CHAPTER 4

CONTENT
 Introduction to types of filters
 Discuss on characteristics of Bessel, Butterworth,
Chebychev active filters.
 Discuss on the design of active filters based on
Sallen-key structure.
FILTER
 FILTER
 A circuit that allows to pass signal of the wanted frequency and block the
unwanted frequency (noises)
 In practical circuit, output signal above 0.707 of the maximum voltage is
passed and below 0.707 of maximum voltage is blocked by the filter.
 Frequency at which the output voltage is 0.707 of the maximum is called
cutoff frequency.
 In design, there are two types of filter circuits:
1) Passive filter 2) Active filter

 PASSIVE FILTER
 Circuit is constructed by using only passive R, L and C components
 Limitations:
 Difficult to design for higher order filter circuit.
 Bulky (large) size of components.
 Fixed filter gain
FILTER
• ACTIVE FILTER
– Circuit is constructed with active components and passive
components
– Active components are the transistors or the Op-Amps.
– Passive components are the R,L and C.
– Advantages:
– Easy to design for higher order filter.
– Gain is fixable (controllable)

• GENERIC TYPES OF ACTIVE FILTER

– Low pass
– High pass
– Band pass
– Band stop
FILTER TYPE
 LOW PASS FILTER
 All signal frequencies below cutoff frequency, fH, are allowed to
appear at the output terminal. Signal with frequency over fH is
blocked from appearing at the output side
 Low pass frequency response shows the plotted of voltage gain over
frequencies containing the pass band, the cutoff frequency and the
stop band.
 Pass band allows all frequencies below cutoff frequency, fH
 Stop band not allows all frequencies over cutoff frequencym fH
 In practical, at cutoff frequency, fH the output voltage is 70.7 % or 0.707
or -3dB from the pass band voltage

Gain Gain

AO AO
0.707AO
Pass band Stop band

fH f fH f
Ideal Practical
FILTER TYPE
 HIGH PASS FILTER
 As shown by high pass frequency response, in pass band all
signals with frequency higher than the cutoff frequency , fL,
are allowed to reach the output side.
 In stop band, signals with lower frequency than the cutoff
frequency , fL are blocked to reach the output side.

Gain Gain

AO AO
0.707AO
Stop
Pass band
band

fL f fL f

Ideal Practical
FILTER TYPE
 BAND PASS FILTER
 All signals within pass band region between the cut-off
frequencies , fL and fH, are permitted to appear at the output
terminal. For signal having frequency outside cut-off
frequencies are not allowed to pass through to the output.

Gain Gain

AO AO
0.707AO

fL fH f fL fH f

Ideal Practical
FILTER TYPE
 BAND STOP FILTER
 All signals in stop band region between the cut-off
frequencies, fL and fH, are not allowed to appear at the
output terminal.
 Signals having frequency outside the cut-off frequencies are
allowed to appear at the output

Gain Gain

AO AO
0.707AO

fH fL f fH fL f

Ideal Practical
SPECIFIC FILTER FREQUENCY RESPONSE
 EACH GENERIC FILTER CAN BE CONSTRUCTED WITH
MORE SPECIFIC FILTER RESPONSES
 BESSEL
 BUTTERWORTH
 CHEBYCHEV ripples

 EACH SPECIFIC Av(dB)

Chebyshev
RESPONSE HAS ITS overshoot

UNIQUE FEATURES
Butterworth
0
Bessel

roll-off slope

0 f(Hz)
Figure 5: Various types of specific low pass frequency
responses and their response characteristics.
SPECIFIC FILTER FREQUENCY RESPONSE
 BESSEL RESPONSE
 Flat magnitude response at the mid-band range
 Low gain’s roll-off rate
 BUTTERWORTH RESPONSE
 Very flat response at the mid-band range
 Low gain’s roll-off rate
 non-linear phase response
 CHEBYCHEV RESPONSE
 magnitude at mid-band range has small ripple
 Steep gain’s roll-off rate
 Non-linear phase response
 These responses can be represented by
polynomials with specific coefficients from 2nd
filter order and above
 design coefficients (Coefficient Table)
SPECIAL FEATURES (MERITS) OF SPECIFIC
FREQUENCY RESPONSE
 Cut-off frequency, fO
 A frequency at which output voltage or gain is 70.7% or 3 dB (decibel) of the
maximum pass band voltage
 Damping coefficient, α
 A value that forms the overshoot response at cut-off frequency
 Become a determinant factor about the shape of the frequency response either
Bessel, Butterworth, Chebychev and other specific responses.
 Roll-off rate (dB/decade)
 A voltage or gain changing rate from pass band region to stop band region.
 Quality factor, Q
 A value that determines the level of frequency selectivity by the filter
 A ratio between center frequency, fO and the bandwidth, BW
Q = fO/BW
 Order, n
 Filter level that has a particular gain roll-off rate which is proportional to the
number of poles where each pole represented by one RC network.
 Each order (pole) or one RC network contributes to 20 dB/decade roll-off
voltage.
 Formula to compute the filter order,
Δ|H|dB Δ|H|dB
n = ------------------ or n = -------------------
20 log fs/fp 20 log fp/fs
 LOW PASS FILTER
 Table 4.3 Table tabulates damping coefficient and frequency correction factor according
to response type from 2nd order to 6th order as below
Filter order Stag Bessel Butterworth 1 dB 2 dB 3 db
e Chebychev Chebychev Chebychev
2 1 α 1.732 1.414 1.054 0.886 0.766
kLP 0.785 1 1.238 1.333 1.390
3 1 α - - - - -
kLP 0.753 1 2.212 3.105 3.344
2 α 1.447 1 0.496 0.402 0.326
kLP 0.687 1 1.098 1.095 1.091
2 α 1.916 1.848 1.275 1.088 0.929

4 kLP 0.696 1 1.992 2.146 2.257

2 α 1.241 0.765 0.281 0.224 0.179
kLP 0.621 1 1.060 1.057 1.052
1 α - - - - -
kLP 0.642 1 3.571 4.484 5.619
2 α 1.775 1.618 0.714 0.578 0.468
5
kLP 0.619 1 1.577 1.602 1.628
2 α 1..091 0.618 0.180 0.142 0.113
kLP 0.549 1 1.040 1.037 1.034
2 α 1.959 1.932 1.314 1.121 0.958
kLP 0.621 1 2.881 3.115 3.355
6 2 α 1.636 1.414 0.455 0.363 0.289
kLP 0.590 1 1.364 1.375 1.385
2 α 0.977 0.518 0.125 0.0989 0.0782
kLP 0.523 1 1.023 1.024 1.025
 GENERAL FILTER TRANSFER
FUNCTION
• Every filter system has its own transfer function to describe the relationship
between output and input signals.

Input Output
Vi(t) Filter VO(t)

• Transfer function to relate output and input signals is written as

VO(s)
H(s) = ---------
Vi(s)

where VO(s) and Vi(s) are the laplace transform for VO(t) and Vi(t)
while s = jω
 BASIC ACTIVE FILTER CIRCUIT
• Basic active filter circuit comprises the combination of
• Operational amplifier and feedback circuit
• Determine the pass band gain, AO and damping
coefficient, α
• RC passive circuit
• Determine filter’s cut-off frequency

RC circuit Amplifier
Select +
Vi frequency Vo
-
RB
Negative
Feedback
RA Circuit
1st Order LOW PASS ACTIVE FILTER

R1 V
X
Vi +
- Vo
C1 RB

RA

First order low pass active filter circuit

1st Order LOW PASS FILTER
 Equations for first order low pass active filter circuit
1 RA
Vx(s) = sC Vi(s) V-(s) = -------------- VO(s)
1 RB + R A
R
sC
1
= ----------- Vi(S)
sRC + 1

V-(s) = V+(s) = Vx(s)

VO(s) RB + RA RB
------- = --------------- = 1 + ----- = AO
Vx(s) RA RA
1st Order LOW PASS FILTER
 Overall gain

VO(s) VO(s) VX(s) VX(s)

Av(s) = ------- = --------- --------- = AO ------
Vi(s) VX(s) Vi(s) Vi(s)
RB 1
= 1 + ------- -------------
RA sRC + 1

 General function of 1st order low pass filter is

Aoω0
Av(s) = H(s) = -----------
s + ω0
1 RB
= AO --------- A0 = 1 + ----
s RA
--- + 1 1 1
ω0 ω0 = ωCH = ----- or fCH = ------
RC 2πRC
1st Order LOW PASS FILTER
 RA and RB involve in two types of design considerations with:
 1) no current biasing effect 2) current biasing effect

 Followings are for RA and RB design if biasing current effect of op-amp to

reduce offset error is considered.
RB RA RB RB
R = RB || RA = ----------- = ---------- = ----------
R B + RA RB + 1 AO
------
RA
RB = AO x R

where,
RB RB
AO = 1 + ------- => ---- = AO - 1
RA RA
RB
RA = -------------
AO - 1
1st Order LOW PASS FILTER
 1st Order LOW PASS ACTIVE FILTER RESPONSE
 Plot of Gain (in dB) Versus Frequency (Hz) on Semi-log
Graph Paper
 Voltage slope roll-off rate = 20 dB/decade

0
-3 -20 dB/ decade
-10

|G| dB -20

-30

-40
0.1 0.2 0.6 1.0 2 4 6 10 20 40 60 100
ω rad/s

1 decade
2nd Order LOW PASS ACTIVE FILTER
C1

R1 R2
Vi +
- Vo
C2 RB

RA

2nd order low pass active filter circuit

2nd Order LOW PASS FILTER
 Overall gain

VO(s) AO
Av(s) = ------- = -------------------------------
Vi(s (sCR)2 + (3 – AO)sCR + 1

 General transfer function for 2nd order low pass filter is

AO(ω0)2
Av(s) = H(s) = ----------------------
s2 + αω0s + (ω0 )2
RB RB
α = 3 - AO = 3 - 1 + ---- = 2 - -----
RA RA
1 1
ω0 = ωCH = ----- or fCH = ------
RC 2π RC
 For Bessel and Chebychev filters, fCH is produced with a correction factor KLP thus
 fCH = KLP x fO
 2nd Order LOW PASS FILTER
 For Butterworth and Chebychev filters,the cut-off frequency, fCH is
produced by a correction factor with
fCH = kLP x fO
 Table 4.2 Parts of a table listing out damping coefficient and
correction factor according to filter response type is shown as
below,

Response type α kLP

Bessel 1.732 0.785
Butterworth 1.414 1
Chebychev(1dB) 1.054 1.238
Chebychev(2dB) 0.886 1.333
Chebychev(3dB) 0.766 1.390 Table 4.2
2nd order LOW PASS FILTER
 Followings are for RA and RB design if biasing current effect of op-amp is considered
to produce no offset output when there is zero output for zero input signal.
RB
2R = RB || RA = -------
AO
RB = AO x 2R

But
RB RB RB
AO = 1 + ------- => ------ = AO – 1 => RA = -------------
RA RA AO - 1
 LOW PASS FILTER
 Table 4.3 Table tabulates damping coefficient and frequency correction factor according
to response type from 2nd order to 6th order as below
Filter order Stag Bessel Butterworth 1 dB 2 dB 3 db
e Chebychev Chebychev Chebychev
2 1 α 1.732 1.414 1.054 0.886 0.766
kLP 0.785 1 1.238 1.333 1.390
3 1 α - - - - -
kLP 0.753 1 2.212 3.105 3.344
2 α 1.447 1 0.496 0.402 0.326
kLP 0.687 1 1.098 1.095 1.091
2 α 1.916 1.848 1.275 1.088 0.929

4 kLP 0.696 1 1.992 2.146 2.257

2 α 1.241 0.765 0.281 0.224 0.179
kLP 0.621 1 1.060 1.057 1.052
1 α - - - - -
kLP 0.642 1 3.571 4.484 5.619
2 α 1.775 1.618 0.714 0.578 0.468
5
kLP 0.619 1 1.577 1.602 1.628
2 α 1..091 0.618 0.180 0.142 0.113
kLP 0.549 1 1.040 1.037 1.034
2 α 1.959 1.932 1.314 1.121 0.958
kLP 0.621 1 2.881 3.115 3.355
6 2 α 1.636 1.414 0.455 0.363 0.289
kLP 0.590 1 1.364 1.375 1.385
2 α 0.977 0.518 0.125 0.0989 0.0782
kLP 0.523 1 1.023 1.024 1.025
LOW PASS ACTIVE FILTER
 3rd order low pass active filter circuit is by cascading a
2nd order low pass active filter and a 1st order low pass
active filter
C

R R
Vi R
+ +
C - RB1 C Vo
-
RB2
RA1
RA2
LOW PASS ACTIVE FILTER
 Example 4..4
Figure below shows a Bessel 4th order low pass active filter that produces a -3dB
high cut-off frequency, fCH = 10 KHz. Given C = 0,01 uF dnd consider the biasing
current efect of the op-amp inputs.
a) Find resistance value for R1, RB1, RA1, R2, RB2 and RA2
b) Determine pass band overall gain j, AO in dB
c) Plot response, gain |G|dB versus frequency

C C
R R 0.01 uF 0.01 uF
R R
Vi +
C + V0
- RB1 C
0.01 uF
0.01 uF
- RB2
RA1
RA2
LOW PASS ACTIVE FILTER
 Solution 4.4
Known fCH = 10 KHz and biasing current effect is considered.
Refereing to table 4.3, Bessel 4th order, two stages (2nr order and 2nd order are
cascaded)

α1 = 1.916 and kLP1 = 0.696, α2 = 1.214 and kLP1 = 0.621

First 2nd Order Low Pass filter,

1
fCH = kLP1 x fO = kLP1x --------
2πR1C
kLP1 kLP1 0.696
fCH = ------ => R1 = -------------- = -------------------- = 11.8 KΩ
2πR1C 2π fCH C 2π(10K)(0.01u)

AO1 = 3 – α1 = 3 – 1.916 = 1.084

RB1 = AO1 x 2R1

= 1.084 (2)(11.08K) = 24.02 K
RB1 24.02 K
RA1 = ---------- = ----------- = 285.95 KΩ
AO1 – 1 1.084 - 1
LOW PASS ACTIVE FILTER
 Second 2nd Order Low Pass Filter,
α2 = 1.241 and kLP1 = 0.621
1
fCH = kLP1 x fO = kLP1x --------
2πR2C
kLP1 kLP1 0.621
fCH = ------ => R2 = -------------- = ------------------ = 988.35Ω
2πR2C 2π fCH C 2π(10K)(0.01u)

AO1 = 3 – α1 = 3 – 1.241 = 1.759

RB1 = AO1 x 2R1

= 1.084 (2)(988.35) = 3.477 KΩ
RB1 3.477 K
RA1 = ---------- = ----------- = 4.58 KΩ
AO1 – 1 1.759 - 1
LOW PASS ACTIVE FILTER
 Overall gain
AO = AO1 x AO2
= (1.084)(1.759) = 1.907
|AO|dB = 20 log10 (AO)
= 20 log10(1.907)
= 5.6 dB
5.6
2.6
0 -80 dB/ decade

|G| dB 20

-40

-60
-77.4
-80
1 2 6 10 20 40 60 100 200 400 600 100
f (kHz)
HIGH-ORDER LOW PASS ACTIVE FILTER
 High order active filter can be obtained by cascading between
similar or different filter order as described by the following block
diagram:

Vi m-order n-order VO
filter filter

 For example, 3rd order active filter is cascaded between 2nd order filter
and 1st order filter. The filter will have voltage roll-off rate of 60
dB/decade.

2nd 1st
Vi VO
Order Order
Filter Filter
HIGH PASS ACTIVE FILTER
 1st Order HIGH PASS ACTIVE FILTER
 Combinational circuit of an op-amp as active component
and the RC passive circuit plus negative feedback circuit as
illustrated below

C V
Vi X
+
- Vo
R RB

RA
HIGH PASS ACTIVE FILTER
 Equations of 1st order high pass active filter are

R RA
Vx(s) = -------------- Vi(s) V-(s) = ------------VO(s)
1 RB + R A
R + -----
sC

Vx(s) 1
----- = -----------
Vi(s) 1
1 + -----
sRC

V-(s) = V+(s) = Vx(s)

VO(s) RB + R A RB
------- = --------------- = 1 + ----- = AO
Vx(s) RA RA
HIGH PASS FILTER
 Overall gain

VO(s) VO(s) VX(s) VX(s)

Av(s) = ------- = --------- --------- = AO ------
Vi(s) VX(s) Vi(s) Vi(s)
RB 1
= 1 + ------ ---------------
RA 1
1 + -----------
sRC + 1

 General transfer function for high pass filter is

AOs
Av(s) = H(s) = -----------
s + ω0
1 RB
= AO --------- A0(s) = 1 + ----
ω0 RA
--- + 1 1 1
s ω0 = ωCL = ----- or fCL = ------
RC 2πRC
HIGH PASS FILTER
 If biasing current effect of oo-amp to reduce offset error is considered
RB RA RB RB
R = RB || RA = ----------- = ----------- = ----------
RB + R A RB + 1 AO
------
RA
RB = AO x R

But
RB RB
AO = 1 + ------- => ---- = AO - 1
RA RA
RB
RA = -------------
AO - 1
HIGH PASS ACTIVE FILTER
 2nd Order HIGH PASS ACTIVE FILTER
 Combinational circuit of an op-amp as active component,
a CR passive circuit and negative feedback circuit as shown
in figure below

C C
Vi VX
+ Vo
-
R RB

RA
HIGH PASS ACTIVE FILTER
 Overall gain

VO(s) AO
Av(s) = ------- = -------------------------------
Vi(s 1 1
-------+ (3 – AO) ---- + 1
s2C2R2 sCR

 General transfer function of 2ne order high pass filter is

AOs AO
Av(s) = H(s) = -------------------- = ---------------------------
s2 + αω0s + (ω0 )2 ω0 2 ω0
---- + α ---- + 1
s s
RB RB
α = 3 - AO = 3 - 1 + ---- = 2 - -----
RA RA
1 1
ω0 = ωCH = ----- or fCL = -------
RC 2πRC
HIGH PASS FILTER
 -3dB cut-off frequency, fCL for Butterworth, Chebychev frequency response is
determined by frequency correction factor kHP in which
kHP 1
fCL = kHP x fO = -------- where kHP = -----
2πRC kLP

0
-3
-10
+80 dB/ decade

|G| dB 20

-40

-60

-80
1 2 6 10 20 40 60 100 200 400 600 100
f (kHz)
HIGH PASS FILTER
 If biasing current effect of op-amp to reduce offset error is considered
R B RA RB RB
R = RB || RA = ----------- = ----------- = ----------
R B + RA RB + 1 AO
---------
RA
RB = AO x R

But
RB RB
AO = 1 + ------- => ---- = AO - 1
RA RA
RB
RA = -------------
AO - 1
HIGH PASS FILTER
 Example 4.6
Figure below shows a 2nd order high pass filter of Sallen-Key of equalled
component with Butterworth response and -3dB cut-off frequency, fCL =
5 KHz. With biasing current effect of op-amp input is considered
a) Find value of C
b) Find value for RA and RB
c) Find pass band overall gain, AO in dB

3.2KΩ
C C
Vi + Vo
R - RB
3.2 KΩ
RA
HIGH PASS ACTIVE FILTER
 Solution 4.6
a) By referring to table 4.2, 2nd order Butterworth
α = 1.414 and kLP = 1
1
kHP = ------- = 1
kLP
1
fCL = kHP1 x fO = kHP1x --------
2πRC
kHP1 kHP1 1
fCL = ------ => C = -------------- = ----------------- = 0.01 uF
2πRC 2π fCL R 2π(5K)(3.2K)

With biasing current considered

AO = 3 – α = 3 – 1.414 = 1.586

RB = AO x R
= (1.586)(3.2K) = 5.075 KΩ
RB 5.075K
RA = ---------- = ----------- = 8.66 KΩ
AO – 1 1.414 - 1
b) Pass band gain, AO in dB
|AO|dB = 20 log10 AO = 20 log10 (1.586) = 4 dB
BAND PASS FILTER
• Approach to design band pass active filter
– Cascading high pass filter with low pass filter
– High pass filter has low cut-off frequency, fCL
• Low pass filter has high cut-off frequency fCH
• High cut-off frequency must be lower than the lower cut-offf
frequency, fCH

R1
C2

C1 C1 R2 R2
Vi +
-
+ V0
R1 RB1 C2
- RB2
RA1
RA2

2nd order band pass active filter with equalled componnent

BAND PASS ACTIVE FILTER
 Cutoff frequency, damping coefficient and band pass gain for band pass active
filter comprises of
 low pass active filter frequency (assume equal component),
kLP kLP
fCL = ------------------- = ----------
2π R1C1 R1C1 2πR1C1

damping coefficient,
RB1
α = 2 - ------

RA1

band pass gain,

RB1
AO1 = 1 + -----
RA1

 If biasing current effect is considered

RB1
RB1 = AO1 x R1 and RA1 = ------------
AO1 - 1
BAND PASS ACTIVE FILTER
 Cutoff frequency, damping coefficient and band pass gain for band pass active
filter consists of
 high pass filter frequency,
kHP kHP 1
fCH = -------------------- = ---------- where kHP = -----
2π R2C2 R2C2 2πR2C2 kLP

damping coefficient,
RB2
α = 2 - ------

RA2

band pass gain,

RB2
AO2 = 1 + -----
RA2

 If biasing current effect is considered

RB2
RB2 = AO2 x 2R2 and RA2 = ------------
AO2 - 1
BAND PASS ACTIVE FILTER (BPF)
 Band pass gain,
AO = AO1 x AO2
 Centre frequency
fo = fCL x fCH

 Bandwidth, BW = fCH - fCL

fO
 Quality Factor , Q = ------
BW
 Frequency response for Sallen-Key configured second order band pass active filter (BPF)
Gain (dB)

-20
+40 dB/dekad -40 dB/dekad

-40

-60

0.1fCL fCL fO fCH 10fCH

BAND PASS ACTIVE FILTER
 Example 4.7
Design a band pass active filter with low cut-off frequency, fCL =
500 Hz and high frequency, fCH = 2 KHz and having roll- off rate
of 24 dB/octave. Start the design by finding the centre /cutoff
frequency, f0, band width BW and quality factor Q. Refer table 4.2
and table 4.3 and neglect the biasing current effect of the Op-
Amp in the design.

 Solution 4.7

Center Frequency, f0 = fCH x fCL = 0.5K x 2 K = 1 KHz

Bandwidth, BW = fCH - fCL = 2 K – 0.5 K = 1.5 KHz

f0 1K
Quality factor, Q = ----- = ------- = 0.67
BW 1.5K
BAND PASS ACTIVE FILTER
 Band pass active filter is designed by cascading the high pass
filter with a low pass filter.
 Choose Butterworth filter response for simple design
 Let say, Roll-off rate = 24 dB/octave
6 dB/octave = order 1
24 dB/octave
filter order, n = ------------------- = 4
6 dB/octave
 Band pass active filter order is by cascading fourth order high
pass filter with fourth order low pass filter
 Fourth order high pass active filter is obtained by cascading
second order high pass filter and second order high pass filter
 Fourth order low pass filter is obtained by cascading 2nd order
low pass with 2nd order low pass filter.
BAND PASS ACTIVE FILTER
 4th order low pass filter circuit
C C’
R R
R’ R’
Vi +
C - + V0
R2 C’
- R4
R1
R3
BAND PASS ACTIVE FILTER
 From table 4.3, fourth order low pass filter
1 1
 fCH= ------ => Take C’ = 0.1 uF => R’ = -------------- = 0.79 KΩ
2πR’C’ 2π(0.1u)(2K)
 Stage 1, α1 = 1.848
 Stage 1 Gain,
R2
A01 = 1 + ------ = 3 - α1 = 3 – 1.848 = 1.152
R1

Take resistor value, R1 = 1 KΩ

R2 = (1.152 – 1) R1= (0.152) 1K = 152 Ω

 Stage 2, α2 = 0.765
 Stage 2 Gain,
R4
A02 = 1 + ------ = 3 - α1 = 3 – 0.765 = 2.235
R3
Take resistor value, R3 = 1 KΩ
R4 = (2.235 – 1) R3= (1/235) 1K = 1.235 KΩ
BAND PASS ACTIVE FILTER
 From table 4.3, fourth order high pass filter
1 1
 fCL= ------ => Take C’ = 0.1 uF => R’’ = -------------- = 3.18 KΩ
2πR’’C’ 2π(0.1u)(0.5K)
 Stage 1, α3= 1.848
 Stage 1 Gain,
R6
A03 = 1 + ------ = 3 – α3 = 3 – 1.848 = 1.152
R5

Take resistor value, R5 = 1 KΩ

R6= (1.152 – 1) R5= (0.152) 1K = 152 Ω

 Stage 2, α4 = 0.765
 Stage 2 Gain,
R8
A04 = 1 + ------ = 3 – α4 = 3 – 0.765 = 2.235
R7

Take resistor value, R7 = 1 KΩ

R8 = (2.235 – 1) R7= (1/235) 1K = 1.235 KΩ
BAND PASS ACTIVE FILTER
 Fourth order band pass active filter circuit
3.18K
3.18 K

0.1 uF 0.1 uF 0.1uF 0.1uF

Vi +
-
+ VO1
3.18K 152 3.18 K - 1.235K
1K
1K
0.1 uF
0.1 uF

0.79K 0.79K
0.79K 0.79K
VO1 +
0.1 uF - + V0
152 0.1 uF
- 1.235K
1K
1K
MULTIPLE FEEDBACK BAND PASS FILTER (BPF)

 Other means to obtain a band pass active filter

 Narrowband band pass or small bandwidth (BW)

C1

R1
C2 R2
Vi + V0
R3 -
BAND PASS ACTIVE FILTER
 Cut-off frequency, damping coefficient and pass band gain for a multiple
feedback band pass active filter
 centre frequency
1
fO = --------------------------
2π (R1 | |R3) R2C1C2
If C1 = C2 = C,
1
fO = --------------------------
2πC (R1 | |R3) R2
1 R1 + R 3
= ----- -------------
2πC R1R2R3

Value for R1, R2 and R3 can be found based on f0, Q dan A0

Q Q Q
R1 = ----------- , R2 = ------- , R3 = -----------------
2πf0CA0 πf0C 2πf0C(2Q2 -A0)
BAND PASS ACTIVE FILTER
 R3 positive
(2Q2 - A0) > 0 atau AO < 2Q2
 2nd order band pass general transfer function is given as
ω0
AO ---- s
Q
Av(s) = H(s) = ----------------------
ω0
s2 +α --- s + (ω0 )2
Q
UNIVERSAL ACTIVE FILTER
 Universal active filter can be used to design a
band pass filter.

VO(HP) VO(BP)
R1 R3 C1 C2
R2 R4
R7
Vi - -
+
- V0(LP)
+
Summing +
Amplifier Integrator Integrator
R6

R5
 UNIVERSAL ACTIVE FILTER
 Forming Low pass filter (LP), high pass (HP) and band pass (BP)
 Center frequency,
1
fO = -------- where R4 = R7 = R , C1 = C2 = C
2πRC
 Quality factor (can reach 100) is determined by R5 and R6,
1 R5
Q =--- ---- + 1
3 R6
 Universal active filter does not obtain the optimum LP, HP and BP
simultaneously
 Damping coefficent of optimum 2nd order low pass and high pass
Butterworth response, α = 1.414
1 1
Q = ---- = -------- = 0.707 (bad selectivity factor for BP,
α 1.414 large BW)
 Quality factor, Q optimum for BP must be high
BAND STOP FILTER (BSF)
 Multiple Feedback Band Stop Active Filter

C1

R2 R4 R6

R1 C2
R7
Vi -
- V0
+
+
R3
Brand pass Summing
Filter Amplifier

 Optimum band stop active filter frequency response

when multiple feedback band pass center frequency gain
equals to input gain
BAND STOP ACTIVE FILTER
 Assume capacitor value, C1 = C2
R6 R6
A0 x ---- = ----
R4 R5
R2 R6 R6
---- x ---- = ----
2R1 R4 R5

where multiple feed back band pass filter gain

R2
AO = ----
2R1
 If resistor value, R4 = R6
R2 R6
----- = ----
2R1 R5
Active Filter Transfer Function
Filter type Transfer Function
1st order, low pass Aowo
H(s) = --------------
s + wo
1st order, high pass Aos
H(s) = --------------
s + wo
2nd order, low pass Ao(wo)2
H(s) = -----------------------------------
s2 + (wo/Q)s + (wo)2
2nd order, high pass Aos2
H(s) = ----------------------------------
s2 + (wo/Q)s + (wo)2
2nd order, band pass Aos(wo/Q)
H(s) = -----------------------------------
s2 + (wo/Q)s + (wo)2
2nd order, band stop Ao(s2 + (wo)2)
H(s) = -----------------------------------
s2 + (wo/Q)s + (wo)2
Active Filter Transfer Function
Filter type Transfer Function
1st order, low pass Aowo
H(s) = --------------
s + wo
1st order, high pass Aos
H(s) = --------------
s + wo
2nd order, low pass Ao(wo)2 1
H(s) = ----------------------------------- α = -----
s2 + αwos + (wo)2 Q
2nd order, high pass Aos2
H(s) = ----------------------------------
s2 + αwos + (wo)2
2nd order, band pass Aoαwos
H(s) = -----------------------------------
s2 + α wos + (wo)2
2nd order, band stop Ao(s2 + (wo)2)
H(s) = -----------------------------------
s2 + α wos + (wo)2