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Summary Chapter 1-5 Aamodt

Industrial Psychology (University of the Cordilleras)

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I/O Psychology
CHAPTER 1: Introduction to I/O Psychology 1913, Hugo Munsterberg publishes Psychology and
Industrial Efficiency (German version published in 1910).
Industrial/organizational psychology is a The term “industrial psychology” was seldom used prior to World
branch of psychology that applies the principles of War I. Instead, the common terms for the field were “economic
psychology to the workplace. psychology,” “business psychology,” and “employment psychology”
(Koppes & Pickren, 2007).
“To enhance the dignity and performance of human beings, and the
organizations they work in, by advancing the science and knowledge
1917, Journal of Applied Psychology first published
of human behavior” (Rucci, 2008).
1918, World War I provides I/O psychologists with the first
Principles of learning are used to develop training programs
opportunity for large-scale employee testing and selection.
and incentive plans, principles of social psychology are used
(Army Alpha, for literate & Army Beta, for those who can’t
to form work groups and understand employee conflict, and
read)
principles of motivation and emotion are used to motivate
and satisfy employees. John Watson, who is better known as a pioneer in behaviorism,
served as a major in the U.S. Army in World War I and developed
Major Fields of I/O Psychology perceptual and motor tests for potential pilots.

The industrial approach focuses on determining the Henry Gantt, were responsible for increasing the efficiency with
competencies needed to perform a job, staffing the which cargo ships were built, repaired, and loaded
organization with employees who have those competencies,
Thomas A. Edison created a 150-item knowledge test that he
and increasing those competencies through training.
administered to over 900 applicants. only 5% of the applicants
passed.
The organizational approach creates an
organizational structure and culture that will motivate Frank Gilbreth and Lillian Moller Gilbreth, one of the pioneer
employees to perform well, give them with the necessary scientists to improve productivity and reduce fatigue by studying the
information to do their jobs, and provide working conditions motions used by workers.
that are safe and result in an enjoyable and satisfying work
environment. 1921, First Ph.D. in I/O psychology awarded to Bruce Moore
and Merrill Ream at Carnegie Tech
Personnel psychology, deals with analyzing jobs,
recruiting applicants, selecting employees, determining 1932, First I/O text written by Morris Viteles
salary levels, training employees, and evaluating
1933, Hawthorne studies were published, conducted at
employee performance.
the Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company
Organizational psychology is concerned with in the Chicago area, demonstrated that the
the issues of leadership, job satisfaction, employee interpersonal interactions between managers and
motivation, organizational communication, conflict employees played a tremendous role in employee
management, organizational change, and group behavior. It was initially designed to investigate such
processes within an organization. issues as the effects of lighting levels, work schedules,
wages, temperature, and rest breaks on employee
Human Factors/Ergonomics concentrate on performance. Employees changed their behavior and
workplace design, human-machine interaction, became more productive because they were being
ergonomics, and physical fatigue and stress. studied and received attention from their managers
(Hawthorne effect.)
Brief History of I/O Psychology
1937, American Association for Applied Psychology
In 1903, Walter Dill Scott wrote The Theory of established
Advertising, in which psychology was first applied to
business. In 1911, he published Increasing Human 1945, Society for Industrial and Business Psychology
established as Division 14 of APA with 130 members
Efficiency in Business.
1951, Marion Bills elected as first woman president of
Division 14

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1960, Division 14 renamed as Society for Industrial 2. Literature Reviews

Psychology, membership exceeds 700 a) Journals consist of articles written by researchers
directly reporting the results of a study.
1963, Equal Pay Act passed
b) Bridge publications are usually written by
1964, Civil Rights Act passed. First issue of The Industrial- professors about a topic of interest to
Organizational Psychologist (TIP) published practitioners, but they are not as formal or
statistically complex as articles in journals.
1970, Division 14 membership exceeds 1,100 c) Trade magazines contain articles usually written
by professional writers who have developed
1971, B.F. Skinner publishes Beyond Freedom and Dignity expertise in a given field.

1980, Division 14 membership exceeds 1,800 3. The Location of the Study

a) Laboratory Research. low external validity, or
1982, Division 14 renamed Society for Industrial and
generalizability
Organizational Psychology (SIOP)
b) Field Research. Low on internal validity.
Psychologists require that subjects participate in studies
1986, Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology
of their own free will—a concept called informed
(SIOP) holds first annual national conference separate from consent.
APA meeting

1989, Supreme Court sets conservative trend and becomes 4. The Research Method to Be Used
more “employer friendly” a) Experiments. cause-and-effect relationships.
Two characteristics define an experiment:
1990, Americans with Disabilities Act passed. SIOP (1) Manipulation of one or more
membership exceeds 2,500 independent variables and
(2) Random Assignment of subjects to
1991, Civil Rights Act of 1991 passed to overcome 1989 experimental and control conditions.
conservative Supreme Court decisions
In an experiment, the researcher intentionally manipulates
1997, SIOP celebrates golden anniversary at its annual one or more aspects of the question of interest, called the
conference in St. Louis independent variable, and measures the changes that occur
as a result of that manipulation, called the dependent
2000, SIOP membership exceeds 3,600 variable.
Those who received training are called experimental group,
2005, OFCCP and EEOC become more aggressive in fighting and those who did not collectively called the control group.
systemic discrimination
b) Quasi-experiments. Often used to evaluate the
Research in I/O Psychology results of a new program implemented by an
organization. No random assignment.
Why Conduct Research? c) Archival Research. Involves using previously
collected data or records to answer a research
1. Answering Questions and Making Decisions question.
2. Research and Everyday Life. Understanding research d) Surveys. Ask people their opinion on some topic.
helps you to critically listen and analyze results of these e) Meta-analysis is a statistical method of reaching
studies to make more intelligent decisions. conclusions based on previous research.
3. Common Sense Is Often Wrong
A meta- analysis results in one number, called the mean
Considerations in Conducting Research effect size, which indicates the effectiveness of some
variable. Correlation coefficients (r) are used for relationship
1. Ideas, Hypothesis, Theories between two variables. A difference score (d) is used for
a) Idea (What to research) difference between two groups.
b) Hypothesis (Prediction)
c) Theory (Previous research/logic)

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5. Subject Samples
a) random sample
b) convenience sample
Importance of Job Analysis

Random assignment is important when using convenience 1. Writing Job Descriptions. A brief, two- to five-
samples, as research indicates that random and nonrandom page summary of the tasks and job requirements
assignment result in different outcomes (Shadish & Ragsdale, found in the job analysis.
1996).
In other words, the job analysis is the process of determining
6. Running the Study. To ensure that data are the work activities and requirements, and the job description is
collected in an unbiased fashion, it is important that the written result of the job analysis.
all instructions to the subjects be stated in a
standardized fashion and at a level that is 2. Employee Selection. By identifying requirements,
understandable. it is possible to select tests or develop interview
a) Debrief. Be told the purpose of the experiment questions that will determine whether a particular
and be given a chance to ask questions about her applicant possesses the requirements of the job.
participation.
3. Training. Job analyses yield lists of job activities
7. Statistical Analysis. After all data have been that can be systematically used to create training
collected, the results are statistically analyzed. programs.
a) Intervening variable. A hypothetical variable used
to explain causal links between other variables. 4. Personpower Planning. One important but
seldom employed use of job analysis is to
Ethics in Industrial/Organizational Psychology determine worker mobility within an organization.
Ethical dilemmas are ambiguous situations that Peter Principle: promoting employees until they eventually
require a personal judgment of what is right or wrong reach their highest level of incompetence
because there are no rules, policies, or laws guiding
such decisions. Individuals often rely on their morals 5. Performance Appraisal
and personal values, which often leads to different
6. Job Classification. Job analysis enables a human
decisions by different people in similar situations.
resources professional to classify jobs into groups
based on similarities in requirements and duties.
In life, we often encounter two types of ethical dilemmas:
Type A and Type B. Job classification is useful for determining pay levels, transfers,
In a Type A dilemma, there is a high level of and promotions.
uncertainty as to what is right or wrong, there appears to be
no best solution, and there are both positive and negative 7. Job Evaluation Job analysis information can also
consequences to a decision. be used to determine the worth of a job.
In a Type B dilemma, also called rationalizing
dilemmas. Usually, individuals know what is right but choose 8. Job Design. Can be used to determine the optimal
the solution that is most advantageous to them. way in which a job should be performed.

CHAPTER 2: Job Analysis and Evaluation 9. Compliance with Legal Guidelines. Any
employment decision must be based on job
Job Analysis related information.

Job Analysis—gathering, analyzing, and

structuring information about a job’s components,
characteristics, and requirements (Sanchez & Levine,
2000).

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10. Organizational Analysis. During the course of Preparing for a Job Analysis
their work, job analysts often become aware of
certain problems within an organization.
Who Will Conduct the Analysis?
For example, during a job analysis interview, an employee may Typically, a job analysis is conducted by a trained
indicate that she does not know how she is evaluated or to individual in the human resources department, but it can
whom she is supposed to report. The discovery of such lapses in also be conducted by job incumbents, supervisors, or
organizational communication can then be used to correct outside consultants.
problems and help an organization function better.
How Often Should a Job Description Be Updated?
Writing a Good Job Description The typical answer is that a job description should
be updated if a job changes significantly.
1. Job Title. If the job title indicates the true nature of
the job, potential applicants for a position will be An interesting reason that job descriptions change across time is job
better able to determine whether their skills and crafting –the informal changes that employees make in their jobs
experience match those required for the job. (Wrzesniewski & Dutton, 2001).

2. Brief Summary. The summary need be only a Which Employees Should Participate?
paragraph in length but should briefly describe the In a committee-based job analysis, a group of
nature and purpose of the job. subject matter experts (e.g., employees, supervisors) meet
to generate the tasks performed, the conditions under
3. Work Activities. Lists the tasks and activities in which they are performed, and the KSAOs needed to
which the worker is involved. perform them.
In a field-based job analysis, the job analyst
4. Tools and Equipment Used. Lists all the tools and individually interviews/observes a number of incumbents
equipment used to perform the work activities in the out in the field.
previous section.
Which particular employees will participate? It may be
5. Job Context. Describes the environment in which the determined through:
employee works and should mention stress level,  Job Competence.
work schedule, physical demands, level of  Race.
responsibility, temperature, number of co-workers,
 Gender.
degree of danger, and any other relevant
 Education Level.
information.
 Personality.
6. Work Performance. Contains a relatively brief  Viewpoint.
description of how an employee’s performance is
evaluated and what work standards are expected of What Types of Information Should Be Obtained?
the employee. Concerns the level of specificity, should the job
analysis break a job down into very minute, specific
7. Compensation Information. This section of the job behaviors, or should the job be analyzed at a more general
description should contain information on the salary level? Is it a formal or an informal requirement?
grade, whether the position is exempt, and the
compensable factors used to determine salary. Formal requirements for a secretary might include typing letters or
filing memos. Informal requirements might involve making coffee or
picking up the boss’s children from school.
8. Job Competencies. This section contains what are
commonly called job specifications or competencies.
These are the knowledge, skills, abilities, and other
characteristics (KSAOs) that are necessary to be
successful on the job.

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Conducting a Job Analysis Using Other Job Analysis Methods

Step 1: Identify Tasks Performed General Information about Worker Activities

To identify the major job dimensions and the tasks
performed for each dimension, the tools and equipment Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) is a
used to perform the tasks, and the conditions under which structured instrument developed at Purdue University by
the tasks are performed. McCormick, Jeanneret, and Mecham (1972). The PAQ
 Gathering Existing Information. contains 194 items organized into six main dimensions:
 Interviewing Subject Matter Experts. information input, mental processes, work output,
(People who are knowledgeable about the relationships with other persons, job context, and other job-
job and include job incumbents, supervisors, related variables such as work schedule, pay, and
customers, and upper-level management.) responsibility.
 Observing Incumbents. (The job analyst
observes incumbents performing their jobs Job Structure Profile (JSP). A revised version of the
in the work setting.) PAQ was developed by Patrick and Moore (1985). The major
 Job Participation. changes in the revision include item content and style, new
items to increase the discriminatory power of the intellectual
Step 2: Write Task Statements and decision-making dimensions, and an emphasis on having
Will be used in the task inventory and included in a job analyst, rather than the incumbent.
the job description.
Job Elements Inventory (JEI). Another instrument
A properly written task statement must contain an action (what is designed as an alternative to the PAQ, developed by
done) and an object (to which the action is done). Often, task Cornelius and Hakel (1978). The JEI contains 153 items and
statements will also include such components as where the task is has a readability level appropriate for an employee with only
done, how it is done, why it is done, and when it is done. a tenth-grade education
Step 3: Rate Task Statements Functional Job Analysis (FJA) was designed by Fine
Conduct a task analysis—using a group of SMEs to (1955) as a quick method that could be used by the federal
rate each task statement on the frequency and the government to analyze and compare thousands of jobs.
importance or criticality of the task being performed.
Information about Tools and Equipment
Step 4: Determine Essential KSAOs.
Identify the KSAOs needed to perform the tasks. Job Components Inventory. Developed by Banks,
 Knowledge is a body of information needed to Jackson, Stafford, and Warr (1983) used in England. It consists
perform a task. of more than 400 questions covering five major categories:
 A Skill is the proficiency to perform a learned task. tools and equipment, perceptual and physical requirements,
 Ability is a basic capacity for performing a wide mathematical requirements, communication requirements,
range of different tasks, acquiring knowledge, or and decision making and responsibility. It is the only job
developing a skill. analysis method containing a detailed section on tools and
 Other characteristics include such personal equipment.
factors as personality, willingness, interest, and
motivation and such tangible factors as licenses, Information about Competencies
degrees, and years of experience.
Occupational Information Network (O*NET). Is a
Step 5: Selecting Tests to Tap KSAOs national job analysis system created by the federal
Will be used to select new employees and include government to replace the Dictionary of Occupational Titles
(DOT) which had been in use since the 1930s. O*NET is a
such methods as interviews, work samples, ability tests,
major advancement in understanding the nature of work, in
personality tests, reference checks, integrity tests, biodata,
large part because its developers understood that jobs can be
and assessment centers.
viewed at four levels: economic, organizational, occupational,
and individual.

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Critical Incident Technique (CIT). Was developed Determining External Pay Equity
and first used by John Flanagan and his students at the
University of Pittsburgh, it wass used to discover actual With external pay equity, the worth of a job is determined
incidents of job behavior that make the difference between a by comparing the job to the external market (other organizations).
job’s successful or unsuccessful performance. External equity is important if an organization is to attract and retain
employees.
Job Evaluation
To determine external equity, organizations use
Job Evaluation —process of determining a job’s salary surveys. Sent to other organizations, these surveys
worth. It is typically done in two stages: determining ask how much an organization pays its employees in
various positions.
internal pay equity and determining external pay equity.
The amount of money a job is worth is called direct compensation.
Determining Internal Pay Equity

Internal pay equity, involves comparing jobs within an

organization to ensure that the people in jobs worth the most
CHAPTER 3: Legal Issues in Employee Selection
money are paid accordingly.
The Legal Process
Step 1: Determining Compensable Job Factors
The first step in evaluating a job is to decide what Resolving the Complaint Internally
factors differentiate the relative worth of jobs. Possible
compensable job factors include: Policies involve such forms of Alternative Dispute
 Level of responsibility
Resolution (ADR) as a grievance process, mediation, and
 Physical demands
arbitration.
 Mental demands
 Education requirements
 Training and experience requirements With a grievance system, employees take their
 Working conditions complaints to an internal committee that makes a decision
regarding the complaints.
Step 2: Determining the Levels for Each Compensable
Factor With mediation, employees and the organization
For a factor such as education, the levels are easy meet with a neutral third party who tries to help the two
to determine (e.g., high school diploma, associate’s degree, sides reach a mutually agreed upon solution.
bachelor’s degree). For factors such as responsibility, a
considerable amount of time and discussion may be With arbitration, the two sides present their case
required to determine the levels. to a neutral third party who then makes a decision as to
which side is right.
Step 3: Determining the Factor Weights If binding arbitration is used, neither side can appeal the
Because some factors are more important than decision. If nonbinding arbitration is used, the parties can
either accept the decision or take the case to court.
others, weights must be assigned to each factor and to
each level within a factor. Here is the process for doing
this:
1. A job evaluation committee determines the total number
of points that will be distributed among the factors.
2. Each factor is weighted by assigning a number of points.
The more important the factor, the greater the number of
points that will be assigned.
3. The number of points assigned to a factor is then divided
into each of the levels. If 100 points had been assigned to
the factor of education, then 20 points (100 points/5
degrees) would be assigned to each level.
4. The total number of points for a job is compared with the
salary currently being paid for the job.

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Harassment Media Advertisements

 Newspaper Ads (respond by calling, apply-
Types of Harassment in-person ads, send-résumé ads, or blind
Legally, sexual harassment can take one of two box)
forms: quid pro quo or hostile environment.  Electronic Media (television and radio to
advertise job openings)
With quid pro quo, the granting of sexual favors is
Situation-Wanted Ads (placed by the applicant rather than by
tied to such employment decisions as promotions and organizations.)
salary increases. An example of a quid pro quo case of
harassment is a supervisor who tells his secretary that she Recruiters
must sleep with him to keep her job.  Campus Recruiters.
 Outside Recruiters. More than 75% of organizations
In a hostile environment case, sexual harassment use such outside recruiting sources as private
occurs when an unwanted pattern of conduct related to employment agencies, public employment agencies,
gender unreasonably interferes with an individual’s work and executive search firms
performance. Though men and women differ in their a) Employment agencies operate in one of two
perceptions of what constitutes harassment, the courts ways. They charge either the company or the
have ruled that such conduct can include comments, applicant when the applicant takes the job.
unwanted sexual or romantic advances, or the display of b) Executive search firms, better known as “head
hunters”, the jobs they represent tend to be
demeaning posters, signs, or cartoons.
higher-paying, non–entry-level positions. Always
charge their fees to organizations rather than to
a) Pattern of Behavior. For conduct to be considered
applicants.
sexual harassment based on a hostile environment,
c) Public employment agencies are designed
it must be a pattern of behavior rather than an
primarily to help the unemployed find work, but
isolated incident. It becomes harassment if the co-
they often offer services such as career
worker continually makes unwanted romantic or
advisement and résumé preparation.
sexual overtures or repeatedly makes inappropriate
remarks. Incentives. When unemployment rates are low, organizations have
b) Based on Gender. To be considered sexual to take extra measures to recruit employees. One of these measures
harassment, conduct must be due to the sex of the is to offer incentives for employees to accept jobs with an
employee. organization.
c) Negative to the Reasonable Person. Any pattern of
behavior based on gender that causes an employee
discomfort might constitute sexual harassment. Realistic Job Previews involve giving an applicant
an honest assessment of a job.
CHAPTER 4: Employee Selection: Recruiting and
A variation of the RJP is a technique called an expectation-lowering
Interviewing procedure (ELP). Unlike an RJP, which focuses on a particular job, an
ELP lowers an applicant’s expectations about work and expectations
Job Analysis. The methods used to select employees in general
should tie in directly with the results of the job analysis.

An important step in selecting employees is

recruitment: attracting people with the right qualifications
to apply for the job. The first decision is whether to
promote someone from within the organization (internal
recruitment) or to hire someone from outside the
organization (external recruitment).

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Employment Interviews

Types of Interviews

1. Structure
a) Structured interview is job-related, asked to all
applicants, and standardized scoring.
b) Unstructured interview interviewers ask
anything they want, no consistency required in
questions asked to each applicant, and may
assign numbers of points at their own discretion.
 Poor Intuitive Ability
 Lack of Job Relatedness
 Primacy Effects or “first impressions”
 Contrast Effects performance of one applicant
may affect the interview score given to the next Creating a Scoring Key for Interview Answers
applicant  Right/Wrong Approach. Some interview questions,
 Negative-Information Bias negative information especially skill-level determiners, can be scored
apparently weighs more heavily than positive simply on the basis of whether the answer given was
information correct or incorrect.
 Interviewer-Interviewee Similarity  Typical-Answer Approach. The idea behind this is to
 Interviewee Appearance create a list of all possible answers to each question,
 Nonverbal Cues
have subject-matter experts (SMEs) rate the
2. Style favorableness of each answer, and then use these
a) One-on-one interviews involve one interviewer ratings to serve as benchmarks for each point on a
interviewing one applicant. five-point scale.
b) Serial interviews involve a series of single  Key-Issues Approach. A problem with the typical-
interviews. answer approach is that there are many possible
c) Return interviews are similar to serial answers to a question, and applicants often provide
interviews with the difference being a passing of answers that could fit parts of several different
time between the first and subsequent benchmarks.
interview.
d) Panel interviews have multiple interviewers Job Search Skills
asking questions and evaluating answers of the
same applicant at the same time. Successfully Surviving the Interview Process
e) Group interviews have multiple applicants
answering questions during the same interview. Scheduling the Interview. What will affect the score,
3. Medium however, is when applicants arrive for the interview.
a) Face-to-face interviews, both the interviewer Before the Interview. Learn about the company, one
and the applicant are in the same room. of the most commonly asked unstructured interview
b) Telephone interviews are often used to screen questions (“What do you know about our company?”) is
applicants but do not allow the use of visual used to determine the applicant’s knowledge of the
cues (not always a bad thing). organization.
c) Videoconference interviews are conducted at
remote sites. During the Interview. Nonverbal behaviors should
d) Written interviews involve the applicant include a firm handshake, eye contact, smiling, and head-
answering a series of written questions and then nodding. Desired verbal behaviors include asking
sending the answers back through regular mail questions, subtly pointing out how you are similar to the
or through email. interviewer, not asking about the salary, not speaking
slowly, and not hesitating before answering questions.
After the Interview. Immediately following the
interview, write a brief letter thanking the interviewer
for her time.

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CHAPTER 5: Employee Selection: References and Reliability. The third problem with references and
Testing letters of recommendation involves the lack of agreement
between two people who provide references for the same
A reference check is the process of confirming the person.
accuracy of information provided by an applicant. Extraneous Factors. Mehrabian (1965) and Weins,
A relatively recent trend in reference checking is for employers to Jackson, Manaugh, and Matarazzo (1969) found that even
“Google” an applicant’s name to find more information about the though most letters of recommendation are positive, letters
applicant written by references who like applicants are longer than
those written by references who do not.
A reference is the expression of an opinion, either
orally or through a written checklist, regarding an Three ethical guidelines that reference providers should
applicant’s ability, previous performance, work habits, follow:
character, or potential for future success.  First, explicitly state your relationship with the person
you are recommending.
A letter of recommendation is a letter expressing  Second, be honest in providing details.
an opinion regarding an applicant’s ability, previous  Finally, let the applicant see your reference before
sending it, and give him the chance to decline to use it.
performance, work habits, character, or potential for
future success.
Predicting Performance Using:
1. Applicant Knowledge - Used primarily in the public
Résumé fraud lying on their résumés about what experience
sector, especially for promotions. Job knowledge
or education they actually have.
tests are designed to measure how much a person
knows about a job.
Checking for Discipline Problems 2. Applicant Ability - Used primarily for occupations in
Negligent hiring, If an organization hires an which applicants are not expected to know how to
perform the job at the time of hire. Instead, new
applicant without checking his references and background
employees will be taught the necessary job skills and
and he later commits a crime while in the employ of the
knowledge.
organization, the organization may be found liable for
a) Cognitive ability includes such dimensions as
negligent hiring if the employee has a criminal background oral and written comprehension, oral and
that would have been detected had a background check written expression, numerical facility, originality,
been conducted. memorization, reasoning (mathematical,
Negligent reference if former employer does not deductive, inductive), and general learning.
provide relevant information to an organization that b) Perceptual ability consists of vision (near, far,
requests it. night, peripheral), color discrimination, depth
perception, glare sensitivity, speech (clarity,
Predicting Future Performance recognition), and hearing (sensitivity, auditory
attention, sound localization).
Low validity is largely due to four main problems with
references and letters of recommendation: c) Psychomotor ability includes finger dexterity,
manual dexterity, control precision, multi-limb
Leniency. Research is clear that most letters of coordination, response control, reaction time,
recommendation are positive: less than 1% of references rate arm-hand steadiness, wrist-finger speed, and
applicants as below average or poor speed-of-limb movement
d) Physical ability tests are often used for jobs that
Keep in mind that applicants choose their own references!
require physical strength and stamina, such as
Knowledge of the Applicant. A second problem with police officer, fire-fighter, and lifeguard. Physical
letters of recommendation is that the person writing the ability is measured in one of two ways: job
letter often does not know the applicant well, has not simulations and physical agility tests.
observed all aspects of an applicant’s behavior, or both. 3. Applicant Skill - measure the extent to which an
applicant already has a job-related skill.
a) Work sample, the applicant performs actual
job-related tasks

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b) Assessment center is a selection technique d) Conditional reasoning tests were initially

characterized by the use of multiple assessment developed by James (1998) to reduce these
methods that allow multiple assessors to inaccurate responses and get a more accurate
actually observe applicants perform simulated picture of a person’s tendency to engage in
job tasks (Joiner, 2002). aggressive or counterproductive behavior.
Development and Component
 The in-basket technique is designed to e) Graphology, the idea behind handwriting
simulate the types of daily information that analysis is that the way people write reveals
appear on a manager’s or employee’s desk. their personality, which in turn should indicate
 Simulation exercises are the real backbone work performance.
of the assessment center because they
enable assessors to see an applicant “in Predicting Performance Limitations Due to Medical and
action.” Psychological Problems:
 Work Samples. Usually, when a simulation 1. Drug testing certainly is one of the most
does not involve a situational exercise, it is controversial testing methods used by HR
called a work sample.
professionals. HR professionals believe not only that
 Leaderless Group Discussions. In this
exercise, applicants meet in small groups illegal drug use is dangerous but also that many
and are given a job-related problem to solve employees are under the influence of drugs at work.
or a job-related issue to discuss. 2. Psychological exams usually consist of an interview
 Business games are exercises that allow the by a clinical psychologist, an examination of the
applicant to demonstrate such attributes as applicant’s life history, and the administration of one
creativity, decision making, and ability to or more of the psychological tests
work with others. 3. Medical Exams In these exams, the physician is given
4. Prior Experience - Applicant experience is typically a copy of the job description and asked to determine
measured in one of four ways: experience ratings of if there are any medical conditions that will keep the
application/résumé information, biodata, reference employee from safely performing the job.
checks, and interviews.
a) Experience Ratings the idea that past Once a decision has been made regarding which applicants will be
experience will predict future experience. hired, those who will not be hired must be notified. Rejected
b) Biodata is a selection method that considers an applicants should be treated well because they are potential
applicant’s life, school, military, community, and customers and potential applicants for other positions that might
work experience. become available in the organization.
c) Reference check
d) Interview
5. Personality, Interest, and Character
a) Personality Inventories are becoming
increasingly popular as an employee selection
method, in part because they predict
performance better than was once thought, and
in part because they result in less adverse
impact than do ability tests.
b) Interest Inventories are designed to tap
vocational interests. The most commonly used
interest inventory is the Strong Interest
Inventory (SII), which asks individuals to indicate
whether they like or dislike 325 items such as
bargaining, repairing electrical wiring, and
taking responsibility.
c) Integrity tests (also called honesty tests) tell an
employer the probability that an applicant
would steal money or merchandise.

Descargado por Nicolas zissopulos pernia ([email protected])