1.

A. Linux OS - The Linux operating system occupies a special position in the world of computer
science. Unlike the great majority of operating systems, which are produced by commercial
developers and sold at a profit, Linux is produced and maintained by a coterie of enthusiastic
volunteers and is distributed with no license fees whatsoever. It is available in several versions
that run with nearly identical look and feel on a diverse group of hardware platforms. Linux is
famed both for its stability and for its efficiency, often running for months, or occasionally years
at a time without having to be rebooted, while also achieving excellent performance. It conveys
many of the properties of UNIX that have made that operating system extremely popular among
computer science professionals. Linux source code is as freely available as the executable code,
thus giving users complete freedom to modify and adapt the operating system to the special
needs of their systems. Linux maintains the tradition of openness and voluntarism that originally
characterized the UNIX world, while at the same time avoiding the concomitant fragmentation
experienced by UNIX into a variety of dialects. Linux is likely to continue to increase in
importance. Keywords: kernel; multitasking; open source; operating system; shell; UNIX
operating system
B. Android OS - I n past mobile phones were used only to make calls but with the introduction of
smartphone the mobile phone has evolved to a low powered hand held processing system. This
evolution was caused by the operating system for the mobile phones making them smart that
have processing and storage of their own. Now the mobile provides numerous functionalities
from calling to texting, multimedia sharing, emails, socializing applications, word processor,
excel sheets to various multiplayer games and much more. The operating system for these hand
held devices are iOS by Apple Inc., Windows by Windows Inc. and Android by Google. Among
the competitors in smartphone operating system industry Android holds the largest market
share in terms of units shipped worldwide and number of users. Android is an open source
operating system based on linux kernel on which applications run on an application framework
that controls the activities supported by the libraries and Dalvik virtual machine which compiles
and converts all java class files into a single file. There can be number of virtual machines
running simultaneously on a single device handling different applications or instances of an
application. Android operating system provides memory management, process management to
the applications and services running. Each release of android improved user experience and
brought enhanced features. This paper presents a study of evolution that each release brought
to the android operating system.

2.

Linux OS:

• his is a traditional ‘monolithic kernel ’ onion skin diagram of the OS running on a single node.
The ‘OS’ is the kernel + the set of programs (middleware) that live in application space such as
the command system, DBMS, web servers, etc. There is an argument as to where does the OS
‘end.’ Since the OS kernel itself if usually not useful without a great deal more ‘system software’
(such as the shell and command system), most of us in the OS space include that also (i.e. red,
 green, and blue parts). If someone says the ‘OS kernel’ they are typically referring only to the
kernel itself. BTW: The OS kernel itself can be layered some more when it supports loadable
‘modules’ and ‘drivers.’ But for the purposes of this picture, we include that in the kernel.n a
microkerneldesign such as Mach or V-Kernel, some parts of the services that might be red here,
such as the file system, memory manager, etc is moved out the red section and moved in the
green part also.

• They provide multiple threads of execution within the same program in a shared memory
address space. They can also share open files and other resources. Linux implements all threads
as standard processes. The Linux kernel does not provide any special scheduling semantics or
data structures to represent threads.
• Every process has at least one thread, but there is no maximum number of threads a process
can use. For specialized tasks, the more threads you have, the better your computer's
performance will be. With multiple threads, a single process can handle a variety of tasks
simultaneously.
• Although you can take advantage of multithreading to perform several tasks simultaneously and
increase the application's throughput, it should be used judiciously. Incorrect usage of
multithreading may result in high CPU usages or increased CPU cycles and can drastically reduce
your application's performance.
Android OS:

• When an application component starts and the application does not have any other
components running, the Android system starts a new Linux process for the application with a
single thread of execution. By default, all components of the same application run in the same
process and thread (called the "main" thread). If an application component starts and there
already exists a process for that application (because another component from the application
exists), then the component is started within that process and uses the same thread of
execution. However, you can arrange for different components in your application to run in
separate processes, and you can create additional threads for any process.
• Developers multithread Android applications in order to improve their performance and
usability. By spinning off processor- or resource-intensive tasks into their own threads, the rest
of the program can continue to operate while these processor intensive tasks finish working.
• A process is an execution of a program but a thread is a single execution sequence within the
process. A process can contain multiple threads. A thread is sometimes called a lightweight
process.
• Multithreading is the ability of an operating system to run programs concurrently that are
divided into sub parts or threads. It is similar to multitasking but instead of running on multiple
processes concurrently, multithreading allows multiple threads in a process to run at the same
time. Threads are more basic and smaller unit of instruction. Hence multithreading can occur
within a single process. Multithreading can also be defined as a combination of microprocessor
design and machine code which allows computer instructions to be carried out concurrently and
the results to be combined in right logical order.

References: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228054507_Linux_Operating_System
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319617606_Evolution_of_Android_Operating_System_A_Re
view
https://developer.android.com/guide/components/processes-and-threads
https://www.123helpme.com/essay/Multithreading-Essay-445378