which you hid your opinions for fear of being punished?
-Have you ever paid a price for speaking your mind?
___________________________________________________JOHN CLEESE AND POLITICAL CORRECTNESS
-What offends Cleese every day?

-What should be done rather than stopping that happening?

-What did one former head of the BBC say?

-What idea doesn't he subscribe to?

-R. Skinner said: If people can't control their own emotions, ______________________________________.

-What happens when you're around super-sensitive people?

-What has he been staying away from?

-According to Cleese, what is the good idea at the origin of political correctness?

-What do all forms of comedy have in common?

-What's the potential end result?

 Do you think Mr Cleese's criticism of political correctness is fair?

_______________________________________________________________________________________
1. They are sincere, but wrong
2. You are wrong. It happens.
3. You are misunderstanding each other, and you don't actually disagree.
4. You are both right.
5. It's unknowable who is right or wrong, because the world is complex and outcomes unknowable, and both of you
are making your best stab* at coming up with a version of truth that is coherent and useful.
6. They are just a terrible person. (Notice the gender-neutral use of "they".) Consider this possibility only after 1-5 have been
comprehensively tested and refuted.
*making/taking a stab at (informal)=try to (Also remember: stab 'puñalada, apuñalar')

170
GROUP RACE

Some Thoughts and Advice for Our Students and All Students August 28, 2017

We are scholars and teachers at Princeton, Harvard, and Yale who have some thoughts to share and
advice to offer students who are _1______________________ to colleges around the country. Our
advice can be distilled to three words:
Think for yourself.
Now, that might sound easy. But you will find—as you may have discovered already in high school—
that thinking for yourself can be a challenge. It always demands _2______________________ and
these days that can require courage.
In today’s climate, it’s all-too-easy to allow your views and outlook to be _3______________________
by dominant opinion on your campus or in the broader academic culture. The danger any student—or
faculty member—faces today is falling into the vice of conformism, yielding to
_4______________________.
At many colleges and universities what John Stuart Mill called “the tyranny of public opinion” does
more than merely _5______________________ students from dissenting from prevailing* views on
moral, political, and other types of questions. It leads them to suppose that dominant views are so
obviously correct that only a _6______________________ or a crank* could question them.
Since no one wants to be, or be thought of, as a bigot or a crank, the easy, lazy way to proceed is simply
by falling into line with campus orthodoxies. Don’t do that. Think for yourself.
Thinking for yourself means questioning dominant ideas even when others insist on their being treated
as unquestionable. It means deciding what one believes not by conforming to fashionable opinions, but
by _7______________________ to learn and honestly consider the strongest arguments to be advanced
on both or all sides of questions—including arguments for positions that others revile* and want to
_8______________________ and against positions others _9______________________ to immunize
from critical scrutiny.
The love of truth and the desire to _10______________________ it should motivate you to think for
yourself. The central point of a college education is to seek truth and to learn the skills and acquire the
virtues necessary to be a lifelong truth-seeker. 11___________________________, critical thinking,
and debate are essential to discovering the truth. Moreover**, they are our best antidotes to bigotry.
Merriam-Webster’s first definition of the word “bigot” is a person “who is obstinately or intolerantly
_12______________________ to his or her own opinions and prejudices.” The only people who need
fear* open-minded inquiry and robust debate are the actual bigots, including those on campuses or in
the broader society who seek to protect the hegemony of their opinions by claiming that to question
those opinions is itself _13______________________.
So don’t be tyrannized by public opinion. Don’t get _14______________________ in an
_15______________________. Whether you in the end reject or _16______________________ a view,
make sure you decide where you stand by critically assessing the arguments for the competing positions.
Think for yourself.
Good luck to you in college!
Paul Bloom Mary Ann Glendon Michael A. Reynolds
Nicholas Christakis Joshua Katz Jacqueline C. Rivers
Carlos Eire Thomas P. Kelly Noël Valis
Maria E. Garlock Jon Levenson Tyler VanderWeele
Robert P. George John B. Londregan Adrian Vermeule
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
prevail 'prevalecer' revile =hate
a crank 'un excéntrico' **moreover -Remember: 'es más'

the only people that need (to) fear open-minded inquiry

"need" and "dare" (semi-modal verbs) sometimes don't take "to"or the auxiliary "do":
You need not worry. (=You don't need to worry.) How dare you! (set phrase)

171
_______________________________________________________________________________________
White-Owned Restaurants Shamed for Serving Ethnic Food: It's Cultural Appropriation
'It's about profit, ownership, and wealth in a white supremacist culture.'
If you're a white person, you have no business running a restaurant that serves Asian, Latin, African, or Indian cuisine.
That's according to the creators of a "white-owned appropriative restaurants" list, which accuses several Oregon
establishments of engaging in cultural appropriation—a tool of "a white supremacist culture."
The list, a Google Docs spreadsheet, includes about 60 Portland-area restaurants, the names of their white owners, and
the kind of cuisine they serve. (For example, the list informs us that Burmasphere "was founded by a white man who ate
Burmese food in San Francisco.") The spreadsheet also lists competing restaurants that are owned by people of color
and urges customers to try them instead.
"This is NOT about cooking at home or historical influences on cuisines; it's about profit, ownership, and wealth in a
white supremacist culture," wrote the spreadsheet's authors. "These white-owned businesses hamper* the ability for
POC [people of color] to run successful businesses of their own (cooking their own cuisines) by either consuming
market share with their attempt at authenticity or by modifying foods to market to white palates*. Their success further*
perpetuates the problems stated above. It's a cyclical pattern that will require intentional behavior change to break."
The spreadsheet seems to be a response to the controversy over Kooks Burritos, a
Portland-area pop-up food truck run by two white women. In an interview
with Williamette Week, Kooks owners Kali Wilgus and Liz Connelly explained how
they fell in love with authentic Mexican tortillas during a visit to Puerto Nuevo, Mexico.
"I picked the brains* of every tortilla lady there in the worst broken Spanish ever, and
they showed me a little of what they did," said Connelly. "They told us the basic
ingredients, and we saw them moving and stretching the dough* similar to how pizza
makers do before rolling it out with rolling pins. They wouldn't tell us too much about technique /tek'ni:k/, but we were
peeking into the windows of every kitchen, totally fascinated by how easy they made it look. We learned quickly it isn't
quite that easy."
Reactions to the interview were hostile, to say the least 'cuando menos'. Commenters trashed* the pair. The Portland
Mercury slammed* their actions as intellectual property theft. Mic's Jamilah King described Kooks' methods as "either
genius or the latest example of white folks profiting off the labor of people of color." Connelly and Wilgus eventually
shuttered* the truck.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
It's not clear who is behind the spreadsheet, but the authors claim it was compiled "by several people of color." I
reached out for a comment and received this response: "Sorry, we are not taking media inquiries."
When people criticize cultural appropriation, they are often irritated that a non-ethnic person has pilfered* an ethnic
tradition in an insufficiently authentic manner. That's not exactly the case here. Say what you will about Wilgus and
Connelly—peeking into windows was certainly rude—but it sounds like their burritos were pretty darn* accurate. They
went to the trouble of* learning how a native Mexican would cook them. The same may well be true of some of the
restaurants on the spreadsheet. Who knows: Some of them might even employ nonwhite cooks who are in fact
preparing their own traditional cuisines.
Anyway, if you're saying that white people shouldn't serve ethnic food at all, even if it's really authentic and popular with
customers, you're going to drastically shrink the pool* of (=the potential number of) non-ethnic people trying, eating, and
learning about, ethnic cuisines. That might satisfy the enemies of cultural appropriation, but it doesn't seem like it would
ultimately be in the best interests of anyone, including the ethnic restaurateurs. BY ROBBY SOAVE

hamper 'obstaculizar' trash -here, 'poner verde' (informal)

palates /'pælɪts/ slam =criticize (informal)
further -Here it means 'to a greater extent'. Remember shutter -here, 'echar el cierre'
the other uses of "further" (for distance and 'additional') pilfer 'hurtar'
pick someone's brains =as questions darn (informal) -used instead of "damn"
dough 'masa' (In slang it also means 'pasta' [money]) go to the trouble of =bother to 'molestarse en'

WHOSE OPINION DO YOU AGREE WITH?

172
CULTURAL "MISREPRESENTATION"
THE SEVILLE EASTER HOLY FIRE FESTIVAL

Espresso? Cappuccino? the infamous paella with chorizo

No, thanks.
Sit down... (the)Festival's a pain in the ass - honouring their saints
by setting them on fire. That's what they think of saints. Damn near set
me on fire coming over.
Sorry I interrupted your vacation.

MCGYVER AND THE MOUNTAIN TERRORISTS

Up in the Pyrenees, there's about as pretty a patch of country as you
could ever hope to see. Peaceful forests, raging rivers, and Basque
mountain men who've been feuding with France or Spain for as long as
anyone can remember. Now and then, an American tourist gets caught in
the middle of one of these private wars, and that's when I usually get a
call when somebody's in trouble and needs some rescuing*.
My mom was one of the great kitchen experimenters. Japanese soup,
Italian pasta, a terrific Basque stew. This one didn't come close.

*need + ing: If someone needs rescuing, they need to be rescued.

_____________________________________________________6 texts: READ AND DISCUSS

1 Elon Musk doubles down* on universal basic income: 'It's going to be necessary' Chris Weller Feb 13 2017
(Business Insider)
In an interview with CNBC in November, Tesla CEO Elon Musk joined a growing list of tech executives who support
universal basic income as a possible solution to the widespread unemployment that automation will likely cause.
Universal basic income is a system in which all citizens receive a standard amount of money each month to cover
basic expenses like food, rent, and clothes. On Monday, Musk doubled down on his initial support for the concept.
"I think we'll end up doing universal basic income," Musk told the crowd at the World Government Summit in
Dubai, according to Fast Company. "It's going to be necessary."
The economic forecasts for the next several decades don't bode well for the American worker. In March, President
Barack Obama warned Congress about the looming threat of job loss, based on several reports that found that as
much as 50% of jobs could be replaced by robots by 2030. The downside of that projection is that millions of
people would wind up out of a job — a possibility Musk discussed at the summit.
"There will be fewer and fewer jobs that a robot cannot do better," he said. "I want to be clear. These are not things
I wish will happen; these are things I think probably will happen."
Executives who have endorsed UBI — a group that includes Y Combinator President Sam Altman and Facebook
cofounder Chris Hughes — also say automation would dramatically increase a society's wealth. "With automation,
there will come abundance," Musk said. "Almost everything will get very cheap."
That money theoretically could be redistributed to give people financial security even if they didn't work. UBI
advocates often point to reduced costs as a reason the system could be cheaper to implement than most might
assume.
"Because a very small number of people have an almost unimaginable amount of money at the very top, a basic
income could actually decrease almost everyone else's income tax burdens except for theirs," Scott Santens, a UBI
advocate, wrote for The Huffington Post.
Musk retains some skepticism about the effects of UBI. He has voiced concerns about what would happen to
people's sense of purpose if they had less of a need — or no need — to work. "If there's no need for your labor,
what's your meaning?" Musk said. "Do you feel useless? That's a much harder problem to deal with."
*doubles down 'se reafirma'

173
2 The main UN commission charged with promoting gender equality and the
empowerment of women has picked 13 new members by secret vote. One
selection is raising eyebrows: Saudi Arabia.
"Electing Saudi Arabia to protect women's rights is like making an
arsonist 'pirómano' into the town fire chief," said Hillel Neuer, executive
director of UN Watch, a human rights group that acts as a UN watchdog.
The World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap ranks Saudi Arabia 141 out
of 144 countries. All Saudi Arabian women have legal male guardians.
Those guardians have the power to make critical decisions on their
behalf -- including the ability to travel abroad, to marry, to work and
to access health care. Women are unable to drive in Saudi Arabia despite
recent efforts to change the ban. (Note: as of June 2018 the ban is no longer in place)
"It is absurd that Saudi Arabia is to sit on the UN Commission on the
Status of Women as a state member," said Rothna Begum, a Middle East
women's rights researcher for Human Rights Watch. (CNN)

3 Archeology students at Glasgow University have been told by their professor that if the sight of
bones makes them feel uneasy, then they are allowed to skip the lecture. Writing in The
Conversation journal, Professor Pollard said: “Some of the material I refer to in my classes is
disturbing, with images of the dead appearing regularly. Students are a diverse group and some of
them might have suffered domestic abuse, violent attack or trauma in war. In these cases, such
exposure might trigger flashbacks or aggravate recently suppressed trauma. It is only common sense
to provide these individuals, and those who just can’t stomach images of dead bodies in shallow
graves, with the option to walk out of the classroom.” (Extracted from The Blaze)
(Trigger warnings are warnings that a work contains writing, images, or concepts which could act as a trauma trigger.)

4 "Is there any subject you shouldn't joke about?" is no less ridiculous a question than "Is
there any subject you shouldn't talk about?" I see offence as the collateral damage of free
speech. I hate the thought of a person's ideas being modified or even hushed (=silenced)
because someone somewhere might not like to hear them. Outside actually breaking the law
or causing someone physical harm, "hurting someone's feelings" is almost impossible to
objectively quantify. (Ricky Gervais)

5 “If you believe in freedom of speech, you believe in freedom of speech for views
you don’t like. Goebbels was in favor of freedom of speech for views he liked. So
was Stalin. If you’re in favor of freedom of speech, that means you’re in favor of
freedom of speech precisely for views you despise.”
Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media (1992)

6
I cheered at the banderillero's display,
As they stuck the bull in their own clever way,
For I hadn't had so much fun since the day
My brother's dog Rover
Got run over
Tom Lehrer

174
 Read the following explanations (which are by no means universally accepted).
Where do you stand on this issue?

--MULTICULTURALISM is a situation in which minorities are thought of as distinct communities. Public policies
encourage this distinctiveness. (are thought of as =are considered)

--ASSIMILATION is a process by which minorities completely blend into their adoptive country. Public policies
do not recognize the existence of distinct communities. Some people who oppose assimilation say that it
amounts to "cultural genocide".

--INTERCULTURALISM moves beyond passive acceptance of multicultural situations by supporting cross-

cultural dialogue and challenging self-segregation tendencies within cultures.

 Quotas /'kwoʊtəz/- There should be a minimum percentage of women or men in parliaments or

government cabinets.

 Governments should ensure gender parity on (private) corporate boards.

 People "living beyond their means" bear a large part of the responsibility for the housing bubble.

 Nonrecourse debt - People should no longer owe any money to the bank after a foreclosure
('ejecución de hipoteca').

 The main purpose of the criminal justice system should be deterrence ('disuasión') rather than
rehabilitation.

 Trying to rehabilitate some criminals ('delincuentes') is a waste of time/money.

 Voting in general elections should be mandatory.

 Political polarization is not on the rise in Spain.

 Spain's economy is not overly (=too) dependent on tourism.

 North Korea: is inaction the best course of action?

 The EU is better off without the UK.

 The UK is better off without the EU.

___________________________________________________________________________

THE POLITICAL COMPASS TEST: https://www.politicalcompass.org/test

175
 MORAL FOUNDATIONS TEST:
http://www.celebritytypes.com/morality/6/test.php

NOTES

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Things are getting better, or are they?

Arguably, some things are getting worse.

animal and plant extinction, the climate crisis, growing wealth disparity,
polarization, social isolation, the threat of nuclear war, fundamentalism, terrorism,
health challenges, demographic problems, challenges posed by the rise of AI*
*artificial intelligence

176
 A Pakistani atheist's diary
"Zahir" is an online activist who uses social media to express atheist ideas and comment on Pakistani politics. "Dear
diary, I've been through/over four Twitter accounts in one year now. The last one got blocked/stuck last night. It doesn't
matter how vague my details are or if the pictures I use are generic. It's as though/like someone is watching me. Every
time this happens I feel that I should just give up. They want to silence me."
As a result, atheists feel their ability to publicly question the existence of God is threatened/threatening. Omar believes
the government is at odds/at war with atheist bloggers. "A good friend of mine used to write against religious
fundamentalism," he says. "We used to run the [online] group together. I came to know he was very severely tortured.
Once you are abducted, there is a high chance your body will come in a bag. "The state is doing it deliberately, so those
remaining/reminders get a sign that if you go beyond your limits you will also be facing things like this."
_______________________________________________________________________________________

There are not two sides to _(1)_____________，And there are not two sides to hatred. And if you choose
to march with a flag that symbolizes the _(2)_____________of millions of people, there are not two sides.
The only way to beat the loud and angry voices of hate is to meet them with louder and more reasonable
voices. That includes you, President Trump. In fact, as president of this great country, you have a moral
responsibility，to send an unequivocal message, that you won't stand for hate and racism.
Now let me help you write your speech a little bit. As president of the United States, and as a Republican, I
reject the support of white _(3)_____________. The country that defeated Hitler's armies is no place for
Nazi flags. The party of Lincoln won't stand with those who carry the battle flags of the failed Confederacy.
Was it that difficult? You see, I told you. I have a message to the neo-Nazis, the white nationalists and the
neo-Confederates. Let me be as _(4)_____________as possible: Your heroes are losers.
You're supporting a lost cause. Believe me, I know the original Nazis. I was born in Austria in 1947, shortly
after the Second World War. Growing up, I was surrounded by broken men, men who came home from the
war filled with shrapnel ('metralla') and guilt, men who were misled into** a losing ideology.
And I can tell you: these ghosts that you idolize spent the rest of their lives living in shame. And right now,
they're resting in hell.
I know you weren't born with these _(5)_____________views. No one is. But the truth is, it's never too late
to make the choices to learn, and to evolve and to understand that all human beings have equal value. If
you say, Arnold, I was just at the March. Don't call me a Nazi. I have nothing to do with Nazis at all. Let me
help you: Don't hang around people who carry Nazi flags, give Nazi salutes or shout Nazi slogans. Go home.
Or _(6)_____________, tell them that they're wrong to celebrate an ideology that murdered millions of
people. And then go home. You're so lucky to live in a country that gives you every right to say horrible
things. But think about how you could actually use that power for something good.
And to those of you who have been silent, you must also evolve. I learned a long time ago that the only way
we can really eliminate _(7)_____________is to face it head on. It is not always comfortable, of course, but
stereotypes about racism, religion, gender or anything else, they're like cancer. If you had a tumor, you
wouldn't quietly hope that it slowly disappears. You will _(8)_____________the shit out of it* with
chemotherapy, cut it out, and try every experimental treatment until it was gone. But this is not different.
This is a difficult time for our country of course, but I know that if we all have the _(9)_____________to do
something about it, to do the right thing, we'll come out stronger in the end. I've already donated some
money to the Simon Wiesenthal Center, named after great Nazi hunter, who I was lucky to call a friend. I
hope that you'll join me by supporting your favorite anti-hate organization. Let's all _(10)_____________,
right now, to leaving the terrible ghosts of the past in the trash heap ('basurero') of history. That's where they
belong. Share this video if you think that _(7)_____________has no place in America. Let's terminate hate.

**see 221****** We were misled into a destructive ideology.

************** She coaxed him into drinking the potion.
************** They were tricked into signing the documents.
************** He fooled her into thinking he was a scientist.
************** She talked me into going camping.

177
'

GOOD WILL HUNTING

GLOSSARY AND NOTES: take a shot 'try'- I'm real happy (esp. informal AmE =I'm really happy.)
- I never had no problem (nonstandard =I never had any problem) - shrapnel 'metralla' - skirmish
'escaramuza' - ancillary =additional - skipper (informal) =captain, hold out for (informal) 'wait for' -
hike up prices 'hacer subir los precios' - club 'matar a porrazos' - hit the hash pipe=smoke marijuana

Why shouldn't I work for the N.S.A.(Natural Security Agency)? That's a tough one, but I'll take a shot. Say I'm
working at N.S.A. Somebody puts a code on my desk, something nobody else can break. Maybe I take a
shot* at it and maybe I break it. And I'm real* happy with myself, 'cause I did my job well. But maybe that
code was the location of some rebel army in North Africa or the Middle East. Once they have that location,
they bomb the village where the rebels were hiding and fifteen hundred people I never met, never had no*
problem with, get killed. Now the politicians are sayin', "Oh, send in the Marines to secure the area" 'cause
they don't give a shit. It won't be their kid over there gettin' shot. Just like it wasn't them when their number
got called, 'cause they were pullin' a tour in the National Guard. It'll be some kid from Southie takin'
shrapnel* in the ass.
And he comes back to find that the plant he used to work at got exported to the country he just got back
from. And the guy who put the shrapnel in his ass got his old job, 'cause he'll work for fifteen cents a day
and no bathroom breaks. Meanwhile, he realizes the only reason he was over there in the first place was so
we could install a government that would sell us oil at a good price. And, of course, the oil companies used
the skirmish* over there to scare up domestic oil prices. A cute little ancillary* benefit for them, but it ain't
helping my buddy at two-fifty a gallon.
And they're takin' their sweet time bringin' the oil back, of course, and maybe even took the
liberty of hiring an alcoholic skipper* who likes to drink martinis and fuckin' play slalom
with the icebergs, and it ain't too long till he hits one, spills the oil and kills all the sea life
in the North Atlantic. So now my buddy's out of work and he can't afford to drive, so he's
got to walk to the fuckin' job interviews, which sucks 'cause the shrapnel in his ass is givin'
him chronic hemorrhoids. And meanwhile he's starvin', 'cause every time he tries to get a
bite to eat, the only blue plate special they're servin' is North Atlantic scrod with Quaker State.
So what did I think? I'm holdin' out* for somethin' better. I figure fuck it, while I'm at it why not just shoot
my buddy, take his job, give it to his sworn enemy, hike up* gas prices, bomb a village, club* a baby seal,
hit the hash pipe* and join the National Guard? I could be elected president.

NOTICE THE GET-PASSIVE : GET KILLED, GETTIN' SHOT, GOT CALLED, GOT EXPORTED
DOUBLE NEGATIVE (NON-STANDARD): 500 PEOPLE I NEVER HAD NO PROBLEM WITH
AIN'T (NON-STANDARD): HERE =ISN'T

178
The NATO bombing of Yugoslavia was the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation's (NATO) military operation against
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) during the Kosovo War. The air strikes lasted from March 24, 1999 to June
10, 1999. The official NATO operation code name was Operation Allied Force; The bombings continued until an
agreement was reached that led to the withdrawal of Yugoslav armed forces from Kosovo and the establishment
of United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), a UN peacekeeping mission in Kosovo.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Sam Harris: What about Bosnia? 1:15:05 (From the Waking Up Podcast)
Dan Carlin: Absolutely a very similar situation. There've been a lot of good books written about the situation in Bosnia
and how when the difference really could have been made, we didn’t do anything. And listen, by the way, at the time, I
was a person who was absolutely up in arms* about this, but I didn’t think it was the US’s job to go in there and
_(1)________________, and then what ends up happening is -and there’s a lot of stuff about David Petraeus and other
arguments at the high levels about utilizing American air power to sort of send a message. I mean, there’s a lot of
backstory* in here connected with Russia and everything in that region, but all of it happened sort of after the fact, and
we ended up destroying a ton of* Serbian infrastructure and probably not saving a ton of lives. But I would
_(2)________________, as I always do, that these sorts of situations are better to stay out of, because even if you have
the purest of motives, when you get down to the bottom line, it never turns out the way we’re hoping it will.
SH: You think that’s the historical _(3)________________on Bosnia? That we didn’t save many, many Muslim lives and
that it wasn’t a good thing in the end to have knocked Serbia back into line?
DC: I think by the time all of that happened, it was essentially, most of it, over. If you wanted to really get involved, you
would have to have gotten involved in ‘93 and ‘94, back early when these _(4)______________were, for the most part,
taking place. I think it was a sort of bombing after the barn door* had closed. Now, if you’re going to say, “Okay, Dan,
when situations like that happen, is it the job of the international community to intervene?” Well, in my mind, there ought
to be** a European group who, when things are happening in their backyard, use all sorts of diplomatic and maybe more
forceful pressure. I would leave it up to the people in the region to solve those kinds of problems. What I object to is that
every time there’s an international _(5)_____________, the giant global eye of the media and everything else turns to
us. I don’t want that job. I don't think most American taxpayers want to _(6)_______________that job and certainly send
their kids to carry out the imperial grunt* side of it. And yet I don’t think we ever get asked. So when I talk about my
objection to this, it’s that we don’t have any _(7)________________about whether or not we involve ourselves in this at
all. When did the American people get to say, “We’ve seen this movie. It often turns out poorly. We’re going to sit on the
sidelines and see if the Europeans can do a better job of _(8)________________something in their backyard.”
SH: I fully agree this shouldn’t be America's job, that we need some global institution that focuses the appropriate use of
force. The problem is the UN is broken, and there’s no one else to do this job, or there hasn't been in recent years.
DC: It's designed broken. When you have 5 nations that _(9)_____________have veto power, you designed it broken.
SH: Yeah, so that’s a problem. But the reductio ad absurdum, from my point of view, of the kinds of concerns you’re
expressing, though, is pacifism—a fundamental unwillingness to ever get involved, even if you have the power to do
so**. And I think the problem with that is then you are just allowing the _(10)______________of the world to inherit the
earth and just create immense amounts of human misery, generation after generation, with no corrective in sight. The
world needs some way to respond to the malignant despotism of something like North Korea, or Iraq under Saddam
Hussein, or just the imperial ambitions of a state that starts gobbling up* its neighbors. What we’re talking about, at least
to my ear, is how difficult a project that is**, rather than _(11)______________there should be such a project. But I keep
hearing you say things that cast fundamental doubt* on the project itself and seem to recommend a kind of isolationism
for the US at this point in history and an unwillingness to use force even when that force can be surgically applied
without too much collateral damage or any, and where you can actually get the bad guys and create a context in which,
if moderates and reformers and rational people are going to seize the stage*, there's not somebody with a
_(12)______________or a Kalashnikov preventing it.
-up in arms 'indignado' **there ought to be /ðər ɔ:t(t)ə bi:/ -gobble up 'engullir'
-backstory 'trasfondo' (neg. there ought not to be) -cast doubt on =call into question
a ton of (informal, =a lot of) -grunt -here 'soldado de infanteria' -seize the stage - 'tomar el protagonismo'
-the barn door (from "lock the barn door (informal) .................................................................
after the horse is stolen") **do so (somewhat formal) =do that
**how difficult a problem that is
Cf. "You've got too long a neck." "It's as good a time as any." "How fussy an eater are you?" See 221
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Can you summarize SH's take (=opinion)? Can you summarize DC's take? Do you have an opinion?

179
LISTENING - ARIANA MIYAMOTO https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dXBsFfnCOks
 In her native land most people see her as _1__________________
 I don't think the equivalent word for hafu exists_2__________________, but in Japan you need that
word to express who you are.
 In childhood pictures Miyamoto looks happy, but she says she was _3__________________and called a
kuronbo.
 Miyamoto returned to Japan and _4__________________of high-school.
 A close friend, who was also _5__________________ , killed himself, inspiring her to find a way to
_6__________________ for other hafus in Japan.
 When she became Miss Japan, many_7__________________, but some Japanese complained that she
didn't deserve the title.
 Those kinds of comments don't make me feel good so I try my best to turn them into positive
_8__________________
 In Japan immigration is restricted to a trickle ('goteo'), and _9__________________ is often preferred
to sticking out.
 (The general feeling is that) we as a nation have a lot of virtues and social cohesion because of
_10__________________
 In this crowded country, this minority is starting to_11__________________
 Ian Herman is a hafu whose father is American. _12__________________ as a kid, he turned to rap
music.
 Miyamoto may be making the biggest strides for black hafus by _13__________________ the
widespread view that lighter skin is more beautiful.

_______________________________________________________IMMIGRATION
1 Eight suspected illegal immigrants have been found dead inside a trailer truck parked outside a Walmart store in the
US state of Texas, authorities say. Twenty others were in critical condition, some suffering from heatstroke or
dehydration, and taken to hospital in the city of San Antonio.
Police did not say where the vehicle came from, but said the driver has been arrested and would be charged. They are
investigating a possible people-smuggling offence. The US immigration department is trying to establish the victims'
status. (...)
The US attorney for the Western District of Texas, Richard Durbin, said the authorities were working to identify those
responsible for the incident. "These people were helpless in the hands of their transporters. Imagine their suffering,
trapped in a stifling trailer in 100-plus degree heat," he said in a statement. They were victims of "ruthless human
smugglers indifferent to the wellbeing of their fragile cargo," he added.

2 The super-rich are no longer just spending their money on private jets, yachts, and hotels — they're also splashing
out on second passports. At least two dozen countries offer a new home to people willing to invest in a business, real
estate 'bienes inmuebles' or government bonds 'bonos'. (...)
The Portuguese Golden Visa Program offers non-European investors a fast track to a valid residency permit. The visa is
initially valid for one year, renewable twice after that at 2-year intervals." (verb: per'mit - noun 'permit)
Applicants and their families may obtain their second passport by applying for Portuguese citizenship after six years of
permanent residency. The options include:
-€500,000 (£438,602) in a fund that invests in small or medium-sized businesses.
-Acquisiton of real estate valued at at least €350,000 (£307,022).
-Creation of at least 10 jobs in Portugal.
In Spain:
-After 5 years, the applicant can request permanent residency.
-After 10 years, they can request citizenship.
-Shortcut: minimum investment of €500,000 (£438,602) in real estate.

180
3 CHALLENGES
Rochelle Kopp, founder and Managing Principal of Japan Intercultural Counseling
I would say that one of the biggest challenges for the 21st Century is related to questions of immigration (which includes
refugee issues). These have of course received a lot of attention in the media, but the discussions are often stuck at a
basic level, and governmental policies and programs are often not sufficiently addressing the issues. Japan, as well as
Korea and China, are rapidly ageing and thus there will be increasing demand for labor in those countries, whereas
many surrounding countries have surplus 'excedente' amounts of labor. Already we see Japan is very dependent on
foreign labor in sectors like agriculture and construction, although not through formal immigration but rather through
exploitative “trainee” programs. Part of the debate around immigration and acceptance of refugees relates to how to
integrate people from another culture into a society. This is the field of cross-cultural communication and understanding.
There is a lot of room for further application of the lessons of the cross-cultural field in areas outside of business (where
they are most often being utilised today), to help countries address issues related to immigrants and refugees.

__________________________________________________________________

THE UNPOPULAR RISE OF THE SELF-CHECKOUTS AND HOW TO FIX THEM

http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170509-the-unpopular-rise-of-self-checkouts-and-how-to-fix-them

On the self-select screen of bakery items before me, the difference was just 50p (65 cents) between a plain croissant
and an almond one. While I _(1)___________ to identify baked goods, juggling* my already half-full shopping bag
(placing it on the machine had already once sent it into meltdown*), at least three people had sailed through the
_(2)___________ checkout. I was flustered*, I was annoyed. The almonds had _(3)___________all fallen off anyway.
Retailers* tell us that self-checkouts are all about providing more choice, convenience and speed, and some consumers
may embrace the shorter queues they can bring. However, it can be very frustrating when they go wrong.
One (admittedly unscientific) 2014 poll found that 93% of people dislike them. What’s more, they even drive some
shoppers to _(4)___________. So what’s the story behind the proliferation of these machines? And what can be done
to improve our experience of using them?
It all started with the automated teller machine (ATM), _(5)___________invented in London 50 years ago, in 1967. A few
decades later, the self-service till was invented by David R Humble, inspired by standing in a long grocery checkout line
in south Florida in 1984. The tills became popular in the 1990s. By 2013, there were over 200,000 in stores throughout
the world and their numbers are expected to reach 325,000 by 2021.

At some stores, there may be no more than one checkout manned* by a human
It’s easy to see why they’re so popular with vendors: having customers _(6)___________some work themselves means
less overhead*. At airport check-in, for instance, the cost to process a passenger through an electronic terminal (14
cents) is a fraction of what it costs the airline with a staffed desk ($3).
But what’s the benefit for consumers? If there are five self-checkouts to choose from instead of queuing for one human
being, clearly they will reduce waiting time. _(7)___________, if the shops employed five more staff, the experience
could be quicker. As part of her campaign to curb* the increasing dependence on self-checkouts, journalist and BBC
broadcaster Jenni Murray timed how long it took to buy the same items at both staffed and self-service tills in eight
major shops. In every instance, the staff checkout was faster. Her anecdotal experiment did include verification-needed
items, but she’s not the only one to come to this conclusion.
So, _(8)___________ faster then. No problem, say retail experts and suppliers*, thanks to a
_(9)___________phenomenon known as “wait-warping”*: when you’re more actively involved in the transaction, it
appears to progress quicker. How very convenient: for the retailers*. But not all shoppers are fooled, so vendors have
invested in _(10)___________strategies to increase our liking for self-service. A popular tactic is to position the tills
closer to the exit, providing the subtle suggestion that your transaction will be faster.

Changing the machine’s voice is another ploy*. The supermarket Tesco, for instance, dispensed with* the unloved voice
that chastised* customers for an “unexpected item in the bagging area”. It also replaced the machine’s “irritating and
_(11)___________” voice with a different one in response to customer feedback (it is careful to point out). And it didn’t

181
stop there. For Christmas 2015, customers were treated to Santa booming "Ho Ho Ho Merry Christmas!” Suffice to
say, the Twitter response to this act of seasonal goodwill was not as positive as expected.

Another UK supermarket, Morrisons, also tried out a number of voices, _(12)___________Wallace and Gromit voice
actor, Ben Whitehead. But telling shoppers not to get their “tinsel in a tangle*” was not enough to safeguard the future of
self-service at the store. The company eventually heeded* the 67% of customers who complained that they were
anxious about using the machines, and engaged* an extra 1000 staff. Other nations have resorted to marketing
campaigns, portraying the tech as fun and cool.

And some retailers have attempted to provide incentives. _(13)___________McDonald’s: as well as being quick to use,
its self-service terminals allow the fast food chain to display its full menu and make it easy to customise burgers. In the
States, you even get free sauce. Have no illusions; there’s canny* strategising at work here too: in a 2004 experiment,
McDonald’s found that we spend an average of 30% more when we're not fretting* about the person behind the cash
register judging our choices. Leigh Sparks, professor of retail studies at the University of Stirling in the UK, says retailers
could do a lot to avoid dissatisfied customers simply by offering _(14)___________. “If consumers feel the retailers are
doing it purely to save costs, and not to better* service for the customer, then they react adversely to it," he says.
"Where, as in some of the large grocery stores, you see that you’ve got a choice – self-scan as you go, ‘10 items or less’
express queue, standard queue and self-service checkout – then, as the consumer, you’re in control of which journey
you want.”
juggle 'hacer malabarismos' dispense with =get rid of
meltdown - here, 'colapso, fallo' chastise 'reprender'
flustered 'aturullado' "get your tinsel in a tangle" (tinsel 'guirnaldas') -modelled
retailers 'minoristas' on "get your knickers in a twist" (informal) 'ponerse
man 'encargarse de' nervioso'
overhead(s) 'gastos generales' heed (formal) =pay attention to
curb -here, 'poner límite a' engage -here, =hire (Remember the other meanings.)
suppliers 'proveedores' (Remember "supply") canny =shrewd 'sagaz'
wait-warping -modelled on "time warp" 'curvatura del fret =worry
espacio-tiempo' to better something = to improve something, to make
ploy 'estratagema' something better

GAP 1 MANAGED STRUGGLED HESITATED

GAP 2 HUMAN-OPERATED HUMAN-OPERATING HUMANELY OPERATED
GAP 3 NEARLY ENTIRELY NOT
GAP 4 ROBBERY STEALTH THEFT
GAP 5 ONCE FIRST THAT WAS
GAP 6 TO DO DOING DO
GAP 7 HENCE THAT IS TO SAY HOWEVER
GAP 8 SOMEWHAT LESS NO
GAP 9 UNEXPECTED EERIE HANDY
GAP 10 A GREAT DEAL OF PLENTY OF BUTTLOADS OF
GAP 11 BOSSY SOOTHING HOARSE
GAP 12 SETTLING FOR SETTLING ON LEAST OF ALL
GAP 13 CHECK OUT EXCEPT TAKE
GAP 14 DISCOUNTS SERENADES CHOICE

 Do you have an aversion to self-service checkouts?

 Have you ever had any problems at a supermaket checkout? Have you ever been shortchanged?
Have you ever been given too much money back?
 Have you ever seen any rude customers making a scene? (If you've worked at a supermarket, have
you had to handle any such customers?)

182
TOWNS: VOCABULARY REVIEW see page 224

an ATM - a childcare facilitiy/day care centre - a take-away - a taxi rank - a healthcare facility/clinic - a concert hall

10m away 100m away 500m away 1,000m away 10km away 100km away

When did you last go to...? What for?

a court (of law) - a registry office - a police station - the town hall - a job centre - a department store

Have you stayed at...?

a B&B (bed and breakfast) - a youth hostel - a spa hotel - a campsite

Do you know how to say...?

urbanización - afueras - el tráfico de la hora punta - superpoblación - vandalismo - inmundo - alcantarilla
deteriorado (hablando de un barrio) - zona residencial en el extrarradio - polígono industrial (key at the bottom)

Are you familiar with the concept of gentrification?

Gentrification is a process of renovation of deteriorated urban neighborhoods by means of the
influx of more affluent (=richer) residents. This is a common and controversial topic in politics and
in urban planning. Gentrification can improve the quality of a neighborhood, while also potentially
forcing relocation of current, established residents and businesses, causing them to move from a
gentrified area, seeking lower cost housing and stores.

a parking meter
CHALLENGES___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Shin-pei Tsay, Executive Director, Gehl Institute

Within urban areas, a significant constraint* today and into the future will be how people move around the city.
Many extol* the potential of technology to overcome that problem. Whatever technology may accomplish, we
will still need to think about how space is used: automated and ride-sharing vehicles take up as much room as
regular cars, whether they're on the road or parked off the street. Going into the future, urban space still needs
to be designed to maximize places for people to congregate, which are key to building social connections,
fostering a sense of belonging, and encouraging community efficacy. Space for human connection is often not
considered at all against technological solutions in cities.Without the design of places to support a social
dimension, cities will not thrive regardless of how much technology we attempt to integrate, design for, and
adopt. Public health outcomes increase when isolation diminishes and people connect. We save billions in
environmental costs if we plan for places that encourage people to spend time outside. We even reduce
economic limitations in labor markets when we plan for places that allow people to shorten their commute
distances and have access to stores, schools, and other daily services. It's always fun to consider panaceas
that can theoretically solve age-old problems (in this case, growing populations with increasing travel needs).
However, not nearly enough attention is given to the social impacts of these new solutions. We must carefully
consider how they may change the physical shape and design of our cities in the future. Most importantly, we
must be aware of how they might isolate us. After all, by limiting our ability to socialize, technology may only
generate new problems to replace the ones it "solved."
constraint =restriction - extol =praise

183
Edward Paice, Director, Africa Research Institute
In Africa, very rapid urban growth – spatial and demographic – is occurring without adequate planning (or, in
many locations, any planning at all). Even where master plans have been drawn up, these tend to be either
‘fantasy designs’ drawing on* wholly inappropriate models such as Dubai or Singapore; or they mimic equally
inappropriate plans drawn up for cities in Europe or the US. Urbanisation in Africa is occurring in its own
distinctive fashion and there are significant variations within and between countries. But one common feature
is that the economies of nearly all towns and cities are predominantly informal. The creation of long-term,
decent jobs by the state and private enterprise is woefully* inadequate; industrialisation remains for the most
part absent. For African urbanisation to become a positive economic and social development, as opposed to* a
ticking time-bomb, urban planning needs to incorporate total populations, not simply the rich and middle
classes; this is the only way that the economic potential of the majority can be harnessed* for the national
good. How can this be done? Firstly, citizens have to be involved. Community participation in slum
redevelopment initiatives has proven to be a far more productive and cheaper way of going about* things than
imposing ill-conceived*, expensive schemes from above. Secondly, the technology exists to facilitate the rapid
planning required – for example, data collection with mobile phones and satellite imagery have already been
beneficial. Thirdly, urban-dwellers* everywhere – voters – can mobilise even more effectively to ensure that
their elected representatives deliver more. We are seeing this occurring in more and more towns and cities and
it is a very positive development for cities, for infrastructure development and for democracy. Even in
autocracies* there is always room for citizens to organise and thereby secure services or rights that they have
been denied. The final, essential, component is political will. This has been conspicuously lacking*, but more
determined and competent mayors and city leaders are emerging and the power of example is considerable.

draw on 'recurrir a'

woefully 'lamentablemente'
as opposed to =rather than
harness =take advantage of
go about 'abordar, ponerse a hacer'
ill-conceived =not sensible
dweller (formal) =resident
autocracy 'a form of government in which one person has complete power'
lacking =absent/insufficient

Vishaan Chakrabarti, Associate Professor of Practice at Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning
and Preservation
A major new challenge for the fields of architecture and urbanism will be to build what I call the "Public
Metropolis," which means cities that are more ecologically sound, more equitable, more humane in their
deployment* of technology, more intense in their creation of new infrastructure, and more fervent in their roles
as beacons* for a free, diverse and open global society in a time when nativism and fascism are on the rise.
The debate of whether to build dense, transit-based cities as the most environmentally sound growth model in
a world in which billions are reaching the middle class is largely settled: the question that remains is not
whether to build better cities, but how. Great civic architecture for both public and private projects will be
pivotal* to this question by enabling the creation of new cultural buildings, commercial projects, and
infrastructures that read and write with the specifics of a place, so that we maintain local identities in a global
world.
deployment 'despliegue/utilización' - beacons (fig.) 'ejemplos, modelos' - pivotal =crucial

______________________________________________________________________________________________

STREET CRIME The most common forms of predatory crime—rape (violador: rapist), robbery, assault,
burglary, larceny, and car theft—occur most frequently on urban streets. Racial minority citizens account
for a disproportionately high number of the arrests for street crimes. (Google)

184
  What conclusions can be drawn from the graph above?
 Discuss times when you or someone you know felt unsafe/intimidated/threatened.
 Have you experienced or witnessed any of the following?
a break-in: an act of entering a building illegally using force, especially in order to steal things (verb: break in, break
into a place)
(a) burglary: the crime of entering a building illegally in order to steal things (person who does that: burglar 'caco')
(a) carjacking: a crime in which someone attacks the driver of a car and steals the car.
(a) mugging: an attack on someone in a public place in order to steal their money, jewellery, or other possessions
(verb: mug; person who does it: mugger)
(a) ram-raiding (BrE): driving a car through a shop window in order to steal goods
(a) robbery: the crime of taking money or property illegally, often by using threats or violence (verb: rob; person who
does it: robber) (Compare: rob someone/a place - steal something)
(a) hold-up/stick-up: a situation in which someone threatens people in a bank or shop with a gun in order to get money
or goods (verb: hold up/stick up)
shoplifting: the crime of stealing things from a shop (person who does it: shoplifter)
snatch: to quickly steal someone from someone
rude slang: scared shitless 'cagado de miedo'

185
Who blames the victim? By LAURA NIEMI and LIANE YOUNG JUNE 24, 2016
admonish 'amonestar' clusters =groups
nudge 'dar un codazo' -aquí 'animar a' dyad 'díada, pareja'
deep-seated 'arraigado' elicit -here 'provocar'

IF you are mugged on a midnight stroll through the park, some people will feel compassion for
you, while others will admonish* you for being there in the first place. If you are raped by an
acquaintance after getting drunk at a party, some will be moved by your misfortune, while others
will ask why you put yourself in such a situation.

In a recent series of studies, we found that the critical factor lies in a particular set of moral values.
Our findings, published on Thursday in the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, show that
the more strongly you privilege loyalty, obedience and purity — as opposed to values such as care
and fairness — the more likely you are to blame the victim.

Binding and individualizing values are not mutually exclusive, and people have varying degrees of
both. But psychologists have discovered that the extent to which you favor one relative to the other
predicts various things about you. For example, the more strongly you identify with individualizing
values, the more likely you are to be politically progressive; the more strongly you identify with
binding values, the more likely you are to be politically conservative.

We conducted several studies, involving 994 research participants. First we examined how their
moral values related to their tendency to stigmatize victims versus to see victims as injured. We
provided minimal descriptions of victims of various crimes — rape and molestation, stabbing and
strangling — and asked the participants how much they considered the victims as “injured” or
“contaminated.”

Furthermore, the more people saw a victim as contaminated, the less they saw that victim as
injured. Throughout, we controlled for other variables and found that it was moral values —
binding values, in particular — and not political orientation, gender or religiosity that determined
the results.

Can anything be done to change people’s perceptions of victims and perpetrators? In another
study, we explored whether nudging* people to focus on perpetrators versus victims could affect
people’s moral judgments. We did so by placing either the perpetrator or the victim in the subject
position in a majority of sentences in descriptions of sexual assault (e.g., “Lisa was forced by Dan”
versus “Dan forced Lisa”). We then asked the participants to assign percentages of blame to the
victim and perpetrator.

Victim blaming appears to be deep-seated*, rooted in core moral values, but also somewhat
malleable, susceptible to subtle changes in language. For those looking to increase sympathy for
victims, a practical first step may be to change how we talk: Focusing less on victims and more on
perpetrators — “Why did he think he had license to rape?” rather than “Imagine what she must be
going through” — may be a more effective way of serving justice.

186
1 In another study, participants read descriptions of specific cases of rape and robbery and rated
both the victim and the perpetrator on how “responsible” they were for the outcome, as well as
how much a change in their actions could have changed things. We found that the more strongly
people endorsed binding values, the more they strongly they attributed responsibility to victims
and the more they saw victims’ behaviors as influencing the outcome. We found the opposite
pattern for people endorsing individualizing values.

2 Our animating insight was that these two clusters* of values entail different conceptions of
victims. Proponents of individualizing values tend to see a dyad* of victim and perpetrator (a
victim is hurt, a perpetrator does the hurting). Proponents of binding values, however, may see
behaviors as immoral even when there is no obvious victim — for example, the “impure” act of
premarital sex or the “disloyal” act of flag burning — and may even feel that doing the right thing
sometimes requires hurting others (as with honor killings, to pick an extreme example). So we
hypothesized that support for binding values would correlate with a greater tendency to blame
victims.

3 What determines whether someone feels sympathy or scorn for the victim of a crime? Is it a
function of political affiliation? Of gender? Of the nature of the crime?

4 While we expected that all participants would be more likely to view sexual-crime victims than
non-sexual-crime victims as contaminated (which is indeed what we found), we also found,
surprisingly, that the more strongly people endorsed binding values, the more strongly they
considered any victim to be contaminated — regardless of the nature of the crime.

5 These two sets of values have been the object of much scholarly attention. Psychologists have
found that when it comes to morality, some people privilege promoting the care of others and
preventing unfair behaviors. These are “individualizing values,” as they can apply to any
individual. Other people privilege loyalty, obedience and purity. These are “binding values,” as
they promote the cohesion of your particular group or clan.

6 Consistent with our previous findings, the more participants endorsed binding values, the more
blame they assigned to victims and the less blame they assigned to perpetrators. But we also found
that focusing their attention on the perpetrator led to reduced ratings of victim blame, victim
responsibility and references to victims’ actions, whereas a focus on victims led to greater victim
blaming. This was surprising: You might assume that focusing on victims elicits* more sympathy
for them, but our results suggest that it may have the opposite effect.

BLAME
BLAME SOMETHING ON SOMEONE/SOMETHING
"Don't blame it on the sunshine; blame it on the boogie."
BLAME SOMEONE (FOR SOMETHING)
"I blame you for the moonlit sky."
PUT THE BLAME ON SOMEONE
"I'll be the reason for your pain and you can put the blame on me."
WHO'S TO BLAME (FOR SOMETHING)?
(COMPARE: WHO'S RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS? - SHE FEELS GUILTY - HE WAS FOUND GUILTY OF THE CRIME)
"When the love light dips and fades, who's to blame?"

187
 (see page 224)
___________________________________________________ENEMY OF THE STATE (1998)
DEAN: That's not you?
PINTERO: That ain't me.
DEAN: [Chuckling] Well, you know, that's actually really great news for me. It lifts a huge weight
off (of) my shoulders, because the conditions of your parole* specifically forbid you from
having any contact of any kind with any union officials.
PINTERO: I know that.
DEAN: Well, I'm saying, so hypothetically, had that been you, I mean, you'd be headed back to
prison for fifteen, I don't know, maybe twenty years, even more. But, I don't know, that ain't you,
as you so eloquently put it.
PINTERO: Are you fuckin' with me? Eloquently? That's not me.
DEAN: Oh, that's not you. Well, I'm sorry that I've wasted your time, gentlemen, you know, since
that's not you, um... Oh, you know what? I'm thinkin'. Maybe I'll just, you know, run this tape past
the federal prosecutor*. You know, they have really great VCRs* down there. A lot of times, they
can see things that we can't see.
PINTERO: You ain't runnin' this by nobody*. What do you want?
DEAN: My clients want to vote their contract up or down... as they see fit, without, shall we
say, any outside influences.
PINTERO: Okay. Sit down.
DEAN: No, I'm fine, thank you.
PINTERO: No, you are not fine. Now sit your ass... down.
DEAN: I would like my clients to be able to exercise their constitutional rights. And if that
happens, that tape will disappear forever into my private collection, along with the Zapruder film
and the porno from Hitler's bunker.
PINTERO: (Have) You got any copies of this thing?
DEAN: Absolutely.
PINTERO: Who made it? (Did) You make it?
DEAN: I'm an attorney. I don't make videotapes.
PINTERO: Now you listen to me, you fuckin' eggplant*. This fuckin' videotape may save your
clients' asses, but you can be goddamned sure it ain't gonna save yours. Now, who made the
fuckin' videotape?
DEAN: I don't know.
PINTERO: How'd you get it? (=How did you get it)
DEAN: Through an acquaintance.
PINTERO: Mr. Dean, he's got acquaintances. Me, I got friends. I don't know. Vic, get outside. See
if they're any acquaintances out there that are of the black persuasion. Carlos, why don't you get
out of that chair? Let me talk to Mr Dean. Who's your fucking acquaintance? ... ... ... ... ...
Listen to me. I wanna know who made that videotape, but I wanna know in a week, or I'll kill ya.

*PAROLE 'libertad provisional'

*FEDERAL PROSECUTOR 'fiscal federal' (PROSECUTE 'procesar')
*VCR: video cassette recorder
*Standard: You're not running this by anybody.
*EGGPLANT (AmE) 'berenjena' is a racist slur.

188
A: If you are in danger, we go to the police.
B: Oh, no. I don't want to hear about the police.
A: I do not say that lightly. I know what it could do to this family. But if it's the only real choice
we have -If it's either that or your getting shot when you open your front door...
B: I don't want to hear about the police.
A: You're not some hardened* criminal, Walt. You're in over your head. That's what we tell them; that's the truth.
B: That is not the truth.
POSSESSIVE + ING: your getting shot
A: Of course it is. A schoolteacher, cancer, desperate for money?
see page 220
B: Okay, we're done here.
A: Roped into working for... Unable to even quit? You told me that yourself, Walt. Jesus, what was I thinking? Walt,
please. Let's both stop trying to justify this whole thing and admit you're in danger.
B: Who are you talking to right now? Who is it you think you see? Do you know how much I make a year? I mean,
even if I told you, you wouldn't believe it. Do you know what would happen if I suddenly decided to stop going into
work? A business big enough that it could be listed on the NASDAQ goes belly-up*, disappears. It ceases to exist
without me. No, you clearly don't know who you're talking to, so let me clue you in*. I am not in danger, Skyler. I am
the danger. A guy opens his door and gets shot, and you think that of me? No. I am the one who knocks.

hardened: something like 'reincidente' - Let me clue you in 'Deja que te ilumine' - go belly-up 'irse al garete'
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

OPTIONAL WRITING TASK:

IF YOU FEEL STRONGLY ABOUT ANY OF THE TOPICS WE HAVE TOUCHED ON, YOU CAN WRITE AN
ARGUMENTATIVE COMPOSITION IN 200-350 WORDS.
INDIVIDUAL SPEAKING TASK (5 MINUTES)
OPTION A: CUSTOMER SERVICE (SEE UNIT 34) - SPEAK ABOUT YOUR EXPERIENCE.
OPTION B: PERSONAL FINANCE (SEE UNIT 46) - SPEAK ABOUT YOUR HABITS.
CONVERSATION TASK (6-7 MINUTES) - UNIVERSAL BASIC INCOME:
-REASONS IT IS BEING DISCUSSED MORE AND MORE
-HOW TO IMPLEMENT IT AND POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
-YOUR PREDICTION
________________________________________________________DISASTERS
1. The sinking of RMS Titanic 10. The Biescas campsite flood
2. The Syrian refugee crisis 11. World War II
3. The sinking of the Costa Concordia 12. The Tenerife air disaster
4. The Santiago train derailment 13. The Bhopal disaster
5. The Spanair Flight 5022 crash 14. The Challenger Space Shuttle disaster
6. The Prestige oil spill 15. The disappearance of the Aral Sea
7. The Fukushima nuclear disaster 16. 9/11
8. The Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 (2014 in Ukraine) 17. Hurricane Katrina
9. The Chernobyl nuclear disaster 18. The 2003 invasion of Iraq

What happened? It was (indirectly) caused /kɔ:zd/ by...

What was the cause? It was perpetrated by...
How many casualties were there? It was X's fault.
What other consequences were there? X was/were to blame.
When/Where did it happen? It was blamed on... (=They blamed...)
Can you provide any more information? It was made worse by...
faulty 'defectuoso', inaction, incompetence, recklessness 'temeridad',
SOME USEFUL WORDS: lack of foresight 'previsión', leak 'fuga/filtración', policies 'políticas'

189
UNIT ELEVEN: THE MEDIA* (English Vocabulary in Use 3rd ed.: 47, 48, 49, 50)

UNIT 47 all except: leader, pamphlet, prospectus 1. /ˈægəni ɑːnt/

UNIT 48 all except: webinar 2. /ˈfiːʧə/
UNIT 49 Learn: innovative, rock-bottom, slash prices,
3. /ˈbroʊʃə/
pamper yourself, proven to..., guaranteed to..., stand out,
billboard, flyer, logo, pop-up, plug 4. /ˈflaɪə/
Remember: indulge yourself, bargain /'bɑ:gən/, trailer 5. /aɪ es piː/
UNIT 50 Learn: citizen journalism, soundbite, pressure 6. /pəˈrentl kənˈtroʊl/
group, seek publicity, coverage, gutter press, an exclusive, 7. /ˈloʊgoʊ/
put their own spin on a story 8. /steɪt əv ði ɑːt/

English Vocabulary in Use 3rd ed.: BACK-OF-THE-BOOK SELECTION

88: READ IT.
90: Compare shade-shadow, theme-topic, security-safety; read the rest.
92: the real thing, in great detail, a formidable challenge, I feel strongly about, utterly; section D
100: READ IT.

1. El editorial de la semana pasada llamaba la atención sobre la vulnerabilidad del sistema informático
de los hospitales.
2. El modelo publicitario actual es insostenible a largo plazo.
3. Los medios han sido cómplices de la guerra por su negativa a criticar a la primera ministra.
4. -¿Crees que las octavillas han surtido (algún) efecto? -Diría que sí. (folletos breves sin doblar)
5. -Nos hemos deshecho del logo por los memes. -Ya. Recordaba a otra cosa.
6. ¿Hace falta ser científico para informar de asuntos medioambientales?
7. Lo que le importa a Youtube es el tiempo que la gente pasa en su página, y de ahí la reproducción
automática.
8. Si no se hubiera censurado la imagen no estaríamos en esta situación. (mixed conditional)
9. Cada vez hay más gente que está dispuesta a pagar a cambio de información fidedigna.
10. Cualquier cosa que leas en esta página tómatela con cierta dosis de escepticismo.
11. Lo creas o no, en la valla publicitaria ponía "Es un coche para hombres".
12. Envíe sus preguntas a nuestro consejero sentimental.
13. Se supone que es una televisión modernísima (de ultimísima generación) pero no tiene control
parental.

*THE MEDIA IS/ARE (more formal) (no article if it modifies another noun: media coverage)
1. agony aunt 3. brochure 5. ISP (Internet service provider) 7. logo
2. feature 4. flyer 6. parental control 8. state of the art

190
1. Last week's editorial (or: leading article) drew attention to the vulnerability of hospital computer systems. -NB:
"informática" [noun] is I.T. (Information Technology)
2. The current/present advertising model is unsustainable/not sustainable in the long run/term.
3. The media have been complicit /kəmˈplɪsɪt/ in the war because of / through their refusal to criticize the Prime

Minister.
4. 'Do you think the flyers have had an effect?' 'I'd say so'.
5. We've got rid of the logo because of the memes /mi:mz/. Yeah. It reminded people of something else. (We've
ditched... [informal] / We've dispensed with... / We've done away with...)
6. Do you have/need to be a scientist to report on environmental issues?
7. What matters to Youtube / (What Youtube cares about) is how long people spend / is the (amount of) time (that)
people spend on their site, hence Autoplay. / hence the Autoplay feature. (That's why they have Autoplay.)
(That's the reason for Autoplay.)
8. If the image hadn't been censored, we wouldn't be in this situation.
9. There are more and more people / [more formal] There is an increasing(ly large) number of people who are willing to
pay for reliable/trustworthy information.
10. Take anything (that) you read on this site/page with a pinch of salt. (Be sceptical/[AmE]skeptical about...) [interesting
phrase: "a healthy dose of scepticism/AmE skepticism"]
11. Believe or not, the billboard said "It's a man's car". / "It's a car for men".
12. Send your questions to our agony uncle (BrE). [An agony aunt/uncle has an advice column.]
13. It's supposed to be a state-of-the-art TV (set) but it doesn't have parental control(s).

WORLD SERVICE - HOURLY BULLETIN (14:00 SUNDAY 14 MAY 2017) MARK:_____________

Speaking at the Élysée Palace in Paris, Mr Macron said France had to find answers to the great
_1____________________of the time, including migration, terrorism, the excesses of capitalism and climate change.

The EU's law-enforcement agency has described the _2_____________________ of Friday's cyber attack as
_3_____________________. (...)

Japan says North Korea's latest test _(3 words)_4____________________________________________ an entirely

new type of missile. Officials said this was the first time Pyongyang had fired a /'mɪsəl/ that... a /'mɪsaɪl/ that had
flown more than two thousand kilometres.

President Xi Jinping of China has set out a plan for increased_(2 words)_5_______________________________
spurred* by billions of dollars of infrastructure investment. (...) s

The UN says one of its peacekeepers in the Central African Republic has been _6______________________ in a fresh
attack. (...)

(In Ivory Coast) Popular opposition has been growing to an army revolt over unpaid_7_____________________.

Security sources in Egypt say a _8__________________ has been killed by a roadside blast in the Sinai Peninsula. (...)

The German defense minister has called on the country's army to rename barracks* named after former Nazi
soldiers. Officials have launched a crackdown* on (2 words)_9_____________________ elements within the army.

A British man has become the world's oldest (2 words)_10____________________

*'espolear, estimular' 'cuarteles' 'ofensiva'

191
 DISCUSSION
 Do you know anyone who's been a victim of cybercrime?
 What measures can you take to protect your data?
 Under what conditions should authorities have access to online communications?
What about private files?
 What does our dependence on the Internet make us vulnerable to?

Extra questions
What do you know about Edward Snowden? Should he be prosecuted?
What about Julian Assange? Is Wikileaks a force for good?
___________________________________________________________________________
 What do you think about this?

____________________________________________________________________________

 What do you think about the following quote?

“The Internet is like alcohol in some sense. It accentuates what you would do anyway. If you want to be a
loner, you can be more alone. If you want to connect, it makes it easier to connect.” (Esther Dyson)
 Have you engaged in any pointless arguments online?
 Discuss any social network pet peeves you have.
 How would you define an (Internet) troll?

Here's a definition:

192
 Read the following quotes from Tristan Harris and discuss the implications:

A small number in the tech industry influence how a billion people think every day.
----
The most common narrative is that technology is neutral and it's up to us to choose how we want to use it and
if people do fake news or if people start wasting all their time, that's just people's responsibility. What this
misses is that, because of the attention economy, every business -apps, online papers, Netflix, Facebook,
YouTube- is competing for attention. The way you win is by getting someone's attention and extending it for as
long as possible. It becomes an arms race for getting attention. And the best way to get attention is by knowing
how people's minds work, so that you can push certain buttons and get them to stay as long as possible.
----
These companies often hide behind this notion that if you don't like it you can stop using the product, but while
they're saying that, they have teams of thousands of engineers whose job it is to deploy these techniques I
learned at the Persuasive Technology Lab to get you to spend as much time as possible.
----
The Internet has moved from being this neutral-feeling resource where you're kind of just accessing things to
feeling like there's this gravitational wormhole* (...) that pulls you in. (...) How much of this is due to advertising
and how much of this is due to the hypercompetition for attention? It's both. We have to be able to decouple*
the link between how much attention they get from you and how much money they make.
decouple (formal) 'disconnect' wormhole 'agujero espacio-temporal'

--WHERE MIGHT THE "HYPERCOMPETITION FOR ATTENTION" LEAD?

--DOES THE IDEA OF A "DIGITAL DETOX" APPEAL TO YOU?
(a period of time during which a person refrains from using electronic devices such as smartphones or computers)
_______________________________________________________________________________________

THE NEWS CYCLE AND PEOPLE'S PERCEPTION OF THE STATE OF THE WORLD
 Read a fragment of an interview with comment on it:

QUESTION: You wrote a very optimistic book about the trend toward less violence on earth. But it feels like
we’ve seen a lot of violence here in the US since then. We had the Sandy Hook massacre in 2012 — and there
have been at least 1,069 mass shootings since then. Overseas, more than 1,200 people have died in ISIS-
related terror attacks, not including those killed in Iraq and Syria. And we’ve heard a lot about killings of young
black men by police, and the killings of police, over the past several years. How do you put all this in context?

ANSWER: News is a misleading way to understand the world. It’s always about events that happened and not
about things that didn’t happen. So when there’s a police officer that has not been shot up or city that has not
had a violent demonstration, they don’t make the news. As long as violent events don’t fall to zero, there will
always be headlines to click on. The data show (...) rates of violence continue to go down.

--WHAT'S YOUR ATTITUDE TOWARD THE NEWS?

--DO YOU EXPOSE YOURSELF TO A VARIETY OF NEWS SOURCES?
--ARE YOU A FAN OF LATE-NIGHT POLITICAL DEBATES?
--WHAT'S YOUR ATTITUDE TOWARD POLITICAL PUNDITS? (AVOID NAMING ANY NAMES)
_______________________________________________________________________________________

-DO YOU FEEL STRONGLY ABOUT "TRASH TV"?

(talk shows with no educational content and a focus on confrontation and controversy)

193
From our first on-the-scene coverage of the sinking of the USS Maine, which our reporters
rigged* to explode in Havanna harbor, in 1898, to our fearless reporting of the unjust imprisonment of
the Onion's dear friend and business associate, Slobodan Milosevic in 2001, the Onion has always
delivered the news faster, more accurately and with more unrestrained brute force than any other media
organization in human history.
(...)
The Onion is releasing to the public a trove* of classified documents and secret recordings that we have
received from a _1_________________ within the highest levels of President Trump's White House.

The more than 700 pages of documents that we have procured provide an _2_________________ and
unfiltered glimpse of the commander-in-chief, the figures who surround him, and the initiatiatives they
seek to enact*.

It goes without saying that these documents will radically _3_________________ the world's
understanding of President Trump and his administration and will in all certainty alter the course of
American history forever.

With the _4_________________ of the Onion's 300,000 staffers in its numerous news bureaus and manual
labor camps around the world, our editorial board has painstakingly* authenticated every one of these
pages, and in service of the public interest, the Onion has made all of these documents available to view on
our website without edits or redactions.

_5_________________, there is so much information to sort through that the hundreds of

_6_________________ laborers in the Onion's basement are still combing through much of it as we speak.

The collection of documents and recordings obtained by our white house informant includes
_7_________________ revelations about those at the highest levels of our nation's goverment. From
President Trump's paralysing fear of lighthouses, to Vice President Pence's impure thoughts about the
Morton Salt girl, to Sean Spicer's descent into madness while being confined in his punishment crate*.
Each page of these documents is teeming with* momentous disclosures* that span every department,
agency and gaping pit being tunneled _8_________________ the White House.

By visiting the Onion's website, the public can now freely peruse* this expansive collection of top secret
intelligence, unreleased executive orders, intercepted email correspondences, private memorandums and
countless pages of the president's doodles*.

Needles to say, no individual or news organization has ever produced a document _9_________________
of such consequence or magnitude at any point in recorded history.

GLOSSARY
rig 'manipular'
trove 'tesoro'
enact 'promulgar'
painstakingly 'meticulosamente'
teeming with 'repleto de'
disclosures 'revelaciones'
a lighthouse the Morton Salt girl a punishment crate peruse 'hojear'
http://www.theonion.com/trumpdocuments doodles 'garabatos'

STARE (AT): 'mirar fijamente'

GAZE (AT): steadily (something interesting or attractive) 'contemplar'
GLANCE (AT): quickly (and you look away immediately)
GLIMPSE or GET A GLIMPSE OF: briefly and not very well

194
What's this?
Sometimes you've got to go back to actually move forward. And I don't mean going
back to reminisce or chase ghosts. I mean going back to see where you came from.
Where you've been, how you got here... see where you're going. I know there are
those that say you can't go back. Yes, you can. You just have to look in the right place.

Sometimes you gotta go back to actually move forward. And I don't mean go back and reminisce or chase ghosts. I
mean take a big step back. Like go from winning an Oscar to doing a car commercial. My agent was like** "I could
understand if you did this right after the Lincoln Lawyer. That would've made sense. But you don't buy a Lincoln 'cause it
makes sense. You drive it 'cause you love it, or 'cause you're an Uber driver. I feel safe in here to drive around all night
long, contemplating the important questions of life. Who am I? Why am I here? When I'm done rolling up this booger*,
should I eat it or throw it out the window. Feels good, like a tiny little tennis ball. Hi there, little fella. Ain't you a vision.
Why do I drive a Lincoln? Why does anybody do anything? We're just bugs on a rock in a void. See, I believe we were a
mistake. Life...earth... I believe it is each man's duty to correct the mistake that nature made. Extinguish mankind like
the pathetic match that it is.
Dad, are you okay?
I'm super good, bud.
You're going five miles an hour.
Not bad for a Lincoln. Whose kids are these? And how'd* they get in my Lincoln?

My agent was like (informal) =My agent said - booger 'albondiguilla' - how'd (only informal spoken =how did

_________________________________________________________________HEADLINES
CHINA FERRARI SEX ORGY DEATH CRASH
Matthew McConaughey and Jim Carrey take Lincoln on lucrative ride
Lincoln has seen car sales jump following a series of television adverts and parodies featuring McConaughey and Carrey

TOPLESS CARWASH RAISES CASH FOR DEPUTIES

WOUNDED IN GUN BATTLE AT RASTAFARIAN POT FARM

WRITING TASKS
 OPTION A: AN ADVICE COLUMN (QUESTION + ANSWER)
GRAHAM NORTON'S:
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/wellbeing/graham-nortons-advice/
GRAHAM NORTON ON LOOSE WOMEN: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gC6sKFRFojk
(He speaks with an Irish accent.)
 OPTION B: A NEWS BULLETIN THAT CAN BE READ OUT IN 2 MINUTES
 OPTION C: A SENSATIONALIST ARTICLE

195
CHALLENGES: INTERNET, MEDIA AND DEMOCRACY SUMMARIZE EACH TEXT IN A SENTENCE THEN COMPARE YOUR SENTENCES
strive =make an effort - herd 'rebaño' - draft 'redactar un borrador' - citizenry 'ciudadanía' (cf. citizenship
'nacionalidad') - **a whole other (informal) 'a totally different' - nudge people into 'animar a la gente a'
Peter Barron, VP Communications, EMEA, Google
Google was built on providing people with high-quality and authoritative results for their search queries. We strive* to
give users a breadth of diverse content from variety of sources and we’re committed to the principle of a free and open
web. Judging which pages on the web best answer a query is a challenging problem and we don’t always get it right.
When non-authoritative information ranks too high in our search results, we develop scalable, automated approaches to
fix the problems, rather than manually removing these one-by-one. We recently made improvements to our algorithm
that will help surface more high quality, credible content on the web. We’ll continue to change our algorithms over time in
order to tackle these challenges.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Rohit Chandra, VP Engineering, Yahoo
Another challenge is that technology-driven online engines like ours learn through click-feedback or “crowd-sourcing.”
That runs the risk of perpetuating a “herd mentality”* – in which if lots of users start chasing a particular news source
(maybe based on shock value rather than credibility), our AI-systems could accidentally “learn” and treat that source as
highly valued or credible.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Eddie Copeland, director of government Innovation at Nesta, a UK charity that has looked at the future of democracy in the digital world
Rather than waiting for politicians to make decisions and then we all argue over whether what they say reflects reality,
we could have tools that engage people much earlier in the process so they can be involved in formulating ideas and
drafting* legislation, following the course of how ideas go from concept to becoming laws and how effective they are in
reality. It might just give you a chance of making people feel part of a system rather than observing it from the outside.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ben Fletcher, software engineer at IBM Watson Research who worked on a project to build an AI fact checker
We got a lot of feedback that people did not want to be told what was true or not. At the heart of what they want, was
actually the ability to see all sides and make the decision for themselves. A major issue most people face, without
knowing it, is the bubble they live in. If they were shown views outside that bubble they would be much more open to
talking about them.
___________________________________________________________________________
Nonny de la Pena, virtual reality journalist and CEO of Emblematic Group
Call me idealistic, but I really believe if you have an informed global citizenry*, then people are
going to make better decisions. We are going through the pain of, how do we convey
information that’s accurate? People may not be looking at traditional media for their solutions.
I think for audiences, VR (=virtual reality) is a totally different type of story. There is nothing in
print or radio or broadcast that can let you walk around in actual space. That kind of effort, of making those kinds of
pieces, is going to get easier and easier. You’ll be walking around the scene, not looking at flat screen or video.
When you walk around, it’s a whole other** level. Now your body can engage. Now when I go to the movies, I find the
frames so artificial – I can see the box. I see the square. When I put on a headset, I see the world. The fact that
audiences are going to be engaged with this kind of storytelling makes it a very important opportunity for journalism to
embrace.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Stephan Lewandowsky, a psychologist who studies persistence of misinformation in society
Having a large number of people in a society who are mis-informed and have their own set of facts is absolutely
devastating and extremely difficult to cope with. There are solutions available – using the technology that has given rise
to this problem. Turning it upside down by changing the algorithms in Facebook or on Google to nudge people into*
sharing or consuming news that are slightly outside their normal comfort zone. What is happening now is that the
cookies you gather as you browse the web will tell the website what it is you like. The way to get out of this polarisation
is for these algorithms to suggest something that I might not like or agree with but is not so offensive to me that I
wouldn’t look at it. That way you can keep people from self-radicalising in these ecological bubbles. That sort of
technological solution is one good way forward. I think we have to work on that.
_________________________________________________________________________________

196
UNIT 12: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & INDUSTRY
(English Vocabulary in Use 3rd ed.: 55, 56, 57, 58)
This time the transcriptions reflect Standard American. The
words marked with an asterisk would be transcribed differently
in Standard British English.

1. /ˈleɪbər/*
2. /ˌpraɪvətəˈzeɪʃn/*
3. /ˈwaɪfaɪ/
4. /eɪ-aɪ/
5. /ˈduːmzdeɪ/ 9. /ˈeɪliənz/
6. /ʤiː em krɑ:ps/* 10. /ˈpaʊər plænt/*
7. /ˈgloʊbl ˈvɪlɪʤ/ 11. /ˈfaɪnaɪt/
8. /ˈmeʒərz/* 12. /ˈnu:kliər/* (/ˈnu:kjələr/)

55: SECTION A EXCEPT INWARD INVESTMENT; FROM SECTION B, LEARN:

CHILD LABOUR, TRADE UNION, SWEATSHOP, MULTINATIONALS, RELOCATE
56: WHOLE UNIT EXCEPT ERGONOMICS
57: ALL EXCEPT KEYHOLE SURGERY, GRIDLOCKED, ENVISAGE
58: ALL EXCEPT OFFSHORE, ONSHORE

English Vocabulary in Use 3rd ed.: BACK-OF-THE-BOOK SELECTION

92: KEEP AN EYE ON, GO HAND IN HAND WITH, SEE THE LIGHT, PAY DIVIDENDS.
93: ALL EXCEPT FALL INTO PLACE, IT THREW ME COMPLETELY, A SHAMBLES, DOWN IN THE MOUTH
94: READ IT OFTEN.
95: READ IT.
100: DEMOLISH, IN THE EVENT OF, DECEASED, NEXT OF KIN, PROCEED, NOTIFY, AT YOUR EARLIEST
CONVENIENCE, FURTHER NOTIFICATION, WITH REGARD TO
________________________________________________________________________________
DO YOU OBJECT TO THE IDEA OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD?
YOU CAN HAVE YOUR WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCED FOR UNDER €1000!
HOW MUCH LONGER TILL DRONE DELIVERY BECOMES A REALITY?
WHAT'S THE POTENTIAL OF 3D PRINTING?
ARE YOU WORRIED ABOUT THE RISE OF A.I. (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE)?
________________________________________________________________________________
CONVERSATION TASK (6-7 MINUTES)

 TECHNOLOGIES YOU MISS

 TECHNOLOGIES YOU'RE LOOKING FORWARD TO
 REAL/POTENTIAL DANGERS
WRITING TASK SUGGESTION: WRITE AN ARGUMENTATIVE COMPOSITION ON THE CONTROVERSIES
SURROUNDING MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS (200-400 WORDS)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
labour; privatization; wi-fi; AI; doomsday; GM crops; global village; measures; aliens; power plant; finite; nuclear

197
 1. Jobs y Wozniak tuvieron una discusión (de las gordas) por las ranuras de expansión.
2. Intentando (en un intento de) apaciguar a los gobiernos europeos, la multinacional se ha ofrecido a
pagar un 40% más de impuestos.
3. (ella) ¿No debería pasar un trapo a las herramientas después de cada uso?
4. Los falsos técnicos intentaron engañarme para que relevara las contraseñas.
5. Mandé machacar los discos duros.
6. -¿Han forzado la puerta? -No. El pomo se cayó/soltó cuando el becario la cerró de golpe.
7. Las máquinas van ganando terreno sin que nos demos cuenta.
8. No te pongas ciego en la convención ni grites hasta quedarte afónico como la última vez.
9. Están acojonados pero yo no creo que sea para tanto.
10. -Averigua quién ha pintado los robots de lila. -Fui yo, y es malva.
11. Me pasaré hoy a las tres e intentamos resolverlo. (tú y yo, el problema de física) (Use a phrasal verb.)
12. Es innegable que Musk es un inconformista.
13. Ella dio una respuesta directa pero matizada.
14. Parece que retrocedemos en lugar de avanzar.
15. Algunos de los niños que fueron rescatados del taller clandestino están en una casa de acogida.
16. Me sugirió que me fiase de las estadísticas y no de mi instinto.
17. La vida media de un portátil depende del uso que le des. Tenlo en cuenta.

The highlighted sentences contain the "RESULTATIVE" construction (resultative verbless

adjectival clause) as in "I kicked it open." 'Lo abrí de una patada'.
1. Jobs and Wozniak had a falling out because of/over the expansion slots.
2. In an attempt to appease European governments, the multinational has offered to pay 40 percent more
(in) taxes.
3. Shouldn't she wipe the tools (clean) after each use?
4. The false/fake technicians tried to trick/fool me into revealing the passwords.
5. I had the hard drives crushed.
6. 'Have they forced the door (open)?/Has the door been forced (open)?' 'No. The knob came/fell off when
the intern slammed it (shut).'
7. The machines are gaining ground without us realizing it. (less comon, more formal: our realizing it)
8. Don't drink yourself blind/silly at the convention and don't/or shout yourself hoarse like last time.
9. They are scared shitless but I don't think it's (such) a big deal.
10. 'Find out who('s) painted the robots /'roʊbɒts/ lilac /'laɪlæk/.' 'I did./(It was) me, and it's mauve /moʊv/.
11. I'll drop by/around or I'll pop in/over/around or I'll come around/over at three and we'll try to figure
it out/work it out. (=solve it)
12. It's undeniable that Musk is a maverick.
13. She provided/gave a straightforward but nuanced /'nju:ɒnst/ answer.
14. We seem to be going backward(s) instead of (going) forward(s).
15. Some of the children that were rescued from the sweatshop are in a foster home.
16. She suggested (that) I (should) trust the statistics rather than/instead of my gut (feelings) /my insticts.
17. The average lifespan of a laptop depends on what you use it for. Bear that in mind./Take that into
account.

198
HOW THE ELECTRIC CAR REVOLUTION COULD BACKFIRE By Matt Ridley - Published 20 July, 2017
The state risks locking in* the wrong technology too early

locking in -something like 'freeze' pinching off (fig.) 'restringir, quitar impulso'
cradle-to-grave =throughout the life cycle entrench 'atrincherar'
for (formal/literary) 'pues' get our act together 'organizarnos, arreglárnoslas'
scurry 'ir a toda prisa' if it is to be 'si ha de ser'
some way off 'algo lejos' flicker 'parpadear'
forcibly 'por la fuerza' .........................................................................

The British government is under pressure to follow France and Volvo in promising to set a date by
which to ban diesel and petrol engines in cars and replace them with electric motors. It should resist
the temptation, not because the ambition is wrong but because coercion could backfire.

These are fantastic motors and we should be using even more of them, especially in personal
transport. They are quiet and clean at the point of use, so could have transformative effects on the
quality of life of those living near roads and in urban areas. In the future they could even fly planes.

Building an electric car generates considerably more carbon dioxide than creating a comparable petrol
model because so much energy is required for the mining and processing of lithium, nickel and other
materials for the battery. The battery accounts for more than half the cradle-to-grave* emissions
created by an electric car. Fuelling that car from a coal-fired grid like China’s or India’s makes the
emissions even worse.

Then there is the question of where the extra electricity is to come from. In recent years we have
struggled to build enough power stations for existing users, let alone adding all cars and heating too,
for* that is the plan. Britain’s cars travel about 250 billion miles a year. Assuming the use of very small
Nissan Leaf-style vehicles, that mileage would add an extra 16 per cent of demand to our existing
electricity grid.

Meanwhile, the idea of using electric vehicles to balance the grid, allowing us to dump spare juice into
them when the wind blows and take it out when it does not, is, according to Ofgem, pie in the sky, at
least until autonomous vehicles arrive and cars can go scurrying off* to central charging points after
dropping you at home, which is some way off*.

To achieve a major transition in the economy, such as to electric transport, you could force the issue
with a legal deadline, challenging the engineers to solve the practical problems and incentivising
businesses to leave their comfort zone and abandon existing technologies.

Here is a cautionary tale illustrating the latter point. Ten years ago Gordon Brown, then chancellor, and
Hilary Benn, environment secretary, announced that ahead of an EU timetable Britain would forcibly*
phase out incandescent light bulbs in favour of compact fluorescent (CFL) ones, promising that this
would “help tackle climate change, and also cut household bills”. By sending free CFL bulbs to most
households and requiring retailers to sell only the new bulbs, this cost the country almost £3 billion.

Tesla’s decision to build a “Gigafactory” to make lithium-ion batteries may establish a new standard for
battery technology for a generation, at the risk of pinching off* research into potentially better designs
for batteries. Or Tesla may find itself with an obsolete system if one of those other technologies
suddenly achieves a breakthrough.

A ministerially mandated nationwide failure would be costly in itself and could delay the wider use of a
genuinely promising development in personal transport. Don’t let the state screw this up.

199
1 With Europe’s mix of generating capacity — less coal, more gas, more wind and more nuclear — an
electric vehicle does emit less carbon dioxide over its lifetime than a comparable petrol or diesel vehicle,
but not by a large margin. As one study concluded: “We find that electric vehicles powered by the
European electricity mix reduce [global warming potential] by 26 per cent to 30 per cent relative to
gasoline . . . and 17 per cent to 21 per cent relative to diesel.”

2 Without a government ban it might never happen. But that sort of hothouse growth risks entrenching*
an immature technology, preventing a better one from coming along.

3 The electric motor is older than the internal combustion engine by about half a century. Since taking
over factories from the steam piston engine at the end of the 19th century, it has become ubiquitous.
Twinned with its opposite number, the turbine (which turns work into electricity, rather than vice versa), it
drives machines in factories, opens doors, raises lifts, prepares food, brushes teeth and washes plates.

4 If we want the new capacity to be low carbon — and since we cannot seem to get our act together* on
nuclear, and solar works poorly at this latitude, especially in winter — then how many wind turbines would
be needed to generate that much extra electricity? Roughly 10,000 onshore or 5,000 offshore, requiring a
subsidy of at least £2 billion, more than double the size of our existing windfarm estate. Yikes.

5 But if it is to be* cordless, an electric drive must carry a heavy battery. Using lithium atoms, among the
lightest there are, has helped to make batteries lighter, but they are still bulky, slow to charge and liable to
explode if charged too fast. Imagine the congestion at charging stations if every car was electric.

6 Perhaps we should leave this to the market. The great merit of private enterprise is that it reduces the
cost of learning by putting a limit to the extent of the hazard of any particular adventure. One company
gambles, and takes a hit, but the harm is limited and the lesson is learnt by everyone.

7 Slow to warm up, tending to flicker*, with a much shorter lifetime than expected and dangerous to
dispose of, CFL bulbs were less popular with consumers than with manufacturers, who tooled up to
produce them. Now, just ten years later, nobody wants CFL bulbs, thanks to the dramatic fall in price of
the next technology: more efficient, better quality and safer LED lights. The government backed the wrong
technology. Fortunately, in that case, changing course won’t be very hard, though the waste of £3 billion is
a miserable thought. It would be much worse if we picked the wrong battery technology for electric
vehicles.

8 Finally, remember that — globally at least — 40 per cent of road transport fuel is used by lorries, so
electrifying all cars still leaves a big chunk to tackle. In short, electric cars are a great technology but
almost trivial as a climate policy. They’re attractive for other reasons.

NOTES

200
  TRADITIONALISTS or Silent Generation: Born 1945 and before
 BABY BOOMERS: Born 1946 to 1964
 GENERATION X: Born 1965 to 1976
 MILENNIALS or Gen Y: Born 1977 to 1995
 iGEN, Gen Z, or Centennials: Born 1996 and later

Have Smartphones Destroyed a Generation? (from The Atlantic)

**I’d -Remember: "would" can mean past habit (like "used to") when the context makes it clear that we're
talking about the past.
**parent-free -cf. sugar-free, fat-free, problem-free, hassle free,
unchaperoned =unsupervised
pore over =study carefully

More comfortable online than out partying, post-Millennials are safer, physically, than
adolescents have ever been. But they’re on the brink of a mental-health crisis.

ONE DAY last summer, around noon, I called Athena, a 13-year-old who lives in Houston, Texas. She
answered her phone—she’s had an iPhone since she was 11—sounding as if she’d just woken up. We
chatted about her favorite songs and TV shows, and I asked her what she likes to do with her friends. “We
go to the mall,” she said. “Do your parents drop you off?,” I asked, recalling my own middle-school days, in
the 1980s, when I’d** enjoy a few parent-free** hours shopping with my friends. “No—I go with my
family,” she replied. “We’ll go with my mom and brothers and walk a little behind them. I just have to tell
my mom where we’re going. I have to check in every hour or every 30 minutes.”

Those mall trips are infrequent—about once a month. More often, Athena and her friends spend time
together on their phones, unchaperoned*. Unlike the teens of my generation, who might have spent an
evening tying up the family landline with gossip, they talk on Snapchat, the smartphone app that allows
users to send pictures and videos that quickly disappear. They make sure to keep up their Snapstreaks,
which show how many days in a row they have Snapchatted with each other. Sometimes they save
screenshots of particularly ridiculous pictures of friends. “It’s good blackmail,” Athena said. (Because she’s
a minor, I’m not using her real name.) She told me she’d spent most of the summer hanging out alone in
her room with her phone. That’s just the way her generation is, she said. “We didn’t have a choice to know
any life without iPads or iPhones. I think we like our phones more than we like actual people.”

(...)

THE MORE I pored over* yearly surveys of teen attitudes and behaviors, and the more I talked with young
people like Athena, the clearer it became that theirs is a generation shaped by the smartphone and by the
concomitant rise of social media [,soʊʃl 'mi:diə]. I call them iGen. Born between 1995 and 2012, members
of this generation are growing up with smartphones, have an Instagram account before they start high
school, and do not remember a time before the internet. The Millennials grew up with the web as well,
but it wasn’t ever-present in their lives, at hand at all times, day and night. iGen’s oldest members were
early adolescents when the iPhone was introduced, in 2007, and high-school students when the iPad
entered the scene, in 2010. A 2017 survey of more than 5,000 American teens found that three out of four
owned an iPhone.

(...)

201
Read the following paragraphs and discuss whether you've detected any similar trends in Spain.
-The allure (=appeal) of independence, so powerful to previous generations, holds less sway
over (=has less influence on) today’s teens, who are less likely to leave the house without their
parents. (...)

-Today’s teens are also less likely to date. The initial stage of courtship ('cortejo'), which Gen
Xers called “liking” (as in “Ooh, he likes you!”), kids now call “talking”—an ironic choice for a
generation that prefers texting to actual conversation. (...)

-The decline in dating tracks with ('corre paralelo a') a decline in sexual activity. (...) Fewer
teens having sex has contributed to what many see as one of the most positive youth trends
in recent years. The teen birth rate hit an all-time low in 2016, down 67 percent since its
modern peak, in 1991.

-Even driving, a symbol of adolescent freedom inscribed in American popular culture,

from Rebel Without a Cause to Ferris Bueller’s Day Off, has lost its appeal for today’s teens.

-Nearly all sleep with their phone, putting it under their pillow, on the mattress, or at the very
least within arm’s reach of the bed. They check social media right before they went to sleep,
and reach for their phone as soon as they wake up in the morning.

Why are today’s teens waiting longer to take on both the responsibilities and the pleasures of
adulthood? Speculate and then keep reading.
Shifts in the economy, and parenting, certainly play a role. In an information economy that rewards higher
education more than early work history, parents may be inclined to encourage their kids to stay home and
study rather than to get a part-time job. Teens, in turn, seem to be content with this homebody
arrangement—not because they’re so studious, but because their social life is lived on their phone. They
don’t need to leave home to spend time with their friends.
__________________________________________________________________________

The more time teens spend looking at screens, the more likely they are to report symptoms of
depression.

Speculate on the causes of that and then read the following explanation.
WHAT’S THE CONNECTION between smartphones and the apparent psychological distress* this generation is
experiencing? For* all their power to link kids day and night, social media also exacerbate the age-old teen
concern about being left out. Today’s teens may go to fewer parties and spend less time together in
person, but when they do congregate, they document their hangouts relentlessly—on Snapchat,
Instagram, Facebook. Those not invited to come along are keenly* aware of it. Accordingly, the number of
teens who feel left out has reached all-time highs across age groups. Like the increase in loneliness, the
upswing* in feeling left out has been swift and significant.

This trend has been especially steep* among girls. (...) These more dire consequences for teenage girls
could also be rooted in the fact that they’re more likely to experience cyberbullying. Boys tend to bully one
another physically, while girls are more likely to do so by undermining* a victim’s social status or
relationships. Social media give middle- and high-school girls a platform on which to carry out the style of
aggression they favor, ostracizing and excluding other girls around the clock.

distress 'aflicción' upswing 'alza, mayor incidencia'

for -Here it means "despite" steep 'empinado, [aquí] pronuciado'
keenly 'intensamente' undermine 'minar'

202
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE CHALLENGES
Kate Darling, Research Specialist at MIT Media Lab. Fellow at the Harvard Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society
Companies are going to follow their market incentives. That’s not a bad thing, but we can’t rely on them just
to be ethical for the sake of it, for the most part. It helps to have regulation in place. We’ve seen this in
privacy, or whenever we have a new technology, and we figure out how to deal with it.
Ezekiel Emanuel, Chair of the Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy at the University of Pennsylvania
I think one of the big issues is going to be unemployment: automation, artificial intelligence, virtual reality.
It seems pretty inevitable it’s going to create displacement of workers, ie unemployment. If you look at what
gives people meaning in their lives, it’s three things: meaningful relationships, passionate interests, and
meaningful work. Meaningful work is a very important element of someone’s identity.
Viktor Mayer Schonberger, Professor of Internet Governance and Regulation, Oxford Internet Institute
My #1 issue is not the future of democracy (or related issues such as fake news, Trump, social networking
bubbles, or even cybersecurity), but the future of humanity. As we are developing more and more ways to let
computers take over reasoning through adaptive learning, we are faced with an existential question: what is
it – long term – that makes us human? It used to be doing calculus, playing Chess (or Go), flying airplanes,
driving cars, having a conversation, playing Jeopardy, or cooking (to name a few). What if data-driven,
learning algorithms can do all that? What’s the essence of being human – is it radical creativity, irrational
originality, craziness and illogicality? And if so, are we then shaping our learning institutions to help humans
develop and nurture exactly these skills (our competitive advantages). In short, for me 2017 marks the year,
when intra-human problems slowly begin to pale ('palidecer') when compared to this more fundamental and
existential one.
Bruce Schneier, international security technologist
The Internet of Things is giving computers the ability to affect the world in a direct physical
manner. As* this happens to more and more things, the particular ways in which computers fail will become
the way everything fails. This means more catastrophic failures, as* bugs and vulnerabilities affect every
instance of a piece of software. This will completely change how we think about the risks of computerised
cars, computerised appliances, computerised everything. *NB: the first "as" means 'a medida que' and the second 'ya que'
___________________________________________________________________________
The Pros And Cons Of Artificial Intelligence
Mixed in with the joky ones there are one or two that may be serious - can you spot them?

As technology advances to the point where machines have almost human-like capabilities, humanity is left
to ponder the consequences involved with either advancing or holding back* the field of computer
sentience. Here are the pros and cons of artificial intelligence: (*hold back 'ser un lastre para')

PROS
 We wouldn’t be as embarrassed of human race’s progress when aliens make contact
 A.I can be employed to perform dangerous tasks like informing blue-collar workers they are being replaced by
machines
 Ponderous ('pesados') editorials on the ethical dangers of AI composed in .000003 nanoseconds
 Freed from the necessities of daily jobs, Americans can finally get working on their novellas. ('novelas cortas')
 Someone, somewhere, will definitely profit from it
 Emotionless workforce would save companies thousands on costly team-building exercises
 Kind of a given at this point ("a given" 'algo que viene dado')
CONS
 Hyper-efficient machines would allow corporations to devalue human employees for the sake of profits
 Upsets humanity’s law of natural selection under which those born into privilege have first crack (=attempt) at
running everything
 Electricity bill too damn high as it is ('tal como está')
 Infinitely powerful cognition will make A.I. pretty condescending
 Every film, book, and TV show that’s ever been made on the subject

203
SPEAKING TASKS
INDIVIDUAL TASK: 4-5 MINUTES. 10 MIN. FOR PREPARATION. YOU CAN WRITE A LIST OF IDEAS.
CONVERSATION TASK: 6-7 MINUTES. 2 MIN. TO READ THE TASK. NO TALKING, NO NOTES.
THE GRADES ARE: N.I. 'needs to improve', ALMOST, OK, GOOD, VERY GOOD

INDIVIDUAL TASK 1 INDIVIDUAL TASK 5

YOUR EXPERIENCE WITH LANGUAGE KEYS TO A SUCCESSFUL RELATIONSHIP
 How "verbal" are you?"  Compatibility
 Language idiosyncrasies (Ideas: little quirks of yours,  Circumstances (family, friends, work...)
peculiar things that you or someone else says,  Behavior/attitude/everyday life: some tips
swearing, accent, funny habits...) (in any language)
 Awkward/embarrassing situations

INDIVIDUAL TASK 6 - PROMOTING HEALTH

 Negative influences
INDIVIDUAL TASK 2  Role of families and schools
YOUR EXPERIENCE OF LEARNING ENGLISH.  The role of government (Ideas: labelling, taxation,
 Early memories sport policy, advertising regulation, drug policy)
 Setbacks/difficulties
 Turning point(s)
 Reaping the rewards: what it has meant for you and
what you're looking forward to. INDIVIDUAL TASK 7 - DOPING
 Your general view of professional sports.
 Is retroactive punishment justified?
 How else to deal with the issue.
INDIVIDUAL TASK 3
Talk about the current STATE OF EDUCATION. What are
the main problems? To what extent are they related?
Focus on 3 or 4 of them in a 4/5-minute speech. INDIVIDUAL TASK 8 - WHO TO TRUST
IDEAS  What food is good for you: who or what to trust
 Drugs (prescription and/or recreational): conflicting
School funding, group sizes, drop-out rates, discipline
information
issues, curriculum controversies, the Education for
 Alternative therapies: who and what to believe
Citizenship subject, Religion as a subject, bilingual
schools and bilingual teachers, teaching methods,
distractions in the classroom, technology, teachers' and
students' workload, integration problems, bullying, the
INDIVIDUAL TASK 9 - FOOD IN YOUR LIFE
influence of society, the role of the family, drugs,
alternative approaches, universities nowhere near the top  Memories: evocative tastes and smells
of world rankings, the relationship between education and  Social eating
the world of work...  How health-conscious or environmentally conscious
are you?

INDIVIDUAL TASK 4
PERSONALITY CHANGES INDIVIDUAL TASK 10 - GMOS
 To what extent it is possible to change  Issues of food safety
 Events or turning points that made you change  Issues of environmental safety
 A famous transformation in history or fiction  Issues of wealth and power

204
INDIVIDUAL TASK 11 - FREE TIME ACTIVITIES INDIVIDUAL TASK 17 - LIVING AND LEARNING
 Things you couldn't get the hang of 'pillarles el  Crises and/or turning points in your life
tranquillo'/you've dabbled in/you went off  Regrets
 The influence of your hobbies on your social life  Advice you would give your 15-year-old self or your
 One you'd like to take up ('empezar') and reasons 20-year-old self

INDIVIDUAL TASK 12 - VIDEOGAMES INDIVIDUAL TASK 18 - CUSTOMER SERVICE (SEE

 Positive and/or negative effects on health and/or UNIT 34)
social life.  Do you prefer people or automated phone or online
 Educational uses services?
 Your experience  Good experiences
 Bad experiences

INDIVIDUAL TASK 13 - JOURNEYS

 A memorable journey you took/a journey you've INDIVIDUAL TASK 19 - IDENTITY (ethnic, class, cultural,
always dreamed of gender, ideological, family, charities, friends, clubs,
 A fictional/historical journey that you like sports...)
 A figurative journey in your life (knowledge, discovery,  Speculate on the relationship between identity and
wisdom, opinions, career, love, religion...) polarization.
 What gives you a sense of belonging?
 What gives you a sense of individual identity?

INDIVIDUAL TASK14 - SELF-DRIVING CARS

 Foreseeable consequences in terms of road safety
 Likely consequences for the economy / the INDIVIDUAL TASK 20 - SEXUAL HARASSMENT
environment  What constitutes sexual harassment
 Is it something you're looking forward too?  Root causes
 How to prevent it

INDIVIDUAL TASK 15 - EXPERTS

 Reasons many people seem to distrust experts.
INDIVIDUAL TASK 21 - NONPROFITS
 Talk about your experience explaining things you're
an expert on.  Charities or NGO's (non-governmental organizations)
you would contemplate supporting
 Can experts benefit from learning about other fields?
 Controversies surrounding international NGO's and/or
things they shouldn't do.
 What kind of nonprofit would you set up?
INDIVIDUAL TASK 16 - MEDIA ISSUES
 Do the news media distort our perception of the state
of the world?
INDIVIDUAL TASK 22 - PERSONAL FINANCE (SEE
 Is there a worrying mixture of information and
UNIT 46)
entertainment?
 Banking habits
 Discuss either of these concepts or both: fake news;
citizen journalism  What not to do
 Regrets and good choices

205
CONVERSATION TASK 1 - LANGUAGE SKILLS
 Are people's writing or speaking skills on the decline?
 Linguistic skills: to what extent do they influence people's social life and professional prospects?
 What are the best ways to improve the foreign language skills of the population?

CONVERSATION TASK 2 - A NEW LANGUAGE ACADEMY

You want to set up a language academy (you're business partners).
 Methods and materials
 How to assess students and teachers
 Complementary activities

CONVERSATION TASK 3 - BILINGUAL SCHOOLS

 A good idea?
 Current problems and how to fix them
 Improving kids' language competence outside the school

CONVERSATION TASK 4 - WORK and LIFE

 Working conditions and motivation/happiness
 Work and free time: interference
 Real-life cases

CONVERSATION TASK 5 - RAISING CHILDREN

 The influence of genetics/biology
 The influence of family: what parents can and should do and/or what they can't/shouldn't try to do
 The influence of friends: how important is it?

CONVERSATION TASK 6 - HEALTH CHALLENGES

 Ways of improving the general health of the population (education, food, drug policy, etc.)
 Spain's healthcare: -maintaining or improving quality
-making it more sustainable and efficient
 Exchange personal experiences.

CONVERSATION TASK 7 - ART

 Compare the kinds of art you're fond of.
 Make plans for an art-filled long weekend.
 Discuss what art course(s) you could attend together.

206
CONVERSATION TASK 8 - A TRIP
Make preparations for a 3-week trip with three other people across Europe, Africa, or the States. Your budget
is 12,000 Euros. Plan a trip that satisfies both of you. Discuss the route and transport arrangements. Include
some cultural touches and some culinary ones.

CONVERSATION TASK 9 - PRESSING ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS

 Local and global
 Technological solutions
 Other changes and measures needed

CONVERSATION TASK 10 - UNIVERSAL BASIC INCOME

 Why it is such a hot topic
 How to implement it and potential problems
 Your prediction

CONVERSATION TASK 11 - TECHNOLOGY

 Technologies you miss
 Technologies you're looking forward to
 Real/potential dangers

CONVERSATION TASK 12 - FAMILY MODELS

 Speculate on the long-term trends.
 Late parenthood: when is it too late?
 Single parenthood by choice: your views

CONVERSATION TASK 13 - DEMOGRAPHICS

 Aging populations
 The rural exodus
 Integration issues

CONVERSATION TASK 14 - SHIFTING CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR

 The rise of online shopping
 Second-hand sales apps
 Ultra-cheap clothing

207
"BOOKCLUB" ACTIVITY WARNING: DON'T SPOIL THE BOOKS
(YOU CAN ALSO DISCUSS NON-FICTION BOOKS: SAY WHETHER YOU FOUND
THEM/YOU'RE FINDING THEM INTERESTING/USEFUL AND EXPLAIN WHY.)

1. How did you experience the book? Were you engaged immediately, or did it take you a while to
"get into it"? How did you feel reading it—amused, sad, disturbed, confused, bored...?

2. If applicable, describe one of the main characters—personality traits, motivations, and inner
qualities. Is it a dynamic character—changing or maturing by the end of the book?

3. If applicable, discuss the plot:

• Is the plot engaging?
• Is it a plot-driven book—a fast-paced page-turner?
• Were you surprised by complications, twists & turns?
• Did you find the plot predictable, even formulaic?

4. Talk about the book's structure.

• Does time shift back & forth from past to present?
• Is there a single viewpoint or shifting viewpoints?

5. What main ideas—themes—does the author explore? Does the author use symbols to reinforce
the main ideas?

6. Are there any passages that strike you as insightful*, even profound? (*'revelador')

7. Is the ending satisfying?

10. If you could ask the author a question, what would you ask? Have you read other books by the
same author?

11. Has this book changed you—broadened your perspective? Have you learned something new or
been exposed to different ideas about people or a certain part of the world?

(Questions adapted from LitLovers.com)

208
 ENGLISH VOCABULARY IN USE 3rd EDITION - BACK OF THE BOOK
(For the 2nd edition, subtract 1 from the unit number.)
-WHENEVER YOU CAN, READ THE UNITS ALOUD.-
59. EXTENSIVE, SPACIOUS, ROOMY, WIDE OPEN SPACES, SCATTERED, CRAMPED, CONGESTED,
COMPACT, BUSTLING, LABYRINTH, BOUNDARY, SQUEEZE IN, STUFF IN
60. IN A SEC, SINCE THE YEAR DOT, IN THE NICK OF TIME, INEXORABLE, INCIPIENT, LINGER,
SIMULTANEOUS, DURATION, PROLONG, AT SHORT NOTICE, REPEATEDLY
61. LIMP, HOP, STAGGER, STUMBLE, TIPTOE, STRUT, CHASE, HOP ON/OFF, POUR INTO, FLOOD, TAKE
GIANT STEPS, TAKE UNPRECEDENTED STEPS
62. COURTEOUS, INSOLENT, ETIQUETTE, THE DONE THING, RAISE YOU EYEBROWS, TWITCH, FLINCH
63. SECTION A EXCEPT SOUNDLESS; SLAM, CRASH, SQUEAK, SIZZLE; SECTIONS C AND D
64. WEIGHED DOWN WITH, WEIGH UP, WEIGH ON YOU, WEIGH IN, THICKEN, SOLIDIFY, THIN,
WATER DOWN, IMPENETRABLE, IMPERVIOUS TO CRITICISM
65. SUFFIX -ISH, 5 NEW COLOURS, VIVID, BLUE-COLLAR WORKERS, SEE RED, RED-CARPET, GREEN
WITH ENVY, GREY MATTER, WHITE-COLLAR WORKERS
66. DASH, RACE, POP, SPEED UP, PLUNGE, PLUMMET, SOAR, ROCKET, SLUMP, TUMBLE, CRAWL,
CREEP
67. THE WHOLE UNIT
68. ANALOGY, AFFINITY, INTERCHANGEABLE, INDISTINGUISHABLE, DIVERSE, DISTINCT, DISTINCTIVE,
DIVERSIFY
69. GLITCH, SETBACK, OBSTACLE, IMPEDIMENT, DILEMMA, ORDEAL, PROBLEMATIC, ARDUOUS,
CONVOLUTED, COMPLEX, INSUFFERABLE, TOUGH, TRAUMATIC, PAIN, DRAG, CHORE, WHAT'S GOT
INTO HIM?+ONE SYNONYM, HASSLE, SLOG, IN A FIX, TRICKY, OFF THE HOOK, DOWNSIDE
70. THE WHOLE UNIT
71. TWOFOLD, QUADRUPLE, ERRATIC, GDP, DISCREPANCY, FLAWED, MULTIPLE, INCONSISTENT WITH,
ERR ON THE SIDE OF CAUTION, ROUND DOWN
72. AUTHORIZE, ENDORSE, GIVE CARTE BLANCHE/THE GO-AHEAD/THE GREEN LIGHT, CLAMP DOWN
ON, OUTLAW
73. FED UP WITH, SICK OF, I'VE HAD ENOUGH OF, IT'S NOT ON, ENOUGH IS ENOUGH, I WISH YOU
WOULD(N'T), I WISH TO..., UNSATISFACTORY, THIS IS SHAMEFUL, GRUMBLE
74. SINCERE APOLOGY, LAME EXCUSE, ALIBI, FALSE PRETEXT, TREATY, TRUCE, CEASEFIRE
75. PAT ON THE BACK, BACK-HANDED COMPLIMENT, PRAISE SOMEONE FOR SOMETHING, PAY
TRIBUTE TO, SUCK UP TO (INFORMAL), FLATTER, FLATTERY
76. PROMISE THE MOON, ANTICIPATE, UNDER OATH, SWEAR WORDS, PLEDGE, VOW, KEEP A
PROMISE, AT STAKE, DON'T BET ON IT, YOU BET, THE ODDS OF SOMETHING HAPPENING
77. THE WHOLE UNIT EXCEPT PANGS OF GUILT AND LAMENT; LEARN "MOURN FOR" AS 'ESTAR DE

209
 LUTO POR'
78. COINCIDE WITH, APPROVE OF, SPLIT, DIVISION, CONTROVERSY, REACH A COMPROMISE, MAKE
CONCESSIONS
79. SECTION A, ARBITRARY, DISTORT, PREDOMINANT, WIDESPREAD, CONTRADICT, PERCEIVE, TRIGGER,
CRUCIAL, SOMEWHAT
80. REITERATE, SUMMARIZE, ASSERT, UNDERSCORE, ACCOUNT FOR, COMPRISE, THIS BRINGS US TO,
TOUCH ON, DEAL WITH, BEYOND THE SCOPE OF
81. JOT DOWN, MAKE A NOTE OF, DRAFT, CUT AND PASTE, BOLD, ITALICS, SHADED, QUOTATION
MARKS AND ANY OTHER TYPOGRAPHY TERMS YOU DON'T KNOW
82. READ IT.
83. GIVE OR TAKE, QUITE A FEW, STACKS, SECTION B
84. MUMBLE, RAISE YOUR VOICE, SHOUT AT, YELL AT, BICKER, CHAT AWAY, EXAGGERATE,
GENERALIZE, STUTTER
85. ALL EXCEPT PTO, BIODATA, BEDSIT
86. READ IT. REMEMBER: LEARN OUTWEIGH, OVERRATED. LEARN: MISUSE, OVERNIGHT,
UNDERESTIMATE, UNDERLYING, UPGRADE, PROCRASTINATE
87. READ IT. REMEMBER: HEALTH-CONSCIOUS. LEARN: CLASS-CONSCIOUS, DISPOSABLE, MANAGEABLE,
STRESS-FREE, LIKE-MINDED, IDIOT-PROOF, AGE-RELATED
88. READ IT.
89. READ IT.
90. COMPARE SHADE-SHADOW, THEME-TOPIC, SECURITY-SAFETY; READ THE REST.
91. READ IT.
92. THE REAL THING, IN GREAT DETAIL, A FORMIDABLE CHALLENGE, I FEEL STRONGLY ABOUT,
UTTERLY; SECTION D
93. KEEP AN EYE ON, GO HAND IN HAND WITH, SEE THE LIGHT, PAY DIVIDENDS.
READ THIS UNIT EVERY NOW AND THEN.
94. ALL EXCEPT FALL INTO PLACE, IT THREW ME COMPLETELY, A SHAMBLES, DOWN IN THE MOUTH
95. READ IT OFTEN.
96. READ IT.
97. READ IT.
98. READ IT.
99. READ IT.
100. READ IT.
101. DEMOLISH, IN THE EVENT OF, DECEASED, NEXT OF KIN, PROCEED, NOTIFY, AT YOUR EARLIEST
CONVENIENCE, FURTHER NOTIFICATION, WITH REGARD TO
READ UNIT 37 AS WELL

210
1. ALLEGORY: Extended metaphor in which a symbolic story is told
2. ALLITERATION occurs when a series of words in a row have the same first consonant sound.
3. ALLUSION: Covert reference to another work of literature or art
4. AMBIGUITY /ˌæmbɪˈgjuːəti/: Phrasing which can have two meanings
5. ANALOGY: A comparison
6. ANAPHORA: Repetition of the same word or set of words in a paragraph
7. ANTITHESIS: Juxtaposition of opposing or contrasting ideas
8. APHORISM: Briefly phrased, easily memorable statement of a truth or opinion, an adage
9. ARCHAISM: Use of an obsolete, archaic word
10. CACOPHONY: Words producing a harsh sound
11. CLICHÉ /ˈkliːʃeɪ/: Overused phrase or theme
12. DYSPHEMISM: Substitution of a harsher, more offensive, or more disagreeable term for another -the
opposite of
13. EUPHEMISM /ˈjuːfəmɪzm/ : Substitution of a less offensive or more agreeable term for another
14. HOMOGRAPHS: Words we write identically but which have a differing meaning
15. HOMONYMS: words that are identical with each other in pronunciation and spelling, but different in
meaning
16. HOMOPHONES: Words that are identical with each other in pronunciation, but different in meaning
17. HYPERBOLE /haɪˈpɜːbəli/: It is an extreme exaggeration used to make a point. It is like the opposite of
"understatement".
18. INNUENDO: Having a hidden meaning in a sentence that makes sense whether it is detected or not
19. IRONY: Use of word in a way that conveys a meaning opposite to its usual meaning
20. LITOTES: A figure of speech which employs an understatement by using double negatives ("not bad")
21. METAPHOR: Figurative language
22. METONYMY: A thing or concept is called not by its own name but rather by the name of something
associated in meaning with that thing or concept
23. NEOLOGISM: The use of a word or term that has recently been created, or has been in use for a short
time. Opposite of archaism
24. NON SEQUITUR (Latin for 'It doesn't follow'): Statement that bears no relationship to the context
preceding
25. ONOMATOPOEIA /ˌɒnəmətəˈpiːə/ : Word that imitates a real sound (e.g. tick-tock or boom)
26. OXYMORON /ˌɒksɪˈmɔːrɒn/ : Using two terms together, that normally contradict each other
27. PARABLE /ˈpærəbl/ : Extended metaphor told as an anecdote to illustrate or teach a moral lesson
28. PARADOX: Use of apparently contradictory ideas to point out some underlying truth
29. PARALLELISM: The use of similar structures in two or more clauses
30. PARODY: Humouristic imitation
31. PARONOMASIA: Pun, in which similar sounding words but words having a different meaning are used
32. PERSONIFICATION/PROSOPOPOEIA/ANTHROPOMORPHISM: Attributing or applying human qualities to
inanimate objects, animals, or natural phenomena
33. PROVERB: Succinct, often metaphorical, expression of wisdom commonly believed to be true
34. PUN: Play on words that have two meanings, or words with the same sound but different meanings
35. RHETORICAL QUESTION: Asking a question as a way of asserting something. Asking a question which
already has the answer hidden in it. Or asking a question not for the sake of getting an answer but for
asserting something (or as in a poem for creating a poetic effect)
36. SATIRE: Humoristic criticism of society
37. SIMILE /'sɪməli/: Comparison between two things using like or as
38. SOLECISM: Breaking grammatical and syntactical rules
39. SPOONERISM: The first sounds of two words are changed over, with a humourous result: "shake a
tower" instead of "take a shower".
40. SYNECDOCHE /sɪˈnekdəki/: Referring to a part by its whole or vice versa
41. SYNONYMIA: Use of two or more synonyms in the same clause or sentence

211
 LINKING WORDS (THOSE MARKED "FORMAL" ARE NOT VERY USUAL IN SPEECH)
---Adding information:
besides (somewhat informal) 'además' (always followed by a comma) 'además de' (preposition,
no comma)
Besides, he's rude.
Besides being rude, he's full of himself.
Besides Ford, we are the largest SUV manufacturer.
in addition, (preposition: in addition to...) (more formal)
apart from and other than mean 'aparte de'
Apart from Ford, we are the largest SUV manufacturer.
moreover and furthermore (Both VERY FORMAL) are often used when you give a final reason
or fact that is even more important. They can be at the beginning of the sentence (followed by a
comma) or between commas: Moreover, it is... It is, moreover,...
More and more people are opposed to the idea of increasing university fees. Moreover, there is
now evidence that it discourages many students from coming to the UK.
Mr Brown has earned the respect of farmers everywhere. Furthermore, they know they can trust
him.
You can use further as an adjective in this expression: A further reason is... 'Another reason is...'
We don't often start a sentence with also. If you want to start a sentence with a phrase that
means “also”, you can use In addition, ... (or, in less formal English, Besides, ...)
We also spoke about marketing.
The electric drill can also be used as a screwdriver.
You can use also with not only to give emphasis.
We are concerned not only by the costs, but also by the competition.
Not only are we concerned by the cost, but also by the competition.
as well as can be used at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence.
As well as the costs, we are concerned by the competition.
We are interested in costs as well as the competition.
Too goes either at the end of the sentence, or after the subject and means as well.
They were concerned too. I, too, was concerned.

---Comparing:
similarly; likewise 'del mismo modo'
by the same token 'por la misma razón (por la cual otra cosa también es verdad),'
as Churchill said...
like Churchill said... (only informal)

---Contrasting:
by contrast; in contrast, 'en cambio, por el contrario'
prepositions: in contrast to/with...
We use by/in contrast to show that two people or things are completely, and surprisingly,
different: Harry's work is poor, but in contrast, his sister's work is excellent
(as) compared to/with
on the other hand is often used withouth on the one hand.
We use on the other hand to add an idea which is different but is part of a single general
picture:
Dick did badly in the examination. On the other hand, his classwork is excellent.
on the contrary, 'al contrario' (used at the beginning of a sentence)
We use on the contrary to show that and idea which came before is completely wrong:
'Tom is a good student, isn't he?' 'On the contrary, he's lazy and stupid. '
contrary to 'Contrary to popular belief,...'

212
whereas and while 'mientras que'
Doctors’ salaries have risen substantially, whereas nurses’ pay has actually fallen.
Whereas knowledge can be acquired from books, skills must be learned through practice.
While my sister has blue eyes, mine are brown.
(If you don't want to express a contrast, but just mean that two things happen at the same time,
use while, not whereas)
unlike 'a diferencia de' is used to show how two things are different from each other.
Unlike in the UK, the USA has cheap petrol.
as opposed to (=rather than)
We're talking about business practice as opposed to theory.

---Giving examples:
for example,
for instance (never at the beginning of a sentence)
e.g. 'for example'
i. e. (= that is) 'es decir'
You can also use:
An example/illustration of this is...
X is a case in point. A case in point is X...
such as or (less formal) like:
issues such as x, y and z -or- issues like x, y, and z -but not- *issues as x, x and x
The money is used to buy basic foods such as flour, rice, and pasta.
He was keen on sporting pursuits such as golf, skiing, shooting, and hill walking.

---Cause:
because can be used at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence.
Because it was raining, the match was postponed.
We believe in incentive schemes, because we want our employees to be more productive.
since (formal in this meaning) and as can mean 'because.'
Since the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff.
We need to hire more staff, as the company is expanding,
because of (preposition) 'por'/'a causa de' is followed by a noun or equivalent.
Because of the Asian crisis, the company’s profits fell by 15% during 1997.
Because of bad weather, the football match was postponed."
due to (preposition) (only after the verb 'to be': debido a) It is followed by a noun or equivalent.
The disruptions were due to the snow
The company’s financial losses were due to poor management.
If you want to follow these words with a clause, use "the fact that".
The company’s financial losses were due to to the fact that the it was poorly managed.
owing to
We're late, owing to the snow.
seeing that/seeing as (informal)
Seeing that he's old enough to get married, I don't see how you can stop him.
in light of (=taking into account)
In light of your recent behaviour, I'm afraid I must ask you to leave the company
what with (informal)
What with all this extra work, I haven't had time to do any gardening.
inasmuch as, insofar as, in that 'en la medida en que'
Their father is also guilty, inasmuch as he knew what he was going to do.
the main reason(s) (for x) is/are... the main culprit(s) is/are...

213
---Effect/purpose:
therefore, as a result, consequently, in consequence, accordingly (all formal) 'por tanto'
so (At the beginning of the sentence it's informal.)
The company are expanding. Therefore / So (less formal)/ Consequently/ In consequence/ As a
result/ Accordingly, they are taking on extra staff.
The new boots are lighter and softer, and therefore more comfortable to wear.
I no longer have the support of the committee. I have therefore decided to resign.
This is a binding contract. Therefore, we recommend that you review it with a lawyer.
thus (very formal) 'así, de este modo, '
The new machines will work faster, thus reducing our costs.
hence (formal) 'de ahí'
The town was built near a bridge; hence the name.
so that, in order that 'de modo que, para que' (+modal verb)
I put the heating on so that the house would be warmer.
so as (not) to, in order (not) to 'para (no)'
She put her arms up so as to protect herself.
in such a way that 'de tal manera que'; in such a way as to (=so as to)
give rise to; result in 'dar lugar a'

---Possibility, certainty:
perhaps 'quizá, tal vez'
maybe (more informal) (but "It may be...", "It may have been...", etc. are not informal)
to some extent 'hasta cierto punto' cf. to a large extent

---Opinion, attitude:
in my opinion; in my view
it is worth noting (that)...
it seems (that)...
You can also express your attitude through these adverbs like these: oddly enough
'curiosamente', funnily enough, amazingly, interestingly, surprisingly, ironically,
obviously, admittedly 'cierto es que', undoubtedly (=there's no doubt that),
more important(ly), '(Y) lo que es más importante'
arguably means 'se puede decir que'
It's arguably her film so far. (=It's arguable that it's his best film so far.)
according to; depending on
The amount of tax people pay varies according to where they live.
It also specifies whose viewpoint we're talking about:
According to newspaper reports, fighting has broken out in the northern provinces.
You can use the following patterns to specify a viewpoint:
in political terms, from a political point of view, in terms of politics, politically
speaking, as far as politics is concerned
even emphasizes what follows:
Even the dog refused to eat it.
Lucy’s face brightened a little – she even managed to smile.
not even
He never stopped working, not even at Christmas.
They didn’t even offer me a cup of tea.

214
---Concession:
however (more formal: nevertheless, nonetheless) 'sin embargo'
but is more informal than however. It is not normally used at the beginning of a sentence.
He works hard, but he doesn't earn much.
He works hard. However, he doesn't earn much.
Seatbelts save lives. Some people, however, don't wear them.
She failed to win last week. That doesn't mean, however, that she doesn't have any chances in the
Olympics.
The weather had worsened but they decided to set out nevertheless.
yet 'but, however' (for a surprising idea)
They had plenty of time, yet she felt there was almost none.
The novel is 800 pages long, yet it reads more quickly than many shorter books.
although, though (although you know it 'aunque lo sabes') (even though is the same, only
more emphatic -do not confuse it with “even so” 'aun así')
Although he’s got a good job now, he still complains.
She used to call me ‘Tiny’, although I was at least as tall as she was.
Davidson fought bravely, and although badly wounded, he refused to surrender.
even if (condition: even if you know it 'aunque lo sepas')
despite (less frequent: in spite of) (only followed by a noun or equivalent) A preposition; not
followed by a clause with a personal verb: *despite she is French ---> despite being
French/despite the fact that she is French/despite her French nationality
Despite my efforts, I couldn't pass.
Despite that, I couldn't pass.
Despite our shouting, he didn't come out.
He says that it's not time to buy yet, despite the fact that the index seems to have hit rock
bottom.
Despite being tired, we trudged on.
notwithstading is very formal.
They bought the building, cost notwithstanding.
With a personal clause, we use though/even though/although:
Although I tried, I couldn't pass.
Although we shouted, he didn't come out.
no matter what, when, how, etc.
No matter what the papers say, he won't resign. (=Whatever the papers say, he won't resign.)
No matter where I am, I’m always thinking of you. (=Wherever I am, I'm always thinking of you)
Hot though/as the day was, the water was cold. (=Although the day was hot, the water was cold.)
still (often at the beginning of a sentence) can mean the same as even so 'aun así.'
I'm not very happy about it. Still, it's no use worrying, is it?
I know she hasn't been very well and I know she's had a hard time recently. Even so, you'd think
she could do a bit more to help.
all the same
I don't think she's really ill. All the same we'd better check.
regardless 'a pesar de ello/todo'
The baby was crying but he kept painting regardless.
regardless of 'a pesar de' (=despite)
They set off regardless of the storm.
regardless of (and irrespective of) also mean 'con independencia de'
equality for all citizens irrespective of ethnic origin
That said, Having said that, That said, 'Dicho eso, ...'

215
---Condition:
unless 'a menos que'
in case 'por si' -'en caso de' is usually “in the event of”
Take an umbrella in case it rains. ('por si llueve')
I’ll make some sandwiches, just in case we get hungry later on.
In the event of rain, the party will be held indoors.
as long as; provided/providing (that) 'siempre y cuando, con tal de que'
I will go, provided you go too.
Otherwise 'if not, or (else)'
Let's go now otherwise we'll be late.

---Introducing topics:
Don't start a sentence with “about”. Use:
as for, as to, or (more formal) with regard to, as regards, with respect to
As for the children, they were happy enough to spend all day on the beach.
by the way 'por cierto' (only INFORMAL). In more formal English you can use incidentally.
Don't overuse the word “thing” --> question, issue, problem

---Listing:
first, second,... (more common than firstly, secondly...)
first of all (Only to put special emphasis on the first item; in the first place can be used in this
way too.)
cf. "at first" 'al principio' (used in time sequences, not for listing reasons).
Don't finish lists with suspension dots/ellipses (...)
last but not least, 'por último, si bien no menos importante' (somewhat informal)
finally,

---Paraphrasing:
that is (between commas) 'es decir'
in other words,
that is to say, 'es decir' (cf. that is not to say 'lo cual no quiere decir')

---Summarizing, concluding and generalizing:

in summary/in sum/to sum up,
in a nutshell,
in conclusion,
on the whole (=in general)
all in all (=all things considered) (overall -adj. and adv-) 'en conjunto, considerándolo todo'

---Other
The former and the latter are useful when you want to refer to one of two points. (FORMAL)
Marketing and finance are covered in the course. The former is studied in the first term and the
latter is studied in the final term.
otherwise can also mean 'por lo demás'
The film was a bit long but otherwise good.
so much so that 'tanto es así que'
at first 'al principio'
eventually 'al final/llegado un momento'

216
HE - SET THE TABLE LUCY - SHRED THE ENVELOPES
PAM - REFURBISH THE COMPUTERS HE - PAINT THEIR PORTRAIT
HE - DECIPHER THE CODES JIM - RECORD THE DRUMS
MY ASSISTANT - ANALYZE THE DATA MY SON - VACCINATE THE KITTEN
JO - TRANSCRIBE IT PHONETICALLY THEY - REPRINT THE REPORT
SHE - CHANGE THE LIGHT BULBS SHE - LEAK THEIR CONVERSATIONS
MARIA - TRANSLATE THE ARTICLE THEY - WATER THE LILIES
THEY - SERVE BLUEBERRY JUICE PAUL - WATERPROOF THE BOAT

MENTION WHO DID IT DON'T MENTION WHO DID IT INDICATE "PERSUASION"

I HAD HIM SET THE TABLE I HAD/GOT THE TABLE SET I GOT HIM TO SET THE TABLE
I HAD PAM REFURBISH THE COMPUTERS I HAD/GOT THE COMPUTERS REFURBISHED I GOT PAM TO REFURBISH THE COMPUTERS
I HAD HIM DECIPHER THE CODES I HAD/GOT THE CODES DECIPHERED I GOT HIM TO DECIPHER THE CODES
I HAD MY ASSISTANT ANALYZE THE DATA I HAD/GOT THE DATA ANALYZED I GOT MY ASSISTANT TO ANALYZE THE DATA
I HAD JO TRANSCRIBE IT PHONETICALLY I HAD/GOT IT TRANSCRIBED PHONETICALLY I GOT JO TO TRANSCRIBE IT PHONETICALLY
I HAD HER CHANGE THE LIGHT BULBS I HAD/GOT THE LIGHT BULBS CHANGED I GOT HER TO CHANGE THE LIGHT BULBS
I HAD MARIA TRANSLATE THE ARTICLE I HAD/GOT THE ARTICLE TRANSLATED I GOT MARIA TO TRANSLATE THE ARTICLE
I HAD THEM SERVE BLUEBERRY JUICE I HAD/GOT BLUEBERRY JUICE SERVED I GOT THEM TO SERVE BLUEBERRY JUICE
I HAD LUCY SHRED THE ENVELOPES I HAD/GOT THE ENVELOPES SHREDDED I GOT LUCY TO SHRED THE ENVELOPES
I HAD HIM PAINT THEIR PORTRAIT I HAD/GOT THEIR PORTRAIT PAINTED I GOT HIM TO PAINT THEIR PORTRAIT
I HAD JIM RECORD THE DRUMS I HAD/GOT THE DRUMS RECORDED I GOT JIM TO RECORD THE DRUMS
I HAD MY SON VACCINATE THE KITTEN I HAD/GOT THE KITTEN VACCINATED I GOT MY SON TO VACCINATE THE KITTEN
I HAD THEM REPRINT THE REPORT I HAD/GOT THE REPORT REPRINTED I GOT THEM TO REPRINT THE REPORT
I HAD HER LEAK THEIR CONVERSATIONS I HAD/GOT THEIR CONVERSATIONS LEAKED I GOT HER TO LEAK THEIR CONVERSATIONS
I HAD THEM WATER THE LILIES I HAD/GOT THE LILIES WATERED I GOT HER TO WATER THE LILIES
I HAD PAUL WATERPROOF THE BOAT I HAD/GOT THE BOAT WATERPROOFED I GOT PAUL TO WATERPROOF THE BOAT

PRACTICE AGAIN WITH: I'M GOING TO HAVE/GET...

SOME EXAMPLES OF HAVE+OBJECT+PAST PARTICIPLE used for involuntary (usually unpleasant) experiences:
Se me llevaron el whisky. I had my whisky taken away. (=My whisky was taken away from me.)

Me la robaron. I had it stolen. (=It was stolen from me.)

Se frustraron mis esperanzas. I had my hopes shattered. (=My hopes were shattered.)

Se les quemaron las cejas. They had their eyebrows burned. (=Their eyebrows were burned)

217
"NO" as a determiner ('ningun@', 'nada de')
 In the subject: No job is more rewarding. No babies are born in this town.
 "Emphatic":
It's no secret. (~It's not a secret)
He's no friend of mine. (~He's not my friend.)
He's no Jimi Hendrix. (=He's not as good as him.)
In fixed expressions: I have no idea. I have no words. I have no choice.
See also "With comparatives" below.
 In prohibitions: no smoking
 there is no -ing:
There's no denying that... ('No se puede negar que...')
There's no knowing what she'll say. ('Es imposible saber lo que va a decir'.)
 with no = without any
 be no good, be no use: This drill is no use. ('no sirve')
 With comparatives:
no longer (=not any longer, not any more), No sooner ... than
Your car is no better than mine. = Your car isn't any better than mine.
 In combination with some negative adjectives to convey a positive meaning:
A bit of introspection is no bad thing. (=It's not a bad thing.)
"no mean":
It's no mean feat/achievement. 'Es toda una hazaña'.
She's no mean skier. 'Es una esquiadora de primera'.

________________________________________________________________________________
POSSESSIVE 'S IN TIME EXPRESSIONS
seven weeks' wages la paga de siete semanas
one month's salary el salario de un mes
three days' drive tres días de viaje (en coche)
seven years' drought siete años de sequía
a day's work el trabajo de un día
You need to give three days' notice Tienes que avisar con tres días de antelación.
...AND WITH "WORTH"
ten dollars' worth of bananas diez dólares de plátanos

COMPARE:
a three-day drive un viaje (en coche) de tres días
a seven-year drought una sequía de siete años

_______________________________________________________________________________________
CLEFT SENTENCES WITH A PRONOUN AS SUBJECT
FORMAL: IT IS I WHO AM/LOVE...
IT IS YOU WHO ARE/LOVE...
IT IS SHE WHO IS/LOVES...

NEUTRAL-INFORMAL: IT'S ME THAT'S.../IT'S ME THAT LOVES...

IT'S YOU THAT'S.../IT'S YOU THAT LOVES...
IT'S HER THAT'S.../IT'S HER THAT LOVES...

(IT'S YOU THAT ARE... is possible but uncommon.)

218
REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES
When frying squid, be careful to... (=when you fry squid)
When in Rome, do as the Romans do. (=when you're in Rome) 'Donde fueres, haz lo que vieres'.
Don't text while driving. (=while you're driving)
if necessary (=if it's necessary)
if possible (=if it's possible)
whether good or bad (=whether it's good or bad)
whether travelling or working (=whether you're travelling or working)
once released (=once it's [been] released)
where available (=where it's available)
Add water as needed. (=according to need)
(Up)on completing the task, the participants were treated to a club sandwich. (=As soon as they completed the task)
Keep your home safe while away on holiday. (=while you're away on holiday.)
Do not press the button unless instructed to do so. (=unless you're instructed to do so)
Fry it until crisp. (=until it's crisp)

TIME CONDITION CONTRAST PLACE MANNER

AFTER IF ALTHOUGH + ING
BEFORE UNLESS THOUGH
SINCE WHETHER
(UP)ON
ONCE
WHILE
WHEN(EVER)
UNTIL IF ALTHOUGH WHERE(VER) AS + PAST
ONCE UNLESS THOUGH PARTICIPLE
WHILE WHETHER + ADJECTIVE
WHEN(EVER) + ADVERB

ING reduced adjective clauses: the people doing that =the people that do that

_______________________________________________________________________________________

WISH
--I wish (or if only) 'ojalá' is followed by the past simple (or the were-subjunctive) when talking about
things that are seen as unchangeable:
I wish (that) I knew the code.
I wish (that) I could fly.
I wish (that) you still lived there.

--I wish is followed by would when you want someone (or the weather) to stop doing something
"annoying".
I wish (that) Sally wouldn't eat all the chocolate.
I wish (that) you would be quiet!
I wish (that) it would stop snowing!

--wish + past perfect: I wish I hadn't spent so much money. (=I regret spending so much money. I shouldn't
have spent so much money)

--wish to (formal) = I want to: I wish to speak to the manager.

--wish someone something (mainly in set phrases): She wished me a happy birthday.

219
ECONOMIC: relating to the economy
ECONOMICAL: not costing much

HISTORICAL: relating to history

HISTORIC: influencing future events; historically important

CLASSICAL: relating to the culture of ancient Rome and Greece/relating to classical music or traditional standards or theories.
CLASSIC: typical/very good/always in fashion (also a noun: That car's a classic.)
(Confusingly enough, "The Classics" refers to ancient Roman and Greek literature.)

ELECTRIC: running on electricity

ELECTRICAL: relating to electricity

_______________________________________________________________________________________
It seems that my declining to do a podcast with XXXXXX has been widely interpreted as my
failing to answer serious criticism of my views. Needless to say, I don’t see it that way. But I’m
very uncomfortable leaving any significant percentage of my audience with the impression that I’ve
dodged a hard conversation, or otherwise shirked (=avoided) an important responsibility.

declining=refusing

POSSESSIVE + ING
They discussed his being released. (formal)
The discussed him being released.
(=They discussed his release.)
"sin que (yo) dimita"
without my resigning
without me resigning (formal) dimitir: resign, step down

resignarse a: resign yourself to

They're not happy about my staying up late. (formal)

They're not happy about me staying up late.
(They're not happy about the fact that I stay up late.)

______________________________________________________________
WHICH "OTHERWISE" IS USED IN THE TEXT?
otherwise 1 (=if not, or else) 'de lo contrario'
otherwise 2 (=in other respects) 'por lo demás, aparte de eso'
otherwise 3 (formal) (=in a different way)

220
Complete the sentences. Don't omit the underlined words.

This problem is too serious. > This is too...

I have a house that's too big. > I have too...

The response was too slow. > It was too...

This car is not as comfortable as I thought. > This is not as...

This player is not as good as she could be. > She's not as...

He's the best partner you could hope for. > He's as...

KEY:

This is too serious a problem. informal: This is too serious of a problem.

I have too big a house. informal: I have too big of a house.
It was too slow a response. informal: It was too slow of a response.

This is not as comfortable a car as I thought. informal: This is not as comfortable of a car as I thought.
She's not as good a player as she could be. informal: She's not as good of a player as she could be.
He's as good a partner as you could hope for. informal: He's as good of a partner as you could hope for.
_______________________________________________________________________________________

We were misled into a destructive ideology.

-Remember: get someone to do something = persuade them to do something

-talk someone into something/into doing something (especially something wrong or stupid)

-trick/fool/mislead/deceive/coax/dupe/bamboozle/hoodwink...

...someone into something/into doing something

pressure someone into doing something, pressure someone to do something,

browbeat someone into something/into doing something = force someone to do something

221
 Joe Rogan: How hard was it for you to get sober? JAMES HETFIELD
Uh, fear was a big motivator in that for me, you know; losing my family was, that was a thing that scared me so
much, that was the bottom I hit, that "my family is going to go away" , because of my behaviors that I brought
back from the road. I got kicked out of the house by my wife. I was living on my own somewhere and, you
know, I did not want that, and maybe it's part of my upbringing, you know, my family kind of disintegrated when
I was I kid, you know, father left, mother passed away, I lived with my brother, and then kind of where just, all...
like the family... you know, where'd my stuff go? It just kind of floated away, and I do not want that happening,
you know; no matter what's going on, we're going to talk this stuff out and make it work, you know, and my
wife's of the same idea, the same thought, that, you know, her family, she was the invisible kid too, you know,
so we relate, a lot, so there's no way we're going to let any argument get in the way or just... You know, we're
survivors, we're survivors, and we're going to talk through it, no matter how much, and, you know, she did the
right thing, she kicked my ass right the hell out of the house, you know, and that scared the shit out of me, so...
And she said "hey you're not just going to the therapist now, (...) talking about this, you('ve) got to go
somewhere and sort this shit out" and so that's what I did, so rehab did... rehab really worked for me.
 How long did you have to go for?
What worked for me was 7 weeks someplace*, like, basically tearing you down to bones, ripping your life apart,
anything you thought about yourself or what it was, anything you thought you had, your family, your career,
your... anything... gone. Strip you down to just, OK, you're born. Here's how you were when you were born, you
were OK, you were a good person. Let's get back to that again, and then they slowly rebuild you, and then I
went to another, they call 'em aftercare places; I went there to a couple different ones, and they fine-tune stuff
and get you integrated back into life, because when you're in this cocoon* you're frigging raw, I mean, I was
raw meat when I came out and you can see it in that "Some kind of Monster" movie. I was pretty raw still. I
didn't know what I could or what I should or shouldn't do, you know, so the last place that we went to was a
place that helps relationships, so they got me and my wife together and we'd see people separately, and then
come together and talk about what we did, and communication frigging saved my life, saved our family, and
working through that stuff, so very grateful for my wife; she's the one that didn't ask for this shit; she walked
through fire with me, and we walked out together stronger, way stronger than we ever would've been before,
and, you know, my kids know my story, my kids know my struggles, and they respect that, they respect me in a
different way; I don't have to tell them what to do all the time or just be like "I'm this..." I can say sorry, I can tell
them "Hey, here's what happened when I did that" and, you know, I don't need to preach to 'em, they('ve) got
their own stuff but now they goof with me. I ruined my trust with my family and now, by some miracle, they are
goofing with me. It's like: "Dad, shut up, what are you... c'mon, you're overblowing this, you're way out of p-
dad, you're taking up too much space here, OK?" So they help me, and I realize that there is help in a loving
way.
 How long have you been sober now? (J.H.: Fifteen, fifteen years.) Did it start out, when you first started
doing it, did it feel like, as you broke through and you went to therapy and you got out of rehab, and you're
going through this whole thing, was there, like, a shaky leg period where you're like, man, do I know who I
am anymore?
Oh, absolutely; that was it, that was, that is, you know, the power of the mind and how, you know, here's how
my life works and to actually just completely throw that away and start over... It's like, wait a minute, who am I
without this? I can't talk to people, I'm anxious, I'm shy, I'm all of this stuff that I thought booze was helping me
with or, you know, booze, drugs, women, shopping, eating, gambling -you know, there's* so many things that
can manifest out there that, it all goes back to one core thing; it's like "I don't really know who I am", so it took
years and years and years to figure out: OK, I like that; that's part of me, and this is part of me, the anger, you
know, the quirkiness, the dork part of me, all these little things that make me, I('ve) got to hug 'em, I('ve) got to
accept 'em, you know, and quit running from 'em and pretending like I am some immovable object on stage
that's tough and, you know, nothing can do -nothing can hurt me, but inside... You know, it's kind of a cliché
saying, you know, that the harder the external shield, the softer the inside and the more vulnerable, and
balancing that, you know.
*someplace (AmE informal)=somewhere-*'capullo'-*there's so many things (informal)=there are so many things

222
STEPHEN FRY ON MENTAL HEALTH
1. suicide 2.mental disorders/illness 3.bipolar disorder 4.autism 5.because
he won't get a chance to speak to him for some time, as he is off to
America 6.a change of diagnosis 7.the worst of both words: extreme
mania + feeling useless/depression 8.constipation, sweating, weight gain
9.because of his position (his job is secure) 10.stigma 11.self-harm
_______________________________________________________________________________________
IS IT FOOLISH FOR A WOMAN TO CYCLE ALONE ACROSS THE MIDDLE EAST?

1 Set off (for a place), not go away for a place; parted means 'separated' - 2 year and annual mean 'anual'
- 3 "all of" doesn't make sense; "most of" would be correct, but "the most of" isn't. - 4 "optimist" is a noun;
"more blunt" would make sense, but "less blunt" wouldn't. - 5 in this meaning, only "end up" is correct -
6 "rating" means 'clasificación/tasación' - 7 "insane" doesn't make sense in the sentence; (in)offensive is
for actions and words, not people. - 8 "along" is never used in a temporal sense; "slowly" would be
redundant (slowness is conveyed though the words "inch" and "sluggish", and it would have to be followed
by a comma). - 9 Check your verbs and tenses! - 10 "all over" would be acceptable; "in" doesn't make
sense. - 11 "landlords" are 'caseros' and "guests" are 'invitados' - 12 "grocers" 'tenderos' is improbable
here; "passer" is a very unusual word. - 13 "come" (preposition, originally a subjunctive) means 'para
(cuando llegue)'. - 14 "nearly" means 'almost'; "close" as an adjective comes after a verb (The house is
close. 'cerca'), not before a noun (*The close house). - 15 "troubleless" is a very unusual word; "sowing
and singing" is not idiomatic in English. - 16 In this context, "picked me" would mean "chose me"; "a truck
driver who'd ran me over" is ungrammatical (the past participle of "run" is "run") -and the meaning is
improbable, too. - 17 "let alone" means 'much less'; "truly severely sexually": too many -ly's. - 18 "coward"
is a noun; "chickenshit" is not appropriate.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
GLOBAL WARING VS. THE NEXT ICE AGE

KEY: 1 HAD BEEN - 2 SKEPTICISM (BrE SCEPTICISM) - 3 CONSEQUENTLY/THUS - 4 AGREAT DEAL OF - 5 EVIDENCE - 6
IN - 7 WHAT'S MORE - 8 PUMPS - 9 MAY WELL - 10 CURRENT - 11 CURB - 12 IN DISCOVERING

1 - GRAMMAR - 2 MEANING - 3 BOTH "CONSEQUENTLY" AND "THUS" ARE FINE. (MEANING) - 4 A GREAT DEAL OF
(REGISTER) - 5 "EVIDENCE" IS UNCOUNTABLE; "STUFF" IS TOO IMPRECISE AND INFORMAL. - 6 "INCREASE" (NOUN)
TAKES "IN". - 7 MEANING; "I MEAN," IS SPOKEN ENGLISH. - 8 AGREEMENT - 9 "MAY WELL" ('bien puede ser que') IS
THE ONLY ONE THAT'S USED. - 10 MEANING - 11 "CUTS" DOESN'T AGREE GRAMMATICALLY; "ENHANCE" DOESNT
MAKE SENSE. - 12 PLAY A PART IN SOMETHING/IN DOING SOMETHING

_______________________________________________________________________________________
Ideas for "Starving Settlers" activity
2 has to be the in the first gap (full name [Douglas Owlsey] and his job).
4 introduces the notion of "harsh conditions", which is continued in the following paragraph (two years later
conditions became even harsher).
3 ("This and other textual references to cannibalism") has to come right after the textual reference to
cannibalism "Haveinge fedd upon..."
6 "This reconstuction" refers to the 3D reconstruction mentioned in the previous paragraph.
1 Owsley speculates that this particular body... (as opposed to the many other bodies he has seen that are
mentioned in the previous paragraph). The next paragraph "It appears that..." goes into detail.
5 prospects for future research

223
THE UNPOPULAR RISE OF THE SELF-CHECKOUTS

1 MANAGED TO IDENTIFY would mean 'conseguí identificar'; HESITATED TO IDENTIFY would mean 'dudaba
si identificar (o no)' - 2 HUMAN-OPERATING doesn't make sense (it would mean 'a checkout that operates
humans -?!-)'; HUMANELY means 'humanamente, humanitariamente' - 3 ENTIRELY ALL would not be
grammatical; NOT ALL wouldn't make sense; NB: NEARLY = ALMOST - 4 STEALTH is more like 'sigilo';
ROBBERY is 'atraco/asalto' (often with weapons) - 5 THAT cannot be used as a relative after a comma;
ONCE would make sense in a context like "Once there was a castle on that hill", but not here. - 6 the
pattern is HAVE SOMEONE DO (one of the causative structures we saw at the beginning of the year);
HAVING CUSTOMERS DOING is grammatical, but implies no causation. - 7 Only HOWEVER makes sense. - 8
LESS FASTER is ungrammical; SOMEWHAT doesn't make sense. - 9 EERIE means 'strange+frightening';
UNEXPECTED: Why? To whom? HANDY 'que viene bien' (The phenomenon is handy for retailers.) - 10 A
GREAT DEAL OF is for uncount nouns; BUTTLOADS is very informal. - 11 SOOTHING is a positive adjective,
hence incoherent in this context; HOARSE 'afónica' is absurd here. - 12 SETTLE ON = choose; SETTLE FOR
'conformase'; LEAST OF ALL 'menos que nadie/ninguno' - 13 TAKE is often used to introduce an example;
EXCEPT doesn't make sense; CHECK OUT means 'comprobar' or, in informal English, 'mirar, fijarse' as in
"Check out her new car!" - 14 CHOICE is the only one that makes sense here.

WHO BLAMES THE VICTIM?

3-5-2-4-1-6

3 asks the initial question

5 - these two sets of values (It can't be in the first gap because the "sets of values" have not been mentioned yet.)
The terms "individualizing values" and "binding values" are introduced here.

2 - They elaborate on their research on individualizing and binding values.

4 expands on the notion of contamination introduced in the previous paragraph between quotation marks:
"contaminated".

1 - in another study (It can't go before the paragraph that starts "We conducted several studies".)

6 explains the results of the blame-assigning experiment.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

FILL IN THE GAPS: BEING A MILENNIAL

1.CROP - 2.EYE CONTACT - 3.IDENTIFY - 4.DISCRIMINATION - 5.OFF - 6.PETITION - 7.SEVERE -

8.LAWSUIT - 9.APPALLED - 10.INCONSIDERATE - 11.GLUTEN - 12.SCHEDULE - 13.REASSURE -
14.HATERS - 15.CRUELTY - 16.AWKWARD - 17.DEPTH - 18.COURAGE - 19.HEART-FELT - 20.VIRTUAL -
21.KNOWLEDGE - 22.ILLITERACY - 23.NEST - 24.IMPACT

224
 DISTRIBUTION OF GRAMMAR CONTENTS
UNIT 1 The subjunctive Interesting interjections Reminders: Weak and strong forms 1
Thou want you to, for you to Commonly mispronounced
You guys have someone do, words
reason (why/that)
UNIT 2 Inversion 1: Be left, missing, Reminders: Question tag intonation
after "not only" one too many regret, wish I hadn't, Weak and strong forms 2
-free shouldn't have
Impersonal passive
Get used to
UNIT 3 Compound adjectives: Linking words Aspiration of initial p, t, k
handmade Otherwise Spoken contractions
Compound adjectives:
broken-hearted
UNIT 4 Inversion 2: other structures "This" and "that" Reminder:
Compound adjectives: meaning "so" "would" for past habits
record-breaking Nothing but
UNIT 5 Clefting Reminder:
An 800-calorie meal
UNIT 6 Changing focus: Non-standard forms Present perfect: review
other structures Reminder: wish + would
UNIT 7 Were to Other than Reminder:
But for Reduced relative clauses Phrasal verbs with two
Inverted conditionals particles
UNIT 8 's in time expressions Special uses of "some" Reminder:
-ic/-ical adjectives Throughout
UNIT 9 Useful disjunts: admittedly, Worth -ses plurals
oddly enough, etc.
Special uses of "no"
UNIT 10 Semimodal "need"&"dare" Blame Reminder:
Too difficult a question Coax someone into Get-passive
UNIT 11 Agreement: special cases Sight-related verbs
UNIT 12 Resultative: wipe it clean Possessive +ing

MUCH OF THE GRAMMAR IS BUILT INTO THE TRANSLATION/SPEAKING/ROLE-PLAYING/READING ACTIVITIES:

uses of "as" and "since"; even though-even if; in order that, so as to; therefore/thus; mixed conditionals; -ever; much/far/way +
comparative; adjectival post-modification; substitute "so"; anticipatory "it"; easily confused adverbs; easily confused verbs; uses of
"just"; not quite; emphatic "do" and emphatic stress; about to, due to, bound to; ought to; shall; specially-especially; a bit-a little-
somewhat; may/might/could have + past pple; it's time + past; let alone; "as" meaning 'at the time when'; insofar as; no matter;
the odds; better off; end up; uses of "yet"; register; up to; overall; etc.

225
INDEX
1-3 GENERAL INFORMATION
4, 5 READING SUGGESTIONS
7 PRESENTATION TIPS
8 WRITING TIPS
11, 12 PHONETICS
13-16 MISPRONOUNCED WORDS
17-18 DISCOURSE MARKERS
19, 20 NEWS WORDS
21-42 UNIT 1: LANGUAGE
43-66 UNIT 2: WORK AND EDUCATION
67-87 UNIT 3: PEOPLE
88-97 UNIT 4: RELATIONSHIPS
98-118 UNIT 5: FOOD, DRUGS AND HEALTH
118-128 UNIT 6: LIFESTYLE (HOBBIES, SPORT, HOMES, CLOTHES)
129-139 UNIT 7: THE ARTS
140-149 UNIT 8: TRAVEL AND TRANSPORT
150-164 UNIT 9: THE ENVIRONMENT
165-189 UNIT 10: SOCIETIES (HISTORY, POLITICS, RIGHTS, SERVICES, CRIME)
190-196 UNIT 11: THE MEDIA
197-203 UNIT 12: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY
204-207 LIST OF SPEAKING TASKS
208 BOOK DISCUSSION
209-210 SELECTED WORDS FROM UNITS 59-101 OF ENGLISH VOC. IN USE
211 FIGURES OF SPEECH
212-216 LINKING WORDS
217-224 MISCELLANEOUS
225 DISTRIBUTION OF GRAMMAR CONTENTS

226