UNIT 2

FUNCTIONS OF
COMMUNICATION
ORAL COMMUNICATION
 What are communication functions?

Communication functions refer to how people

use language for different purposes also refers
to how language is affected by different time,
place, and situation used to control the behavior
of people used to regulate the nature
and amount of activities people engage in
FIVE FUNCTIONS OF ORAL
COMMUNICATION
 1. Regulation/ Control

Communication regulates or control. Every

institution follows certain rules and regulation in
which the main objective is to take control of every
situation.
 1. Regulation/ Control

• Doctors’ Prescription
“Take your medicine 3 times a day.”
• Parents’ Instruction to their child
“Wash the dishes now, or else I won’t
allow you to go to the party later.”
• Friends giving advice on what to do
“Move on. He doesn’t love you
anymore
 2. Social Interaction

Communication is needed in social interaction. As human

beings we always interact because we are social beings.

We form groups and associate ourselves with members of

these groups. Because we interact daily that is why we
have to communicate.
 2. Social Interaction

• Marriage Proposal
“Will you marry me?”
• Invitation
“Would you like some coffee,
tea, or me?”
3. Motivation

functions to motivate or
to encourage people to
live better
 3. Motivation
Internal motivation is External motivation
personal. emanates from the people
For example, a student is surrounding a person.
motivated to study hard For example, a student may
and finish his program to study hard to get high
get a good job after grades because his parent
graduation or eventually promise to buy him a new
graduates with award or gadget at the end of the
honor. school year.
 4. Information

Communication informs.
Everyday many things
happen. We are informed in
different ways.
 4. Information

For example, we come to know what happen around the globe

when we read newspaper or watch news program from our
television.

If there will a new policy that will be implemented , all people

concerned must be informed first. A candidate for election must
inform the voters about his platform before asking for their votes.
 5. Emotional Expression

Communication expresses one’s emotion. In

communication we can express different emotions
anger, happiness, guilt, etc.
 5. Emotional Expression

For example, if one is angry, he

may be speaking in a very loud
voice to express his anger.

When we feel very sad and in

the verge of crying, we speak in
a low voice and stutter.
Types of Speech
Context
 INTRAPERSONAL
01 COMMUNCIATION

INTERPERSONAL
02 COMMUNICATION
THREE TYPES Dyad & Small Group
OF SPEECH 03 PUBLIC COMMUNICATION

CONTEXT
15
01
INTRAPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION
 INTRAPESONAL
COMMUNICATION
It is a self-centered kind of communication
with only the speaker as the sender and
receiver. The message is made up of the
speaker’s ideas and emotions in which the
channel is his brain that processes them.
Intrapersonal communication is communication with
oneself using internal vocalization or reflective thinking. Like
other forms of communication, intrapersonal communication
is triggered by some internal or external stimulus.

We may, for example, communicate with our self about what

we want to eat due to the internal stimulus of hunger, or we
may react intrapersonally to an event we witness. Unlike
other forms of communication, intrapersonal communication
takes place only inside our heads. The other forms of
communication must be perceived by someone else to
count as communication
For example, a person may use
self-talk to calm himself down in
a stressful situation, or a shy
person may remind herself to
smile during a social event.
02
INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION
 INTERPESONAL
COMMUNICATION
Communication is the process by which
people exchange information, feelings, and
meaning through verbal and non-verbal
messages: it is face-to-face
communication.
Interpersonal communication is often defined
as communication that takes place between
people who are interdependent and have some
knowledge of each other:
for example, communication between a son
and his father, an employer and an employee, two
sisters, a teacher and a student, two lovers, two
friends, and so on.
EXAMPLES:
❑ Phone Calls
❑ Meetings
❑ Presentations
❑ Emails and Texting
 KINDS OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

DYAD SMALL GROUP

This is the most basic kind of Refers to a group small enough
interpersonal communication by in size to facilitate every
which two persons mutually member’s interacting with every
share information, ideas or even other member.
arguments.
 03
PUBLIC
COMMUNICATION
 PUBLIC
COMMUNICATION
Involves a single speaker, who in a relatively
formal tone and manner, presents a continuous,
uninterrupted, informative, persuasive or
entertaining discourse of supposedly general
interest to a sizable number of other persons.
 To make it more simple to understand, public communication
happens when a person stands in front of the audience and
engage in dialogue to deliver a message. Public
communication requires:

1. PUBLIC SPEAKER- the person that talks and shares the

information; gives the presentation.
2. AUDIENCE- the group of people than listen and want to find
out what is told by public speakers
3. CHANNEL- used to deliver the message (audio, video, visual
presentation)
Some examples of public
communication happen through public
speaking events, conferences, seminars, press
conferences and so on. Newspaper editorials
and billboard advertisements are other forms
of public communication. Mass media
(newspapers, magazines, radio, TV) are a
powerful tool of public communication.
TYPES OF
SPEECH STYLES
 Speech style refers to the manner a person/
persons act in the midst of people in the society.
Their movements depend on some issues of the
conversation. There should be a mutual
understanding why such conversation occur.
Knowing the conversation styles can help
prevent misunderstandings and arguments
from happening. Unaware of the styles may
let people look disrespectful in front of
others. The following styles may be
considered.
 INTIMATE CASUAL

CONSULTATIVE FORMAL

FROZEN
INTIMATE
This is the language used by very close friends and lovers
which is so private and requires significant amount of
shared history, knowledge and experiences.

Examples : talking to one’s boyfriend/ girlfriend and telling

him /her that you love him/her ; sharing a serious problem
to a best friend ; asking advice from parents about serious
matters.
CASUAL
This is the language used by friends during their ordinary
conversations. The word choice is too general and the
conversation is dependent upon nonverbal assists,
significant knowledge and shared information.
CONSULTATIVE
It is known as the third level of language. Formal registers
are used in this type of conversation. It is less appropriate in
writing as students use this in their classroom interactions.
Examples : when a student is talking to his teacher about
school matters; when a client talks to his lawyer
FORMAL
This is standard for work, school and business
matters. It is expected to be presented in complete
sentences and with specific uses of the language.
FROZEN
It is also known as a fixed language. It is reserved in
traditions in which the language does not change in a
number of generations. This is the kind of language used
when talking to strangers.
Examples: pledge of allegiance; wedding ceremony;
introduction of new acquaintances.
 Types of
Speech Act
 Some people don’t speak merely to exercise
their vocal cords. There is always a reason
why a person speaks and this reason is called
communicative presumption. There a mutual
belief that when a person says something to
another person, the speaker expects the
listener to perform an act.
 Speech acts are acts of communication. To
communicate is to express a certain attitude
and the type of speech act being performed
corresponds to the type of attitude being
expressed. For example; a statement
expresses a belief; a request expresses a
desire ; an apology expresses a regret
 A. Locution (Utterance)

● It is roughly equivalent to uttering a certain sentence with a

certain meaning in the traditional sense.
● Expressions like “What!”, “That coffee tastes good”, “You’re
the best”, are some examples.
 B. Illocution (Intention)

● These are utterances which have a certain conventional force

such as informing, ordering, and warning.

Some examples are:

● “Go home early.”

● “It’s your exam tomorrow. Review your lessons.”
● “I will see you tomorrow.”
 C. Perlocution (Response)

● This is saying something that tries to achieve such as convincing,

persuading, deterring or surprising.

Examples are:
● “I was born a Catholic, I will die a Catholic.”
● “Vote for me and I will make this nation great again.”
● “It is because of your lifestyle that you are in that kind of situation.”
 EXAMPLE

An author writes a group of sentences with a particular meaning

(locution), and with a particular intent (illocution), in order to achieve a
certain effect on the hearer (perlocution). The group of sentences
(locution) may be intended to urge a person to do something (illocution).
When the person becomes persuaded to do that thing because of the
sentences written, that is a perlocution. Perlocution happens outside of
the act of speaking or writing. It’s the influence brought about by the
spoken or written words.
 EXAMPLE
Here is another example that illustrates all three parts. A woman
may say to the husband, “the kitchen smells.” That’s the locution.
She really intends that the situation should be addressed by the
husband—so that the kitchen wouldn’t smell anymore. That’s the
illocution. She hopes the result of her statement would be that
the husband would take out the trash that is causing the kitchen
to smell. That’s the perlocution.
1. The black cat.

Locution
2. Go do your homework!

Illocutionary (Order)
3. I’ll take the quiz later.

Illocutionary (Promise)
4.It is cold here.

Locutionary
5. I was born a Filipino, I will live a Filipino, I will die a Filipino,

Perlocutionary (Inspiring)
 TYPES OF
Communicative
strategies
Cohen (1990) states that strategies must be used to start and maintain
a conversation. The following are some strategies people can use to
have effective communication.
 a. nomination
Both speakers should agree on the topic they want
to converse with. Just like in a written
communication, conversation always starts with a
topic. The problem is how could it be started or if
there is already an existing conversation, one
should find ways on how to join. One should start
with one and eventually conversation begins. Both
speakers should agree on the topic they want to
converse with.
 B. RESTRICTION

In every conversation, speakers come up

with the limitation on the topic they are
discussing. This is called as restriction. For
example, if they will be talking about PBA,
they will stick to that topic. They may stick to
NBA, UAAP or NCAA but still it is about
basketball.
 C. TURN TAKING
In a conversation, speakers don’t talk at the
same time because if that happens, they will not
understand each other. In such case, each
speaker must be given a chance to speak. In a
small group conversation, each one should
know how to give a chance for each one to talk.
In a public speaking, the speaker monopolized
the discussion.
 d. Topic control

The topic control limits the topic of a

conversation. For example, in a private
conversation of two students, their
topics may shift from their friends,
classmates and teachers. In some
instances like a meeting, the topics to be
discussed is controlled by what is stated
in the agenda.
 e. Topic shifting
Sometimes it may be boring to discuss the
same topic for a very long time. The speaker
sometimes may feel the his listeners are not
interested to listen to him anymore, thus, is the
topic shifting. One may use expressions like
“Can we change the topic from politics to
culture?” or in an open forum if a person gives
offensive remarks that may put the audience in
uncomfortable situation the moderator may say,
“Perhaps we can save that topic for another
seminar.”
 f. repair

When a conversation does not run smoothly, repair

is needed. In situations when a speaker forgot the
words he is suppose to utter next, the audience may
give clues so he can continue. Sometimes a student
may recite sentences with wrong grammar, the
teacher may correct him right away. This should not
be taken as an embarrassment but as an
opportunity to be corrected. When one feels that an
argument might arise one may say, “No offense
meant….” or “With all due respect…..”
 G. TERMINATION

When conversation comes to an end, it is called

as termination. The speakers should agree in
ending their discussion. Whether the
conversation ends smoothly or not, both parties
should feel that the discussion already ends.
 UNIT 4.1
speeches according to purpose
 three
01 01 02
Types of speeches
TECH SLIDLES
according to purpose Expository/ Persuasive
informative speech
speech
03
Entertainment
speech
EXPOSITORY/INFORMATIVE SPEECH
▪ Expository writing also is called
informative writing, because its purpose
is to explain, inform or clarify. This type
of writing is often required of students
when they are assigned to write essays
explaining subject matter in various
academic disciplines.

▪ One essential element of expository

writing is that it provides enough details
to readers to clearly explain the topic.
Some examples of expository works
include magazine and newspaper
articles, textbooks, autobiographies and
persuasive college essays.
 PERSUASIVE SPEECH
▪ This kind of speech aims to affect the
behavior or the attitude of the audience. It
further influences in making the listeners
understand the speaker’s opinion and
eventually accept such opinion. As a sign of
acceptance, it is expected that there will be a
reaction or gesture to prove it.
▪ A persuasive speech always starts with a
purpose termed as a proposition. It should
express a want, need , aspiration, hope or a
cultural goal (way of living). It may also wish to
stimulate, inspire, create morale or intensify
ideals.
 ENTERTAINMENT SPEECH
▪ An entertainment speech aims to put the
audience in a relaxing mood through the
use of situations that may create a
humorous experience. This may be
presented in occasions like dinners,
banquets, seminars, family occasions
and others.

▪ It can start with an anecdote or a

humorous story and end with a
revelation of its purpose.
 UNIT 4.2
SPEECH ACCORDING TO DELIVERY
 SPEECH ACCORDING TO DELIVERY

01 READING FROM A
MANUSCRIPT 03 IMPROMPTU SPEECH

02 MEMORIZED SPEECH 04 EXTEMPORANEOUS

SPEECH
 READING FROM A MANUSCRIPT
This kind of speech delivery requires the speaker to prepare/
write his speech ahead of time for the occasion. It is usually
speaking in broadcasting over the radio, school reports,
presenting seminar papers or researches. It deprives the
audience with eye contact but gives less worries for the
speaker( fear of forgetting important details).

Because the speech is read, there might be a situation of

boredom and loss of attention. To avoid such, an oral reader
should have a dry run / practice on the requisites of proper
reading in front of an audience. Using hand gestures , eye
movements and facial expressions is also necessary. In
addition, Itis a must for the reader to maintain the vocal
clarity of the quality of facilities used the delivery.
 MEMORIZED SPEECH

This kind of speech delivery is not always

advantageous. This may result to forgetting
and loss of more realistic expression of the
ideas of the speech. It must assured that the
speaker has memorized the speech word for
word. There might also be a fear of feedback
from the audience due a controlled flow of
ideas.
 IMPROMPTU SPEECH
● An impromptu speaker is deprived
of ample time to prepare for his
speech. He organizes his thoughts
right before the actual delivery. The
speech is composed even during
the delivery. The speaker is
expected to possess self-
confidence which is enough to
sustain the time required for the
speech delivery.
 Extemporaneous speech
• The extemporaneous speaker should be very
knowledgeable in organizing his ideas in a very
limited time. He prepares an outline of the given
topic and ready to expound on the details while
delivering the speech. He can always adjust to the
reactions of his audience, whether they understand
him or not.

The speaker should have an ample stock of

appropriate words to avoid gaps during the delivery.
Such delivery must be spontaneous and naturally
appealing.
Basic Principles of Speech Delivery
Effective Speech Delivery :
1. Makes full use of both the visible
and audible codes.
2. Is adapted to the total speaking
situation.
3. Is sincere.
Effective Speech Delivery :
4. Is modest and unassuming.
5. Is confident and assured.
6. Does not attract attention to
itself.
7. Is enthusiastic and animated.
1. Direct eye contact with your audience to show interest in them.
2. Facial expression should be on the “happy” side.
3. Hands should be relaxed.
4. Check your visual posture.
5. Have a positive attitude.
6. Speak with an audible voice, good diction, pronunciation, and enunciation.
7. Deliver your speech with aplomb.
DONT’S IN SPEECH DELIVERY
1. Making faces, staring at the ceiling,
floor and wall.
2. Giggling.
3. Wetting lips frequently.
4. Putting tongue out.
5. Crackling knuckles.
6. Putting hands in pockets.
DONT’S IN SPEECH DELIVERY
7. Fiddling with buttons, ball pens, keys, coins,
etc.
8. Constantly shifting from one foot to another.
9. Swaying from side to side, socking backward
and forward.
10. Feet too wide apart or too close together.
11. Putting thumbs under the belt.
12. Staring at ceiling, floor or wall.