Sukkur Institute of Business Administration University

Department of Electrical Engineering

Microwave & RF Communication

Instructor: Dr. Sharjeel Afridi

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Lab Report 02: Introduction to HFSS Software

Total
Lab Report Rubrics Marks
(Add the points in each column, then add across the bottom row to find the total score)
S.No Criterion 0.5 0.25 0.125
1 Accuracy Desired output Minor Critical
mistakes mistakes
2 Timing Submitted 1 day late More than 1
within the given day late
time

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Transmission Lines :
Definition :
“A device used to transfer energy from one point
to another point “efficiently””.
• Efficiently = minimum loss, reflection and close to
a perfect match as possible.
• Important to be efficient at RF and microwave
frequencies, since frequency used are higher than
DC and low frequency applications.
• as frequency gets higher, any energy lost in
transmission lines is more difficult and costly to
be retrieved.

Types of transmission lines :

Transverse electromagnetic (TEM)
transmission lines

B B
E

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a) Coaxial line b) Two-wire line c) Parallel-plate line

d) Strip line e) Microstrip line

Coaxial transmission line :

• transmission line in which a conductor completely surrounds
the other
• Both shares the same axis, separated by a continuous solid
dielectric or dielectric spacers
• Flexible – able to be bent without breaking

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Waveguide :
•Hollow-pipe structure, in which two distinct conductor are not
present
• Open space of the waveguide is where electromagnetic energy
finds the path of least resistance to propagate
• Do not need any dielectric medium as it uses air as medium of
energy transfer
Types of waveguide:
Circular
Rectangular wavegui
waveguide de

Dielectric Waveguide
Optical
Fiber

Planar transmission lines :

• Planar – looks like a 3D line that have been run over and
flattened
• Usually made up of a layer of dielectric, and one or several
ground (metallic planes)
• Example (1) Stripline, (2) microstrip (3) dielectric waveguide
(4) Slotline

Rectangular Waveguides :
Modes of waveguide:

There are three different Modes of waveguide ;

i. TEM
ii. TE
iii. TM
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i. TEM Mode :
In transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode, both the electric
and magnetic field components were transverse, or
perpendicular, to the direction of propagation.

ii. TE Mode:
In TE modes, the electric field is transverse to the direction of
propagation.

iii. TM Mode :
In TM modes, the magnetic field that is transverse and an electric
field component is in the propagation direction.

• Wave-guiding structures support propagation in non-TEM

modes, namely in the transverse electric (TE) and transverse
magnetic (TM) modes.
• In general, the term waveguide refers to constructs that only
support non-TEM mode propagation. Such constructs share an
important trait: they are unable to support wave propagation
below a certain frequency, termed the cutoff frequency.

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 • The order of the mode refers to the field configuration in the
guide, and is given by m and n integer subscripts, TEmn and
TMmn.
• The m subscript corresponds to the number of half-wave
variations of the field in the x direction, and
• The n subscript is the number of half-wave variations in the y
direction.
• A particular mode is only supported above its cutoff frequency.
The cutoff frequency is given by

2 2 2 2
1 m n c m n
fcmn =   +  =   + 
2   a  b 2 r  r  a  b

Location of modes

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How to observe Field Patterns for E and H fields in hfss:
Step 1 : create a waveguide resonator.

Step 2 : Assign material to the resonator.

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Step 3 : Add analysis setup and assign frequency 1.842 GHz

Step 4: select resonator, right click then go to plot field then go to

E or H , Then select E vector or H vector.

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Step 5 : then Run the simulation in Eigon mode and observe the
filed pattern of E or H field.

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How to find the dimension of Resonator if frequency is given:
Formula used to Find The dimension for desire Frequency

For Example, if I have the frequency of 2GHz and I

want to find the dimension for TE101 Mode then then
according to this Formula, I will get “a”is the width of
resonator L=a=98.06 mm and b=48.03mm because
“b” is the height of resonator and its always half of
the width is a/2 .

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 Lab Task
1) Calculate the Cutoff frequency for the First four modes,
TE10 , TE20 , TE11 and TE12 from the below figure.

2) IF width is given a=115.06962 mm , I want to design a

resonator of Frequency F=1.842 GHz , using Hfss software to find
the length of the Resonator. Also Find the Different Field Pattern.

Hint: use optimization Method and Eigon mode.

3) IF frequency of resonator is F=1.842 GHz , then using the

Formulas ‘1’ Find the Length , width and height of the Resonator if
Er= 43.

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